ANATOMY

& PHYS

IOLO

GY

BA

SI C

CH

EM

I ST

RY

CONCEPTS O

F MAT

TER A

ND

ENER

GYMatter: anything

that takes up space & has mass

Energy: ability to do work (effects matter)

Kinetic energy: energy of motion

Potential energy: stored (inactive) energy

Electrical energy: movement of charged particles

Chemical energy: energy of bonds (stored within molecules)

Mechanical energy: energy used to move

Radiant energy: electromagnetic energy (x-rays, heat, light)

ENERGY

COMPOSITION OF MATTER

All matter is composed of elements.

Each element is composed of the same atoms.

Atoms have: Protons (p+): positive charge Neutrons (n): neutral Electrons (e-): negative charge

The most abundant elements in the human body are (in order): Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Nitrogen (N)

MOLECULE

S AND

COMPOUNDS

Molecules: 2 or more identical atoms chemically combined

Compound: 2 or more different atoms chemically combined

TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDS

C O VA L E N T B O N D S

Electrons are shared (either equally or not equally)

Ex: H2, O2 or C6H12O6 (glucose)

ION IC BONDS

Electrons are transferred between atoms (one atom gives e-, the other receives e-)

Ex: salts like NaCl (sodium chloride)

http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/ecb/ecb_images/02_06_stable_arrangement.jpg

Hydrogen bonds: a bond between a hydrogen of one compound to a nitrogen or oxygen of another compound.

TWO different compounds are involved!

Ex: 2 water molecules

TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDS

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CHEMICAL REACTIONS

SYNTHES IS :

Anabolic; to make or create; to build up; these reactions make chemical bonds

Require energy

A + B AB

D E C O M P O S I T I O N :

Catabolic; to break down or decompose; these reactions break chemical bonds.

Release energy

AB A + B

CHEMICAL REACTIONS

EXCHANGE :

Both synthesis & decomposition; parts of 2 compounds switch (exchange) places.

AB + CD AC + BD

REVERS IBLE :

Reactions that can go in both directions.

A + B ↔ AB

BIOCHEMISTRY OF LIVING MATTER

INORGANIC :

Molecules that lack C (except CO and CO2)

Include: salts, water, CO2, and many acids & bases

ORGANIC :

Molecules that contain C (& usually H & O)

Include: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acids

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Water: most abundant inorganic compound in the body. Important b/c

• Maintains body temperature (has high heat capacity )

• Dissolves many substances (solvent of life)

• Most chemical reactions occur in water (chemical reactivity)

• Water protects and cushions (CSF, fetus)

Salts: ionic compounds ; are electrolytes. Important b/c

• Transport substances in and out of cell

• Conduct nerve & muscle impulses

ACIDS AND BASESWhen electrolytes release more H+ (ions)

than OH- (ions), the resulting solution is an acid while more OH- than H+, it is a base.

Acidity is measured based on the concentration ([ ]) of H+ and OH-. These are inversely proportionate: increased [H+]=decreased [OH-].

The measurement is a scale called the pH scale. It ranges from 0-14, with 7 being neutral (water). The scale:

Acids= high [H+], low [OH-], 0-6= acidic Ex: HClBases= low [H+], high [OH-], 8-14=basic or alkaline Ex: NaOH Neutral= [H+]=[OH-], 7, water

Buffers: maintain the stability of acids-bases within the body. by taking up excess H+ or OH-.

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ORGANIC C

OMPOUNDS

Carboh

ydra

tes,

Lip

ids,

Prote

ins,

Nucl

eic

Acids,

oh

my…

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http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/cell20membrane.jpg

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CARBOHYDRATES

• Contain C, H, & O in a fixed ratio (2 H for every 1 C and 1 O).

• Known as sugars

• Three categories:Monosaccharides are simple sugars (1

sugar: glucose (C6H12O6) a.k.a. blood sugar, fructose & galactose

Disaccharides are double sugars: sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar) & maltose (malt sugar)

Polysaccharides are many sugars: starch and glycogen

LIPIDS

• Contain C, H, & O but not in a fixed ratio.

• Do NOT dissolve in H2O; but dissolve (soluble) in ether and chloroform

Fats (most common lipids) store energy (supply more than carbs gram for gram); ex: triglyceride (3 fatty acids & 1 glycerol) can be saturated or unsaturated

Phospholipids are major constituent of cell membranes; contain 2 parts: hydrophilic (meaning water loving or H2O soluble) and hydrophobic (meaning water fearing or insoluble in H2O).

Steroids: simplest & most important is cholesterol (found in all body cells and used to synthesize hormones & other steroids).

• Composed of amino acids; contain C, H, O, N & sometimes S

• Provide structural materials, energy sources, hormones, & enzymes in which their structure determines their fcn.

• Most have a 3D shape that can be denatured, or destroyed, easily by high temperatures, pH, radiation, or electricity.

Glycoproteins are proteins w/ carbs, on cells, act as receptors for chemical messages & recognition.

Antibodies protect against foreign bodies (invaders).

Enzymes are catalysts in chemical rxns but are not part of the rxns (not consumed).

PROTEINS

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NUCLEIC ACIDS

• large and complex molecules that contain C, H, N, O and P

• Composed of nucleotides (building blocks).

• Nucleotides contain: a 5-C sugar (called a pentose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, or uracil)

2 groups: 1. RNA (ribonucleic acid): sugar is a ribose; single stranded molecule

2. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): sugar is a ribose without an O; double stranded molecule; molecular code of life

DNA

http://www.scq.ubc.ca/wp-content/dna.gif

This slide show was developed by Dana Halloran,

Cardinal Mooney High School, Sarasota, FL.

Used with her personal permission,

adapted and amended by Rosa Whiting,

Manatee School for the Arts, Palmetto, FL.