anatomy of the thyroid gland - oer.unimed.edu.ngoer.unimed.edu.ng/lecture...
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ANATOMY OF THE
THYROID GLAND
AKPALABA I. O
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OUTLINE
• INTRODUCTION
• EMBRYOLOGY
• GROSS ANATOMY
• BLOOD SUPPLY
• NERVE SUPPLY
• LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
• HISTOLOGY
• APPLIED ANATOMY
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INTRODUCTION
• Largest endocrine gland
• Thyroid hormones (T3 , T4 )
- BMR
• Thyrocalcitonin
-Calcium
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EMBRYOLOGY
• 1st endocrine glands to develop, 24th day of gestation. • 2 main structures:
-the primitive pharynx and the neural crest.
• Lateral thyroid (neural crest cells)• median thyroid (primitive pharynx)
• Forms as a proliferation of endodermal epithelial cells (median surface of the developing pharyngeal floor).
• The site, 2 key structures, the tuberculum imparand the copula (foramen cecum).
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EMBRYOLOGY
• The thyroid gland, originates from between the first and second pouches.
• The thyroid precursor develops to form the thyroid diverticulum.
• whose lumen, is the thyroglossal duct
• Parafollicular cells—ULTIMOBRANCHIAL BODY
(5th pharyngeal pouch)
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GROSS ANATOMY
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GROSS ANATOMY cont’d
• Pyramidal lobe– isthmus to hyoid bone
(inferior border )
• Attachment – Fibrous tissue
-- Muscle Fibres
(Levator Glandulae thyroideae)
ext laryngeal nerve
*Isthmus attachment –Suspensory ligament of Berry
( cricoid cartilage and upper tracheal ring)
Thyroid movement with deglutition
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GROSS ANATOMY cont’d
• Weight = 25g
• Shape – pear or butterfly shape, each lobe conical
• 2poles – narrow upper pole-- broader lower pole
• Enlarges in pregnancy & menstruation
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RELATIONS
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SURFACES
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SURFACES cont’d
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SURFACES cont’d
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CROSS SECTIONAL SURFACE
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VENOUS DRAINAGE
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BLOOD SUPPLY CONT’D• Inferior thyroid artery – Thyrocervical trunks
• THYROIDEA IMA ARTERY (3% individuals)---Brachiocephalic trunk--- Arch of the Aorta--- Right common Carotid artery
*(Prelaryngeal nodes– Delphian nodes)
*Innervation Sympathetic vasoconstictor ( superior, middle and inferior cervical ganglia)
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HISTOLOGY- FOLLICULAR CELLS
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HISTOLOGY- PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS
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SURGICAL ANATOMY
• Sternothyroid muscles- oblique line of thyroid cartilage ,prevent the lobes from moving upwards
• Presence of isthmus makes palpating the tracheal cartilages difficult and difficult tracheostomy
• Presence of thyroidae ima A- chance of profuse bleeding procedures in neck below isthmus •
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SURGICAL ANATOMY cont’d
• Thyroglossal duct cysts – remnants of thyroglossal ducts
• Pyramidal lobe and presence of levator glandulaethyroideae
• Thyroidea ima artery – Difficult/ bleeding (Tracheostomy)
• Ectopic thyroid glands – lingual/higher placed
• Accessory thyroid glands – (descent pathway)in thymus/ on thyrohyoid muscle
• Goiter
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SURGICAL ANATOMY cont’d
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SURGICAL ANATOMY
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NON RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE (<1%)
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SURGICAL ANATOMY
The most common course of the nerve is within TE Groove (48.5%),
NOT DEPICTED HERE
42.2%
3.9%
5.4%
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SURGICAL ANATOMY cont’d
• Pressure symptoms :
- Compression of the trachea,
- Compression of the oesophagus
-carotid sheath,
-venous engorgement
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SURGICAL ANATOMY cont’d
• Injury to recurrent laryngeal Nerve– hoarseness - Difficulty in breathing
• Recurrent laryngeal Nerve- supply all laryngeal muscles except *cricothyroid
• * Injury to external laryngeal N – monotonous voice(paralysis of cricothyroid) •
• Inadvertent removal of parathyroid gland – tetany(fatal)
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