anatomy of the blood vessels - · pdf filemicroscopic anatomy of blood vessels structure of...
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Anatomy of the Blood Vessels
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• Vascular System
– Arteries arterioles
– Veins venules
– Capillaries
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MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE BLOOD VESSEL
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• The walls of the vascular system (except capillaries) have three coats or TUNICS.
– TUNICA INTIMA. Lines the lumen, interior of the vessel, decreases friction as blood flows through.
– TUNICA MEDIA. Middle coat, changes the diameter of the vessels.
– TUNICA EXTERNA. Outermost tunic, support and protect the vessels.
Microscopic Anatomy of Blood Vessels
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Microscopic Anatomy of Blood Vessels
Structure of Blood Vessels (a) Arteries and (b) veins share the same general features, but the walls of arteries are much thicker because of the higher pressure of the blood that flows through them.
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Microscopic Anatomy of Blood Vessels
(c) A micrograph shows the relative differences in thickness. LM × 160. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of the University of Michigan Medical School c 2012)
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Structural Differences in Arteries, Veins
• Artery walls are thick and strong to withstand pressure fluctuations. They expand and recoil as the heart beats.
• Vein walls are thinner, their lumens are larger, and they are equipped with valves. These modifications reflect the low-pressure nature of veins.
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Structural Differences in Arteries, Veins
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Figure 20.15 Skeletal Muscle Pump The contraction of skeletal muscles surrounding a vein compresses the blood and increases the pressure in that area. This action forces blood closer to the heart where venous pressure is lower. Note the importance of the one-way valves to assure that blood flows only in the proper direction.
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Capillaries
• Has transparent walls of one cell layer thick (just the tunica intima) facilitating exchanges.
• They form interweaving networks called capillary beds.
• Type of circulation that passes the capillary:
– Microcirculation (arteriole - capillary bed-venule)
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Capillaries
• Two types of vessels in the capillary bed:
• A. Vascular Shunt. A vessel that directly connects the arteriole and the venule at the opposite ends of the bed.
• B. True Capillaries. The actual exchange vessel.
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Vascular Shunt
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Homeostatic Imbalance
• Varicose Veins.
– Pooling of the blood in the feet and legs and inefficient venous return resulting from inactivity or pressure on the veins.
– Thrombophlebitis
– Pulmonary Embolism
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GROSS ANATOMY OF THE BLOOD VESSELS
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Major Arteries of the Systemic Circulation
• Aorta (largest artery of the body)
– Ascending aorta
– Aortic arch
– Thoracic Aorta
– Abdominal Aorta
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Figure 20.25 Aorta The aorta has distinct regions, including the ascending aorta, aortic arch, and the descending aorta, which includes the thoracic and abdominal regions.
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Ascending Aorta
Right Coronary Artery
Left Coronary Artery
Aortic Arch
Right Subclavian Artery
Right Common Carotid Artery
Brachiocephalic Trunk
L. Common Carotid Artery
L. Internal Carotid Artery
L. External Carotid Artery
L. Subclavian Artery Vertebral Artery
Axillary Artery
Brachial Artery
Ulnar Artery Radial Artery
Digital Artery Superficial Palmar Arch
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Arterial Branches of the Thoracic Aorta
• Intercostal artery
• Bronchial artery
• Esophageal artery
• Phrenic artery.
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Arterial Branches of the Abdominal Aorta
• Celiac trunk – L. gastric artery
– Splenic artery
– Common hepatic artery
• Superior mesenteric artery
• Renal Artery
• Gonadal artery
• Lumbar artery
• Inferior mesenteric
artery
• Common iliac artery – Internal iliac artery
– External iliac artery • Femoral artery
• Deep artery of the thigh
• Popliteal artery
• Anterior/posterior tibial artery
• Dorsalis pedis artery
• Arcuate artery
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Major Veins of the Systemic Circulation
• Superior vena cava
• Inferior vena cava
• Visit this site ( http://openstaxcollege.org/l/veinsum ) for a brief online summary of the veins.
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Veins Draining in the SVC
Radial and Ulnar Veins
Dural Sinuses
Vertebral Veins Internal Jugular Veins External Jugular Veins
Subclavian Veins
Median Cubital Veins
Basilic Veins Cephalic Veins
Axillary Veins
Brachial Veins
Brachiocephalic Veins Superior vena cava
Azygos Veins
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SPECIAL CIRCULATIONS
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Arterial Supply of the Brain and the Circle of Willis
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Fetal Circulation
Placenta
Umbilical Vein O2, nutrient rich
Ductus Venosus
Inferior Vena Cava
Right Atrium
Foramen Ovale
Left Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary Trunk
Ductus Arteriosis
Aorta
Fetal organs
Umbilical artery
Mitral Valve
Left Ventricle Small bld quantity to the lung
Aorta
Fetal organs
Common Iliac artery
Umbilical artery
Aortic Valve
Pulmonic Valve
Common Iliac artery
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Hepatic Portal Circulation
Hepatic artery
Oxygenated blood
Hepatic portal system veins
Inferior/Superior mesenteric vein, Splenic vein, L. gastric vein
Hepatic vein
Sinusoids
Inferior Vena Cava
specialised immune cells termed kupffer cells
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PHYSIOLOGY OF CIRCULATION
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Vital Signs
• T,P,R,BP
• Arterial Pulse – The pressure wave created by the alternating
expansion and recoil of an artery that occurs with each beat of the left ventricle.
• Blood Pressure – The pressure exerted by the blood against the
inner walls of the blood vessels and it is the force that keeps blood circulating continuously eve between heartbeats.
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Measuring Blood Pressure
• Two arterial blood pressure measurements: – Systolic Pressure – pressure in the arteries at the
peak of ventricular contraction.
– Diastolic Pressure – pressure when the ventricles are relaxing.
• Unit: – Millimeters of mercury ( mm Hg)
• Method: – Auscultatory method in the brachial artery
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Effects of Various factors on Blood Pressure
• BP=COxPR
• CO – amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per minute.
• PR – the amount of friction the blood encounters as it flows through the blood vessels. – Neural factors (ANS)
– Renal factors
– Temperature
– Chemicals
– Diet
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Variations in the Blood Pressure
• Hypotension / Hypertension
• Orthostatic Hypotension
• Acute and Chronic Hypotension
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Capillary Exchange of Gases and Nutrients
• Substances move to and from blood and tissue cells through capillary walls.
• Some substances are transported in vesicles, but most move by diffusion – directly through the endothelial cells plasma membranes, through intercellular clefts, or through fenestrations.
• Fluid is forced from the bloodstream by blood pressure and drawn back into the blood by osmotic pressure.
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Developmental Considerations
• CHD account for half of all infant deaths resulting from congenital problems.
• Arteriosclerosis is an expcted consequence of aging. Gradual loss of elasticity in the arteries leads to CAD and stroke. CVD is an important cause of death in individuals over the age of 65.
• Modifications in diet, stopping smoking, and regular aerobic exercise may help to reverse the atherosclerotic process and prolong life.