Anatomy en physiology

part 1

Sylvia Welsing-Schaefer 2014/2015

Why?

• To understand how a body is built up

– Bones

– Muscles

– Tendons / ligaments / (fascia)

– Tissues and organs

– Respiration / circulation / nervous system

• To understand how a body functions

• To learn to observe

• Anatomy: the study of the body structure

and the relationships among body parts

• Physiology: the study of the body

function, or how the body works

Basics

Requirements for life to exist

• Water: The body consists of +/- 60% water

• Food: plants or animals broken down into

chemical substances

• Oxygen: in order to oxidize fuel molecules

and obtain their energy

• Appropriate environmental temperature

• Suitable environmental pressure

Characteristics of human beings

• Movement • (voluntary / involuntary)

• Metabolism and homeostasis• Catabolism / Anabolism

• Maintain a constant internal environment

• Responsiveness

• Growth an development• Cellular differentiation

• Reproduction

• Adaptation• Bones, Brain, Larynx....

Levels of structural organisation

• Chemical level• Atoms / molecules (H-H-O, H2O)

• Cellular level

• Tissue• Muscle-, nervous-, connective-, epithelial tissue

• Organs• Brain, stomach, heart

• Body system• Circulatory system, digestive system

• Organism• You yourself!

Levels of structural organisation

Organ / Body systems

• Integumentary• Skin (glands), nails, hair

• Skeletal and muscular• Bones, cartillage, tendons, ligaments

• Skeletal-, cardiac-, smooth muscles

• Nervous and endocrine

• Circulatory• Cardiovascular, lymphatic

• Respiratory• O2 en CO2

• Digestive• Digestive tract and glands

• Urinary• Kidneys and urinary tract

• Reproductive

Body systems

Skeletal system

• Bone: main supporting tissue of the body– Support

– Protection

– Transmission of forces / movement

– (Hematopoiesis)

– (Storage and release of minerals (Ca, P)

• Cartilage

• Tendons

• (Ligaments)

Skeletal system

• Form and shape reflects its function

– Long bones

• Leverage

– Flat bones

• Protection

– Short bones

• Weight bearing

Bone

• Compact bone

• Cancellous / spongy bone

Bone

• Periost • “outer” Fibrous layer

• “inner” Osteogenic layer

– Osteoblasts

– blood vessels

– elastic fibers

• Where tendons / ligaments

attach

Bone

• Osteoblasts• Surfaces of developing and growing bone

• Deposit collagen and ground substance

• Entrapped withing lacunae

• Calcification of the matrix

• = osteocytes

• Osteoclasts• Resorption / removal of bone

• Extracellular matrix• 50% Inorganic salts (Ca-phosphate, Na, K, Mg)

• 50% Organic matrix – (ground substance (glycosaminoglycans)

– collagen type I 90%)

Bone

• Epiphyse

• Diaphyse

• Metaphyse

Bone

• Continuous and extensive remodeling

• Growth

• Change size / shape

• Stress

• Fractures

Cartilage

• (Flexible) Connective tissue

• Stiff → Flexible

• Bone → Cartilage → Muscle

• Chondrocyten– Extracellular matrix

– (collagen, proteoglycan, elastin fibers)

• Elastic-, hyaline-, fibro-cartilage

Cartilage

• Cartilage– Elastic:

• Ear, nose, eustachian tube,

epiglottis, trachea, larynx,

bronchial tubes

– Hyaline:

• joints

– Fibro:

• Intervertebral discs / annulus fibrosis

• Symphysis

• Menisci

• “shock absorbing

– NO BLOOD VESSELS

Skeleton

spine

• Cervical 7

• Thoracal 12

• Lumbal 5

• Sacral 5

• Os coccyx (tailbone) 4 (3-5)

• Lordosis

• Kyfosis

spine

• Scoliosis

– Idiopathic

– Congenital

– Neuromuscular

Spine movements

• Flexion

• Extension

• Lateral flexion L/R

• Rotation L/R

Anatomical planes

Anatomical directions

Pelvis

• Os Coxae

– Os ilium (SIAS, SIPS, crista iliaca)

– Os ischii (tuber ischiadicum)

– Os pubis

• Os Sacrum

• SI-joint

• Acetabulum

• (anteflexion pelvis 10-25°)

Pelvis

• Flexion

• Extension

• Lateral flexion

• Rotation

• (nutation)

• (counternutation)

Pelvis

Ligaments

• Fibrous connective tissue

• Links bone to bone at the joint

• Stabilize

• Allow mobility

• Different size and shape

• Different function

Ligaments

• Knee

– Short, stout

– Maintaining the

knee as a hinge

Ligaments

• SI

– Dense, broad, thick

– Limit movement of SI joint

• Pelvis / hip

– Thick, strong

– Weight bearing and stabilizing

Ligaments

• Shoulder

– Thin, band-like, confluent with the shoulder

capsule

– Allowing great range of motion

joints

• Fibrous

• Cartilaginous

• Synovial

Synovial joints

• Synovial cavity

• Synovial fluid

• Fibrous capsule

joints

• Hinge– Knee, elbow (ulna)

• Ball and socket– Hip, shoulder

• Gliding– Carpals wrist

• Pivot– Radio-ulnair joint

• Condoloid– Radio-carpal joint

• Saddle– Carpometocarpal, thumb, sternoclaviculair

Femur

• Caput

• Corpus

• Trochantor major

• Trochantor minor

• Condylus medialis

– epicondylus

• Condylus lateralis

– epicondylus

Femur

• Flexion

• Extension

• Abduction

• Adduction

• Internal rotation

• External rotation

Tibia (knee)

• Flexion

• Extension

• (In 90° flexion 10-15° rotation)

fibula

• Stabilisation ankle joint

Foot / ankle

• Dorsal flexion

• Plantair flexion

• Inversion

• Eversion

• Pronation foot (passive)

• Supination foot (passive)

Humerus

• Flexion

• Extension

• Abduction

• Adduction

• Internal rotation

• External rotation

ulna

• Flexion

• extension

Radius / ulna

• Pronation

• Suppination

Wrist

• Dorsal flexion

• Palmair flexion

• Radial abduction

• Ulnar abduction

• Pronation

• Suppination

Fingers / toes

• Flexion

• Extension

• Abduction

• Adduction

• Internal rotation (passive)

• External rotation (passive)

Shoulder

Shoulder

• Clavicula Humerus

• Elevation flexion

• Depression extension

• Protraction ab- adduction

• Retraction in- external rotation

• Scapula (thoracal) Together

• Endorotation anteflexion / retroflexion

• Exorotation abduction / adduction

• Cranial / caudal translation exo- endorotation

• Lateral / medial translation

Shoulder

Anatomical directions

• Medial

• Lateral

• Proximal

• Distal

• Anterior

• Posterior

• Superior

• Inferior

• Ventral

• Dorsal

• Craniaal

• Caudaal

Movements anatomical planes

• (Mid)sagittal plane

– (flexion, extension)

• Transverse plane

– (rotation, pronation, supination)

• Coronal plane

– (abduction, adduction, lateral flexion)

Muscular system

• Skeletal or striated

– Voluntary

• Cardiac

– Involuntary

• Smooth

– involuntary

Muscular system

• A bundle of many cells

• Muscle fibers (myofibers)

• Myofibrils

• Actine

• Myosine

• Sarcomere = basic functional unit

• (striated appearance)

Striated muscle

Striated muscle

Striated muscle

Origin and insertion

• Origin– Bone

– Proximal

– Stable

• Insertion– Bone/tendon

– Structure it attaches to

– Distal

– Less mass

– Greater motion

Form and shape

Muscle contraction

• Isometric

• Concentric

• Eccentric

Agonist - Antagonist

• Agonist– ‘prime mover’

– Movement though contraction

• Antagonist– Oppose a specific movement

– Controls, slows down

• Antagonistic pairs– One muscle contracts, other relaxes

– Flexors-extensors

– Abductors-adductors

Antagonistic pairs

Synergist

• Synergist

– Helps perform the same joint motion as the

agonist

– (deltoid muscles and TFL and glutes)

Stretch reflex

• Stretch reflex

– Muscle contraction in response to stretching

(same muscle)

– Muscle spindles

• Reciprocal inhibition

– One side of a joint relaxes

– Other side of a joint contracts

propriocepsis

• “Awareness” of body position

– Spatial orientation

• Balance and movement

• Proprioreceptors

– Muscles, joints

• Cerebellum

• Visual information

• Vestibular system (evenwichtsorgaan)

Fascia

• Connective tissue

• Surrounds

– Muscles and groups of muscles

– Blood vessels

– Nerves

• Binds structures together

• Permits structures to slide smoothly

Fascia

• Dense regular connective tissue

• Bundles of collagen

– (elastin and reticular fibers)

– Varying amounts of elastin and collagen

• Flexibel

• Resist great tension

• Ligaments and tendons

Fascia

• It’s continuous

• Really thin

• Really thick (IT band)

• Extremely strong

Fascia

Fascia

• Makes muscles

“slide”

• 30% of the mass of

our muscle

• Muscle = myofascia

• Tubes, within tubes,

within tubes.......

Fascia

• Myofascia-tendon complex (MT complex)

• Where fascia becomes tendon

• Areas that are stronger / weaker

• MT junction = weakest link

Deep fascia

• Ground substances

• Living cells (fibroblasts)

• Everything is interconnected

• All the tissues work together

– Binds

– Transmits forces

– Lubricates

• It’s fascia that holds us together!!!!

Fuzz

• If fascia is too dry

• Sliding surfaces “stick” together

• Adhesions

• “glue” → FUZZ

• Every night → fuzz

• Injured or immobile → ↓ ROM

• Scarr tissue → ↓ ROM

Modern meridian theory

• Dr. Motoyama

– (Japan, Shinto priest and double PhD scientist)

• CT and fascia form mechanical continuum

• Everything is ensheathed in CT

• All movements create tension, compression,

shear stress in every part

• Generating bio-electrical signals in the CT

• CT is a semiconducting communication network

• This electric network = meridian system

Modern meridian theory

• H.A. Hyaluronic Acid

• → 1000 x H2O

• Liquid chrystals

• Meridiens are in the CT

• Meridians are water channels through the CT

• “Water flow”

• Chi or Prana

bronnen

• Anatomie atlas– Sobotta, thieme, anders...

• Ray long– Key muscles

• Leslie Kaminoff– Yoga anatomie

• Paul Grilley– Yin yoga

• Bernie Clark– Yin yoga

• Internet (wikipedia)– ........................

Volgende keer

• CNS

– Autonome (motor – sensor)

– Periphere (sympatic - parasympatic

• Stress / burn out

– Fight-or-flight response

• Pregnancy and yoga