ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Lecture № 1

Senior lecturer of the Department of normal physiology

Nikitina Olga Sergeevna

PHONE 8 025 530 86 27

ROOM 103

For the students of the faculty of pharmacy

2016

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• Lecture – 10 (2.09, 16.09, 30.09, 14.10, 28.10, 11.11, 25.11, 09.12, 16.12, 23.12) Classroom № 3

• Practical work – 18 (5.09-13.01.2017)

• Pass/Fail Test

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Book

1. Moroz, V. M. Physiology : Textbook.

; edited by V. M. Moroz, O.A. Shandra. 2nd

edition Vinnytsia: Nova. Knyha., 2016. 728 pp.

Navigation

• First lecture include questions of two lessons

• Yellow pages use at home work

Lesson 1

Main questions:

1. Anatomy and physiology as science disciplines: definition, key concepts, the importance in the

system of medical knowledge. Morphology of a complex of sciences studying the macroscopic

structure (anatomy), the microscopic structure of organs

and tissues (histology), the structure of cells (cytology). The value of knowledge of normal

physiology with the basic of morphology for the pharmacist.

2. Stages of development of anatomy, physiology and histology (short history). The contribution of

domestic scientists. History of the department of normal physiology of the BSMU.

3. The concept of anatomical, physiological and histological methods of research. Microscopic method

of research.

4. Rules for working in the department of normal physiology: familiarity with the department staff,

study materials, classrooms and practical books, schedule of classes and exams, working programs.

5. The research work of the department of normal physiology (main directions).

Part 1

Lesson 2

Main questions:

1. Leading patterns that characterize life (self-renewal, self-reproduction, self-regulation,

metabolism).

2. Basic properties of a living organism (metabolism and energy, irritability, homeostasis, adaptation, reproduction, heredity and variation).

3. The concept of somatic and autonomic functions. Levels of regulation: cellular, tissue, organ, organismal.

4. Mechanisms of regulation of functions: neural (neural reflex), humoral (local humoral and endocrine regulation), myogenic.

5. The interaction of neural and humoral regulatory mechanisms, their comparative characteristics and unity.

6. Types of regulation of functions. Negative feedback. Principle of reliability.

7. System principle of regulation of functions, concept of system (I.P. Pavlov). Functional system (P.K. Anoxin), principle of self-regulation.

8. The concept of homeostasis and homeokinesis. Mechanisms of regulation of homeostasis.

Part 2

Lesson 3

Main questions: 1. General concept about tissue. Cellular elements and non-cellular substance. Classification of tissues.

2. Connective tissues: concept, types, functions.

3. Bone tissue: cellular components and intercellular substance.

4. Role of calcium and phosphate ions in bone tissue and in the organism. Age and individual normal values

of calcium, phosphate and fluorine requirements for the maintenance of healthy bone and teeth.

5. Notion about the human skeleton. Parts of skeleton. Classification of bones.

6. The concept of skeleton of the shoulder and pelvic girdle, skeleton of the upper and lower extremities.

7. Notion about the structure of the skull: bones, joints and core openings

8. The concept of types and shapes of attachments of bones. Types of joints, their structure, classification, functions.

Part 3

The consequence of anatomy and normal physiology knowledge to the pharmacy (their place in medical training)

• Integrates information obtained from the study of

other sciences (morphology, biochemistry, biology), combining them into a single whole, and form the foundation of biomedical knowledge

• Allows you to create a conscious attitude to the introduction of the foundations of healthy lifestyles and the preservation of own health

• Lay the basis of “functional thinking” future pharmacist, his ability on the basis of individual symptoms of impaired physiological functions to find the cause of the disease, the ways of its elimination and to develop methods of prevention.

Question 1, Lesson 1

Stages of physiology development

• Stage 1 - individual discoveries and knowledge with a predominance of the analytical approach (prior to the beginning of the XX century).

• Stage 2 - (the first half of the XX century) with the prevalence of a holistic approach to the study of the organism (the role of I. P. Pavlov in the creation of theoretical foundations of CNS)

• Stage 3 - (from the second half of the XX century) - a comprehensive study of the body with the use of both principles (analytical research with a holistic approach)

Question 2, Lesson1

1628 year - the official date of originating physiology as an experimental science - the year of the publication of the treatise English physician and physiologist Century Of William Harvey (1578-1657) “Anatomical study of the motion of the heart and blood in animals”

Types of Protein Transport

Facilitated Transport (Passive Process)

• Net movement is always down a concentration gradient. It is the concentration gradient that drives both facilitated transport and simple diffusion.

Active Transport (Active Process)

• Net movement is against a concentration gradient

• Requires chemical energy (ATP)

1. The concept of chemical and electrical signaling, the reactions

of cells to the signals from the environment.

• Information - this is a designation of the content of signals (messages) obtained from the outside world in the process of adaptation to it by our senses.

• Signal - is a variety of types of substance and energy, transmitting the information.

The main categories of information signals. The chemical nature:

• molecule of gustatory substances; • molecules of odorous substances; • hormones; • neurotransmitters; • cytokines; • growth factors;

The physical nature: • light, sound, pressure, temperature, electrical potentials.

Physico-chemical nature: • osmotic pressure, tension of O2 (рО2), tension of CO2 (pCO2), the concentration of some ions.

Signals, indicating complex events: • combination of sounds, colors, smells; • word, as a signal of signal.

Communication types of intercellular contacts

1. Gap junction

Examples of physiological role: • direct transmission of electrical and chemical signals between the cells

of the myocardium, of the uterus and other smooth muscle tissue, nervous tissue.

Problem of signal transmission: • role in the pathogenesis of heart failure, a weakness of the contractions

of the uterus

the cells are located close to each other, there are formed contacts between them

Communication types of intercellular contacts

2. Autocrine

Examples of physiological role: • the impact of norepinephrine released from presynaptic cleft . • the effect of insulin, which is secreted by -cells of the islets of the pancreas

further activate the secretion of insulin in these cells. Problem of signal transmission: • tumor cells may excrete different oncogenic substance, which contact with the

receptor on the surface of these cells, stimulate their growth, division, and contribute to the uncontrolled growth of the tumor.

the cell produces a signal molecule in the intercellular fluid, then the signaling molecule acts on its own receptor

Communication types of intercellular contacts

3. Paracrine

Examples of physiological role: • influence of neurotransmitters in the postsynaptic membrane Problem of signal transmission: • development of inflammation • disorder of the immune response

the cell produces a signal molecule in the intercellular fluid, signaling molecule acts on a near by target cell.

Communication types of intercellular contacts

Examples of physiological role: • maintenance of homeostasis Problem of signal transmission: • development of the endocrine diseases

signaling molecule is produced in the blood, circulates in the blood and acts on the cells of the target

4. Endocrine

Communication types of intercellular contacts

5. Synapse

Examples of physiological role : • perception and analysis information Problem of signal transmission: • sensory and motor disorders

neuron produces a neurotransmitter, which acts on the cell target, through the intercellular fluid

Communication types of intercellular contacts

Examples of physiological role: • integration at the level of the hypothalamus,

functions of the nervous, endocrine and immune systems

Problem of signal transmission: • neuroendocrine disease

6. Neuroendocrine

neuron produces a signal molecule in the blood, it circulates through the body acts on cells of the target

Receptors and their types. The concept of sensory and cell receptors.

• Reception -

- (from the Latin receptio – adoption) -

- this is perception and conversion (transformation) of mechanical, thermal, electromagnetic, chemical and other signals into nerve impulse in the sensory receptors or convert these signals with the participation of the cellular receptors to the response of the target cells.

Receptors

Cell receptors Sensory receptors

Cell receptor

• Cell receptor - is genetically determined macromolecular sensors (proteins, glyco-, lipoproteins), localized in specialized parts of the cells (plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus).

For :

• for specific interaction with chemi or physical signals of the chemical or physical;

• for perception, transformation, and transmission of the information contained in the signals through intracellular structure;

• to initiate a cascade of biochemical and/or physico-chemical processes that form the basis of a specific reaction of the target cell to the perceived signal.

Classification of cell receptors.

Membrane receptors: • 7-TMSRs

• 1-TMSRs

• LIGAND-GATED CHANNELS

Intracellular receptors:

• Nuclear

• Cytosolic

7-TMSRs

• 7-TMSRs – 7 trans-membrane segment receptors or GPCRs – G- protein-coupled receptors

1 TMSRs

• 1 TMSRs – single trans membrane segment receptors

LGICs

• Ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) are a group of transmembrane ion channel proteins which open to allow ions such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, or Cl- to pass through the membrane in response to the binding of a chemical messenger (i.e. a ligand), such as a neurotransmitter.

Intracellular

• Intracellular receptors, such as nuclear receptors and

cytoplasmic receptors, • are soluble proteins localized within their respective areas. • The typical ligands for nuclear receptors are lipophilic

hormones like the steroid hormones testosterone and progesterone and derivatives of vitamins A and D.

• To initiate signal transduction, the ligand must pass through the plasma membrane by passive diffusion.

• On binding with the receptor, the ligands pass through the nuclear membrane into the nucleus, enabling gene transcription and protein production.