anatomy and physiology chapter 6 part i. why study anatomy? understand how the human body functions...
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Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 6Part I
Why Study Anatomy? Understand how the human body
functions as an integrated whole. Recognize changes from the norm. Determine a scientific basis for the
proper application of services and products
Without knowledge of facial bones and muscle structure make-up applications might be difficult
Knowledge of head contours, bones, and muscle structure will help with shampooing, manipulations, haircuts and hairstyles.
Create a style based on your knowledge of facial bones and muscle structure.
Recognize the facial bones, nerves, and muscle structure when performing a facial.
Perform manipulations involving the face, hands, arms, shoulders, neck, feet, lower legs safely and effectively as a result of your understanding of bones, muscles, nerves, and circulation.
Understanding anatomy and physiology will help you be more proficient at performing professional salon services.
Anatomy
The study of the structures of the human body that can be seen with the naked eye, and what they are made up of; the science of the structure of organisms or of their parts.
Physiology
The study of the functions and activities performed by the body structure.
Histology
The study of the science of the minute structures of organic tissues; microscopic anatomy.
Homeostasis is the maintenance of normal, internal stability in the organism. – write in on pp 113
Molecules of energy turn to fat if they are not used – write in on pp 114
Cells
The basic unit of all living things Without cells, life does not exist Responsible for carrying on all life
processes
Basic Construction of the cell Protoplasm – a colorless jellylike
substance in which food elements are present Visualize the white of a raw egg
Nucleus – dense, active protoplasm found in the center of the cell. Plays an important part in cell reproduction
and metabolism Visualize the nucleus as the yolk of a raw egg
Cytoplasm – is all the protoplasm of a cell except what is in the nucleus The watery fluid that contains food
material necessary for growth, reproduction, and self-repair of the cell
Cell Membrane – encloses the protoplasm and permits soluble substances to enter and leave the cell
Cell Structure Animal Cell Anatomy -
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Cell Reproduction and Division
Mitosis – dividing into two (2) identical cells called daughter cells If conditions are favorable the cell will
grow and reproduce Adequate supply of food, oxygen and
water; suitable temperatures; ability to eliminate waste products
Unfavorable conditions the cell will become impaired or may be destroyed
Toxins and disease
Cell Metabolism
Metabolism – is a chemical process that takes place in all living organisms, whereby all cells are nourished and carry out their activities
Anabolism
Is constructive metabolism, the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones The body stores water, food, oxygen
for cell growth and repair
Catabolism
Is the phase of metabolism that involves the breaking down of complex compounds within the cells into smaller ones
Anabolism and Catabolism are carried out simultaneously and continually
Tissues
Collection of similar cells that perform a particular function
Specific function and can be recognized by its characteristic appearance
60 – 90% water
Connective Tissue
Serves to support, protect and bind together
Bone cartilage, ligaments, tendons, fascia, fat or adipose tissue
Epithelial Tissue
Protective covering on body surfaces
Skin, mucous membranes, lining of the heart, digestive, and respiratory organs, and glands
Liquid Tissue
Blood and lymph, carries food, waste products, and hormones through the body
Muscular Tissue
Contracts and moves the various parts of the body
Nerve Tissue
Carries messages to and from the brain and controls and coordinates all bodily functions
Special cells (neurons), which make up the nerves, brain, and spinal cord
Organs
Groups of tissue designed to perform a specific function
Table 6-1 pp 115
Body Systems
Groups of bodily organs acting together to perform one or more functions
Ten (10) major systems Table 6-2 pp 116
Endocrine Systempp 137
Group of specialized glands that affect growth, development, sexual activities, and health of the entire body
Glands – specialized organs that remove certain elements from the blood to convert them into new compounds
Exocrine glands Duct glands –produce a substance
that travels through small tube-like ducts
Sweat (Sudoriferous) Oil (Sebaceous) glands Intestinal glands
Endocrine glands Ductless glands release secretions
called hormones Pancreas, thyroid, adrenal glands,
pituitary gland Insulin, adrenaline and estrogen,
stimulate functional activity or secretion
Digestive System Gastrointestinal Responsible for changing food into
nutrients and waste Digestive enzymes are chemicals that
change certain kinds of food into a form that can be used by the body
A soluble form Takes about nine (9) hours to complete
process
Excretory System
Responsible for purifying the body by eliminating waste
Metabolism of body produces toxins that must be removed to prevent poisoning of the body
Organs of the Excretory System
Kidneys excrete urine Liver discharges bile Skin eliminates perspiration Large intestines eliminates
decomposed and undigested food Lungs exhale carbon dioxide
Respiratory System Located within the chest cavity Enables breathing
Lungs and air passages Lungs are spongy tissues composed of
microscopic cells in which inhaled air is exchanged for carbon dioxide
Diaphragm is a muscular wall that separates the thorax from the abdominal region and helps control breathing
Inhalation Breathing in Oxygen is absorbed into the blood
Exhalation Breathing out Carbon dioxide is expelled from the
lungs
Integumentary System
Skin and its various accessory organs
Oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair and nails
Covered in depth in chapter 7
Circulatory Systempp 131
Cardiovascular or vascular system Controls the steady circulation of
the blood through the body Heart Blood vessels
Two (2) Divisions
Blood Vascular Heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries Distributes blood throughout the body
Lymph Vascular Aid to the blood system Lymph, lymphatics (lymph vessels),
lymph nodes and other structures
Lymph
Clear, yellowish fluid that circulates in the lymphatics
Carries waste and impurities away from the cells
The Heart
Body’s pump Muscular cone-shaped organ that
keeps blood moving within the circulatory system
Pericardium – membrane that encloses the heart
Heart
Approximate size of your closed fist
Weighs approximately 9 ounces Located in the chest cavity Regulated by the Vagus or Tenth
(10th) Cranial Nerve 72 – 80 beats per minute resting
Heart Structure
Four (4) chambers and four (4) valves Right and Left Atrium
Thin walled upper chambers Right and Left Ventricle
Thick walled lower chambers Valves – between chambers allow the
blood to flow in only one (1) direction
Blood is in constant and continuous circulation from the heart, throughout the body and back to the heart
Pulmonary Circulation Blood flows from the heart to the lungs to be
purified Systemic Circulation
General circulation carried the blood from the heart throughout the body and back to the heart
Circulation Flow
1. Blood –from body – to right atrium2. Right atrium – through tricuspid valve –
to right ventricle3. Right ventricle – to lungs – considered
oxygen rich4. Oxygen rich – returns to heart – left
atrium5. Left atrium – through mitral valve - to
right ventricle – 6. Blood leaves left ventricle – to the body
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Blood Vessels
Tube like structures Function is to transport blood to
and from the heart to various tissues of the body
Arteries
Thick-walled, muscular, flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the capillaries
Largest is the aorta
Capillaries
Minute, thin-walled blood vessels connecting smaller arteries to the veins
Brings nutrients to the cells and carry away waste materials
Veins
Thin-walled blood vessels less elastic than arteries
Cuplike valves that prevent backflow and carry blood containing waste products from capillaries to the heart
Located closer to the outer skin than arteries
Blood Nutritive fluid circulating through the
circulatory system 8 – 10 pints in the human body 1/20th of body weight 80% water 98.6°F - 36°C Sticky and salty Red in arteries (oxygen rich) Blue in veins (oxygen depleted)
Composition of Blood
Red blood cells Red corpuscles Produced in red bone marrow Hemoglobin – complex iron rich
protein that blood its bright red color Function is to carry oxygen to the
body cells
White blood cells White corpuscles Leukocytes Function of destroying disease-causing
germs Platelets
Thrombocytes Much smaller than red blood cells Contribute to the blood clotting process,
which stops bleeding
Plasma Fluid part of blood in which red and white
cells, and platelets flow 90% water Proteins, sugar, and oxygen Function is to carry food and secretions to
cells and take carbon dioxide away from cells
Chief Functions of Blood Carries water, oxygen, food and
secretions to the body Carries away carbon dioxide and waste
products to be eliminated through lungs, skin, kidneys, and large intestines
Equalize body temperature – protecting from extreme heat/cold
Protects body from pathogenic bacteria and infections through white blood cells
Closes injured minute blood vessels by forming clots – preventing loss of blood
The Lymph Vascular System
Lymphatic System Acts as an aid to the blood system Lymph is circulated through the
lymphatic vessels and filtered by the lymph nodes (gland like bodies in the lymphatic
vessels) Filtering process helps to fight infection
Primary Functions Of the Lymphatic System
Carry nourishment Defense against bacteria/toxins Remove waste from body to blood Provide suitable fluid environment
for cells
Arteries of the Head, face and Neck
Common carotid arteries Main source of blood supply to the
head, face and neck Located on either side of neck Divided into the internal and external
branch
Internal carotid artery Supplies blood to brain, eyes, eyelids,
forehead, nose and internal ear External carotid artery
Supplies blood to the anterior parts of the scalp, ear, face, neck and side of head
Facial artery External maxillary supplies blood to
the lower region of the face, mouth and nose
Superficial temporal artery Continuation of external carotid artery Supplies blood to the muscles of the
front, side and top of head
Frontal artery Supplies blood to the forehead and
upper eyelids Parietal artery
Supplies blood to the side and crown of the head
Middle temporal artery Supplies blood to the temples
Anterior auricular artery Supplies blood to the front part of the
ear
Occipital artery Supplies blood to the skin and muscle
of the scalp and back of head to the crown
Posterior auricular artery Supplies blood to the scalp area
behind and above the ear, and the skin behind the ear
Supraorbital artery Supplies blood to the upper eyelid
and forehead Infraorbital artery
Supplies blood to the muscles of the eye
Veins of the head, face and Neck
Internal Jugular External Jugular Blood returning to the heart from
the head, face and neck flow on each side of the head
Blood Supply of the Arm and Hand
Ulnar artery Supply blood to the pinkie finger side
of the arm and palm of the hand Radial artery
Supply blood to the thumb side of the arm back of the hand
Blood Supply to the Lower Leg and Foot
Popliteal artery Divides in two (2)
Anterior tibial Goes to the foot Dorsalis pedis in supplies blood to the
foot Posterior tibial