anatomy and physiology chapter 2 test flash cards

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Element it cannot be broken down ordecomposed into 2 or more differentsubstances

Compound 2 or more elements that are joined toform chemical combinations

Energy Level Determine whether atom is chemicallyactive

Octet Rule Atoms with fewer or more than eightelectrons in outer energy level willattempt to lose, gain, or share electronswith other atoms to achieve stability

Isotopes Contain same number of protons butdifferent amount of neutrons. Has samebasic chemical properties as any otheratom and same atomic number, but theyhave a different atomic weight.

radioisotope A special type of isotope that is unstableand undergoes nuclear breakdown.During breakdown, radioactive isotopesemit nuclear particles and radiation,causing decay

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Molecule formed when 2 or more atoms arejoined

Ionic bond The strong electrostatic force that bindsthe positively and negatively chargedions

Ions Ionic bonds that are dissolved in water.Ions can be positively or negativelycharged

Covalent Bond A chemical bond formed by sharing ofone or more pairs of electrons betweenouter energy levels of two atoms

Polar Unequal charge distribution on amolecule

Hydrogen Bonds Can exist between biologically importantmolecules. Are much weaker forcesbecause they require less energy tobreak and they result from unequalcharge distribution on a molecule.

Synthesis Reactions Result in formation of new bonds, andenergy is required for the reaction tooccur and the new products to form.

Decomposition Reactions Result in the breakdown of a complexsubstance into two or more simplersubstances. They occur when a complexnutrient is broken down in a cell torelease energy for other cellularfunctions

Exchange reactions Permits two different reactants toexchange components and from 2 newproducts. Break down, or decompose,two compunds and synthesize 2 newcompunds

Reversible Reaction They proceed in both directions

Metabolism All the chemical reactions that occur inbody cells


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Catabolism Describe the chemical reactions thatbreak down larger food molecules intosmaller chemical units and releaseenergy

Anabolism Involves many chemical reactions thatbuild up larger and more complexmolecules from smalle subunits. Theyrequire energy

Hydrolysis A water molecule is added to break up alarger compound into smaller subunits

Dehydration Synthesis The chemical reaction responsible forjoining together smalle units to formlarger molecules. Water is removed assmaller subunits are fused together

Electrolytes Are substances that break up ordissociate in solution to formed chargedparticles or ions

Acid Any substnace that will release ahydrogen ion when in a solution

Bases Are electrolytes that when dissociated insolution shift the hydrogen/ OH-balance in favor of OH-

pH the abbreviation for phrase meaningpower of hydrogen and used to meanrelative hydrogen ions concentration ofa solution

Buffers Minimize changes in the concentrationsof hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions inour body fluids

Salt any compund that results from thechemical interactions of an acid andbase

Carbohydrates compounds that contain the elementscarbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with thecarbon atoms linked to one another toform chains of varying length


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Monosaccharides simple sugars, have short carbon chainsEX. glucose, fructose, and galactose,ribose and deoxyribose

Disaccharides double sugars, are carbohydratescomposed of 2 or more simple sugarsthat are bonded together through asynthesis reaction that involves theremoval of waterEX. sucrose, maltose, and lactose

Polysaccharides complex sugars, consist of manymonosaccharides chemically joined toform straight or branded chainEx. glycogen, starch, chitin, cellulose

Lipids -Water insoluble organic biomolecules,composed largely of hydrogen, carbon,and oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus-Ex. triglycerides or fats, phospholipids,steroids, and prostaglandins-many used for energy purposes whereothers serves a structural role andfunction as integral parts of cellmembranes, protect organs

nonpolar without charged regions

triglycerides -fats, the most abundant lipids andfunction as body's most concentratedsource of energy-composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Saturated fatty Acid all available bonds of hydrocarbon chainare filled with hydrogen atoms

Unsaturated Fatty acid has 1 or more double bonds inhydrocarbon chain

Phospholipids -fat compounds-has l glycerol and 2 fatty acids and 1phosphate group-one end is hydrophilic and the otherend is hydrophobic-form bilayers with fatty acid tails


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Hydrophilic water loving is at the phospholipid head

Hydrophobic water hatting and on two fatty acids end

Steroids are widely distributed in the body andare involved in many importantstructural and functional rolesEX. cholesterol

Cholesterol -found in plasma membranesurrounding every body cell-helps stabilize important cellularstructure and is required for manyreactions that cells must perform tosurvive

Prostaglandins -lipids composed of 20-carbonunsaturated fatty acid that contains 5carbon rings-first associated with prostate tissue-produced by cell membranes by almostevery body tissue-crucial role in regulating effects ofseveral hormones, influence bloodpressure, and secretion of digestivejuices, enhances the body's immunesystem and inflammatory response andhave important role in blood clottingand respiration

Proteins -have 4 elements, carbon, oxygen,hydrogen, and nitrogen-most abundant organic compounds inthe body-divided into 2 categories structural andfunctional

Structural Proteins -form the structure of cells, tissues, andorgans of the body-shape determines how it functions-found in tendons and ligaments


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Functional Proteins -enzymes-finally functioning state called naivestate which are globular, often solubleand have chemically active regions

Enzymes functional proteins that bring moleculestogether or split them apart in chemicalreactions

Amino Acids the elements that make up a proteinmolecule-20 common ones-constructed of carbon atom, and aminoa group, carboxyl group, a hydrogenatom, and a side chain

Essential Amino Acids -8 of them-cannot be produced by the body andmust be included in diet

Nonessential Amino Acids -12 of them-can be produced from other aminoacids or from simple organic moleculesreadily available to body cells

Peptide Bond -is one that binds the carboxyl group ofone amino acid to amino group ofanother amino acid-formed from the split off of H2O

Dipeptide Bond peptide bond linked by another 2 aminoacids

Dehydration Synthesis -subunits are joined together, resultingin the loss of water-very common in living organisms

Hydrolysis -decomposition reaction that requiresthe addition of water molecule to breaka bond

Primary structure a protein refers to number, kind, andsequence of amino acids that make upthe polypeptide chain


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Secondary Structure -chains are coiled or bent into pleatedsheets-most common type of coil takes aclockwise direction and called alphahelix

Tertiary Structure -it underwent contortions fromsecondary structure to form a globular-shaped structure-coils touch one another in many placesand spot welds or interlockingconnections occur

Quartenary Structure -contains clusters of more than 1polypeptide chain all linked togetherinto 1 giant molecule

Chaperones -present in every body cell acts to directthe steps required for proteins to foldinto shape that is required for them tofunction properly

Denature -when protein loses it shape, it loses itsfunction-causes are from changes intemperature, changes in pH, radiation,and presence of certain hazardouschemicals

Nucleic Acid -are polymers of thousands andthousands of smaller molecules callednucleotides

Deoxyribonucleotides -consists of pentose sugar nameddeoxyribose, a nitrogenous base, and aphosphate group

Ribonucleotides -consists of pentose sugar named ribose,a nitrogenous base and a phosphategroup

Purine bases -adenine and guanine-have double ring structure


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Pyrimidine -cytosine and thymine-have single ring structure-in RNA uses uracil instead of thymine

DNA Molecules -largest molecules in body-composed of many nucleotides-2 kinds of base pairs only present

RNA -consist of single strand-sequence of ribonucleotides that iscopied from portion of DNA molecule

transfer RNA -its used to grab a specific amino acidand place it in correct sequence whenbuilding a primary protein strand

Ribozyme -involved in editing code of RNA strandsby removing sections of the code andjoining the remaining pieces

ATP -composed of adenine and ribose sugarwhich is attached to 3 phosphate groups-bonds called high energy bonds becausewhen they are broken during catabolicchemical reactions, energy is transferredto newly formed compounds-called energy currency of cells

high-density lipoproteins -have high density of protein-called good cholesterol-low risk for atherosclerosis

low-density lipoprotein -contains less protein-cholestrol in LDLs is called badcholesterol-high blood levels of LDL are associatedwith atherosclerosis


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anatomy and physiology chapter 2 test flash cards

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