anatomy and physiology chapter 1 the sciences of anatomy and physiology

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Chapter 1 The Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY What do you think is the meaning of Anatomy? What about physiology? Why are they important if they are important at all?

SAMPLE ASSESSMENTS

MEET PATIENT X Patient X comes in to ER complaining of pain. 1.What are some questions you may want to ask? 2.Why would you ask these questions? 3.What would you need to know to help you assess this patient? 4.What would this course teach you that would help you understand your patients needs?

WHAT IT IS VS. HOW IT WORKS Anatomy is the study of the structure and form of organisms. The word is derived from the Greek word anatome, which means to cut apart and dissect. Physiology is the study of function of the body parts. It is difficult to study one without understanding the other.

WHAT IT IS : SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY Microscopic anatomy: a)Cytology b)Histology Gross anatomy: a)Systemic Anatomy b)Regional Anatomy c) Surface Anatomy d) Comparative Anatomy e) Embryology f) Imaging anatomy g) Pathological anatomy

HOW IT WORKS: PHYSIOLOGY What is the definition of physiology? Because physiology is broad like anatomy, it is also broken down into subgroups: Branches of Physiology Neurophysiology Endocrinology Cardiovascular physiology Immunology Respiratory physiology Renal Physiology Exercise Physiology Pathophysiology

CLINICAL CONNECTION An autopsy is a postmortem (after death) examination of the body and internal organs performed by a pathologist. (Why is the person called a pathologist?) An autopsy is usually done to : Determine the cause of death Identify diseases not detected during life Determine the extent of injuries and contribution to death Identify hereditary conditions

COMMON PROPERTIES OF ORGANISMS *Cellular composition Metabolism: a) anabolism b) catabolism Growth *Differentiation Responsiveness Movement *Excretion Reproduction *Found in E. Amerman

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION The Chemical Level is the simplest level: Atoms (smallest unit of matter) Molecule (combination of two or more atoms) Macromolecule (complex molecules such as proteins or DNA molecules) Organelles (macromolecules that form specialized subunits in cells)

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION The Cellular Level - This level consists of cells which are the smallest living structures and basic units of structure and function in organisms. Cells will vary in structure based on their function. The Tissue Level Groups of similar cells that perform common functions. -Epithelial tissue -Connective tissue -Muscle Tissue -Nervous Tissue

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION The Organ Level consists of organs. Organs are two or more tissue types working together to perform specific functions. The Organ System Level consists of related organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve common function. The Organism level the highest level of structural organization; all body systems function interdependently in an organism

ORGAN SYSTEMS Urinary System/ Tract

TALK THE TALK Just like any group, there is a form of language used amongst that groups members. Anatomist and physiologists have to use a common language so there is no misunderstanding when discussing the functions and features. The terms used have to accurately describe location, position, and identifying structures. You may note while studying that most terms are derived from Greek or Latin and knowing the word origin will typically help with understanding most anatomical terms.

ANATOMIC POSITION Must start with a common initial point of reference, which typically is the anatomical position standing erect, facing directly forward, feet pointed forward and slightly apart, and arms hanging down at the sides with palms facing forward. This position is used as a reference to describe sites or motions of various parts of the body.

SECTIONS AND PLANES Sections relates to an actual cut or slice that exposes internal anatomy Planes involve imaginary lines that passes through the body

SECTIONS AND PLANES Coronal plane also known as frontal plane, is a vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) Transverse plane also known as horizontal plane or cross sectional plane, divides into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) parts.

SECTIONS AND PLANES Midsagittal plane also known as median plane, is a vertical plane and divides into left and right halves. A plane that is parallel to the midsagittal plane is termed a sagittal plane. Note: minor planes called oblique planes, which passes through a structure at an angle.

ANATOMIC DIRECTIONS See Table 1.2 on page 12 in your textbook TermMeaningExample AnteriorIn front ofStomach to spinal cord PosteriorIn back ofHeart to sternum DorsalAt the back sideSpinal cord in body VentralAt the belly sideUmbilicus/navel to body SuperiorCloser to the headChest to pelvis InferiorCloser to the feetStomach to heart Cranial (cephalic)At the head endShoulders to feet CaudalAt the rear or tail endButtocks to the head **RostralToward the nose/mouthEyes to back of head

ANATOMIC DIRECTIONS TermMeaningExample MedialToward midlineLungs to shoulders LateralAway from midlineArms to heart DeepOn the inside; internalHeart to rib cage SuperficialOn the outsideSkin to muscle *ProximalClosest to point trunkElbow to hand *DistalFurthest from trunkWrist to elbow * Indicates areas that typically relate to attachment of appendage

ANATOMIC DIRECTIONS

REGIONAL ANATOMY Axial region: head, neck, trunk Appendicular region: upper and lower limbs that attaches to the axial region

BODY CAVITIES AND MEMBRANES Internal organs and organ systems are held in enclosed spaces called cavities. -Cranial cavity (also known as endocranium) -Vertebral canal Cranial cavity and vertebral canal make up the posterior aspect. Posterior Aspect Cranial Cavity ? Vertebral Cavity ?

BODY CAVITIES AND MEMBRANES Ventral Cavity: is a cavity anteriorly placed cavity; the ventral cavity is comprised of two subdivisions that are separated by the diaphragm. a)Thoracic cavity b)Abdominopelvic cavity

BODY CAVITIES AND MEMBRANES As mentioned, the cavities within the posterior aspect are enclosed in bone while ventral is not completely encased by bone. The ventral cavity is lined with thin serous membranes. Serous membranes are composed of two layers: a) Parietal layer b) Visceral layer c) Between the two layers is a potential space called the serous cavity. The two membranes secrete a fluid into the serous cavity called serous fluid. What is the purpose of this fluid?

BODY CAVITIES AND MEMBRANES Thoracic cavity - The median space of the thoracic cavity is called the mediastinum. The mediastinum has the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and the major blood vessels that connect to the heart

BODY CAVITIES AND MEMBRANES As discussed earlier, the ventral cavity contains serous membranes. The hearts two layered serous membrane is called the pericardium. What would be the names of the two layers? The pericardial cavity is the space between the two layers. What should we find in the pericardial space? Bonus question: What do you think would happen if there was nothing in the pericardial space?

BODY CAVITIES AND MEMBRANES Thoracic cavity -On the right and left sides of the cavity are the lungs -The lungs two layer serous membrane is called the pleura. What would the names of the two layers of the pleura? How about the cavity between them?

BODY CAVITIES AND MEMBRANES Abdominopelvic Cavity -Divided into the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity, which are divided at the superior ridges of the hip bones. -The abdominal cavity holds most of the digestive organs and a few urinary organs. -The pelvic cavity has the remainder of the digestive organs, urinary organs and internal reproductive organs.

BODY CAVITIES AND MEMBRANES The two layers surrounding the abdominopelvic cavity is called the peritoneum. Million dollar question: What are the names of each layer? The space between is called the peritoneal cavity, which contains??

ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS

ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS

HOME STRETCH!! Last Section of Chapter 1

HOMEOSTASIS Your body is able to adjust and maintain a stable internal climate. Examples: body of temperature of 37 C (98.6 F), your heart rate, blood pressure, etc. Homeostasis is the ability of an organism to maintain a steady state The body maintains homeostasis by utilizing homeostatic control systems. The three components of each system are: the receptor, control center and the effector.

HOMEOSTASIS Receptor Example of a stimulus is a change in temperature. The receptor would be the skin, which has sensory nerves that detect the change. Control Center Note: the receptor can also be the control center depending on the stimulus. For example, the pancreas is an endocrine organ that both detects in blood glucose and releases the insulin hormone to regulate the blood glucose. Effector In the example regarding temperature, if it is too hot, the sweat glands can be signaled to produce sweat in attempts to cool the body.

HOMEOSTASIS Thinking as a health or medical professional, what is something that could affect this chain and prevent stable homeostatic conditions?

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK Negative feedback: system maintains the variable within a normal range by moving the stimulus in the opposite direction Positive feedback: system amplifies the stimulus in the same direction. Most processes in the body are controlled by negative feedback. The body works to maintain a normal level also known as the set point. An example of negative feedback: the stimulus increases, the homeostatic system will react to decrease the stimulus until the set point is reached. See diagrams on pages 20 and 21.

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK In positive feedback, the stimulus is continued positively until the desired event occurs. Once the event occurs, the body is then returned to homeostasis. Examples: breast feeding and labor (giving birth)

HEALTH AND DISEASE As mentioned before, a condition or a disease can cause a homeostatic imbalance. When a homeostatic imbalance is present, the individual most use external means to regulate their body (such as medication and diet changes). A diagnosis is the specific cause of the homeostatic imbalance. Name of diagnoses you know about. How do you think it causes homeostatic imbalance?

DIAGNOSIS: DIABETES Definition: Includes a group of diseases that result in increased levels of glucose in the blood Insulin: peptide hormone produced in pancreas. It regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats by promoting uptake of glucose from the blood stream.

MEDICAL IMAGING Techniques and procedures used to create images of the human body Allow visualization of structures inside the body 1. Radiography is done using X-rays to produce an image of interior structures. Hollow structures appear black or gray. Do not pass easily through dense structure (bone) 2. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is done using an extremely powerful magnetic field. It is a safe procedure but cannot be used on patients containing metal. 3. Computed Tomography or CT-Scans are done using a computer to organize x-rays to form a 3D image. It is used to visualize soft tissue in more detail than conventional radiography. 4. Ultrasound Scanning (sonography) is done using high frequency sound waves.

MEDICAL IMAGING 5. Positron Emission Tomography (PET scan) is done by injecting a substance emitting positively charged particles into the body. The collision between positrons and negatively charged electron in body tissues produce gamma rays used to form a computer assisted image. 6. Endoscopy is done using a lighted instrument with a lens projecting an image onto a monitor. Colonoscopy is a study ???

QUICK REVIEW Anatomy looks at? Physiology looks at? What is the difference between cytology and histology? What is the largest subdivision of the chemical level? What is homeostasis? What are the three components of a homeostatic system? What is the difference between negative and positive feedback?

EXAM PRACTICE 1.Homeostasis is the condition in the body maintains ____________? a. the lowest possible energy usage b. a relatively stable internal environment, within limits c. a static state with no deviation from preset points d. A and C e. None of the above

EXAM PRACTICE 2. The parietal pleural would represent a serous membrane a. covering individual lungs b. lining the thoracic cavity c. lining the abdominal cavity d. covering the heart e. lining the mediastinum

EXAM PRACTICE 3. A structure that is composed of two or more tissues would be _________________. a. a complex tissue b. an organ system c. an organelle d. a complex cell e. an organ

EXAM PRACTICE 4. Patient X is suffering from severe pain. Upon examination the Patient complains the most when the doctor presses superior to the left hip bone, inferior to the rib cage and to the left of the navel. What region defines the area of pain? a.Right Iliac Region b.Epigastric region c.Left hypochrondriac region d.Left lumbar region e.Pain is not in the abdominal cavity

CHAPTER 1 But are you ready for the next mission.

anatomy and physiology chapter 1 the sciences of anatomy and physiology

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