anatomy and physiology biology 112 tri-county technical college pendleton, sc
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Anatomy and Physiology
Biology 112
Tri-County Technical College
Pendleton, SC
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A & P Jeopardy …study of the structure of body parts …study of how body parts work …tiny building blocks of matter that
combine to form molecules …smallest unit of all living things …groups of similar cells that have a
common function
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A&P Jeopardy…ctd. …composed of two or more tissue types
with a common function …group of organs that cooperate to
accomplish a common purpose …composed of 11 organ systems; the
highest level of organization …moves the human body as a whole and
moves things inside the body
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Same song, different verse… …composed of glands that produce
hormones …composed of bones, cartilages,
ligaments, and joints …composed of the brain, spinal cord,
nerves, and sensory receptors …composed of heart and blood vessels
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One more time…with feeling …returns fluid leaked from blood to the blood
vessels …eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes from the
body …the liver and pancreas belong to this system …supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide …system that can be used to continue the species
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What it are…? ANATOMY is study of structure and shape
of body and body parts and their relationship to one another Gross versus microscopic
PHYSIOLOGY is study of how the body and its parts work or function Neuro, cardiac, and others
TWO are ALWAYS RELATED
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Structural Organization Subatomic particlesatomsmolecules
Cellstissuesorgansorgan systemsOrganism
Human systems include integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive
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Integumentary Functions Integumentary is external covering of body
(skin) Waterproofs/cushions body & protects
deeper tissues from injuries Excretes salts and urea in perspiration Helps regulate body temperature Temperature, pressure, pain receptors
located in skin
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Skeletal Functions Composed of bone, cartilages, ligaments,
and joints Supports body/provides framework for
skeletal muscles to cause movement Protective function (skull/vertebral
column) Hematopoiesis occurs in cavities of
skeleton
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Muscular Functions Composed of muscles that have one function—to
contract (shorten) Muscles can be viewed as machines of body Mobility reflects activity of skeletal muscles Skeletal muscles distinct from muscles of heart
and other hollow organs which move fluids (blood/urine/food)
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Nervous Functions Body’s fast acting control system Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors Irritability (respond to stimuli from within and
without body) Sensory receptorsnerve impulsesbrain and
spinal cord (CNS)processes inforesponds by activating effectors (muscles/glands/etc.)
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Endocrine Functions Body’s slow control system Produces chemical molecules (hormones)
that travel in blood Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals,
thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries, & testes Controls/regulates other structures/organs
Growth, reproduction, food use, etc.
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Cardiovascular Functions Heart and blood vessels primary organs Uses blood as transporting fluid for
oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances to and from tissue cells where exchanges occur
WBCs and chemicals in blood help protect body from bacteria, toxins, & tumor cells
Heart acts as the “blood pump”
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Lymphatic Functions Complements the CV system Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other
lymphoid organs (tonsils/spleen) Return fluid leaked from blood back to
blood vessels for continuing circulation Lymph nodes/lymphoid organs help
cleanse blood and house cells involved in immunity
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Respiratory Functions Keeps body supplied with oxygen and
purged of carbon dioxide Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
bronchi, and lungs Tiny alveoli (air sacs) actual site of gas
exchange
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Digestive Functions Basically tube from mouth to anus Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small &
large intestine, and rectum Break down food and deliver products to
blood Small intestine vs. large intestine Liver (bile) and pancreas (enzymes) part of
this system
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Urinary Functions Ridding body of nitrogenous wastes from
metabolism of proteins/nucleic acids Urea and uric acid
Often called “excretory system” Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra Assists in water balance, ionic balances,
and acid-base balance of blood
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Reproductive Functions Exists “PRIMARILY” to produce offspring Only system NOT essential to survival of
the individual Testes, scrotum, penis, accessory glands,
and duct system in males Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
in females
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Homeostasis Body’s ability to maintain relatively stable
internal conditions despite changes internally/externally
“Needs met and functioning smoothly” All homeostatic control mechanisms have
at least 3 components Receptor, Control Center, and Effector
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Homeostatic Pathways Receptor is some type of sensor
Monitors and responds to change Responds to change (stimuli) by sending information
(input) to Control Center Info flows to CC via afferent pathway
Control Center determines LEVEL (set point) is maintained, analyzes info received, and determines appropriate response or action
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Pathways, ctd. Effector provides means for CC’s response
(output) to stimulus Info flows from CC to Effector via
efferent pathway Results of response feed back to influence
stimulus Feedback mechanism can either be
NEGATIVE or POSITIVE
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Negative Feedback Depresses stimulus so that whole control
mechanism is reduced or turned off Examples include body’s thermostat, heart
rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, blood levels of glucose, oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in blood, and mineral balances in system
Most CC responses are negative feedback
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Positive Feedback Enhances stimulus so reaction continues at
even faster/more intense rate Increases original disturbance (stimulus)
and pushes variable further from its original value
Blood clotting, delivery, and nursing Time for an Estesism…YEAH!!!! “Homeostatic Imbalance”
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Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions
Slide 1.15Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Maintain Boundaries
• Movement
• Locomotion
• Movement of substances
• Responsiveness
• Ability to sense changes and react
• Digestion
• Break-down and delivery of nutrients
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Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions
Slide 1.16aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body
• Production of energy
• Making body structures
• Excretion
• Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions
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Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions
Slide 1.16bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Reproduction
• Production of future generation
• Growth
• Increasing of cell size and number
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Survival NeedsSurvival Needs
Slide 1.17aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Nutrients
• Chemicals for energy and cell building
• Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals
• Oxygen
• Required for chemical reactions
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Survival NeedsSurvival Needs
Slide 1.17bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Water
• 60–80% of body weight
• Provides for metabolic reaction
• Stable body temperature
• Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate