Anatomy and Physiology

Chapter 6Part I

Why Study Anatomy? Understand how the human body

functions as an integrated whole. Recognize changes from the norm. Determine a scientific basis for the

proper application of services and products

Without knowledge of facial bones and muscle structure make-up applications might be difficult

Knowledge of head contours, bones, and muscle structure will help with shampooing, manipulations, haircuts and hairstyles.

Create a style based on your knowledge of facial bones and muscle structure.

Recognize the facial bones, nerves, and muscle structure when performing a facial.

Perform manipulations involving the face, hands, arms, shoulders, neck, feet, lower legs safely and effectively as a result of your understanding of bones, muscles, nerves, and circulation.

Understanding anatomy and physiology will help you be more proficient at performing professional salon services.

Anatomy

The study of the structures of the human body that can be seen with the naked eye, and what they are made up of; the science of the structure of organisms or of their parts.

Physiology

The study of the functions and activities performed by the body structure.

Histology

The study of the science of the minute structures of organic tissues; microscopic anatomy.

Homeostasis is the maintenance of normal, internal stability in the organism. – write in on pp 113

Molecules of energy turn to fat if they are not used – write in on pp 114

Cells

The basic unit of all living things Without cells, life does not exist Responsible for carrying on all life

processes

Basic Construction of the cell Protoplasm – a colorless jellylike

substance in which food elements are present Visualize the white of a raw egg

Nucleus – dense, active protoplasm found in the center of the cell. Plays an important part in cell reproduction

and metabolism Visualize the nucleus as the yolk of a raw egg

Cytoplasm – is all the protoplasm of a cell except what is in the nucleus The watery fluid that contains food

material necessary for growth, reproduction, and self-repair of the cell

Cell Membrane – encloses the protoplasm and permits soluble substances to enter and leave the cell

Cell Structure Animal Cell Anatomy -

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Cell Reproduction and Division

Mitosis – dividing into two (2) identical cells called daughter cells If conditions are favorable the cell will

grow and reproduce Adequate supply of food, oxygen and

water; suitable temperatures; ability to eliminate waste products

Unfavorable conditions the cell will become impaired or may be destroyed

Toxins and disease

Cell Metabolism

Metabolism – is a chemical process that takes place in all living organisms, whereby all cells are nourished and carry out their activities

Anabolism

Is constructive metabolism, the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones The body stores water, food, oxygen

for cell growth and repair

Catabolism

Is the phase of metabolism that involves the breaking down of complex compounds within the cells into smaller ones

Anabolism and Catabolism are carried out simultaneously and continually

Tissues

Collection of similar cells that perform a particular function

Specific function and can be recognized by its characteristic appearance

60 – 90% water

Connective Tissue

Serves to support, protect and bind together

Bone cartilage, ligaments, tendons, fascia, fat or adipose tissue

Epithelial Tissue

Protective covering on body surfaces

Skin, mucous membranes, lining of the heart, digestive, and respiratory organs, and glands

Liquid Tissue

Blood and lymph, carries food, waste products, and hormones through the body

Muscular Tissue

Contracts and moves the various parts of the body

Nerve Tissue

Carries messages to and from the brain and controls and coordinates all bodily functions

Special cells (neurons), which make up the nerves, brain, and spinal cord

Organs

Groups of tissue designed to perform a specific function

Table 6-1 pp 115

Body Systems

Groups of bodily organs acting together to perform one or more functions

Ten (10) major systems Table 6-2 pp 116

Endocrine Systempp 137

Group of specialized glands that affect growth, development, sexual activities, and health of the entire body

Glands – specialized organs that remove certain elements from the blood to convert them into new compounds

Exocrine glands Duct glands –produce a substance

that travels through small tube-like ducts

Sweat (Sudoriferous) Oil (Sebaceous) glands Intestinal glands

Endocrine glands Ductless glands release secretions

called hormones Pancreas, thyroid, adrenal glands,

pituitary gland Insulin, adrenaline and estrogen,

stimulate functional activity or secretion

Digestive System Gastrointestinal Responsible for changing food into

nutrients and waste Digestive enzymes are chemicals that

change certain kinds of food into a form that can be used by the body

A soluble form Takes about nine (9) hours to complete

process

Excretory System

Responsible for purifying the body by eliminating waste

Metabolism of body produces toxins that must be removed to prevent poisoning of the body

Organs of the Excretory System

Kidneys excrete urine Liver discharges bile Skin eliminates perspiration Large intestines eliminates

decomposed and undigested food Lungs exhale carbon dioxide

Respiratory System Located within the chest cavity Enables breathing

Lungs and air passages Lungs are spongy tissues composed of

microscopic cells in which inhaled air is exchanged for carbon dioxide

Diaphragm is a muscular wall that separates the thorax from the abdominal region and helps control breathing

Inhalation Breathing in Oxygen is absorbed into the blood

Exhalation Breathing out Carbon dioxide is expelled from the

lungs

Integumentary System

Skin and its various accessory organs

Oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair and nails

Covered in depth in chapter 7

Circulatory Systempp 131

Cardiovascular or vascular system Controls the steady circulation of

the blood through the body Heart Blood vessels

Two (2) Divisions

Blood Vascular Heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries Distributes blood throughout the body

Lymph Vascular Aid to the blood system Lymph, lymphatics (lymph vessels),

lymph nodes and other structures

Lymph

Clear, yellowish fluid that circulates in the lymphatics

Carries waste and impurities away from the cells

The Heart

Body’s pump Muscular cone-shaped organ that

keeps blood moving within the circulatory system

Pericardium – membrane that encloses the heart

Heart

Approximate size of your closed fist

Weighs approximately 9 ounces Located in the chest cavity Regulated by the Vagus or Tenth

(10th) Cranial Nerve 72 – 80 beats per minute resting

Heart Structure

Four (4) chambers and four (4) valves Right and Left Atrium

Thin walled upper chambers Right and Left Ventricle

Thick walled lower chambers Valves – between chambers allow the

blood to flow in only one (1) direction

Blood is in constant and continuous circulation from the heart, throughout the body and back to the heart

Pulmonary Circulation Blood flows from the heart to the lungs to be

purified Systemic Circulation

General circulation carried the blood from the heart throughout the body and back to the heart

Circulation Flow

1. Blood –from body – to right atrium2. Right atrium – through tricuspid valve –

to right ventricle3. Right ventricle – to lungs – considered

oxygen rich4. Oxygen rich – returns to heart – left

atrium5. Left atrium – through mitral valve - to

right ventricle – 6. Blood leaves left ventricle – to the body

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Blood Vessels

Tube like structures Function is to transport blood to

and from the heart to various tissues of the body

Arteries

Thick-walled, muscular, flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the capillaries

Largest is the aorta

Capillaries

Minute, thin-walled blood vessels connecting smaller arteries to the veins

Brings nutrients to the cells and carry away waste materials

Veins

Thin-walled blood vessels less elastic than arteries

Cuplike valves that prevent backflow and carry blood containing waste products from capillaries to the heart

Located closer to the outer skin than arteries

Blood Nutritive fluid circulating through the

circulatory system 8 – 10 pints in the human body 1/20th of body weight 80% water 98.6°F - 36°C Sticky and salty Red in arteries (oxygen rich) Blue in veins (oxygen depleted)

Composition of Blood

Red blood cells Red corpuscles Produced in red bone marrow Hemoglobin – complex iron rich

protein that blood its bright red color Function is to carry oxygen to the

body cells

White blood cells White corpuscles Leukocytes Function of destroying disease-causing

germs Platelets

Thrombocytes Much smaller than red blood cells Contribute to the blood clotting process,

which stops bleeding

Plasma Fluid part of blood in which red and white

cells, and platelets flow 90% water Proteins, sugar, and oxygen Function is to carry food and secretions to

cells and take carbon dioxide away from cells

Chief Functions of Blood Carries water, oxygen, food and

secretions to the body Carries away carbon dioxide and waste

products to be eliminated through lungs, skin, kidneys, and large intestines

Equalize body temperature – protecting from extreme heat/cold

Protects body from pathogenic bacteria and infections through white blood cells

Closes injured minute blood vessels by forming clots – preventing loss of blood

The Lymph Vascular System

Lymphatic System Acts as an aid to the blood system Lymph is circulated through the

lymphatic vessels and filtered by the lymph nodes (gland like bodies in the lymphatic

vessels) Filtering process helps to fight infection

Primary Functions Of the Lymphatic System

Carry nourishment Defense against bacteria/toxins Remove waste from body to blood Provide suitable fluid environment

for cells

Arteries of the Head, face and Neck

Common carotid arteries Main source of blood supply to the

head, face and neck Located on either side of neck Divided into the internal and external

branch

Internal carotid artery Supplies blood to brain, eyes, eyelids,

forehead, nose and internal ear External carotid artery

Supplies blood to the anterior parts of the scalp, ear, face, neck and side of head

Facial artery External maxillary supplies blood to

the lower region of the face, mouth and nose

Superficial temporal artery Continuation of external carotid artery Supplies blood to the muscles of the

front, side and top of head

Frontal artery Supplies blood to the forehead and

upper eyelids Parietal artery

Supplies blood to the side and crown of the head

Middle temporal artery Supplies blood to the temples

Anterior auricular artery Supplies blood to the front part of the

ear

Occipital artery Supplies blood to the skin and muscle

of the scalp and back of head to the crown

Posterior auricular artery Supplies blood to the scalp area

behind and above the ear, and the skin behind the ear

Supraorbital artery Supplies blood to the upper eyelid

and forehead Infraorbital artery

Supplies blood to the muscles of the eye

Veins of the head, face and Neck

Internal Jugular External Jugular Blood returning to the heart from

the head, face and neck flow on each side of the head

Blood Supply of the Arm and Hand

Ulnar artery Supply blood to the pinkie finger side

of the arm and palm of the hand Radial artery

Supply blood to the thumb side of the arm back of the hand

Blood Supply to the Lower Leg and Foot

Popliteal artery Divides in two (2)

Anterior tibial Goes to the foot Dorsalis pedis in supplies blood to the

foot Posterior tibial