anatomy anatomy and physiology –“to cut” –study of the

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Anatomy and Physiology

Midterm Review

Vocabulary Terms

• Anatomy

–“to cut”

–Study of the structure of an organism.

Vocabulary Terms

• Physiology– “nature”

– Study of the function of an organism.

Vocabulary Terms

• Keratin – Waterproof protein in epidermis

– Fills the cytoplasm

Vocabulary Terms

• Melanin – Pigment

– Produced in the stratum germinativum

Vocabulary Terms

• Sebaceous gland – In dermis, opens to hair follicles – Secretes sebum – Found everywhere except hands & feet.

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Vocabulary Terms

• Apocrine gland – Found in the skin,

breast, eyelid, and ear.

– In the breast secrete fat droplets into breast milk

– In the ear help form earwax.

– In the skin and eyelid secrete sweat

Vocabulary Terms

• Eccrine gland – Also sweat gland, most common, major source

of sweat (water, salt, urea, uric acid)

Vocabulary Terms

• Blister – Caused by excessive rubbing – Separation of epidermis & dermis that fills w/

fluid

Vocabulary Terms

• Neoplasm – Abnormal growth

mole

wart

Vocabulary Terms

• Ossification– Building

bone

– Changing cartilage to bone.

Vocabulary Terms

• Sinus– Cavities in the skull

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Vocabulary Terms

• Ossicles (see table 6.1, p. 120) – 3 bones of the inner ear:

�malleus, incus, & stapes�hammer, anvil & stirrup

Vocabulary Terms

• Dislocation – Bone out of place

Vocabulary Terms

• Ligament– A tough connective tissue band usually

connecting bone to bone.

Vocabulary Terms

• Tendon– A tough connective tissue band connecting a

muscle to bone.

Vocabulary Terms

• Bursa– A closed sac or pocket containing synovial

fluid, usually found in areas where friction occurs.

Vocabulary Terms

• Arthritis– The inflammation of a joint.

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Integumentary System

• Functions (p. 94)– Protection

– Sensation

– Vitamin D Production

– Temperature Regulation

– Excretion


• Epidermis – Stratified squamous epithelial tissue divided into strata– Stratum corneum –dead squamous cells filled

w/ keratin – Stratum lucidum –in thick skin only– Statum granulosum – keratin proteins and

water-proofing lipids are produced – Stratum spinosum –start to synthesize keratin;

adjacent cells are joined by desmosomes, giving them a spiny appearance

– Stratum basale –cells that undergo mitosis


• Dermis – Mostly dense connective tissue– Papillary layer

�Projections called dermal papillae (fingerprints)�Pain receptors�Capillary loops

– Reticular layer�Blood vessels�Glands�Nerve receptors

Skeletal System

• Functions– Support

– Protection

– Lever system

– Mineral storage

– Blood cell formation

– Energy storage

Axial Skeleton

• Forms the longitudinal part of the body

• Divided into three parts– Skull– Vertebral column– Bony thorax

�Sternum�Ribs�Thoracic vertebrae

Appendicular Skeleton

• Limbs (appendages)• Pectoral girdle (attaches arm to the

axial skeleton)– Clavicle – collarbone

– Scapula – shoulder blade

• Pelvic girdle (attaches leg to the axial skeleton)– Coxae (three pair of fused bones)

• Ilium, ischium and pubic bones

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Planes of Dissection Planes of Dissection

Directional Terms Directional Terms

Directional Terms Directional Terms

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Bones

1. Cranium/skull 9. Patella

2. Scapula 10. Mandible3. Rib 11. Clavicle

4. Ulna 12. Humerus

5. Radius 13. Sternum6. Carpals 14. Vertebra

7. Metacarpals 15. Coxa

8. Digital phalanges 16.Femur

Bones

17. Tibia Bones of the Axial

18. Fibula Skeleton:19. Tarsals 1. Cranium/skull

20. Metatarsals 2. Rib

21. Pedal 3. Mandiblephalanges 4. Sternum

5. Vertebra

Female vs. Male Pelvis

• Female inlet is larger & more circular.• Female pelvis as a whole is shallower & the

bones are lighter & thinner.

• Female ilia flare more laterally.• Female sacrum is shorter & less curved.

• Female ischial spines are shorter & farther apart; thus the outlet is larger.

• Female pubic arch is more rounded because the angle of the pubic arch is greater.

Body Cavities

26. Cranial cavity

27. Dorsal or spinal cavity

28. Pelvic cavity

29. Thoracic cavity

30. Abdominal cavity 28

Epithelial Tissue

• Simple squamous– Single layer

of flat cells

– Usually forms membranes

– Lines body cavities

– Lines lungs

& capillaries

Epithelial Tissue

• Simple cuboidal– Single layer of

cube-like cells– Common in

glands and their ducts

– Forms walls of kidney tubules

– Covers the ovaries

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Epithelial Tissue

– Single layer of tall cells

– Often includes goblet cells, which produce mucus

– Lines digestive tract

• Simple columnar

Epithelial Tissue

• Pseudostratified– Single layer, but some

cells are shorter than others

– Often looks like a double cell layer

– Sometimes ciliated, such as in the respiratory tract

– May function in absorption or secretion

Epithelial Tissue

• Stratified squamous– Cells at the free edge

are flattened– Found as a protective

covering where friction is common

– Locations�Skin�Mouth

�Esophagus

Epithelial Tissue

• Stratified cuboidal– Two layers of cuboidal cells– Ducts of eccrine sweat glands

• Stratified columnar– Surface cells are columnar, cells underneath

vary in size and shape– Largest ducts of some exocrine glands

• Stratified cuboidal and columnar– Rare in human body– Found mainly in ducts of large glands

Epithelial Tissue

• Transitional epithelium– Shape of cells depends upon the

amount of stretching

– Lines organs of the urinary system

Connective Tissue

• Bone (osseous tissue) – Composed of:

�Bone cells in lacunae (cavities)

�Hard matrix of calcium salts

�Large numbers of collagen fibers

– Used to protect and support the body

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Connective Tissue

• Hyaline cartilage– Most common cartilage

– Composed of:�Abundant collagen fibers�Rubbery matrix

– Entire fetal skeleton is hyaline cartilage

Connective Tissue

• Elastic cartilage– Provides elasticity

– Example: supports the external ear

• Fibrocartilage– Highly compressible

– Example: forms cushion-like discs between vertebrae

Connective Tissue

• Dense connective tissue– Main matrix element is

collagen fibers

– Cells are fibroblasts

– Examples�Tendon – attach muscle

to bone�Ligaments – attach bone

to bone

Connective Tissue

• Areolar or loose connective tissue– Most widely distributed

connective tissue

– Soft, pliable tissue

– Contains all fiber types

– Can soak up excess fluid

Connective Tissue

• Adipose tissue– Matrix is an areolar

tissue in which fat globules predominate

– Many cells contain large lipid deposits

– Functions�Insulates the body�Protects some organs�Serves as a site of long-

term fuel storage

Connective Tissue

• Reticular connective tissue– Delicate network of

interwoven fibers– Forms stroma (internal

supporting network) of lymphoid organs�Lymph nodes�Spleen�Bone marrow

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Connective Tissue

• Blood– Blood cells surrounded

by fluid matrix

– Fibers are visible during clotting

– Functions as the transport vehicle for materials

Muscle Tissue

• Skeletal muscle– Can be controlled

voluntarily

– Cells attach to connective tissue

– Cells are striated

– Cells have more than one nucleus

Muscle Tissue

• Cardiac muscle– Found only in the heart– Function is to pump blood

(involuntary)– Cells attached to other

cardiac muscle cells at intercalated disks

– Cells are striated– Branching– One nucleus per cell

Muscle Tissue

• Smooth muscle– Involuntary muscle

– Surrounds hollow organs

– Attached to other smooth muscle cells

– No visible striations

– One nucleus per cell

Nerve Tissue

• Neurons and nerve support cells– Function is to send

impulses to other areas of the body�Irritability�Conductivity

Identify the following tissue types

• Epithelial tissue

• Simple squamous

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• Simple columnar



• Ciliated pseudostratified columnar



• Stratified squamous


• Connective tissue

• Bone



• Hyaline cartilage



• Loose/areolar

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• Adipose



• Blood

anatomy anatomy and physiology –“to cut” –study of the

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