anatomy # 1msts/2004 anatomy of sampling studies of ecological responses through time {on the web at
TRANSCRIPT
ANATOMY # 1MSTS/2004
ANATOMY OF SAMPLING STUDIES ANATOMY OF SAMPLING STUDIES
OFOF
ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES THROUGH TIMEECOLOGICAL RESPONSES THROUGH TIME{on the web at http://www.oregonstate.edu/instruct/st571/urquhart/anatomy/index.htm}{on the web at http://www.oregonstate.edu/instruct/st571/urquhart/anatomy/index.htm}
byby
N. Scott UrquhartN. Scott UrquhartOregon State University, USAOregon State University, USA
andand
Anthony R. OlsenAnthony R. OlsenUS EPAUS EPA
ANATOMY # 2MSTS/2004
STARMAP FUNDINGSTARMAP FUNDINGSpace-Time Aquatic Resources Modeling and Space-Time Aquatic Resources Modeling and
Analysis ProgramAnalysis ProgramThe work reported here today was developed under the STAR The work reported here today was developed under the STAR
Research Assistance Agreement CR-829095 awarded by the Research Assistance Agreement CR-829095 awarded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to Colorado U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to Colorado State University. This presentation has not been formally State University. This presentation has not been formally reviewed by EPA. The views expressed here are solely reviewed by EPA. The views expressed here are solely those of presenters and STARMAP, the Program they those of presenters and STARMAP, the Program they represent. EPA does not endorse any products or represent. EPA does not endorse any products or commercial services mentioned in these presentation.commercial services mentioned in these presentation.
This research is funded by
U.S.EPA – Science To AchieveResults (STAR) ProgramCooperativeAgreement
# CR - 829095
ANATOMY # 3MSTS/2004
THE AUTHORSTHE AUTHORS N. SCOTT URQUHARTN. SCOTT URQUHART
Trained in StatisticsTrained in Statistics About 40 Years of Experience in ApplicationsAbout 40 Years of Experience in Applications
Worked With Ecologists in Desert, Arctic, Pacific NorthwestWorked With Ecologists in Desert, Arctic, Pacific Northwest Many Surveys with Rural Sociologists and Ag EconomistsMany Surveys with Rural Sociologists and Ag Economists Including 10 years with EPA’s Environmental Monitoring and Including 10 years with EPA’s Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment Program (EMAP)Assessment Program (EMAP)
ACADEMIC And AGENCY; PLANT And ANIMALACADEMIC And AGENCY; PLANT And ANIMAL
ANTHONY (Tony) R. OLSENANTHONY (Tony) R. OLSEN Trained in StatisticsTrained in Statistics 30+ Years of Experience in Private and Government Applications30+ Years of Experience in Private and Government Applications
Worked With Atmospheric Modelers And Air Pollution Field Worked With Atmospheric Modelers And Air Pollution Field Scientists Scientists
Survey Experience With Health Professionals And Large-scale Survey Experience With Health Professionals And Large-scale National Resource MonitoringNational Resource Monitoring
Now Statistical Lead with EPA’s EMAPNow Statistical Lead with EPA’s EMAP
ANATOMY # 4MSTS/2004
EVOLUTION OF THE “ANATOMY”EVOLUTION OF THE “ANATOMY”
The first step in the development of the The first step in the development of the
ANATOMY focused on experimental design ANATOMY focused on experimental design
situations.situations. Served as the structure for several part-semester Served as the structure for several part-semester
courses in advanced statistical methods at New courses in advanced statistical methods at New Mexico State UniversityMexico State University
Eventually published asEventually published as Urquhart, N. S. (1981). Anatomy of a study.
HortScience 16:621-627.Experience with EMAP led to its expansion to
surveys
ANATOMY # 5MSTS/2004
TODAY’S CONTEXT for TODAY’S CONTEXT for SURVEYSSURVEYS
“ “EMAP-type Situations”EMAP-type Situations” EMAP = US EPA’S EMAP = US EPA’S EEnvironmental nvironmental MMonitoring and onitoring and AAssessment ssessment PProgramrogram
Estimate Status, Changes ...Estimate Status, Changes ... In Indicators In Indicators
Estimate Status, Changes, ... Estimate Status, Changes, ... In Extent In Extent
Describe Associations ...Describe Associations ...
ANATOMY # 6MSTS/2004
17.6% ± 10%
6.8% ± 6%
43.8% ± 12%
31.8% ± 8%
(N=258)
Source: EMAP Northeast Lakes Study
Objective #1: Estimate the status, changes and trends in selected indicators of the condition of our Nation's ecological resources on a regional scalewith known confidence
Hypereutrophic
Eutrophic
Mesotrophic
Oligotrophic
on a regional scalewith known confidence
Hypereutrophic
Eutrophic
Mesotrophic
Oligotrophic
ANATOMY # 7MSTS/2004
Northeast Adir NEU C/L/P
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Objective #2: Estimate the status, changes and trendsin the extent and geographic coverage of our Nation'secological resources on a regional scale with knownconfidence
North
east
Adir
NEU
C/L/P
Est.
Lake #SE
Est.
AreaSE
11,455
1,506
5,689
4,280
1,251
285
1,206
1,048
4,030
1,082
2,099
850
814
395
758
254
Adir = Adirondacks; NEU = New England Uplands; C/L/P = Coast & Lake Plains Source: EMAP Northeast Lakes Study
ANATOMY # 8MSTS/2004
Objective #3: Describe associationsbetween indicators of anthropogenic stressand indicators of condition
17%
17%
36%
31%
Proportion of Stream Length
(InsufficientData)
Good
Fair
Poor
Fish Index of Biotic Integrity
% of Stream Length
0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
Riparian Habitat
Sedimentation
Mine Drainage
Acidic Deposition
Tissue Contamination
Phosphorus
Acid Mine Drainage
24%
25%
14%
11%
10%
5%
1%
Nitrogen
5%
Relative Ranking of Stressors
Source: EMAP Mid-Atlantic Highlands Assessment
ANATOMY # 9MSTS/2004
WHO MUST COMMUNICATEWHO MUST COMMUNICATE
Ecologists & Other BiologistsEcologists & Other Biologists StatisticiansStatisticians GeographersGeographers Geographic Information Specialists (GIS)Geographic Information Specialists (GIS) Information ManagersInformation Managers Quality Assurance PersonnelQuality Assurance Personnel Managers, At Various LevelsManagers, At Various Levels
ANATOMY # 10MSTS/2004
““SAMPLING” SAMPLING”
A WORD OF MANY MEANINGSA WORD OF MANY MEANINGS Statisticians Often Associate It With SurveyStatisticians Often Associate It With Survey
Sampling Sampling An Ecologist May Associate It with the Selection ofAn Ecologist May Associate It with the Selection of
Local Sites or Material Local Sites or Material A Laboratory Scientist May Associate It With theA Laboratory Scientist May Associate It With the
Selection Of Material to be Analyzed fromSelection Of Material to be Analyzed fromMaterial SuppliedMaterial Supplied
Common General Meaning, Varied Specific Common General Meaning, Varied Specific MeaningsMeanings
ANATOMY # 11MSTS/2004
THE SPECIAL NEEDTHE SPECIAL NEED
Communication Demands a DistinctionCommunication Demands a DistinctionBetweenBetween
The Local Process of Evaluating a Response,The Local Process of Evaluating a Response, andand
The Statistical Selection of a Sampling Unit,The Statistical Selection of a Sampling Unit, For example, For example,
A LAKEA LAKEA POINT ON A STEAMA POINT ON A STEAM
ANATOMY # 12MSTS/2004
THE SPECIAL NEED - THE SPECIAL NEED - continuedcontinued
The TermsThe Terms Response Design Response Design Sampling Design or Survey DesignSampling Design or Survey Design
Can Be Used to Make this DistinctionCan Be Used to Make this Distinction
But a Complex Ecological Survey But a Complex Ecological Survey Clearly Has More Parts Than These! Clearly Has More Parts Than These!
ANATOMY # 13MSTS/2004
BASIC ROLESBASIC ROLES
Survey Design Tells Us Where to Go to Survey Design Tells Us Where to Go to Collect Sample Information or Material Collect Sample Information or Material
Response Design Tells Us What to DoResponse Design Tells Us What to Do Once We Get There Once We Get There
But These Two Components Exist in aBut These Two Components Exist in a Broader Context Broader Context
ANATOMY # 14MSTS/2004
AN IMPORTANT DISTINCTIONAN IMPORTANT DISTINCTION
Monitoring StrategyMonitoring Strategy
ConceptualConceptual
Impacted by ObjectivesImpacted by Objectives
Addressable Without Regard to Addressable Without Regard to the Inference Strategy the Inference Strategy
Inference StrategyInference Strategy
ANATOMY # 15MSTS/2004
AN IMPORTANT DISTINCTIONAN IMPORTANT DISTINCTION- continued- continued
Monitoring StrategyMonitoring Strategy ....................
Inference StrategyInference Strategy
Places to Evaluate the Response – “the Places to Evaluate the Response – “the WHERE”WHERE”
Relation Between Points Evaluated and Relation Between Points Evaluated and the Population the Population
IE, the Basis for InferenceIE, the Basis for Inference
ANATOMY # 16MSTS/2004
SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES THROUGH TIME HAVERESPONSES THROUGH TIME HAVE
Monitoring StrategyMonitoring Strategy Universe ModelUniverse Model Statistical PopulationStatistical Population Domain DesignDomain Design Response DesignResponse Design
Inference StrategyInference Strategy Survey DesignSurvey Design Temporal DesignTemporal Design Quality Assurance DesignQuality Assurance Design
These componentsexist regardless of the inference strategy
These componentsexist for any monitoring strategy
ANATOMY # 17MSTS/2004
SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES THROUGH TIME HAVERESPONSES THROUGH TIME HAVE
MONITORING STRATEGYMONITORING STRATEGY Universe ModelUniverse Model Statistical PopulationStatistical Population Domain DesignDomain Design Response DesignResponse Design
INFERENCE STRATEGYINFERENCE STRATEGY Survey DesignSurvey Design Temporal DesignTemporal Design Quality Assurance DesignQuality Assurance Design
ANATOMY # 18MSTS/2004
The MONITORING STRATEGYThe MONITORING STRATEGY The MONITORING STRATEGY MUSTThe MONITORING STRATEGY MUST
RESPOND TO RESPOND TO Monitoring ObjectivesMonitoring Objectives State of Knowledge in Ecological SciencesState of Knowledge in Ecological Sciences Characteristics of Ecological Resource(s) Characteristics of Ecological Resource(s)
of Interestof Interest EXPECTED FUNDINGEXPECTED FUNDING Compared To Compared To COSTSCOSTS Operational ConstraintsOperational Constraints
ANATOMY # 19MSTS/2004
MONITORING STRATEGYMONITORING STRATEGY Universe ModelUniverse Model Statistical PopulationStatistical Population Domain DesignDomain Design Response DesignResponse Design
INFERENCE STRATEGYINFERENCE STRATEGY Survey DesignSurvey Design Temporal DesignTemporal Design Quality Assurance DesignQuality Assurance Design
SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES THROUGH TIME HAVERESPONSES THROUGH TIME HAVE
ANATOMY # 20MSTS/2004
The UNIVERSE MODELThe UNIVERSE MODEL Reality (Universe): Ecological Entity WithinReality (Universe): Ecological Entity Within
a Defined Geographic Area to Be Monitoreda Defined Geographic Area to Be Monitored Model of the Universe:Model of the Universe:
Development of a Monitoring Approach Development of a Monitoring Approach Requires Construction of a Model for theRequires Construction of a Model for theUniverseUniverse
Elements Of The Universe Model: Set ofElements Of The Universe Model: Set of Entities Composing The Entire Universe Entities Composing The Entire Universe
ANATOMY # 21MSTS/2004
The UNIVERSE MODELThe UNIVERSE MODEL Population Description and Its SamplingPopulation Description and Its Sampling
Require Definition of the “Units” in the Require Definition of the “Units” in the PopulationPopulation
Discrete Units:Discrete Units: Lakes May Be Viewed This WayLakes May Be Viewed This Way
Continuous Structure in Space of SomeContinuous Structure in Space of SomeDimension:Dimension:
2-space: forests or agroecosystems2-space: forests or agroecosystems 1-space: Streams1-space: Streams 3-space: Ground Water3-space: Ground Water
ANATOMY # 22MSTS/2004
THE MODEL FOR STREAMSTHE MODEL FOR STREAMSStrahler OrdersStrahler Orders
Third Order
First Orders
First Orders
First Order
First Orders
Second Order
Second Order
SecondOrder
ANATOMY # 23MSTS/2004
MONITORING STRATEGYMONITORING STRATEGY Universe ModelUniverse Model Statistical PopulationStatistical Population Domain DesignDomain Design Response DesignResponse Design
INFERENCE STRATEGYINFERENCE STRATEGY Survey DesignSurvey Design Temporal DesignTemporal Design Quality Assurance DesignQuality Assurance Design
SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES THROUGH TIME HAVERESPONSES THROUGH TIME HAVE
ANATOMY # 24MSTS/2004
The STATISTICAL POPULATIONThe STATISTICAL POPULATION TThe Collection of Units (as modeled) Over Somehe Collection of Units (as modeled) Over Some
Region of DefinitionRegion of Definition SpatialSpatial TemporalTemporal SPATIAL And TEMPORALSPATIAL And TEMPORAL
Population Definition Could Include Features Population Definition Could Include Features Which Depend on Response ValuesWhich Depend on Response Values
EX: acid sensitive streams at upper elevationsEX: acid sensitive streams at upper elevations
ANATOMY # 25MSTS/2004
MONITORING STRATEGYMONITORING STRATEGY Universe ModelUniverse Model Statistical PopulationStatistical Population Domain DesignDomain Design Response DesignResponse Design
INFERENCE STRATEGYINFERENCE STRATEGY Survey DesignSurvey Design Temporal DesignTemporal Design Quality Assurance DesignQuality Assurance Design
SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES THROUGH TIME HAVERESPONSES THROUGH TIME HAVE
ANATOMY # 26MSTS/2004
The DOMAIN DesignThe DOMAIN Design Specifies Subpopulations or “Domains” ofSpecifies Subpopulations or “Domains” of
Special Interest Special Interest May Specify Meaningful ComparisonsMay Specify Meaningful Comparisons
Between Domains Between Domains Similar to Planned Comparisons inSimilar to Planned Comparisons in
Experimental Design Situations Experimental Design Situations
Domain Design May Depend on ResponseDomain Design May Depend on ResponseValuesValues
Ex: Warm Ex: Warm VersusVersus Cold Water Lakes Cold Water Lakes
ANATOMY # 27MSTS/2004
The DOMAIN DESIGN - The DOMAIN DESIGN - continuedcontinued
SSpecifies Subpopulations or “Domains” ofpecifies Subpopulations or “Domains” ofSpecial InterestSpecial Interest
Determined From Defining Factors ForDetermined From Defining Factors For The Monitoring Activity The Monitoring Activity
Must Have Critical Connection To ClientsMust Have Critical Connection To Clients Other Domains May Be Used For Analysis, Other Domains May Be Used For Analysis,
Without Having Been Used In Defining The Without Having Been Used In Defining The Monitoring Strategy Monitoring Strategy
EX: EMAP domains include EX: EMAP domains include ECOAREASECOAREAS and and STANDARD FEDERAL REGIONSSTANDARD FEDERAL REGIONS
ANATOMY # 28MSTS/2004
MONITORING STRATEGYMONITORING STRATEGY Universe ModelUniverse Model Statistical PopulationStatistical Population Domain DesignDomain Design Response DesignResponse Design
INFERENCE STRATEGYINFERENCE STRATEGY Survey DesignSurvey Design Temporal DesignTemporal Design Quality Assurance DesignQuality Assurance Design
SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES THROUGH TIME HAVERESPONSES THROUGH TIME HAVE
ANATOMY # 29MSTS/2004
The RESPONSE DesignThe RESPONSE Design
The Response Design SpecifiesThe Response Design Specifies The Process of Obtaining A ResponseThe Process of Obtaining A Response
At An Individual Element (Site)At An Individual Element (Site) Of The ResourceOf The Resource During A Single Monitoring PeriodDuring A Single Monitoring Period
Response: What Will Be Determined Response: What Will Be Determined On An Element – On An Element – Needs To Be Responsive to the Objectives of theNeeds To Be Responsive to the Objectives of the
Monitoring ActivityMonitoring Activity
ANATOMY # 30MSTS/2004
The RESPONSE Design The RESPONSE Design - continued- continued
EMAP Responses Focus On Indicators ofEMAP Responses Focus On Indicators of STRESS andSTRESS and ConditionCondition
The Response Design Also DefinesThe Response Design Also Defines Plot DesignPlot Design Measurement ProtocolsMeasurement Protocols
Support Region – area around the site where materialSupport Region – area around the site where materialis collected, or measurements are takenis collected, or measurements are taken
Data Reduction ProtocolsData Reduction Protocols Calculation Of The Final Indicator Value for theCalculation Of The Final Indicator Value for the
ElementElement
ANATOMY # 31MSTS/2004
The RESPONSE DesignThe RESPONSE Design- - ContinuedContinued
For example, consider a response related to For example, consider a response related to macroinvertebrates in streams macroinvertebrates in streams
RESPONSE = proportion EPT (This is theRESPONSE = proportion EPT (This is the proportion of collected macrobenthos proportion of collected macrobenthos organisms, mainly insects, which fall in the organisms, mainly insects, which fall in the taxonomic classes of Ephemeroptera , taxonomic classes of Ephemeroptera , Plecoptera , or Trichoptera. Low values Plecoptera , or Trichoptera. Low values indicate polluted streams; high values indicate indicate polluted streams; high values indicate rather pristine streams) rather pristine streams)
ANATOMY # 32MSTS/2004
The RESPONSE Design The RESPONSE Design - continued - 2- continued - 2
... response related to macrobenthos ...... response related to macrobenthos ... TheThe COLLECTION UNITS COLLECTION UNITS could be 10 could be 10
30cm x 30cm areas, systematically organized, at 30cm x 30cm areas, systematically organized, at the stream site, sampled with a “Surber the stream site, sampled with a “Surber sampler” sampler”
The The EVALUATION UNIT EVALUATION UNIT could be a jar containing the could be a jar containing the composite of all macroinvertebrate organisms collected composite of all macroinvertebrate organisms collected at the 10 collection sites, orat the 10 collection sites, or
The The EVALUATION UNIT EVALUATION UNIT also could be a jaralso could be a jar containing a 1/6 subsample of the composite of containing a 1/6 subsample of the composite of macroinvertebrate organisms collected in the macroinvertebrate organisms collected in the 10 collection units. 10 collection units.
ANATOMY # 33MSTS/2004
The RESPONSE Design The RESPONSE Design - continued - 3- continued - 3
... response related to macrobenthos ...... response related to macrobenthos ... The LABORATORY EVALUATION of theThe LABORATORY EVALUATION of the
material would consist of determining and material would consist of determining and recording the taxa (like family, genus, or recording the taxa (like family, genus, or species) of each organism in the evaluation species) of each organism in the evaluation material material
The RESPONSE would be determined byThe RESPONSE would be determined by computing the number of organisms in the computing the number of organisms in the evaluation material belonging to the E, P, T evaluation material belonging to the E, P, T taxonomic classes, and dividing this by the taxonomic classes, and dividing this by the number of organisms classified. number of organisms classified.
ANATOMY # 34MSTS/2004
SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES THROUGH TIME HAVERESPONSES THROUGH TIME HAVE
MONITORING STRATEGYMONITORING STRATEGY Universe ModelUniverse Model Statistical PopulationStatistical Population Domain DesignDomain Design Response DesignResponse Design
INFERENCE STRATEGYINFERENCE STRATEGY Survey DesignSurvey Design Temporal DesignTemporal Design Quality Assurance DesignQuality Assurance Design
ANATOMY # 35MSTS/2004
The INFERENCE STRATEGYThe INFERENCE STRATEGY Is The Basis For Scientific Inference Is The Basis For Scientific Inference
Provides The Connection Between Objectives and theProvides The Connection Between Objectives and the Monitoring Strategy Monitoring Strategy
Monitoring Strategy Usually Must Rely on ObtainingMonitoring Strategy Usually Must Rely on ObtainingInformation on a Subset Of All Possible Elements Information on a Subset Of All Possible Elements
inin the Universe the Universe
Specifies Which Elements of the Universe Will HaveSpecifies Which Elements of the Universe Will HaveResponses Determined on ThemResponses Determined on Them
Can Be Based On Either ... (continued )Can Be Based On Either ... (continued )
ANATOMY # 36MSTS/2004
The INFERENCE STRATEGYThe INFERENCE STRATEGY(continued)(continued)
... Connection ...... Connection ...
... Subset ...... Subset ...
... Have Responses... Have Responses
Can Be Based On EitherCan Be Based On Either
Judgment Selection Of UnitsJudgment Selection Of Units
Inferential Validity Rests on Knowledge Of Relation Inferential Validity Rests on Knowledge Of Relation Between the Universe And the Units EvaluatedBetween the Universe And the Units Evaluated
Probability Selection Of Units Probability Selection Of Units (The Focus Here)(The Focus Here)
ANATOMY # 37MSTS/2004
MONITORING STRATEGYMONITORING STRATEGY Universe ModelUniverse Model Statistical PopulationStatistical Population Domain DesignDomain Design Response DesignResponse Design
INFERENCE STRATEGYINFERENCE STRATEGY Survey DesignSurvey Design Temporal DesignTemporal Design Quality Assurance DesignQuality Assurance Design
SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES THROUGH TIME HAVERESPONSES THROUGH TIME HAVE
ANATOMY # 38MSTS/2004
The SURVEY DesignThe SURVEY Design Probability Based Survey Designs AreProbability Based Survey Designs Are
Considered Here Considered Here May Be Somewhat Limited To Sedentary ResourcesMay Be Somewhat Limited To Sedentary Resources
Positive FeaturesPositive Features (As An Observational Study)(As An Observational Study)
Permit Clear Statistical Inference to Permit Clear Statistical Inference to Well-Defined PopulationsWell-Defined Populations
Measurements Often can be Made in NaturalMeasurements Often can be Made in Natural Settings, Giving Rise to Greater Realism Settings, Giving Rise to Greater Realism Eventual Results Eventual Results
ANATOMY # 39MSTS/2004
The SURVEY DESIGN - The SURVEY DESIGN - CONTINUEDCONTINUED
DisadvantagesDisadvantages Limited Control Over Values of PredictorLimited Control Over Values of Predictor
Variables Variables Restricts Causative InferenceRestricts Causative Inference Usually Will Produce Inaccessible SamplingUsually Will Produce Inaccessible Sampling
Points Points Good - For InferenceGood - For Inference Bad - For LogisticsBad - For Logistics
ANATOMY # 40MSTS/2004
The SURVEY DESIGN - The SURVEY DESIGN - CONTINUEDCONTINUED
Execution of a Sampling Plan RequiresExecution of a Sampling Plan Requires A Sampling FrameA Sampling Frame
A way to identify elements in the populationA way to identify elements in the population Usually somewhat inaccurate for ecological Usually somewhat inaccurate for ecological
resourcesresources– Example selecting vegetation sites along the ColoradoExample selecting vegetation sites along the Colorado
River in the Grand Canyon River in the Grand Canyon
ANATOMY # 41MSTS/2004
VIEW DOWN TRANSECT AT VIEW DOWN TRANSECT AT MILE 12.3MILE 12.3
ANATOMY # 42MSTS/2004
CLIFF AT CLIFF AT MILE 135.2MILE 135.2
(PARTIAL (PARTIAL HEIGHT)HEIGHT)
CLIFF AT CLIFF AT MILE 135.2MILE 135.2
(PARTIAL (PARTIAL HEIGHT)HEIGHT)
ANATOMY # 43MSTS/2004
The SURVEY DESIGN - The SURVEY DESIGN - CONTINUEDCONTINUED
Execution of a Sampling Plan RequiresExecution of a Sampling Plan Requires A Sampling FrameA Sampling Frame
A way to identify elements in the populationA way to identify elements in the population Usually somewhat inaccurate for ecological Usually somewhat inaccurate for ecological
resourcesresources– Example selecting vegetation sites along the ColoradoExample selecting vegetation sites along the Colorado
River in the Grand Canyon River in the Grand Canyon
Example: Frame for selecting field sites on streams Example: Frame for selecting field sites on streams in the Western USin the Western US
ANATOMY # 44MSTS/2004
FRAME ERRORSFRAME ERRORSTO BE DOCUMENTED SHORTLYTO BE DOCUMENTED SHORTLY
Water Body SizeWater Body Size Flow Status -- re PerennialFlow Status -- re Perennial
Identified As Perennial, but not correctIdentified As Perennial, but not correct Wastes Effort Of Field CrewsWastes Effort Of Field Crews
Identified as Non-perennial, but Really isIdentified as Non-perennial, but Really isPerennial Perennial
Missed ResourceMissed Resource Inaccurate AssessmentInaccurate Assessment
ANATOMY # 45MSTS/2004
EMAP-West Stream/river LengthEMAP-West Stream/river Length(km ± 95% CI)(km ± 95% CI)
from Peck, et al (2002) - EMAP symposiumfrom Peck, et al (2002) - EMAP symposium
FFrraammee SSoouurrcceeRRFF33 FFrraammee
SSiizzeeEvaluated“Perennial”
EvaluatedNon- perennial
RF3 CodedPerennial
(Perennial Survey)
656,706501,06015,590
128,32812,709
RF3 CodedNon- perennial
(Non- perennial Survey)
1,628,980112,53721,278
1,469,27763,515
Total2,285,686 613,597
26,3781,597,605
64,774
ANATOMY # 46MSTS/2004
EMAP-West Stream/river LengthEMAP-West Stream/river Length(km ± 95% CI)(km ± 95% CI)
from Peck, et al (2002) - EMAP symposiumfrom Peck, et al (2002) - EMAP symposium
FFrraammee SSoouurrcceeRRFF33 FFrraammee
SSiizzeeEvaluated“Perennial”
EvaluatedNon- perennial
RF3 CodedPerennial
(Perennial Survey)
656,706501,06015,590
128,32812,709
RF3 CodedNon- perennial
(Non- perennial Survey)
1,628,980112,53721,278
1,469,27763,515
Total2,285,686 613,597
26,3781,597,605
64,774
ANATOMY # 47MSTS/2004
EMAP-West Stream/river LengthEMAP-West Stream/river Length(km ± 95% CI)(km ± 95% CI)
from Peck, et al (2002) - EMAP symposiumfrom Peck, et al (2002) - EMAP symposium
FFrraammee SSoouurrcceeRRFF33 FFrraammee
SSiizzeeEvaluated“Perennial”
EvaluatedNon- perennial
RF3 CodedPerennial
(Perennial Survey)
656,706501,06015,590
128,32812,709
RF3 CodedNon- perennial
(Non- perennial Survey)
1,628,980112,53721,278
1,469,27763,515
Total2,285,686 613,597
26,3781,597,605
64,774
ANATOMY # 48MSTS/2004
The SURVEY DESIGN - The SURVEY DESIGN - CONTINUEDCONTINUED
Execution of a Sampling Plan RequiresExecution of a Sampling Plan Requires A Sampling FrameA Sampling Frame
A way to identify elements in the populationA way to identify elements in the population Usually somewhat inaccurate for ecological Usually somewhat inaccurate for ecological
resourcesresources– Example selecting vegetation sites along the ColoradoExample selecting vegetation sites along the Colorado
River in the Grand Canyon River in the Grand Canyon
Example: Frame for selecting field sites on streams Example: Frame for selecting field sites on streams in the Western USin the Western US
May change over timeMay change over time– As, for example, land use changesAs, for example, land use changes
ANATOMY # 49MSTS/2004
SITE SELECTIONSITE SELECTION
Needs to Accommodate Realities Such AsNeeds to Accommodate Realities Such As Frame ImperfectionFrame Imperfection Frame Which Changes Over TimeFrame Which Changes Over Time Sites nearly Uniform Over the ResourceSites nearly Uniform Over the Resource
But with substantial randomizationBut with substantial randomization
Supports Variable Probability of SelectionSupports Variable Probability of Selection Generalized Random Tessellation Stratified Generalized Random Tessellation Stratified
Sampling = GRTSSampling = GRTS The topic of the next sessionThe topic of the next session
ANATOMY # 50MSTS/2004
The EMAP SURVEY DesignThe EMAP SURVEY Design Assures Representation and Inference toAssures Representation and Inference to
PopulationsPopulations Adapted to Resource CharacteristicsAdapted to Resource Characteristics Emphasizes Spatial Allocation of SamplesEmphasizes Spatial Allocation of Samples Uses Two-phase Sampling; Phase IUses Two-phase Sampling; Phase I Based on a Randomized Point Grid and Based on a Randomized Point Grid and
Associated Areas Associated Areas
ANATOMY # 51MSTS/2004
Mid-Appalachian Highlands Stream PilotMid-Appalachian Highlands Stream Pilot
EMAP EXAMPLE OF SELECTED EMAP EXAMPLE OF SELECTED SITESSITES
ANATOMY # 52MSTS/2004
ANATOMY # 53MSTS/2004
Western Stream PilotWestern Stream Pilot Non-perennial/perennial surveyNon-perennial/perennial survey Survey of perennial streamsSurvey of perennial streams
EMAP EXAMPLE OF SELECTED EMAP EXAMPLE OF SELECTED SITESSITES
ANATOMY # 54MSTS/2004
ANATOMY # 55MSTS/2004
MONITORING STRATEGYMONITORING STRATEGY Universe ModelUniverse Model Statistical PopulationStatistical Population Domain DesignDomain Design Response DesignResponse Design
INFERENCE STRATEGYINFERENCE STRATEGY Survey DesignSurvey Design Temporal DesignTemporal Design Quality Assurance DesignQuality Assurance Design
SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES THROUGH TIME HAVERESPONSES THROUGH TIME HAVE
ANATOMY # 56MSTS/2004
The TEMPORAL DesignThe TEMPORAL Design The TEMPORAL DESIGN specifies theThe TEMPORAL DESIGN specifies the
pattern of revisits to sites selected by the pattern of revisits to sites selected by the Survey Design Survey Design Sampled population units are partitioned into Sampled population units are partitioned into
one (degenerate case) or more PANELS. one (degenerate case) or more PANELS. Each population unit in the same panel has theEach population unit in the same panel has the
same temporal pattern of revisits. same temporal pattern of revisits. Panel definition could be probabilistic or Panel definition could be probabilistic or
systematic systematic
Several temporal designs followSeveral temporal designs follow
ANATOMY # 57MSTS/2004
TEMPORAL DESIGN:TEMPORAL DESIGN:
ROTATING PANELROTATING PANEL TIME PERIOD ( ex: YEARS)
PANEL 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ... 1 X X X X X 2 X X X X X 3 X X X X X 4 X X X X X 5 X X X X X 6 X X X X X 7 X X X X X 8 X X X X X 9 X X X X X
ANATOMY # 58MSTS/2004
TEMPORAL DESIGN:TEMPORAL DESIGN:
ROTATING PANELROTATING PANEL
A Rotating Panel Design is the Temporal Design Used by the A Rotating Panel Design is the Temporal Design Used by the National Agricultural Statistical Service (US - “NASS”) for National Agricultural Statistical Service (US - “NASS”) for Some SurveysSome Surveys
This Temporal Design is “Connected” in the Experimental This Temporal Design is “Connected” in the Experimental Design SenseDesign Sense
It is Fairly Well Suited For Estimation “Status,” but not It is Fairly Well Suited For Estimation “Status,” but not Particularly Powerful For Detecting Trend OverParticularly Powerful For Detecting Trend Over Intermediate Time Spans Intermediate Time Spans
ANATOMY # 59MSTS/2004
TEMPORAL DESIGN:TEMPORAL DESIGN:
SERIALLY ALTERNATINGSERIALLY ALTERNATING
TIME PERIOD ( ex: YEARS)PANEL 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ... 1 X X X X 2 X X X 3 X X X 4 X X X
This Temporal Design is “Unconnected” in the This Temporal Design is “Unconnected” in the Experimental Design Sense. This was the Experimental Design Sense. This was the Temporal Design Initially Prescribed ForTemporal Design Initially Prescribed For
EMAP, EMAP, But ...But ...
ANATOMY # 60MSTS/2004
TEMPORAL DESIGN:TEMPORAL DESIGN:
AUGMENTED SERIALLY ALTERNATINGAUGMENTED SERIALLY ALTERNATING
TIME PERIOD ( ex: YEARS)PANEL 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ... 0 X X X X X X X X X X X X X 1 X X X X 2 X X X 3 X X X 4 X X X
This Temporal Design Is “Connected” In The ExperimentalThis Temporal Design Is “Connected” In The Experimental
Design Sense, but Consider Its potential for TramplingDesign Sense, but Consider Its potential for Trampling
Effects.Effects.
ANATOMY # 61MSTS/2004
TEMPORAL DESIGN:TEMPORAL DESIGN:
PARTIALLY AUGMENTED PARTIALLY AUGMENTED SERIALLY ALTERNATINGSERIALLY ALTERNATING
TIME PERIOD ( ex: YEARS)PANEL 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ... 0 X X X X X 1 X X X X 2 X X X 3 X X X 4 X X X
This Temporal Design is “Connected” in The Experimental This Temporal Design is “Connected” in The Experimental
Design Sense, but is Weak for Estimating Period Effects.Design Sense, but is Weak for Estimating Period Effects.
ANATOMY # 62MSTS/2004
TEMPORAL DESIGN:TEMPORAL DESIGN:
SERIALLY ALTERNATINGSERIALLY ALTERNATINGWITH CONSECUTIVE YEAR REVISITSWITH CONSECUTIVE YEAR REVISITS
TIME PERIOD ( ex: YEARS)PANEL 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ... 1 X X X X X X X 2 X X X X X X 3 X X X X X X 4 X X X X X X
This Temporal Design is “Connected” in the Experimental Design SenseThis Temporal Design is “Connected” in the Experimental Design Sense
But It Provides Visits to Only Half as Many Sites as the Base SeriallyBut It Provides Visits to Only Half as Many Sites as the Base Serially
Alternating Design.Alternating Design.
ANATOMY # 63MSTS/2004
TEMPORAL DESIGN: SPLIT PANELTEMPORAL DESIGN: SPLIT PANEL
SERIALLY ALTERNATINGSERIALLY ALTERNATINGPLUS SERIALLY ALTERNATING WITH CONSECUTIVE YEAR PLUS SERIALLY ALTERNATING WITH CONSECUTIVE YEAR
REVISITSREVISITS
TIME PERIOD ( ex: YEARS)PANEL 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ... 1 X X X X 1A X X X X X X X 2 X X X 2A X X X X X X 3 X X X 3A X X X X X X 4 X X X 4A X X X X X X
This Temporal Design is “Connected” in the Experimental Design SenseThis Temporal Design is “Connected” in the Experimental Design Sense
ANATOMY # 64MSTS/2004
TEMPORAL DESIGN: SPLIT PANELTEMPORAL DESIGN: SPLIT PANEL
SERIALLY ALTERNATINGSERIALLY ALTERNATINGPLUS SERIALLY ALTERNATING WITH WITHIN YEAR PLUS SERIALLY ALTERNATING WITH WITHIN YEAR
AND CONSECUTIVE YEAR REVISITS AND CONSECUTIVE YEAR REVISITS THE TEMPORAL DESIGN IN USE BY EMAP - SURFACE WATERS THE TEMPORAL DESIGN IN USE BY EMAP - SURFACE WATERS
TIME PERIOD ( ex: YEARS)PANEL 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ... 1 X X X X 1A X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X 2 X X X 2A X X X X X X
X X X X X X 3 X X X 3A X X X X X X
X X X X X X 4 X X X 4A X X X X X X
X X X X X X
ANATOMY # 65MSTS/2004
THE REVISIT SPLIT PANEL OF THE THE REVISIT SPLIT PANEL OF THE THE TEMPORAL DESIGN IN USE BYTHE TEMPORAL DESIGN IN USE BY
EMAP - SURFACE WATERS EMAP - SURFACE WATERS
TIME PERIOD ( ex: YEARS)PANEL 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ...
1A X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
2A X X X X X X X X X X X X
3A X X X X X X X X X X X X
4A X X X X X X X X X X X X
ANATOMY # 66MSTS/2004
TEMPORAL DESIGN: SPLIT PANELTEMPORAL DESIGN: SPLIT PANEL
SERIALLY ALTERNATINGSERIALLY ALTERNATINGPLUS SERIALLY ALTERNATING WITH WITHIN YEAR PLUS SERIALLY ALTERNATING WITH WITHIN YEAR
AND CONSECUTIVE YEAR REVISITS AND CONSECUTIVE YEAR REVISITS THE TEMPORAL DESIGN IN USE BY EMAP - SURFACE WATERS THE TEMPORAL DESIGN IN USE BY EMAP - SURFACE WATERS
This Temporal Design is “Connected” in the Experimental This Temporal Design is “Connected” in the Experimental Design SenseDesign Sense
It Also Supports Estimation of the Site by Time Period It Also Supports Estimation of the Site by Time Period (site by year) Interaction.(site by year) Interaction.
Revisits To About 10% Of Sites Allocates about 30% Revisits To About 10% Of Sites Allocates about 30% of Resources To Revisits of Resources To Revisits
ANATOMY # 67MSTS/2004
MONITORING STRATEGYMONITORING STRATEGY Universe ModelUniverse Model Statistical PopulationStatistical Population Domain DesignDomain Design Response DesignResponse Design
INFERENCE STRATEGYINFERENCE STRATEGY Survey DesignSurvey Design Temporal DesignTemporal Design Quality Assurance DesignQuality Assurance Design
SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES THROUGH TIME HAVERESPONSES THROUGH TIME HAVE
ANATOMY # 68MSTS/2004
QUALITY ASSURANCE DESIGNQUALITY ASSURANCE DESIGN
Defines Those Activities Intended to Provide DataDefines Those Activities Intended to Provide Dataof Known Quality:of Known Quality:
Blind duplicatesBlind duplicates Accepted chemical standards, EtcAccepted chemical standards, Etc
Can Provide Valid Estimates of the Variance ofCan Provide Valid Estimates of the Variance ofPure Measurement ErrorPure Measurement Error
ANATOMY # 69MSTS/2004
END OF PLANNED END OF PLANNED PRESENTATIONPRESENTATION
ANATOMY # 70MSTS/2004
RELEVANT COMPONENTS OF RELEVANT COMPONENTS OF VARIANCE FOR EMAPVARIANCE FOR EMAP
POPULATION POPULATION = LAKE or STREAM, for example= LAKE or STREAM, for example YEAR -YEAR - YEAR by SITE -YEAR by SITE - CREW -CREW - SHORT TERM TEMPORAL - index window -SHORT TERM TEMPORAL - index window - PROTOCOL ERROR -PROTOCOL ERROR -
MEASUREMENT ERROR -MEASUREMENT ERROR -
ANATOMY # 71MSTS/2004
RELEVANT COMPONENTS OF RELEVANT COMPONENTS OF VARIANCE FOR EMAPVARIANCE FOR EMAP
WHAT DOES IT TAKE TO ESTIMATE THESE?WHAT DOES IT TAKE TO ESTIMATE THESE?
WHICH ONES SHOULD BE INCLUDED INWHICH ONES SHOULD BE INCLUDED IN
“RESIDUAL” VARIANCE “RESIDUAL” VARIANCE
WHICH TREND MUST OVERCOME TO BEWHICH TREND MUST OVERCOME TO BE DEMONSTRATED? DEMONSTRATED?
ANATOMY # 72MSTS/2004
COMPARISONS TO USUAL COMPARISONS TO USUAL PERSPECTIVES OF FINITE POPULATION PERSPECTIVES OF FINITE POPULATION
SAMPLINGSAMPLING UNIVERSE MODEL UNIVERSE MODEL
(AS DISTINCT FROM THE UNIVERSE) (AS DISTINCT FROM THE UNIVERSE)
NOT RELEVANTNOT RELEVANT VIEWED AS A LISTVIEWED AS A LIST
POPULATION POPULATION VERY SIMILAR, OTHER THAN DIFFERENCES VERY SIMILAR, OTHER THAN DIFFERENCES
IMPLICIT IN THE UNIVERSE MODEL IMPLICIT IN THE UNIVERSE MODEL
ANATOMY # 73MSTS/2004
COMPARISONS TO USUAL PERSPECTIVES COMPARISONS TO USUAL PERSPECTIVES OF FINITE POPULATION SAMPLINGOF FINITE POPULATION SAMPLING
continuedcontinued
DOMAIN DESIGN DOMAIN DESIGN USUALLY NOT EXPLICITLY ACKNOWLEDGED,USUALLY NOT EXPLICITLY ACKNOWLEDGED,
BUT VIEWED AS PART OF THE DESIGN BUT VIEWED AS PART OF THE DESIGN PROCESSPROCESS
RESPONSE DESIGNRESPONSE DESIGN QUESTIONNAIRE CONSTRUCTION AND DESIGN QUESTIONNAIRE CONSTRUCTION AND DESIGN SOME ELEMENTS OF INTERVIEW PROTOCOLSSOME ELEMENTS OF INTERVIEW PROTOCOLS
SURVEY DESIGNSURVEY DESIGN RELATIVELY SIMILARRELATIVELY SIMILAR
ANATOMY # 74MSTS/2004
COMPARISONS TO USUAL PERSPECTIVES COMPARISONS TO USUAL PERSPECTIVES OF FINITE POPULATION SAMPLINGOF FINITE POPULATION SAMPLING
continued - 2continued - 2
TEMPORAL DESIGNTEMPORAL DESIGN PRESENT, BUT PRESENT, BUT
MANY FINITE POPULATION SURVEYS ARE ONE-TIME MANY FINITE POPULATION SURVEYS ARE ONE-TIME MANY LARGE SURVEYS HAVE A TEMPORAL MANY LARGE SURVEYS HAVE A TEMPORAL
DIMENSION DIMENSION
CHANGE USUALLY IS OF FAR MORE INTERESTCHANGE USUALLY IS OF FAR MORE INTEREST THAN TREND THAN TREND
SURVEY LITERATURE DISTINGUISHES BETWEENSURVEY LITERATURE DISTINGUISHES BETWEEN GROSS CHANGE - follows units across timeGROSS CHANGE - follows units across time NET CHANGE - recognizes that change can occur inNET CHANGE - recognizes that change can occur in
both the response and in “who” is in the population both the response and in “who” is in the population
ANATOMY # 75MSTS/2004
COMPARISONS TO USUAL PERSPECTIVES COMPARISONS TO USUAL PERSPECTIVES OF FINITE POPULATION SAMPLINGOF FINITE POPULATION SAMPLING
continued - 3continued - 3
QUALITY ASSURANCE DESIGNQUALITY ASSURANCE DESIGN SURVEYS OF HUMANS (OR BUSINESSES, SURVEYS OF HUMANS (OR BUSINESSES, ETCETC))
HAVE A VERY SIMILAR INTENT, BUT DETAILS HAVE A VERY SIMILAR INTENT, BUT DETAILS DIFFER SUBSTANTIALLY DIFFER SUBSTANTIALLY SUPERVISION IN PHONE SURVEYSSUPERVISION IN PHONE SURVEYS QUESTIONS TO CONFIRM RESPONDENTQUESTIONS TO CONFIRM RESPONDENT
CONSISTENCY CONSISTENCY REINTERVIEWS and SIMILAR REINTERVIEWS and SIMILAR
REEVALUATIONSREEVALUATIONS
ANATOMY # 76MSTS/2004
MONITORING STRATEGYMONITORING STRATEGY
UNIVERSE MODELUNIVERSE MODEL
STATISTICAL POPULATIONSTATISTICAL POPULATION
DOMAIN DESIGNDOMAIN DESIGN
RESPONSE DESIGNRESPONSE DESIGN
INFERENCE STRATEGYINFERENCE STRATEGY
SURVEY DESIGNSURVEY DESIGN
TEMPORAL DESIGNTEMPORAL DESIGN
QUALITY ASSURANCE DESIGNQUALITY ASSURANCE DESIGN
SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES THROUGH TIME HAVERESPONSES THROUGH TIME HAVE
These componentsexist regardless of the inference strategy
These componentsexist for any monitoring strategy
ANATOMY # 77MSTS/2004
LINKS TO MONITORING REPORTS/DOCUMENTATION
Links to various monitoring programs, To the program’s site One to its methods, and One to a current report.
As links change in an unpredictable fashion, The “search words” should provide a quick path to the
current link.
Speaker on this program representing that program
ANATOMY # 78MSTS/2004
LINKS TO MONITORING REPORTS/DOCUMENTATION
(Continued) Adelaide Coastal Waters StudyAdelaide Coastal Waters Study
Program site:Program site:http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/epa/acws.htmlhttp://www.clw.csiro.au/acws/ (more technical of the two)
Current Report:Current Report:http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/epa/pdfs/acwsnewsno5.pdfhttp://www.environment.sa.gov.au/epa/pdfs/acwsnewsno5.pdf
Methods:Methods: http://www.clw.csiro.au/acws/IS1.html Search words:Search words: adelaide coastal waters study; acws au Speaker:Speaker: David Fox, University of Adelaide
ANATOMY # 79MSTS/2004
LINKS TO MONITORING REPORTS/DOCUMENTATION
(Continued) Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Program (ABMP)
Program site:Program site:http://www.abmp.arc.ab.ca/
Current Report:Current Report:
http://www.abmp.arc.ab.ca/AnnualReport2003.pdf Methods:Methods: http://
www.abmp.arc.ab.ca/ScienceProtocols.htm Search words:Search words: alberta biodiversity monitoring
program; abmp ca Speaker:Speaker: None, unfortunately
ANATOMY # 80MSTS/2004
LINKS TO MONITORING REPORTS/DOCUMENTATION
(Continued) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
Program (EMAP)Program site:
http://www.epa.gov/emap/ Current Report: http://
www.epa.gov/maia/html/maha.html Methods: http://www.epa.gov/emap/html/www.epa.gov/emap/html/
pubs/docs/groupdocs/surfwatr/field/ws_abs.html pubs/docs/groupdocs/surfwatr/field/ws_abs.html Search words: epa environmental monitoring assessment
program; emap epa Speaker here:Speaker here: Tony Olsen Tony Olsen
ANATOMY # 81MSTS/2004
LINKS TO MONITORING REPORTS/DOCUMENTATION
(Continued) Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA)
Program site:Program site: http://fia.fs.fed.us/
Current Report:Current Report: http://www.fs.fed.us/research/sustain/
(for example)
Methods:Methods: http://fia.fs.fed.us/FIAProgramInformation.htm
(accessible at this link)
Search words:Search words: forest inventory analysis; FIA USDA
Speaker here:Speaker here: Mike Williams Mike Williams
ANATOMY # 82MSTS/2004
LINKS TO MONITORING REPORTS/DOCUMENTATION
(Continued)
National Agricultural Statistical Service (NASS) Program site:Program site: http://www.usda.gov/nass/
Current Reports:Current Reports:http://www.usda.gov/nass/pubs/catalog2004.pdf Research:Research: http://
www.nass.usda.gov/research/SERS.htm
Search words:Search words: national agricultural statistical service; nass
Speaker here: Carol HouseSpeaker here: Carol House
ANATOMY # 83MSTS/2004
LINKS TO MONITORING REPORTS/DOCUMENTATION
(Continued)
National Park Inventory and Monitoring Program Program site:Program site: http://
science.nature.nps.gov/im/index.htm
Current Reports:Current Reports: http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/reports.htm
Methods:Methods: http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/standards.htm
Search words:Search words: national park monitoring natural resources; nps im
Speaker here: Steve FancySpeaker here: Steve Fancy
ANATOMY # 84MSTS/2004
LINKS TO MONITORING REPORTS/DOCUMENTATION
(Continued)
National Resources Inventory( NRI) Program site:Program site:
http://http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/NRIwww.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/NRI// Current Report:Current Report:
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/land/nri02/http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/land/nri02/ Methods:Methods:
http://http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/survey/nri/#NusserandGoebwww.statlab.iastate.edu/survey/nri/#NusserandGoebelel
Search words:Search words: national resources inventory; web path: nrcs to technical to NRI
Speakers here:Speakers here: Wayne Fuller & Jeff Goebel
ANATOMY # 85MSTS/2004
LINKS TO MONITORING REPORTS/DOCUMENTATION
(Continued)
National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) Program site:Program site: http://wetlands.fws.gov/ Current Report:Current Report:
http://training.fws.gov/library/Pubs9/wetlands8http://training.fws.gov/library/Pubs9/wetlands86-97_highres.pdf6-97_highres.pdf
Methods:Methods: documented in above report Search words:Search words: national wetlands inventory Speaker here:Speaker here: Tom Dahl
ANATOMY # 86MSTS/2004
LINKS TO MONITORING REPORTS/DOCUMENTATION
(Continued) LEARNING MATERIALS RELATED TO
ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLING (From a course at Oregon State University)(From a course at Oregon State University) ST571
http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/stat/urquhart/st571/index.htm
Presentation materials from talks presented here will be available at http://www.stat.colostate.edu/starmap
Opportunities->meetings; publications -> presentations; Learning materials