anatomical characteristics of the seed- integument

20
九州大学学術情報リポジトリ Kyushu University Institutional Repository Anatomical Characteristics of the Seed- Integument observed on 10 Species of Eucalyptus Harada, Morishige Kyushu University https://doi.org/10.15017/15802 出版情報:演習林集報. 6, pp.1-19, 1956-03-20. 九州大学農学部附属演習林 バージョン: 権利関係:

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九州大学学術情報リポジトリKyushu University Institutional Repository

Anatomical Characteristics of the Seed-Integument observed on 10 Species of Eucalyptus

Harada, MorishigeKyushu University

https://doi.org/10.15017/15802

出版情報:演習林集報. 6, pp.1-19, 1956-03-20. 九州大学農学部附属演習林バージョン:権利関係:

1

Anatomical Ch aracteristics of the Seed-integument

      o’bserved on 10 Species of Ezica/LJyf61zts

Morishige H. ARADA

1. lntroductiQn

   The 10 species seeds of EacalyPtas were forwarded to me for the first

time in 1954 by Mr. RoDGER, Director of the Forestry ancl Timber Bureau

in Canberra, Australia. These are the seeds of五7. botryoides, E..fastig’ata,

E,脅∫ノb1砿E. gigante.a, E.910bulzas, E. Pauciflora, E. pilulalis, E. robusta,

E. rostrata and E. tereticornls.. 1 have studied in order to find the ground of

classification being based. upon the construction of integurnent in seeds of

EucatyPtzas ・and the mutual relation between the degree of sclerenchym of

cell-membrane in the outer-integument and resisting character to the cold of

young plants germinated from those seeds. ’

   1 express my hearty thanks to Mr. K. KoKETsu who has servecl me to

get these seeds of EuealyPtus, during his stay at Canberra in 1954, and to

Mr. G・ J. RopGER who forwarded to me useful seeds of these EucalyPtas

species for my investigation in 1954 and to Mr. M. R, JAcoBs, Mas/ter of Aust-

ralian Forest School, who forwarded to me the ・useful literature “The Natural

Occurrence of the Eucal.vPtas” which is connected with my inVestigation

in 1955.

II. Methods of Experiment

   Though these seeds are generally small grains, 1 have divided them into

three classifications: larger grai n, mean grain and smaller grain from their

size for con. venience of my investigation, The seeds of E. fic・ifolia and E. glo-

bulus belong tq‘larger grain,’ those of E. fasti.aata, E. glgantea, E. Paueiflopta,

E. Pilularis to’‘mean grain“ those of E. botryoiaes, E. robwsta, E. rostrata

and E. tereticomis. to ‘smaller grain ’.

   1 used phloroglucinol and hydrochloric acid to test lignification, acetic acid

and hydrochloric acid to test crystal of calcium-oxalate, Sudan II I to test oil,

ferric chloride solution and potassium dichmate solution to test tannin, jodjod-

potassium solution, nitric acid, caustic potash solution as reagent for colour一

2

reaction of integument of seed, eosin, safranin, congored and methylene-blue

to test the degree of the seeds dyed with colouring matters. 1 observed on

the hand-sections of all materials to’test the structure of seed-int/egument.

III. Results of Experiment

   The seeds of E. ficifoZia and E. globalus belonging to larger grain are

remarkably characterized by the outer shape, so we can easily distinguish them

with the naked eye from those of the other species (Refer to Plate 1. Fig. 1(a),

2(a) (b)). Among the seeds of E. fasti’gata, E. gigantea, E. Pauciflora and

E. Pilalaris belonging to mean grain, those of E. fastigata and E. gigantea

bear somewhat resemblance in shape and size to each other (Refer to Plate 1.

Fig. 3(a) (b), 4(a) (b)), and those of E, PauciilZora and E. Pilularis are also

observed to have similarity to each other in some degree in shape and size

(Refer to Plate 1. Fig. 5(a) (b), 6〈a) (b)). Ameng the seeds of C,. botryoides,

E. robusta, E. rostrata and E. tereticornis belonging to smaller grain, those of

E「.∂otry oi.des and.五’. t〃etioornis(Refer to Plate I. Fig.7(a)(b),8(a)(b)),

and those of E. robasta and E. rostptata are also observed to be similar in

some degree in shape and size to each other (Refer to Plate 1, Fig. 9(a) (b),

ユ0(a)(b).).

   From the results of the experiment about the s:eeds ofユO species of Euca.一

lyPtus, the outer integument is observed to have more characteristics than

the inner one. lnner・integument in the se. eds of E. fdestiga・ta, E. gigantea,

E. Pauciflora and E. bilularis is relatively thick, and consists of many fiat

parenchymatous cells pressed (Refer to Plate 1. Fig. 3(c), 4(c), 5(c), 6(c)),

bllt such thinL inner-integument as the seeds of E。 botryoides, E. lici/b伽,

E. globalus, E. robusta, E. rostrata and E. tereticornis consist of one row of

smaller parenchymatous cells, and they are some ellipse or some square in

shape at the cross section (Refer to Plate 1. Fig. 1(b), 2(c), 7(c), 8(c), g(c),

10(c)).

   The seeds of E. fastigata and E. globulas contain many dark brown sub-

stances in inner-integument, but other species contain many brown substances,

and therefore it is diMcult to find the cells of inner-integument at the cross

section of seeds of 10 species. The naked eye£olour of the seeds of E, fas tigata

(nak. co1. dark brown:out.一integ. white), E.動5/blia(nak. co1. brown:out.一integ.

pale yellow), E, globulus (nak. col. black, out.一integ. dark gray), E. gigantea

(nak. col. brown: outrinteg一. white), E. Pauciflora (nak. col. black purple: out,一

integ. pale yellow) E. Pitularis 〈nak. col. brown: out.integ. pale yellow) and

3

E. robusta (nak. col. brown: out.“nteg. pale yellQw) among 10 species of

EacatyPtas seems to be caused more from the colour of the inner-integument

containing many coloured substances in t’he cells than from that of the ・outer-

integument.

   The contained substances in the integument ofユO species of EucalyPtus

are crystals of calcium oxalate, oil and tannin, and 1 have observed that they

are more contained in the inner-integument than in the outer one. Though all

species contain crystals of calcium oxalate in their integument, the species

containing. them in outer-integument are only E. ficifolia and E. glob”lus,

We find oil in inner-integume. nt of 10 species of EucalyPtus, but the’species

containing the one in outer-integument are E. ficifotia, E. botryoides, E. robusta,

E. rostrata and E. tereticornis. Seed-integument of each species contains tan-

nin, whose amount is larger in inner-integument than in outer-one. Each cell in

integument relatively contains more tannin in cell-lumen ’than in cell-membrane.

Such cells consisting of remarkable sclerenchymatous cell-membrane as those

in outer-integument of E. fastigata, E. gigantea, E. Paaciflora and E. Pilularis

contain relatively little tannin resulting from the narrowne$s of the cell-lumen.

    The colour-reaction by reagent of nitric acid, caustic potash solution and

jodjodpotassium solution is only remarkably recognized at the lignified membrane

of the outer integument-cells of E..fastiga.ta, E. gigantea,亙. paucifioグa, E. pilu-

laris and E. rostrata. These outer-integument cells become yellow, yellow-

brown or brown colour by nitric acid or caustic potash solution and deep brown

colour by jodjodpotassium. Though integument cells of each species are not

dyed with eosin and congored, they are d. yed well with the colouring matters

of safranin and methylenblue, the former dyeing it red and the latter blue.

    The outer-integument has more characteristics than the inner-one and the

seeds of these 10 species are divided into ,4 sections from th. e characteristics

seen in structure of the outer-integument ce11s a$ follows;

      (1) Outer-integument cells consisting of remarkably sclerenchymatous

           cell-membrane

              E. fastigata, E. glgantea, E. Pa”ciflora, E, Pilularis

      (II) Outer-integument cells consisti

(III)

(IV)

Outer-integ. ument cells consisting of somewhat sclerenchymatous

cell-membrane

   E.プ05’グata

Outer-integument cells consisting of the decomposed cell-membrane

   E.∂0〃yoides, E.9励ulus, E.グ0伽吻,・E. teグeticornis

Outer-integunient cells consisting of thin cell-membrane

   E. ficifolia.

4

Tbe characteristics in cells of 4 sections above mentioned are as follows:

      (1) Outer-integument cells consisting of remarkably

          sclerenchymatous cell-membrane

   The outer-integument be1onging. to this section is lignified. The narrow

belt which is found to be stiff portion at th. e periphery of each of the sides

constructing these seeds and the one at the periphery of its navel consist of

larger sclerenchymatous cells than the other portion of that side (Refer to

Plate 1. Fig. 5(a). Plate II. Fig. 5(a)(b)).

   (a) E. fastigata

   The thickness of seed-integument is av. 90 pt and that of the outer-integument

av. 72 1i. The sclerenchymatous cells of the outer-integu ment arrange in a row

and are rectangles for a radial direction, being av. 72’pt in length and av. 21”

in breadth.,Lumen of each cell forms a narrow line at the cross section of

seed-integument (Refer to Plate L Fig. 9(c)). ・Cell-lumen centain$ black or

brown substances. Outer-integument at each side of the seed ha$ large, long

sclerenchymatous cells and large roundish polygonal ones in seme degree at

the horizontal section (Refer to Plate II. Fig. 3(a) (b)).

    (b) .Zヲ. gigan彦ea

   The thickness of seed-integument is av. 78 pt and that of the outer-integument

av. 58 pt. The sclerenchymatous cells in the euter integument arrange in a row

and their shape resembles that of E. fas tigata at the cross section (Refer to

Plate 1, Fig. 4(c)), The sclerenchymatous cells are of two kinds made up

roundish ones and somewhat squerish, polygonal ones at the horizontal section

(Refer to Plate II. Fig. 4(a) (b)). This point makes E. gigantea different

from E. fastigata.

    (c)E.加%σ肋プα

    The thickness of seed-integurnent is av. 28 pt and that of the outer-integument

av. 14 pt. The sclerenchymatous cells of th e oute, 一integument arrange in a row

at the cross section, and are relatively of smalle’r rectangles than those of

E. fastigata and E. gigantea. Those of E. Pauciflora are av. 24 pt in length

and 15 pt in breadth at the cross section of the seed-integument (Refer to Plate 1.

Fig. 5(c)). Cell-lumen contains pale yellow substance. E. Pauciifiora has only

one kind of somewhat irregular shaped roundish polygonal sclerenchymatous

cells with relatively wide cell-lumen at the horizontal section of the outer-

integument of seeds (Refer to Plate II. Fig. 5(a) (b)).

    (d) E. Pilntaris

    The thickness of seed-integument is av. 89 pt, and that of the outer-integument

5

av. 56 pt. The sclerenchymatous cells of the outer-integument are almost poly-

gonal at the cross section of seed-integument, and their size is remarkably

large in comparison with those of E. Paueii170ra (Refer to Plate 1. Fig. 6〈c)).

Ce11-1um.en contains pale yel16w substances. Outer・integument consists of larger

and longer cells having remarkably sclerenchymatous cell-membrane at the

horizontal section of the outer-integument (Refer to Plate II. Fig. (6)). The

narrow stiff portion at the periphery of each side of this seed is made remarkably

larger sclerenchymatous cells, which are long for the radial direction, their

cell-lumen being narrow, containing brown substances, and the largest one

among them amounting to 70 pt in length, 211i in・breadth.

(II) Outer-integument cells consisting of so皿ewh旦t scleren-

     chymatous cell-membrane.

    Only E. rosirata・belongs to this section, The thickness of seed-integument

is av,ユ4μand that of the outer-integument av.7μ. The outer-integumen、t cells

arrange. in a row, each cell is semicircle at the ¢ross section of seed-integument.

Its cell-membrane is somewhat sclerenchymatous and lignified, It is only this

species that we find thus d ifference. in structure from those among 10 speces ・of

EacalyPtus (Refer to Plate 1. Fig. 10(c)). Cell-lumen is wide and pale yellow

in colour.

   Outer-integument consists of longer cells at the horizontal section, each of

which has many pits in m. embrane. The special cells arranging in a row at

the periphery of each side is more sclerenchymatous at the outersi’de than at

the inner side (Refer to Plate IL Fig. 10(a) (b)). This, state of sclerenchym

is remarkably ・different in comparison with that at the periphery of E. fast’i-

gata, E. gigantea, E. Paaciflora arid E. Pilularis.

(III) Outer-integument cells consisting of the decomposed

     cell-membrane

   The seeds of 4一 species of E. botryoides, E. globutus, E. ptobusta and

E. tereticornis belong to this section. Appearances of seeds of E. botryoides,

E. globutus and E. ・tereticornis are black,, but those of E. robusta brown.

The riped seeds above mentioned, species have many small trichomes grown

on their surface, and there feel rough, differing from the other seeds of Ezsca-

iyPtus species.

   (a) E. botryoides, E. globalus and E. tereticornis

   These 3 species are not fixed the thiekness of outer-integument and shape

of their cells owing ’to the decomposition occurring to cells of outer-integument.

6

When we observe the seeds of these species with the microscope we舳d black

stripes in net-work on the surface of the seeds of E. globulus and E, tere ti-

eornis, and the size of each division of the net-work is larger in the former

than in the latter. Black stripes of E. b otryoides from imperfect, irregular

net-work.

   These 3 species have parenchymatous tissue consisting of small cells in

an enclosure surrounded by stripes on their seed surface. The cell-lumen of

E. botryoides is brown in colQur, E. globulus dark brown, E. tereticornis

yellow brown, but the colour of the cell-membrane of 3 species is black ・(Refer

to Plate II. Fig. 2, 7(a) (b) and 8(c)).

   We find’ distinctly the decomposed state of cells in outer-integument at the

cross $’ection, and in the cells remaining unbrocken lignification is not recegniz-

able, and it is traceab1e that some parts of the rernaining cells look as if they

had been dissolved. Though the remaining cells of E. globulus and. E. botry-

oiaes are relatively large in size, those of E. tereticornis are smaller than

those above mentioned (Refer to Plate 1. Fig. 2(c), 7(c) and 8(c)). Cells of

jnner-integument arrange in a row at inner side of remaining cells. Judging

from above mentioned, it is evident that the parenchymatous cells surrounded

by stripes on the surface of seeds are inner-integument cells which have been

b.rought out up to the seed surface caused by the decomposition of outer-

integument cells,

    (b) 五7.プoZ吻3彦a

   T.he brown stripes of E, robusta also form net-work, at the horizontal

section of seed, and its distribution and shape fully resemble those of E. globulus

and E. tere ticornis. The parenchymatous cells surrounded by stripes are smaller

and brown, and cells-membrane is pale brown in colour (Refer to Plate II.

Fig. 9(a) (b)). The rests of destroyed cells of outer-integ ument are distinctly

discernable at the cross section of seed,. The rests do not present 11gnification,

but they look as if they had been dissolved. The size of remaining cells is

much smaller than those of E, globcalus and E, botrptoides (Refer to Pla.te 1.

Fig. 9(c)).

    1 found yellow ones amongst black seeds of’ E. teretieornis, and outer-

integument of the seeds consists of yellow sclerenchymatous cells whose ligni-

fication is recognizable though not in those of black seed. lnner-integument

of yellow seed consists of smaller parenchymatous cells, and contains many

crystals of calcium oxalate (Refer to Plate IL Fig. 8(a) (b)).

    As seeds of Casetemis sativus ripen their epidermis get soluble, and disappear

from the surface after they had become viscosity-substance. Epidermis of t. he

7

seed of Lagenari a vulgaris consists of the palisade cells which are kept while

the seed is green, but in accordance with its ripeness, its palisade ・cells become

mucilaginous and. finally disappear, and only their sclerenchymatous cell-

membranes remain looking like hair. ln case of full ripe seeds of Benicasa

cer勾cera, only the longitudinal sclerenchymatous parts of the palisade ce1ユs in

their epidermis remain in hair-like appearrance at places along the edge of

the palisade ceJls・.

   Judging from above mentiQne. d, 1 should like to conclude as follows: Ac-

cording to the ripeness of the seed of E. tereticornis, it changes from yellow

to/ black in colour, the outer-integument of the seed gradually goes through

chemical metamorphosis within this period until it gets dissolved and lost

except one part retained at the periphery of the sclerenchymatous cell. When

we observe the surface of the seeds, its remaining cell$ represent, trichome and

the parenchymatous cells surrounded by stripes at horizontal section of seed

are inner-integument cells. Though 1 could not find any young seeds such as

those of E. tereticornis. among the forwarded seeds of E. botryoides, E. globu-

ltts an. d E. robusta, 1 suppose that the development process of outer-integument

with net-work is probably similar to that of E. tereticornis.

(IV) Outer-integument cells consisting of parenchymatous

      cell-membrane

   The seed of E. fieifolia belongs to this section. The thickness of seed-

integument is av. 74 pt, and that’of the outer-integument av. 42,pt. The outer-

integument of seed consists of many parenchymatous cells at the horizental

section of the integum. ent while we observe at the cross section the parenchy-

matous cells arranged in 2-3 rows in outer-integument. Cell-lumen is colourless

or brown, cell-membran e pale yellow ’in celour. The outer-integument consisting

of such parenchymateus cell is only this .species among 10 ones. (Refer to

Plate 1. Fig. 1〈b) and Plate II. Fig. 1).

IV, Consideration

   According to “The National Occurrence of the EacalyP〈us“’ altitude of

satisfactory growth of E. fastigata is 606. m-1273 m, E. gig. antea 909 m一ユ363 m,

E. Pauciflora 606 m-1667 m in main-land of Australia, altitude of typical growth

of亙. pilalaris is from just above sea level to 303m in southern limits to

606m in northern N.S. W.

   Judging from above d. escribed the 3 species grow at upper alt. and stand

s8

cold, excepting j9. pilalaris among belonging to(1)section of my classification,

owing隆to the construction of the integument previouSly mentioned. The other

6species of Eucalyptus belonging to(1).一.(IV)section of integument classi丘ca・

 ロ

tlon grow mainly below 500 m in altitude and their resisting-ability to the cold

seerns to be inferior to that of 3 species of(1)section. Altitude of 10 species

typical growing and maximum and minimum temperature of winter in Australia

are as follows:

Table 1,

Name of E.

E. fastigata

E. gigantea

E.PauciプZO/a.

E卜.pilu’aプis

E. プostグa・ta

E. botrptoides

E.glob勿1裾3

E. robusta

E.. teretico rnis

E.ノ彦eifolia

Sec. of

Seed

(1)

(II)

(III)

(IV)

Alt. of typical growth

Lovver

   606 m

   909 m

   606 m

Above s. 1.

   30 m

Flinder 一

Above s. 1.

Above s. 1.

Above s. 1,

Above s. 1.

Above s. 1.

Upper

1273 m

1363 m

1667 m

303 m

228 m(606) m

15i.血

30・3 m

65 rn

364 m

151 m

Mt. correspondingto uper Alt. of A.

in Kyushu, Japan

ML Hikosan

Mt. Yufu

Mt. Kirishima

Mt. Wakasugi

1200 m

1554 m

17co rn

678 m

Mt. Ranges Sasaguri           65-300 m

Table II.

.一

@ Winter Temperature     .

FPlaceN.ameofE.Sec. of

reed 孕in・(C) max.(C)

.E.ル∫’∫80’α

i.9彦8α”’鯉

d.ρ伽κゴプ~0プσ

「。ρ〃z轟1〃ゴs

(1)

一2.0。

@ O.5。

黷P.0。

@ 9。O。

1     8.3。

@    4.o。

@    4.o。

@   20.5。

   Alt.@  (m){   1194

@  1324

@  1324

@   45

σ〃π醐8

lt. Buffalo

@  〃

arisbane

E.プ03∫グα彪 1 (II) 4.0。 11.8。 42 Hamiltoロ

E.∂0≠プツ0ゴ463

d.810勧1z’s

d.プ0加s∫召

d.∫召プ6’ゴ60プ72ゴS

(III)

9.5。

S.09

X.5』

U.0。

15.oo

P.L5ロ

Q0.3。

QLoo

77

@5

S2

X4

Jervis Bay

ホ少オ加

arisbane

fympie

E.ガ6〃b~勿 rIV)  .

W.0。 16、O。 12 Albany

    The forest nursery at the Experimental Forest Office of Kyushu University

at Sasaguri-Town, Kasuya Gun, Fukuoka Prefecture in Japan is situated at

50 m above sea level, and Lat. 33037’ N., Long. 130e34’ E., the results of the latest

meteorogical observation for temperature, forest and snow in winter-period

are as follows:

9

Table III.

Dece.m.

i1954)

Jan.

i1955)

       一eeb,

i1955)Place Alt.

 .豪ハn・q.C)

ma.x..

i℃)

min.i.9.

m.ax.

コ℃)

min.i℃)

max.i℃》_

Temperature:

@           !

Sasaguri-Town

eukuoka冒City   I

50m

Q.5m

一2β

黷Q    1

21.0

Q1.5

一3.2

|2.8

13.0

P4.3

一2.0.

黷P.9

16.9

P7.9

Frost:

Snow:

Place Alt.Frost in days4. mong 3 months

Days inIil!,gslLpost p g-r-iod

Sasaguri-Town

Fukuoka-City

50 m

2.5 m

23

21

181

162

5 ti/mes in three months, but very light

Addition: Av, rnin. temperature for 10 years is 1.2e C in February

   Judging from above mentioned tables, though Eacal.vPtus species 〈E. fasti-

gata, E.9・ig・antea, E.加%o加。グのgro.w at upPer mountain in’Australia, min.

temperature at there resembles that of the mountain country, altitude 300 m

at Sasaguri district, Fukuoka Prefecture in Japan, 1 suppose naturally that

the other 7 species growing at lower country below 500 m in Australia will be

damaged from cold in winter at lower country in Japan,

   According to the results of investigation from December,ユ954 to February,

1955, on the damage caused from. the cold to the seedlings and young trees of

E. ucaly’Ptus at the forest nursery of the Kasuya Experimental Ofi!Lce, E. gigantea

had no dam. age at all, the cold damage percentage of E. fccifolia was 70 pto,

E. fastigata O.9 e/o, E. globulus 21 e/o, E. Pauciflora O.24 e/o, E. Pilularis 71.8 e/o,

E. botryoides 68 o/e, E. robusta 44 e/o, E. rostvata 333. e/o and E. tereticornis

84.2 e/o. The degree of the damage done to them in most cases was the

witheredness-only seen on the part of leaves and sprouts of the seedlings and

young plants of EptcalyPtus.

   On the 26th, November, 1954, 1 planted young plants of E. Paueiflora 181

in number and E. fastigata 34 and the other 7 spe. cies of EacalyPtus at Arahira

in Kasuya’Experi血ental Forest, situated at 4 km from the Kasuya OMce, and

its alt. is 300 m above sea, av. min. temperature per 3 months above described

was 一3e C. The young plants of E. Paaeifl’era and E. fastigata mostly has

no cold damage there, but the other species were as much damaged by snow

and frost as they were at the Forest Nursery.

   ’On the 22nd, November, 1954, 1 planted the youngs of E. gl obulas 131 in

number,亙. P〃Utaris 92, E, robv.sta.9, E. rostrata 92 a耳d 石1, teretic. Ornis 58

10

at Takatsuji in the Kas町a Experimental Forest, situated at 2 km from the

Kasuya Office, alt. 85 m above sea level, min.. temperature per 3 months was

一 2¢ C. The cold damage percentage of EacalyPtas in that period at Takatsuji

was co岨ted E. globulnts 35.8%, E.がlaslaプis 53.2%, E.ア。∂us彦a 77。7%, E. rost:

rata 63%,亙. teretieornis 91。3%. The degree of the damage was rnostly only

part of sprouts and leaves of the younger plants of EacalyPtus. Judging from

above mentioned experiment,, E. gigantea, E. fo. stigata and E. Paptciflora have

strong resisting character to cold, but the other 7 species/ are weak to cold in

Japan as they are in Australia.

    Judging from above described results, the other 3 species excepting E. Pilu-

laris among (1) section of $eed wi’th outer-integument consisting of remarkably

sclerenchymatous cell have very resisting character to the cold within my this

experiment, but each species belonging to (II>一(IV) (The section of seed with

outer-integument censisting of less sclerenchymatous cells (II). The section

of the decomposed cells (III). The section of the parenchymatous cells (IV))

reduces its resisting power to the cold in the order. given above, in.other words,

the.first section the strongest, the second less, and third and the forth the least.

1 suppose that the thickness of integument, especialy the degree of being

sclerenchymatous of cell-membrane in the outer-integument and the state of

its tissue have mutual relation to the resisting character to the cold of the

young plants ger:匝、inated from those seeds.

   In other words, it indicate that from the physiological ne¢essity the species

of EucalyPtus growing at moderately upper country with cold temperature

scatter their seeds on the cold area and so these seeds consists of thick integu-

men,t for that purpose, especially for protecting the embryo with scleren-

chymatous cell-membrane. The species of EasealyPtus whese seeds consist of

thin inner-integument, especially the ’outer-one being less sclerenchymatous

such as E. rostrata, grows at mean altitude with mean temperature, while,

EucalyPtas plants whose seeds consist of thin integum. ent, especially those

with outer-integument consisting of decomposed cells or those with the paren’

chymatous cells grow at moderately at warm lower area. Thus species

of EucalyPtus are physiologically provided with such characteristics about

as to enable themselves adapted to their en. vironment. lf 1 could find similar

results about seeds of many other species of EucalyPtus than 10 species

I tried, 1 should think very interesting and those experimental results would

have the applied value abotit the natural occurrence and artificial plantation

of EucalyPtus.

11

V.Sllm皿ary

1) Seeds of 10 species of Eucalyptus contain mostly crystals of ・oxalate of

   lime, oil and tannin in seed-integument and we find them more in the

   inner-integument than the outer one.

2) The sclerenchymatous cells in outer-integument are ligpified, and colour

   reaction by reagent is recogrtized, namely these become vellow, yellow

   brown or brown in colour by nitric acid or caustic potash solution and

   deep brown in colour by jodjodpotassium.

3) Though integumen.t-cells ofユO species of EucalyPtas are not dyed.by

   eosin and congored, they are dyed well by colouring materiaユs of safranin

   and methylenblue, the former dying them red and the latter blue.

4) Seeds of E。ノiei.folia and E, globulus are relatively large grains among

   those of 10 species of EacalyP・tus and each of the two entirely is different

   from the other in shape and outwardly colour, the former consisting of

   parenchymatous cells in outer-integument, latter of decomposed cells, and

   the cells left undecomposed represent tiny trichome on the surface of seed.

5) The seeds of E. fastigata and E. gigantea have mutual resemblanoe in

   size and shape, outer-integument of each species con.sisting of two kinds of

   sclerenchymatous cells, the former is of larger longer. cells and of larger

   roundish polygonal ones ,at the horizontal section, but the latter of rather

   roundish polygonal cells and rather squarish polygonal ones.

6) Seeds of E.ρ傷6礎ノZoi’a and E, pilularis are like each other in s.ize and

   shape, the former consisting of somewhat irregular polygonal scleren-

   chymatous cells with relati.vely wide cell-1umen at the horiz. ontal section,.

   but the latter of larger cells with remarkably sclerenchymatous cell-

   membrane. ・7) The seeds of E. robusta and E. rostrata resemble each other in shape, but

   the former has brown. stripes of net-work on the surface of seed, with the

   decomposed state of. cells in outer-integument distinctly discernible at the

   cross section, but the outer-integument of E. rostrata consists of long

   larger and rather sclerenchymatous cells, each cell having membrane with

   many pits in it at the horizontal section, and each cells being semicircle

   and arranged in a row at the cross section of outer-integument.

8) The seeds of E. botryoides and E. teretieornis resemble each other in

   shape, and each has black s. tripes on the surface of seed representing net・

   work sound and regular in the latter and far less sound and regular in

12

9)

the forrper, the cells left undeco丘Lposed are found at the cross section Qf

the seeds of each species, but those of E. boiryoides are larger in shape

than those of E. teptetieornis, and the decomposed cells seem to be dissolved.

Ithink that the strtlcture of seed一項ltegument of theユO species is closely

related to the resisting character to the cold of the young plants germi一                       ’

nated from these seeds.

Anatomical Literature of Seed

1.ALvEs, A。:Z茸chtung und Samenbau von Klee und Gr註sem in D益nemark und Schwedel.

       Arbeiten der Deutschen Landwirtschafts-Gese1.lschaft,. Ht.208,1912,

2.BムσHM・ANN, E.:Die Entwicklun.gsgeschichte und der Bau der Samellscha1:e der Scrophu・

   lariflee.”.

       Inaug1. Dissertatio11,1,eipzig,1880.

3.BERMTzKY, L:Anatomische Be.sti!nmlmg des Samens. voll Cuscuta lrifolii und C. s翅・

   veo’evas,

       :Landw. Vers・St.88:1, II,ユ916.

4。.Coエu箇s, E. J.:The structure of the integumentary system of the barley grain in rela-

   tion to localized water absorption and semipermeability.

       An.n.. B.ot.,3.2=381-414,1.918,

5.GRIMBAcロ, P..:Vergleichende Anatomie verschi.edenartiger:Fr日chte und Samen bei d.erse1・

   ben Spezies,

       Inaugl. Dissertation. M茸nster,1913,

6.v、 H:6H:翻し, F,:Morphologische Untersuchungen Uber die Samenschalen der Cascptrbitaceen

   und einiger verwandter Familien.

       Sitzb. d. K. Akad. Wiss,1. Abt.73;1-41,1876.

7.K:AM冠NsKY, K:。 W.:Anatomische Struktur der S.amen von einigen C銘sσ%彦aarten und deren

   syste.matischer Wert.

       Angew, B.ot. Zdtsch, f, Erforschung der Nutzp且an乞en,1Q:5.,387-409,1928.

8.K:ムMENsKY, K. W.:Morphologische-anatomische Unterscheidungsmerkmale der Unkraut・

   sam.en a,us den Fa1nilien Liliacea.¢und lrida‘eae.

       Bu11. of Appl. Bot Gene and:Plan.t-Breedirlg,25;4,5.9L108,1931                                 キ9.KoL:島:鼠., F.;Untersuchungen廿ber den Bau der.Samenschale an Hilum und Chalaza bei

   einigen of五ci.nelle識Pfianzen.

       Inaug1. Dissertation, Bern,1918.

10.KoNDo, M,:Der anatomische Bau einiger auslandischer Hulsenfruchte, die jetzt viel in

   den Handel ko.mmen.

       Zeits.ch. f. Untersuchung der Nahru.ngs und Gen.ussmitte1, sowi.e Gebrauchsgege瓜一

       stande,25;1-5.6,1913.

11,:KoNDo, M,:An.at.omische Untersuchungell fiber japanische Colliferen-Sarnen.und Verwandte.

       Landw. Vers.一S.t.,8ユ=443-468,1913.

12.KRAus呂.、. L.二Entwicklungsgeschic.hte der Frttchte von・召’oグdeum, TPtiticum, Bromus und

   Poa mit beso且derer. Ber員.cksichtigu.ng ihrer Samenschale箆,

       Jahrb. f。 Wiss, B.ot.,77;733-808,1933.

ユ3.KuJALA, V.:Untersuchungen茸ber den Bau und die Keimf甑higkeit von Kiefem-un.d:Fichten・

   samen。

       Helsinki}1.927,

13

14, LAKoN, G,: Bbitrti’ge zur forstlichen Samenkunde. Zur Anatomie und Keimung teiniger

   Koniferensamen.

       Naturw. Zeitschr. f, Forst・und Landwirtschaft, Jahrg. 10: 4el-410, 1912.

15・ LoNpE, G.: tiber die Entwicklungsgeschichte und den Bau einiger Samenschalen.

       Inaug. Di$$.ertation, 1874. ’16. MERz, M,: Untersuchungen tiber Anatomie und Samentwicklung der Utr’icularien Und

   Pinguicptia.

       Inaugl, Dissertation, Bern, 1897.

17, NETomTzKy, F.; Anatomie der Angiosperrnen-Samen.

       Berlin, 1926.

18, NmTH,AMMsR. A.: Beitzversuche und anatomisch-chemische Studien mit den Samen des

   Wirsingkohles.

       Zeitchr. f. Pfianzenkarankheiten und Pflanzenschutz. 41 t 149-167, 1931.

19. PAtsmerJ, L. H.:Anatomical characters o・f the seeds ef Legecminosae, chiefly genera of

   Gray’s manual.

       Transactions of the Academy of Science, St. Louis, 9: 6, 91-263 with Tables and

                                                                         I       PIates, 1899.

‘20. PRiTzEn, E.: Der systematische Wert der Samen-anatomie, insbesondere des Endosperms

   bei den Parietaies,

       Inaugl. Dissertation, Berlin, 1897.

21, RptEvEs, R. G. and VAunE, C. C.:Anatomy and microchemistry of the cottQn seed,

       Bat, Gaz,, 93: 259-277, 1932.

22. RTTTE”, G: Die systematische Verwertbarkeit des anatomischen Baues von Frtichten一 und

   Samen.

       Beihefte z. Bot. Centralbl. 26; 1, 132-156, 1909.

23. voN RttMKER, K.:,Dar Saatbau und die Saatbauvereine.

       :Berli叫1922..

24・沢田利農夫=本邦産主要林木種子の鍾別法.(針葉樹の部).

       朝鮮総督.府林業試験場報告,第8号,昭和3年.

25. ScHXcK.Eu A.; Zur Kentnis des Baues und der lnhaltverhaltnisse der Hillsen und Samen-

   schalen ・der Leguminosen,

       Inaugl. Dissertation, G6ttingen, 1919.

26. SETTEGvs・w, H.: Die landwirtschaftlichen Samerein und der Samenbau,

       Leipzig, 1892.

27.渋谷常紀.稲の種皮の組織学的.研究(予報)..

       日本:作.物学会記事,第1巻,第2号,15-16,昭和3年.

28. Vor・aT, A.: tiber den Bau und die Entwicklung des Samens und des Samenmantels von

   Mptristica fragrans.

       Inaug. Diss., G6ttingen, 1885.

29. WiNToN, A. L.: The anatomy of certain oil seed$ with especial reference to the m-icro-

   scopic examination of cattle foods.

       Rpt. Conn, Agr. Exp. Stat, 1903, Part II. Food products, 175-198.

30. WiNTo), A. L.:Anatomie des Hanfsamens.

       Zeitschr. f. Unters. d. Nahrungs u. Ge卿ssmitte1,7言385-388,1904.

31.近藤万太郎;H本農林種子学(後編.)・

       .昭和9年.

32. NoBm F.: Ha. ndbuch der Samenkunde. 1876.

14

Explanation of Plate 1

Outer shape of 10 species of EucaZyPtus and ・cells in integument

of ripe seed at the cross section

㎏聡聡慧町取恥恥恥恥㎏㎏聡聴塩払晦取払聡聴㎏聴㎏聡恥

亀域⑪可0蝕いqけいα母いαけ可α蝕いい鉱い0心いq

其其叙叙瑛駁叙綴概架奴駅搾取駁α町胃ππ二二駁二二釈

Fig. 10(a).

Fig. 10(b),

Fig. 10(c).

Outer shape of seed of E ficifolia

Cells in integument of E. ficifolia

Outer sha,pe ef $eed of E. globulpts

Outer shape of seed of. E. globuius

Cells in integument of E. globultis

Outer shape of seed of E. fastigata

.Outer shape of se.ed of E.ノ’astigata

Cells in integument of E, fastigata

Outer‘ shape of seed of E. gigant-ea

Outer shape of seed of E. gi gantea

Celts in integument of E. gig’antea

Outer shape of seed of E, Paticiflora

Outer shape of seed of E. Paptciflora

Cells in integument of E. PauciLtlora

Outer shape of seed of E. Pilularis

Outer shape of seed of E. pilularis

Cells in integument of E. Pilularis

Outer shape of seed of E. botryeides

Outer shape of seed of E. botrpteides

Cells in integument of E. botryoides

Outer shape of seed of E. tereti・cornis

Outer shape of seed of E, tereticornis

Cells in integument of E. tereticorMis

Outer shape of seed of E. fobecsta

Outer shape of seed of E. robusta

Cells in integument of E. robscsta

Outer shape of seed of E. rostrata

Outer shape of seed of E. rostrata

Cells in integument of E, rostrata

25

w2512蜘2512脚2512脚2512脚25皿脚25皿脚2512脚2512恥1225脚

××××××X×X××××X××××××××××××X×X

am ・・… 。abdomen

co …師・concavity at the p.oint

Ce・b。… …COnCavity at the rearサ                        の

            る1tc ……孤ner。1nteg.ument Ice111n・・。・・・… Lllnユe]n of cell

n.a …・。。nave1

.or・・・… …rest of outer・integument cell

otc……o.uter-integllment ce11

pc

po

ps

,..,,・sclerenchymatous portion at

   periphery of the side

...,..sclerenchymatous portion situ-

   ated at periphery of ovel

....,. 唐モ撃?窒?獅モ?凾高≠狽盾浮刀@portion at

   the point ef seed

re.,,....,.rear sd,.....side

su ・… 帥sture の                    ロ

W1。…・・Wlng

jJe

・}、

t

PLATE 1. Fie. 1-10

N

ig,1{ al

              け

 ら:ift・1、.1’/x/」

  、話噸

             ぎ

  “澤

 il〔・

、謬,

   慧で羅翻夢ナ1㍗㌻P.〉..弓

   鰯:..或鴨ダf躍,三,.}勝・

          ’

         切a

        ヤ                コ       t17邪・嘱1F  ・’ しノ㌧         . 腎   、 iI r .      .㌦」イ㍉

 /1

Fcl

.,蓼

  @ 

otc

      ite

Fi巳り工(b}

’響撫 額灘灘

sd一“J一一

Eig.2Ca)-一十㎎

    望、

X×..sSrtf

伊sら・4{a)1

   “Os

。麟

 ノ

Pご

fe

\.

v噌

       ノρo

拶夢…

。1

饗製酵繋掌:滴 1鱒

認二二 Fig.7(b)

“ ・煮      .   蜜 .

  ノ it.c    Fig.7(c》

翻騨 Fi889(b)

         ピ  ’

          ・ σ          ユto

’Fig・2(b,}

鮒   .  晒 ,   サ

rl. 恂ケII声

、へ

・:1

急:

.河

舜ゴ

”” ’

』鳶F.

/t/

Fig.7〈a)

   “a

slt総

Fig.9Ca}

一ce

)Cこ2,9,-F

玄藩巳2鋲奮

    ‘

    4

     ●

    9

    1

    F

 一11“’り

「」ゴ噛乙

砕 -引一

型 

.  .

’   -

’“h,

一「

P1

即望.文

量  ズ謝甲・

r㌦

b秩@・

一「}引1

   一.

 、1ψ

Lk・,

fi

itc

Sig.・,ゆ}順告 .

             Ps   喫

             ’            .    ’                  ロ         へ                   ,    \           “・’i翻

                 } ’ 墨 -]m.,                     う      F土呂.sく。) P。 、 

                     5Pt

                         ll敦

            _一          /1』i

気  ρ。、 、 壌競

,= @1,、藩a

  lp

Fig.5Cc)

     ユ均一

Fig.4くC}

     黄

su一

Ot’

O

 O

、t

、 」乙

恥S.8(a》

FSg.9(c)

re

ぐ購群綴醜

Pe、麟,

    蝋、

・・”

      駆」lt.,

     oo一 一

Eig.6(a)

鞭篠・一皿a

灘一Sd

I葦

 N.

      x.pg

  I気,ln「ト2葦重「・一、;』皆β了

         tt’E/1

        號

t.

」/・il

rflt

、青

!1:

Eig,5(b>

  ot,a

      Pln

 :ea=tww/

ite    Flg.5(e}

講 海

Fig.BCb}

  or

  幽 「再

eis.ro(a)/  1                       1

イ瓢5

Vig,lo(b)

9U

舞蝿滲燕ニヒ嫡r轄\’灘∴聖鈍

馨1㌦

㌧「」弓年

Fig.6Cb)

瀦恋舷捌

襲嵩

  xte

Flg.6Cc)

      oSe

    li

  scc Etg.エO(el

16

P:LATE’II.:FエG.1’一10

f.OV狽?nli,C,

F19.工

ept

 甘i6。4くa》

    ’d?eTx一一,

       一’.曳

    亀  驚  ..

       縛

     Eig.6

ーー..

、CS

)C{7卿8曜-

F

n

1.詫

it@e鰍?C

 Mg.2

  へ!・’

 麟’鍛.!

 試

    一,人   ユa

傷摩/ern- 唐撃唐戟E “/ g

Pig.4(b)

.o〈ts

li・i’ s,

   =k ln

   /      t

藩梱 

筆雛C

圖n

灘、

倉「

tSし

 Fig.S〈 a)

欝.

   夢

     竈

F工9●5(a,

蟻/γ

re Ss .7 〈 a}

.《G黛..鷲.l

Fig.8(d)

鞭・

Fig,9(a)

 0

既n

.、

〃.名.「

 .鰹

∂ . ~

   〆 

.’〃

..轍

 C

F’ig.8(・ a)

れe 一.g. sst

RigigCb)      1

、③ご

.触,

 鬼 /

◎4

.翻躍

麟、.・

 ’

 :x yo・ lllLXfifpt;eb

Rig.8・(b)’

   亟二渚  葛 .,=・.

pm.1,tw1・.1-1一//,

1嶽弼層

  ・一41NX/ i i.L.・..

  }へ     剛  ,

 pt ’t J.:.iX“1’:i

Mg・エO(a》

難・rr

    .琶.

  曝罐  ノ   、

cPt’‘. D晦オーユn

Fig.3(b)・・

       s,c

      ぺ.ll

   ipぐ《禽壁    穂.禽 恥    .州.嘱1舳\ne

Eig.5〈b)

              ノ纏馨攣灘臨.褻舞懸

 ’kt:.鍵・幾鰯.1,... t/’..一..

Pig.7Cb)

kXt七c

Fig.8( e)

    e.硝.

     i

       ’1勾

  i2VXNN

Fi呂・工。(b》

e

17

Explanation o£ Plate II

Cells in outer・一integument of ri/pe seed of

of EtiealyPtus at the horizontal sec tion

10 species’

Fig;1. Cells in outer-integument of E. ficifolia ×270

Fig. 2. Black spripes distributing on the surface of seed and inner-integument

         cells of E. globpttus × 270

Fig,3(a)(b), Outer-inte.gument ce11s cons圭sti且g of the seed of E.ノ廊露8α地 ×360

Fig. 4(a> (b), Outer-integument .cells consisting of the seed of E. gigantea × 360

Fig. 5(a).

Fig. 5(b).

Fig. 6.

Fig. 7(a).

Fig, 7(b).

Fig, 7(c).

Fig. 8(a) (b).

Fig. 8(c).

Fig, 8(d).

Fig. 9(a),

Fig. ’9(b)・.

Fig. 10(a),

Fig. 10(b).

   Cells’ in sclerenchymatous portion at periphery of each side and cells

at inner portien of its side of E. paptcifiora × 360

   Cells in the sclerenchymatous portion at periphery of the navel and cells

at the inner portion of the navel of E. Paucptora × 360

0uter-integument cells consist-ing of the $eed of E. Pi-lzalaris × 360

   Biack spripes distributing on the surface of seed of E. botryoides × 60

   Black spripes distributing on the surface of ripe seed and inner-

integument cells・ of E. botrptoides ×360・

   Cells in the sclerenchymatous portion at periphery of naveU Iof seed and

cells at the inner p/ortion of the .navel of E. betrptoides × 360

     0uter-integument cells and inner-integument cells consisting of the

yellow seed of E. tereticornis × 270

  Black spripes di’stributlng on the surface of the ripe seed and inner-

integument cell of E, teretieoグ痂s ×2701

   Cells in ’the sclerenchymatous port’ion at the periphery of navel and

cells at the inner portion of the navel of E. tereticoptnis × 270

   Brown spripes distributing on the surface of ripe seed of E. robttsta × 60

   Blown spripes distributing on the surface of seed and inner-integument

cells of E. rebusta × 270

   011ter畢integume.nt cells co.nsisting of seed of E. rostプata >く360

   Especial cells in the sclerenchym.a. tous portion at periphery of each

side・of E. rostrata  ×270 ’

cm ・….・cell-membrane

cr...,・・,.一crystal

it ,.}.・.・・.intercellular spaces

itc ..・..,inner-integument cell

ln…。一・1u皿en of cell

nc ,.}...cells in navel

or....,..v・rests of outer-integurnent cell

po.・’.・・..・,sclerenchymatous portion situ-

       ated at periphery of ovel

pm ・・・…pits membrane

Plt・閃… 8。・P.1t

sc・…h,・・,cells of sclerenchymatous p’or-

       tion

st,・,・一・… stripe

18

Resum6

(El Espafiol)

   He estudiado sobre la estructura de la・s integumentes de la semillas de las

diez especies de EucalyPtus, las cuales son E. botryoiaes, E. fastigata, E. fici一

二」臨E’.gigantea, EL g励幽S, E. Pa〃ciflora, E. piluZ〃is, E. robasta, E. rost-

rata y E. tereticomis. Escribo el sumario si.guiente:

   Las semillas de las /diez especies de EuealyPtus contenen crystals de calcio-

oxiicoacido, 61eo y tanino, los cuales est6n muchos en integumento interior que

integumento exterior. L. a celda escles6tica del integumento externo tiene el

estado lenoso, la cual se tinta a castafio intenso por la soluci6n de jodjodpotasa,

los integumentos de todas diez especies se tintan rojos por safranin y azules

por methyllazuユ.

   Puedo clasificar las cuatro secoi6nes sobre la estructura de integumento

externo de las diez especies:

  1) El integumento externo consiste de la$ celda muy escles6ticas

         E. f’astigata, E. gigantea, E. PauciLffora, E. Pilularis

  2) El integumento externo consiste de las celdas alg(’m esclesoticas

         1ヨ.rostra彦.a

  3) El integumento externo consiste de. las celdas destructivos

         E.ゐ0〃yoides, E「.810∂ulUS, Eゼグ0伽吻, E. tere彦icornis

  4) El integumento externo consiste de las celdas blandas

         E. ficifolia

   Puedo clasificar las dos secci6nes sobre la estructura ・de integumento interior

de las diez especies de Eucalyptus:

  1) El integumento interior es espeso relativamente y consiste de las blandas

     celdas, las cuales arreglan irregularmente.

         E. fast’igata, E. gigantea, E. Paaeiflora, E. Pi’lularis

  2) El integumento interior es delgado relativamente y consiste de las blandas

     celdas, las cuales arreglan en una fila.

         E.ゐ0.〃yoides, E㌦fic ifo〃a, E.9励eclUS, E. Ptobu吻, E.グOS〃ata,

         Zヨ.≠〃6蕗ooプnis

   Las plantas de EucalyPtus que ocurren eneima de la altura superiora fria

relativamente en Australia, son亙. fastigata(altura speriora:1194 m, teInpera一

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tura de minimo en julio :, 一2“ C), E. gigantea (alt. sup, 1324 m, temp. min O.50 C),

E. Pauciflora (alt. sup. 1324 m, temp. min. 一le C) en las diez especies, las semil-

las consisten de las celdas muy escles6ticas al integumento externo y el integu-

mento interior es espeso relativamente.

   Las plantas de EucalyP・tus que ocurren encima de la colina o la costa

abrigada en Austrlia son E. botryoides (altura superior: 77 m, temperatura de

rninimo en julio:90.5 C), E,ガσ舜b〃a(alt. sup,ユ2 m, temp. min,80 C), E, globa・

1’zts (alt. sup. 5 m,, temp. min. 4e’C), E. rob,asta (alt sup. 42 m, temp. min. 9”.5 C)

y E. tereti’comis (alt. sup. 94 m, temp. min. 60 C) en las diez especies, las otras

semillas consisten de las celda$ destructos o las celdas blandas al integumentb

externo y el integumento interior es delgado, excepto la semilla de E, Pilularis,

la cual tiene las celdas muy escles6ticas (alt. sup. 45 m, temp. min. 90’C).

   Las plantas de EucalyP tas que ocurre encima de la altura mediano desde

altura del nivel de mar en Aus/tralia, es solo E. rostrata (altura superior: 42 m,

temperatura de minimo en julio: 4”C) en las diez especies, la semilla consiste

de las celdas alg血ガescles6ticas al integumento externo y el integtlmento interior

es delgado.

   Suponeo que la mutualidad est6 en la estructura de. las semillas de Euca-

lyPtus plantas y la ocurrencia natural de EaealyPtus /plantas en la limite de

mi experimento, pero la semilla de E. P・llularis este la excepci6n.