anantha kumar duraiappah, shahid naeemmillenniumassessment.org/documents/document.785.aspx.pdf ·...
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Anantha Kumar Duraiappah, Shahid Naeem
Tundi Agardy, Neville J. Ash, H. David Cooper, Sandra D az, Daniel P. Faith,Georgina Mace, Jeffrey A. McNeely, Harold A. Mooney, Alfred A. Oteng-Yeboah, HenriqueMiguel Pereira, Stephen Polasky, Christian Prip, Walter V. Reid,Cristi n Samper, Peter Johan Schei, Robert Scholes, Frederik Schutyser, Albert vanJaarsveld
Jos Sarukh n Anne Whyte
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Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis.Translated from Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Ecosystem and Human Well-BeingSynthesis, published in 2005 by Island Press. All rights in the original work are reserved.
Copyright C
(100062 16 ) http://www.cesp.cn
2005 102005 10880 1230 1/166200
50.00
/.
2005.9ISBN 7-80209-215-9
Q16 Q147
CIP 2005 106002
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100
1992
13 22
2003
17
2005 8
2194 14.8%
243
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2010
2005 9
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i
1 2
2 5
3 6
4 8
5 10
6 14
1 ? 18
2 ? 30
3 ? 42
4
60
5 ? 69
6 2010 77
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ii
www.MAweb.org
Dr. Robert T. WatsonMA
Dr. A.H. ZakriMA
Hamdallah Zedan
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iii
biological diversity biodiversity
A
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iv
33 B
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v
5 5
4
2005 Island Press
www.MAweb.org
A $
B
98%
85% 98% 65% 85% 52% 65%
50% 52%
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vi
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1
2001 2005 MA
95 1360 4
33
4
CBD V/6
1
4
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2
1
14 C4.2.2
CBD COP
VII/30
2
1950 301700 1850 150
1960 2000
3 6 20
35% 20 20%20%
1420% 50%
3/4 1
50
1950
1960
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3
20 90300 hm2 40%
1 100 100
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4
100
1000
12% 23%25% 32%
52%
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5
1960
2050 10%20%
1970 2050
10% 15%
3
22% 46%
244
15
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6
26
20 7080
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7
2
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8
2
1950 2000 72050
GDP 1.9 4.440 2000 60
2050 81 96
50
3 21
30%
1/42050 10% 20%
15% 35%
90%3/4 50%
25%
1950
50
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9
1960 19903
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10
0.5 121
21002 .0 6.4
1990 2100 8 88cm
210 0.2
21
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11
1996 20013000
28 hm2
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12
2001 2003
3240 2000 1/3
2002 6220%
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13
21
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14
CONABIO INBio
7 20152010
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15
2010
7
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16
2100
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17
1
2
3
4
5
6
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18
12
CF2
CF2
24%
C26.1
C4
DNA
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19
1.2
C2.2.41.3
GDP
C2.2.4 1.4
<5cm
CF2
1.1
5003000
170 200
C4
CF-2
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20
C4 S10
1/31000km2
C4.2.3
1
14 (C4.2.2)
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21
1.21.3
C2.2.4
TSR
C2.2.4
C4.5.1 6
C4.5.2 2010
1000
0.1 1.050
130 20 160
C4.4.2 3
C28 S3.3.1
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22
C 1 9 . 2 . 1C18
C19.5
C19.3C19 S3.3.1
Mnemiopsis leidyi
26C19.2.1
Catskills
C4,C7,C11
C11.2.1, C11.3
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23
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24
C4.2.1
C11
C11.3.2
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25
C11 1.1
C11.4.2
CF2 11 1.4
C11.3
C11.3.2
C6;2
C11.3.1 C11.4.1
C11.3.2 C11.2
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26
1.1.
C11 11.2
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27
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28
C11
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29
60%C11.
3.3
10km
10% 30% C13.3.3
C11.3.3
C11.4.3
C11.3.4 C11.3 C11.4
Chesapeake Bay
C11.4.4
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30
C6.2.2C8.2
8.1, 6.7
2.
C6
2.1
1.4 404
10 20 90HDI 20%
50% 5%
50% 2% C6 R11 C16
SG11
94 94
69 54
40 42
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31
7000
200
C6,C8.2.2
C4.3.4
C11, C14
17% 3%
80% SG-SAfMA95%
85%
13.7
C9.4
27
Catskills900
60 80 C7,R17
C17
2.1
S11,SG10
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32
CF3
C11
CF6 C2
22%46% C26.5.1
60% 80% SG3
20 80
SG3
C 1 7 . 2 . 6 2 0 0 036
50% SG-SAfMA 2000
30%
C10
20 90
20
C113%
0 . 7 %SG-
SG3
24 4
15 2.2
37
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33
C8.2
C7
C18C8.2.2
C19
C8
8.4
C8.3.1
C9.ES
C21.1
C9.ES
C9.ES
C26.2.1
34
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34
C10
C13.ES
C13.ES
C13.3
C11.3
C7.4.4
C7
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35
C26
C7.2.5C19
C14
C1111.2
C11.3
36
C16
C19
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36
NPP
C17.2.3
C17.2.5
C17.2.6
C19
C22.2.1
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15% 35%
C7
C12
S7
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38
R17 2.1
C2.3
C5.4
2.2.
C5
C2.3.5
20 70 80
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39
C5
hm
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40
C5, C6, R172.3
R8
C10
C18SG3
SG3.7
R17
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41
C62.4
C.26.2
\
C5
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42
3.
C4
1950 301700 1850 150
C26 1960 2000C7.2.4
3 6 C7.3.2
2035% C19.2.1 20
20%20% C19.2.1
20 50
1950 1990 14% C4.4.3 20
C28.2
19501/4
C4.4 .41950 1990 40
3.1
40
C8C26
2 050
40
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43
195055% 1950
1990
3.2.
C4.4.3
1950
195070% 15.4%
1950
2.5%
1950C4.4.3
100
100 C4.4.2
1000 10000 3.3
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44
10%
12%
2 3 %25%32%
52%
C4.4
C4.4 3.4 3.5
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45
C4.4.33.6
C4.4.1
LPI
3.7
C26.2.11960
65001/3
C26.2
C4.4
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46
C26.ES
1950
C26.1.1 1960C26.1.1
20 90300 hm2
C21.4.2
C 2 . 2 . 4C4.5.1
C4.4
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47
C4
C4.4.2
1500
C4.4.2
CF4 C3 C4.3S7
S7
S7.4
S7.4
SG- SG-SAfMA3.8 3.9 3.1.
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48
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49
1950 200067 S7.SDM
2050 3 6
S7.2.2 40 2000
60 S7.2.1 200581 ~96
50
S7.2.3
S7.2.4 S7.2.5
C4.3 3.10
C4.3 SG7
C4
C2110% 20%
C22
3.11
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50
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51
3.12 199040%
16%13% S7
C 1 8
9 0 %
2080
C18.3
C18.3 3.13 3.14
199050%
C20.3.178%
10 60%20 80 C20.4.2 1900
6 C7.2.2
10%120%
C7.2.3
C20.4
C4.3.1
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52
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53
C4.3.13.15
3.16
20
184011 C4.3.2
1600
C4.3.4
50S7.3
3.17 1890 19909
20C7.3.2
1985R9.2
R9.ES 19605
50% 19603 1990
20 803.18
S7.3 3.19
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54
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55
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56
0.5~1.0R13.1.3
0.1~0.2m S7.ES 21
/2050 1103
15%~52% R13.1.3
301970
10R13.1.3
21002.0~6.4 1990 2100
8~88cm 3.20
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57
2 10 0.2
R13.1.3
21
10000
S7.4 C4.3
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58
S7 SG7.3.5
C4 R5 S7 S10
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59
100~1000
C4.5.2
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60
4.
S5 4.1 S10.2 IMAGE4.1 1970 2050
13%~20%
2050
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61
197010%~15%
S10.2
2050
S10.21990
S10.2 4.2 4.3
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62
50
4.4
S9.8
205081 ~96
1 .9 4 .4
4 .5
19702050 30%
S10.2
31970
2050 13%~16%
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63
S9.4.5 4.6
WaterGAP
30% S10.3
65% 2100
210065%
S10.3
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64
S9.4.2
S10.4
S11.1.2 S11.7
S11.7
a 4 , 2050 4
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65
S11
S9.5
20%
S9.3
IPCC2.0
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66
3.5
1.5~5.5
S9.3.4
S9.8 S9.2
4.7
20501.51
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67
S11
S14 4
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68
S12 50~100
S12
S9.3
S12.4.4
S.SDM S5 S14
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69
5
R5
R5
R 5
C18
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70
34 20012%
R5
R5
IUCN
R5
C 4 ,C19, C25
R5
R5 TDR
CAMPFIRE
R17
2001 28
3000 35~45R5 5.3
ICDPs
R5
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71
R5 5.3
R5
R5
R5
R5
160
GISPCBD
VI/23
R5
R5
R5
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72
C26, R536
R5
C9, C21
R8.3.9
R5, R8
R5
CMA
R5
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73
120 80
SAP
R17
CITES
R5
R5
R5
R5
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74
5.1
CF3, R17
R5
CONABIOINBio
R5
/
R5
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75
SG9
R17
C5 5.2R5 R17
R5
R5
2 0 0 1 2 0 0 3OECD 3240
2000 1/3 S7
200262
20% S7
C4, C2621
R13 21
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76
2 10 0.2
R9
R17 R10 R13
RWG SG9
R17
R17
RWG
RWG
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77
6
2002 4
2010
VI/26 2004
2010
VII/30
2010C4.5.2
2010 2010
3
C4, S7,S10, R5
S10
C4,S10
2010
C4,S10, R5 6.1
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78
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79
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80
R5 6.1
C4,C11,S10,R5MDG
506.2
S10 R19
S10 R52015
2010
7
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81
S10
C4.5.2 S7 R5
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82
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83
AMCBDCO2
CONABIO
GDPGOINBio
IPCC
IUCNLULUCF
MAMDGNGONOx
NWFPOECDOS PATDRTEV
TGTSRUNFCCC
14Olson D. M. E.
Dinerstein E. D. WikramanayakeN. D. Burgess G. V. N. PowellE. C. Underwood J. A. D’AmicoI. Itoua H. E. Strand J. C.Morrison C. J. Loucks T. F.Allnutt T. H. Ricketts Y. KuraJ. F. Lamoreux W. W. WettengelP. Hedao and K. R. Kassem
2001: Terrestrial ecoregions of theworld: a new map of life on earth.BioScience 51 933-38.
R17Polasky S. E. Nielson E.
Lonsdorf P. Fackler and A.Starfield. Conserving Species ina Working Lanscape: Land Usewith Biological and EconomicObjectives. Ecological Applica-tions in press .
C4 C20
Butcha r t S . H . M. A . J .Stattersfield L. A. Bennun S. M.Shutes H. R. Akçakaya J. E. M.Baillie S. N. Stuart C. Hilton-Taylor and G. M. Mace 2004.Measuring global trends in thestatus of biodiversity: Red List In-dices for birds. PhilosophicalTransactions LoS Biology.
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84
C20 20.12L o h J . a n d M .
Wackernagel eds. 2004: The Liv-ing Planet Report 2004. GlandSwitzerland: World Wide Fund forNature and Cambridge UK:UNEP-WCMC.
4 . 3Scholes R. J. and Biggs R.
eds 2004: Ecosystem Servicesin Southern Africa: A RegionalAssessment. The Regional-ScaleComponent of the Southern Afri-c a n M i l e n n i u m E c o s y s t e mAssessment. CSIR PretoriaSouth Africa.
C4Wade T. G. K. H. Riitters
J. D. Wickham and K. B. Jones.2003. Distribution and causes ofglobal forest fragmentation. Con-serva t ion Eco logy 7 2 : 7 .Online at : www.consecol.org/vol7/iss2/art7.
C20 20.12R e v e n g a
C. J. Brunner N. Henninger K.Kassem and R. Payne 2000:P i l o t A n a l y s i s o f G l o b a lEcosystems: Freshwater SystemsWorld Resources Institute Wash-ington D.C. 83 pp
S7 7.16 7.18FIADATA
www.fertilizer.org/ifa/statistics.asp.
R9 9.21860 2050
R9 9.2 Galloway J. P. etal. 2004 Biogeochemistry 70:153 226.
S7 7.13 IPCC 2002Climate Change 2001:
Synthesis Report. Cambridge Uni-versity Press Cambridge.
IMAGE
1.2 1.3
B I O M EPrentice I. C. W. Cramer S. P.Harrison R. Leemans R. A.Monserud and A. M. Solomon1992. A global biome model basedo n p l a n t p h y s i o l o g y a n ddominance soil properties andclimate. Journal of Biogeography19 117 134. IMAGE www.rivm.nl/image
1.2 1.3
IMAGE4.2 4.3
S9
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85
CF CWG SWG RWG SGWG ES
CF.1CF.2CF.3CF.4
CF.5CF.6CF.7CF.8
SDMC.01C.02
C.037
C.04C.05C.06C.07C.08C.09C.10
C.11C.12C.13C.14
C.15C.16C.17C.18C.19C.20C.21C.22
C.23C.24C.25C.26C.27C.28
SDMS.01S.02S.03S.04
S.05
S.06
S.07
S.08 4S.09
S.10S.11S.12S.13S.14
SDMR.01R.02R.03R.04
R.05R.06R.07
R.08R.09R.10R.11R.12R.13R.14R.15R.16R.17
R.18R.19
SDMSG.01SG.02
SG.03
SG.04SG.05
SG.06SG.07SG.08
SG.09
SG.10SG.11SG.12
SG-SAfMASG-Portugal
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