By By Akinlabi, Adeolu PhilipsAkinlabi, Adeolu Philips

139054017139054017

Supervised by Supervised by Dr. Abegunde, Albert Dr. Abegunde, Albert

November, 2016November, 2016

* IntroductionIntroduction* Research Problems and QuestionsResearch Problems and Questions* Aim and ObjectivesAim and Objectives* The Study AreaThe Study Area* Concept, Theory and Literature ReviewConcept, Theory and Literature Review*MethodologyMethodology* FindingsFindings* Planning Implication, Conclusion and Planning Implication, Conclusion and

RecommendationsRecommendations* Contribution to KnowledgeContribution to Knowledge* Key ReferencesKey References

* Panhandling which is synonymous to street begging in the context of this study is an act of asking people for alms in public places, without exchange of service.

* It is a phenomenon that is common to every region of the world, though with different perspectives (Adedibu, 1989).

* Studies revealed that they constitute nuisance and contribute to the poor environment in the places where they are found, such as Motor Parks, Bus Stops, Road Junction, Places of Worship, Markets amongst others (Jelili, 2006; Ogunkan and Fawole, 2009).

* Thus, this study aims at examining its prevalence, locational variation and environmental effects, positing Lagos metropolis as a case study.

AimThis study aimed at assessing the prevalence of and locational variation in street This study aimed at assessing the prevalence of and locational variation in street panhandling in Lagos Metropolis, with a view to providing planning oriented information to panhandling in Lagos Metropolis, with a view to providing planning oriented information to policy makers on street panhandling to attain aesthetically pleasing and healthy environment. policy makers on street panhandling to attain aesthetically pleasing and healthy environment.

The objectives of this study are to;

EBUTE METTAIKOTUNIDI ARABA LUTH

MUSHIN MARKET

TOLL GATE MUSHIN

AGEGEOBALENDE

The Concept of Socio-Spatial Dialectic The Concept of Poverty The Concept of Environment

The Theory of Environmental Determinism The Land-Use Theory Vicious Circle of Poverty

The vicious cycle of poverty and mental ill-healthSource: The Mental Health and Poverty Project (The MHaPP, 2008)

* Religious perspective on panhandling or begging* Factors influencing panhandling

Rationality and Consequences of PanhandlingSource: Author’s Device 2015

Data CollectionPrimary source : Direct Observation, Interview, Administration of Questionnaire Secondary source : Base Map, Satellite Imagery, Journals, Articles etc.

Clusters Relative Incidence of Street Panhandler (RISP)

Average

Wednesday

Friday Saturday

Sunday

EBUTE METTA

212 234 219 207 218

IKOTUN 121 163 156 148 147IDI ARABA LUTH

243 295 258 280 269

MUSHIN MARKET

201 238 184 189 203

TOLL GATE MUSHIN

117 201 141 197 164

AGEGE 219 296 223 254 248OBALENDE

93 144 102 117 114

Total 1206 1571 1283 1392 1363

Source: Author’s Field Survey and computation, 2015

Population Distributions of Street Panhandlers across the Identified Clusters in Lagos Metropolis

Population of residents of the environments where street panhandlers were found in Lagos Metropolis

Source: Author’s Field Survey and computation, 2015

METHODMETHODTotal number of 69 Panhandlers were sampled with the use of SNOWBALL SAMPLE MECHANISM while RANDOM SAMPLE TECHNIQUE was employed to pick total number of 259 Residents across the study area with consideration given to the Residents closer to the panhandlers’ clusters.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENTSRESEARCH INSTRUMENTS#Reconnaissance Survey #Head Count #Questionnaire #Key Informant Interview (KII)

S/No

Clusters

Approximate Number of Buildings within 200m radius per cluster

10 % of the building

1 Ebute Metta  

409 41

2 Ikotun 

326 33

3 Idi-Araba LUTH 

384 38

4 Mushin Market 

418 42

5 Toll gate Mushin 

333 33

6 Agege 

397 40

7 Obalende 

319 32

8 Total 2586 259

* Incidence and Spatial Dimensions of Street PanhandlingIncidence and Spatial Dimensions of Street Panhandling• 46% of the sampled street panhandlers are distributed across the transportation land use, 26.09% around

the public land use such as places of worship and event centres, 24% around the commercial area and 2.90% around the residential area

• The study further shows that; a poorly management of railway shoulders in Agege and Mushin as a result of dumping of refuse, undefined setback, incidence of informal activities and aesthetically poor railway shoulder, poor management of road junctions in Ikotun and Mushin market as a result of traffic congestions attracts certain numbers of street panhandlers

* Socio-economic, physical and cultural attributes of street panhandlersSocio-economic, physical and cultural attributes of street panhandlers• The findings reveal that the phenomenon of panhandling is not limited to a particular ethnic in the study,

though it has a very high significant number amongst the Hausas than all other ethnics combined in the study area (Lagos metropolis)

• Low level of education of panhandlers can be attributed to their decision to have ventured into street panhandling

• The phenomenon of panhandling in Lagos metropolis is more of socio-cultural than religion. This study has given us clear evidences that no relationship exist between Islam and begging

• The finding also shows that not all panhandlers are disabled physically; majority of the identified and enumerated panhandlers in Lagos metropolis are able bodied men, women and children

* The Locational and Socio-Physical Characteristics of the Environment where The Locational and Socio-Physical Characteristics of the Environment where Street Panhandlers Are FoundStreet Panhandlers Are Found

• Majority of the area where they are found are characterized with unorganizedness such as presence of informal sectors and unlawful bus stops and garages

• Their socio-physical dimension is poor compare to where people that are not panhandlers are found in the study area. This can be inferred as a result of their indiscriminate dumping of used papers, nylons, urine, and wasted foods amongst others

• When the data collected was subjected to the ANOVA, it revealed that this is not limited to a particular environment but found in all the identified clusters in Lagos metropolis

* Residents’ PerceptionsResidents’ Perceptions• Residents’ perceptions revealed that, markets, motor parks, bus stops, road junctions, mosques, informal

sectors and alms givers amongst others attracts panhandlers to locations where they are found in Lagos metropolis

• Hausa communities embrace street panhandling while others see it as an unacceptable incidence in the study area.

• The residents also believe that street panhandlers are nuisance to the environment and need to control them in case of infiltrations by the insurgence and people with bad motive in the society

* PLANNING IMPLICATION: PLANNING IMPLICATION: The environmental implications of this study is derived from that street panhandlers are elements of slum formation and since many of them live the life of destitution; they sleep in nearby mosques, public places, roads side and turn the city into shanty environment. This arguably affects the life of city’s dwellers and the environment generally. And has serious implication for urban and regional planning in the area of environmental wellbeing of the urban residents. From the aesthetic point of view, panhandlers constitute environmental eyesore and they present ugly scene of urban environment and this does not conform to planning essence of securing maximum practicable degree of safety, convenience, functional, efficient, healthy and aesthetically pleasing environment as indicated by Keeble (1969).

* CONCLUSION: CONCLUSION: The study shows that the characteristics of street panhandlers are similar across the clusters in the city; it confirms the relationship between such issues as, poor physical planning, inadequate or dearth of police power efficacy of the development control department, illiteracy, poverty, misunderstanding of religious view on needy people and the phenomenon of street panhandlers. It also confirmed the availability of informal sectors, traffic, poor aesthetic roads and rail shoulders and alms givers attract panhandlers to the locations where they are found in Lagos metropolis

RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS Efficient Planning and Management Police Power Efficacy of the Physical Planning Department Affordable Facilities to discourage Informal Sectors Development of a Sustainable Vocational Driven Rehabilitation center Alms Donations through Religious Organizations and Non-Governmental

Organizations Campaign against Street Panhandling More Focus on Hausa Communities for Proper Planning

* In any case, one evident reality that remaining parts unaltered is the increment in the issue of street panhandlers in our general society. There is undoubtedly various studies seem to have touched practically every part of the issue, however they couldn't give the tremendously required answers for the locational issue since they didn't consider the spatial plan of action of the issue. This is a gap this study tries to fill. This study is along these lines a pioneer examination which perceives that the issue of street panhandling has socio-economic, socio-cultural and spatial implications and all things considered tended to the issue in plan of action to such several dimensions.

* Many studies have also emphasized the fact that street panhandlers are usually found in market, filling stations, and venues of ceremonies, bus stops, car parks, road junctions, neighborhood playground, shopping centres, churches and mosques (Osofisan, 1996; Lynch, 2005; Forell, McCarron, and Schetzer, 2005; Ogunkan and Fawole, 2010; Gloria and Samuel, 2012). However the studies have not possessed the capacity to learn the attributes of the environments where street panhandlers are found and the better abodes for them, neither did they advocate reasons why they are found in these environments. This hole of information has been endeavored in this study. The land use comparison of street panhandlers established the variation in distributional pattern of the problem and provides the insight of factors responsible for such variation so as to direct adequate attention to the issue on land use planning.

* Adedibu, A.A. and Jelili, M.O. (2011). Package for Controlling Street Begging and Rehabilitating Beggars and the Physically Challenged in Nigeria: Paper for Policy Consideration. Global Journal of Human Social Science Volume 11 Issue 1, Global Journals Inc. (USA)

* Agbola SB, Olatubara CO (2004). “Land use Planning” in Tunde Agbola (ed) Readings in Urban and Regional Planning. Nigeria: Macmillan Nigeria Publishers Ltd.

* Demewozu, W. (2005) “Begging as a Means of Livelihood: Conferring with the Poor at the Orthodox Religious Ceremonial Days in Addis Ababa”. African study monographs. Supplementary issue (2005), 29: 185-191

* Jelili, M.O. (2013) “Street Begging in Cities: Cultural, Political and Socio-Economic Questions”. Global Journal of Human Social Science (Sociology and Culture) Volume 13 Issue 5 Versions 1.0 Year 2013. ISSN: 2249-460x & Print ISSN: 0975-587X.

* “Lagos Gross Domestic Product" (PDF) Lagos State Government. 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2015.

* Namwata, B.M.L., M.R. Mgabo and P. Dimoso (2012). Categories of Street Beggars and Factors Influencing Street Begging in Central Tanzania. African Study Monographs, 33 (2): 133-143, June 2012 133

* Ogunkan D.V and Fawole O.A (2009). ”Incidence and socio economic Dimensions of begging in Nigerian cities: the case of Ogbomoso” international NGO journal, December.

* Onoyase, A. (2010). “Effective methods of combating street begging in Nigeria as perceived by panhandlers.” Studies on Home and Community Science, 4, 109–114.

* Philip Lynch (2005). “Understanding and responding to begging (Australia),” Melbourne University Law Review, Australia, Immigration program for Businessmen Senior Managers and Professionals.

* Soja, E (1980) “The Socio-spatial Dialectic”. Annals of the Association of American Georgraphers 70:207-225

* Tambawal, M. U (2009) “Guidance and Counseling and the challenges of Education for sustainable development.” A paper presented at Shehu Shagari College of Education, Sokoto (2009) annual conference. (Accepted for publication).

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