analysis of water injection wells using the hall technique and pressure fall-off data

8/18/2019 Analysis of Water Injection Wells Using the Hall Technique and Pressure Fall-Off Data

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23/5’

Q

PAPER FOR SPE FALLMEETING

INJECTIONWELLS USING THE

- “ANALYSISOF WATER

HALL TECHNIQUEAND

PRESSURE

FALL-OFF

DATA

- PRENTICE(CENTRALGLORIETA)

UNIT - TERRY AND YOAKUM COUNTIES,TEXAS”

MichaelDeMarco

April 25, 1968

4


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ABSTRACT

This paper presentsa reviewof injectionwell performance

in thePrentice(CentralGlorieta)Unit,Yoakumand Terry

Counties,Texas.

The method utilizedis the Hall Technique

in conjunctionwith surfacerecordedpressurefall-offdata.

The Hall Techniqueis a simplifiedmethod for rapid

evaluationof injectionwell performance.

Such problemsas

well plugging,low formationpermeabilityto water,and

pressurepartingcan readilybe ascertained.

This approachhas been utilizedin theTenneco-operated

Prentice(CentralGlorieta)Unit to improveinjectionwell

capacity. Examplesare includedin the paper. Also included.

is an exampleof an indicationof water channelingto an

offsetwell. This offsetis completedin a lower zone than

Che main GlorietaT-1 zone.


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a I K i

The

INTRODUCTION

The Prentice(CentralGlorieta)Unit, PrenticeField,Terry

YoakumCounties,Texas is located100 miles north of Odessa.

PrenticeField is situatedon the southeasternflank of the

NorthwesternShelfArea (Fig.1). The CentralGlorietaUnit

was formedin August, 1966 and water injectionbegan in nine

wells duringMarch, 1967. The MidwestOil CorporationTract 15

encercdthe Unit in February,1967 and Well No. 53 was placedon

injectionduringAugust, 1967.

Figure2 is an isopachousmap of the main Glorietapay, T-1

zone and Figure3 is a plot of Unit production.

DISCUSSIONOF HALL TECHNIQUE

The Hall Techniquefor analyzingwater injectionwells first

appearedin the literaturein 1963.1 This techniqueis a graphical

approachfor evaluatingchangesin injectionwell capacities. In

general,injectionwell capacitiesare difficultto evaluatebecause

of a simultaneousvariationof injectionratesand pressures.

Usuallyto evaluatepossiblepluggingor injectionimprovement,it is

necessaryto know reservoirpressure,waterviscosity,and water

density. In order to avoid theseproblems,Hall showedthat the

slopeof the summationof wellheadpressuresmultipliedby time

.

versus cumulativewater volumeinjected&WHP X t vs. cum.water

injection

- plottedon co-ordinatepaper),is proportionalto well


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When cumulativewater injectionis plottedon the abscissavs.

ZWHP X t on Che ordinateand a decreasein slope is noted, some form

of improvementin well-borecapacityis indicated(i.e.,pressure

parting,hydraulicfracturing,acidizing,etc.). Conversely,an

increasein slopewill indicatesome form of well-boredamage,

usuallyplugging.

One other importantassumptionof Hall’s techniqueis that

reservoirpressureand producingwell fluid level remainconstant.

Thus, duringfill-upwhen the reservoirpressureis changing,the

slopeof the plot will changein a concaveupwarddirection. If

the producingwell fluid level is increased the slope of the Hall

Plot will changeindicatingapparentdamageor if the fluid level

drops the slopewill changealso thus indicatingimprovement.

APPLICATIONOF HALL TECHNIQUE

Early in the injectionhistioryof the Prentice(Central

Glorieta)Unit, it was apparentthat the southwesternend was

becomingout of balance.

Where injectionrates in Well Nos. 1,

4, 6, 20, and 51 were above 1000 BWPD at 1100 psig, the injectivity

in Well No. 34 was approximately380 BWPD at 1150 psig. A similar

unbalanceoccurredin Well Nos. 43, 49, and 50. Table I is a list

of the data used to make a Hall Plot for Well Nos. 34 and 1. Figs.

4 and 5 are injectivitycurvesfor both wells and Figs. 6 and 7 are

Hall Plots from the data in Table I.

AnalyzingFig.

6 it can be noted that the Hall Plot of Well

No. 34 was-veryszeep duringthe first50 000BW injectedas

.


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comparedwith the

“textbook-like”exampleof Well No. 1 (Fig. 7).

The lattercurve showsa gradualconcaveupwardcurve. The

other threewells irithe southwesternportionof the Unit had

HallPlots similarto Well No. 34 whereas the better injectors

were very similarto Well No. 1.

Formationpluggingwas

discountedsince all of the injectedwater in the Unit area came

from freshwater Ogallalasands, One would expect to see

pluggingin all the wells if thiswere a problem.

It was decided that low injectivityrates in the southwestern

portionof the Prentice(CentralGlorieta)Unit probablywas due

to reduced~h.

Pressurefall-offtestswere conductedon all

injectors. The methodused is the v ry simpletechniqueoutlined

by Morse and Ott.2

A surfacepressurerecorderwas equippedwith

a 24 hour”-

96 minutequick -

changecombinationdrive clock. In

most instancesthewells were on a vacuumwithin 1000minutes.

The flexibilityin a 96 minute quick- changechart is in the

abilityto obtain fairlyaccuratepressurereadingsduring the

first 10 minutesof fall-off.

Figures8 and 9 are presume fall-offplots for Well No. 34,

showingthe fall-offbeforefracturingand after fracturing.

The

kwh before fracturingwas 112 ml. - ft. After a hydraulic

fractureof 30,000gals.gell&lwater and 60,000lbs. sand (using

threestagesof rock salt),the kwh was improvedto 940 md. - ft.

Figure4 shows that the ratewas increasedto 1000 BWPDat 1100

psig, and eightmonthsafter the treatmentinjectivityremainstwice

the rateprior co the treatment.

Note that the Hall Plot of Well No.


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-.

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0

34 (Fig.6) shows an abruptchangein

capacityimprovement, Similarcurves

43, 49, and 50 after thesewells’were

the slope indicating

w r

plottedfor Well Nos.

hydraulicallyfractured.

There had been some concernthat the fracturetreatments,

althoughincreasinginjectivityraces,may have communicated

outsidethe

34 since it

utilizedto

main T-1 zone.

was treatedin

calculatero k

of the injectedfluid (and

This was a possibilityin Well No.

stagesand a temperaturelog was

salt.volumes. We found that 100

firststage treatment)had gone out

the bottomfour feet of perforations.

Subsequentstagesand

temperatureruns indicatednew pay was being treated.

Early

inklarch,1968, injectivityprofiles

w r

run on each of the

injectionwells.

Figure XO is a profileof Well No. 34 which “

shows

fairlyuniforminjectivity.

Profileson the other

fracturedwells also had good injectivitydistributionwith .

only small amountsof water being injectedoutsidethe main pay

zone.

In view of the successwith the otherwells in the

southwesternportionof the Unit, it is plannedto frac~ureWell

No. 53 since it also has low injectivity.

LOCATINGWATER CHANNELING

One of the uses of the Hall Techniqueis

the indicationof

water channelingor formationpressureparting..

Figure11 is a

Hall Plot of Well No. 20. It can be noted that the well

performedvery similarto Well No. 1 duringthe first90,000BW

injected. However,between90,000and 140,000BW injected,there

was a sharpbreak in slope to the right (capacityimprovement).


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During thissame t~me interval,a largewater productionincrease

was noted in the offsetClearforkzone well, locazedapproximately

330t southeastof Well No. 20. Subsequenttestingindicatedwater

had swept.fromWell No. 20 to the

Glorietazone of the offsetand

then communicatedthrougha smallchanneldown to the Clearfork

zone.

Data from the Hall Plot helpedisolatethe problemwhich was

immediately,corrected.It also gave

calculationsare reasonableand that

experiencedresponseif theGlorieta

CONCLUSION

The Hall Techniquefor injection

confidencethat fill-up

the offsetwell would have

zonewere on production.

well analysisis a simple

tool thatcan be utilizedby the engineerto evaluatewaterflood.

It requiresthe use of minimumdata that is normallyavailable

eachmonth, i.e.,weeklypressuresand injectionvolumes. The

data can be set up in such a maaner that clerical r secretarial

help can make the monthlyplotsand the engineercan reviewthe

data.

Problemssuchas pressurepartingor formationplugging

shouldnot be allowedto continueunabated.

Utiliza&ionof the

Hall Techniqueand monthlyplotswill readilypointout these

potentialproblemsto the engineer.

By analyzingthe water injection

(Centr@Glorieta) Unit early in

its

performance

of

the

Prentice

life, it has been possibleto

improve

part of

earlier

the poor injectionbalancebetweenthe northeastand southwest

the Unit.

This shouldlead to

mor

rapid fill-upand an

waterfloodresponsethroughoutthe Unit.


8/22

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

l’heauthorwishes to thank chemanagement

Companyand partnersin the Prentice(Central

for theixpermissionto publishthis paper:

of TennecoOil

Glorieta)Unit

References

1. Hall, H. N.:

“How to AnalyzeWaterfloodInjectionWell

Performance”,World Oil, October1963,pp. 128-130.

.—

2. Morse,J. V. and Ott, Frank:“FieldApplicationsof

Unsteady-

StatePressureAnalysesin ReservoirDiagnosis”,

Paper SPE 1514presentedat 41stAnnualFallMeeting,

Dallas (Oct.2-5, 1966). ~

.


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.

.

1967 March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

“November

Decemberw

1968

January

February

March

April

May

June

TABLE I

HAIL PLOT DATA

PRENTICE(CENTRAL

WELL NO. 1

—.

—— —— ... .

WHP WHP X T

~WHP XT

CUM. INJ.

— ——— .—

40

422

593

920

1040

1040

1150

1113

700

525

563

565 a

5

422

593

920

1040

1040

1150

1113

700

525

563

555

5

427

1020

1940

2980

4020

5170

6283

6983

7508

8071

8636

2,114

29,640

59,796

85,377

117,690

149,607

179,838

210,207

236,279

259,653

282,891

304,516

GLORIETA)UNIT

WELL NO. 34

—---- ----.— — -------—

WHP -_ ——--WHPXT

~WNP XT

CUM. INJ.

——

1140

147 147

5,359

967

967

1114 17.613

997

997

2111 28,771

1578

1078

3189 40,236

1150

1150

4339

52,321

1012 1012

5351

77,034

1150 1150

6501 104,858

1113

1113

7614 130,165

975

975

8589 150,997

1100

1100

9689

172;948

1081 1081 10770 193,749

1100

1100 11870

213,412

. .


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22/22

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analysis of water injection wells using the hall technique and pressure fall-off data

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