analysis of variance 19 apr
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TOPIC TOPIC
ANALYSIS ANALYSIS OFOF
VARIANCE VARIANCE
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SEQUENCESEQUENCE IntroductionIntroduction
Practical study of the TopicPractical study of the Topic inclincl fewfew
definitions and Terminologiesdefinitions and Terminologies
Case Study, SWOT Analysis (strengths,Case Study, SWOT Analysis (strengths,
weaknesses, opportunities & threats)weaknesses, opportunities & threats)
RecommendationsRecommendations ReferencesReferences
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Definition of Definition of Analysis of Analysis of
Variance Variance Analysis Analysis of of variance variance isis usedused inin
financefinance inin severalseveral differentdifferent ways, ways, suchsuch asas toto forecastforecast thethemovementsmovements of of security security
pricesprices by by firstfirst determining determining which which factorsfactors influenceinfluence
stock stock fluctuationsfluctuations..
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Analysis Of The Variation Analysis Of The Variation
A A Variance Variance isis consideredconsidered favorablefavorable if if actualactual costscosts areare lessless thanthan standardstandardcostscosts;; itit isis unfavorableunfavorable if if actualactual costscostsexceedexceed standardstandard costscosts.. UnfavorableUnfavorable
variances variances needneed furtherfurther investigationsinvestigations..
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CL A SSES OF A N A LY SIS OF CL A SSES OF A N A LY SIS OF
VAR I A TION MODELS VAR I A TION MODELS
There are three classes of ANOVA models: There are three classes of ANOVA models:
FixedFixed--Effects ModelsEffects Models.. Assume that the data came Assume that the data came
fromfrom normal populationsnormal populations which may differ only in which may differ only intheir means. (Model 1)their means. (Model 1)
Random Effects ModelsRandom Effects Models.. Assume that the data Assume that the data
describe a hierarchy of different populations whosedescribe a hierarchy of different populations whosedifferences are constrained by the hierarchy. (Model 2)differences are constrained by the hierarchy. (Model 2)
MixedMixed--Effect ModelsEffect Models .. Describe the situations whereDescribe the situations where
both fixed and random effects are present. (Model 3)both fixed and random effects are present. (Model 3)
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Variation Variation VariationVariation is the sum of squares of theis the sum of squares of the
deviations of the values from the mean of deviations of the values from the mean of
those valuesthose values
As long as the values are not identical, As long as the values are not identical,
there will be variationthere will be variation
Abbreviated as SS for Sum of Squares Abbreviated as SS for Sum of Squares
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Degrees of FreedomDegrees of Freedom
The The d egrees of free d om d egrees of free d om are the number of valuesare the number of values
that are free to vary once certain parametersthat are free to vary once certain parametershave been establishedhave been established
Abbreviated as Abbreviated as df df
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FF F is the F test statisticF is the F test statistic
There will be an F test statistic for each source There will be an F test statistic for each source
except for the errorexcept for the error F is the ratio of two sample variancesF is the ratio of two sample variances
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The A NO VA Table The A NO VA Table
The ANOVA table is composed of rows, each The ANOVA table is composed of rows, eachrow represents one source of variationrow represents one source of variation
For each source of variation «For each source of variation « The variation is in the SS column The variation is in the SS column
The degrees of freedom is in the The degrees of freedom is in the df df columncolumn
The variance is in the MS column The variance is in the MS column
The MS value is found by dividing the SS by the The MS value is found by dividing the SS by the df df
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The A NO VA Table The A NO VA Table
SourceSource SSSS(variation)(variation)
df df MSMS(variance)(variance)
FF
Explained*Explained*
Error Error
TotalTotal
The explained* variation has
different names depending on the
particular type of ANOVA problem
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Example 1Example 1
SourceSource SSSS df df MSMS FF
ExplainedExplained 18.918.9 33
Error Error 72.072.0 1616
TotalTotal
The Sum of Squares and Degrees
of Freedom are given. Complete
the table.
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Example 1Example 1 ² ² Find TotalsFind Totals
SourceSource SSSS df df MSMS FF
ExplainedExplained 18.918.9 33
Error Error 72.072.0 1616
TotalTotal 90.990.9 1919
Add the SS and df columns to get
the totals.
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Example 1Example 1 ² ² Find FFind F
SourceSource SSSS df df MSMS FF
ExplainedExplained 18.918.9 33 6.306.30 1.401.40
Error Error 72.072.0 1616 4.504.50
TotalTotal 90.990.9 1919 4.784.78
F = 6.30 / 4.50 = 1.4
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PRA CTIC A L C A SE PRA CTIC A L C A SE
S TUD Y S TUD Y
Ministry of Health of PakistanMinistry of Health of Pakistan
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Ministry of Health of PakistanMinistry of Health of Pakistan
The The MinistryMinistry of of HealthHealth of of PakistanPakistanisis aa governmentgovernment agency agency responsibleresponsible forforPakistan'sPakistan's healthhealth systemsystem..
ItIt isis headedheaded by by thethe HealthHealth MinisterMinister of of PakistanPakistan onon democraticdemocratic levellevel
EachEach of of thethe fourfour provincesprovinces of of PakistanPakistan hashasitsits respectiverespective healthhealth departmentdepartment andandSecretariat,Secretariat, underunder thethe supervisionsupervision of of aa
healthhealth ministerminister of of thatthat provinceprovince..
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SPECIFIC HE A LTHSPECIFIC HE A LTH
PR OJECTSPR OJECTS National Programme for Family Planning &National Programme for Family Planning &Primary Health Care(LHW ProgrammePrimary Health Care(LHW Programme)). LHW. LHW
Programme is the world's largest communityProgramme is the world's largest community
based primary health care programme deliveringbased primary health care programme deliveringservices through 96,000 LHWs in their ownservices through 96,000 LHWs in their own
communitiescommunities
Ex panded Program on Immunization (EPIEx panded Program on Immunization (EPI).). EPI EPI
is aimed at immunization children againstis aimed at immunization children against
Childhood Tuberculosis, PoliO, Diphtheria,Childhood Tuberculosis, PoliO, Diphtheria,
Measles and Tetanus.Measles and Tetanus.
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NationalNational Maternal,Maternal, NeonatalNeonatal andand ChildChild
HealthHealth (MNCH)(MNCH) ProgrammeProgramme.. The The aimaim of of
thethe MNCHMNCH programme programme isis toto improveimproveaccessibilityaccessibility andand qualityquality of of healthhealth servicesservices
andand fillfill thethe resourceresource gapsgaps without without
duplicatingduplicating inputsinputs oror activitiesactivities..
NationalNational ProgrammeProgramme forfor PreventionPrevention andand
ControlControl of of HepatitisHepatitis.. MoreMore thanthan 400400,,000000
persons persons havehave beenbeen vaccinated vaccinated throughthrough thisthis
programme, programme, w hile w hile 104104 hospitalshospitals havehave beenbeen
well well equippedequipped toto provide provide freefree of of costcost
treatmenttreatment toto thethe atientsatients..
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NationalNational A IDS A IDS ControlControl ProgrammeProgramme
Pakistan·sPakistan·s FederalFederal MinistryMinistry of of HealthHealth
establishedestablished NationalNational A IDS A IDS ControlControlProgrammeProgramme (N A CP)(N A CP) inin 19861986--8787.. InIn itsits earlyearly
stages,stages, thethe ProgrammeProgramme focusedfocused onon
laboratorylaboratory diagnosisdiagnosis of of suspectedsuspected HI V HI V casescases..
NationalNational Tuberculosis Tuberculosis ControlControl ProgrammeProgramme
HavingHaving treatedtreated 700700,,000000 TB TB patients patients soso far,far,
freefree diagnosisdiagnosis andand treatment,treatment, andand public public
awarenessawareness regardingregarding thethe diseasedisease areare thethe
mainmain com onentscom onents of of thisthis ro rammero ramme..
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Health FactsHealth Facts
HospitalsHospitals : 965: 965
DispensariesDispensaries : 4,916: 4,916
Basic Health Units : 4,872Basic Health Units : 4,872
MCH CentersMCH Centers :: 1,1381,138
TB Centers : 371 TB Centers : 371 First Aid PointsFirst Aid Points : 1,080: 1,080
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Human Resources(Registered, 2007)Human Resources(Registered, 2007) DoctorsDoctors :: 1,07,8351,07,835
Doctors specialistsDoctors specialists :: 19,62319,623 DentistsDentists :: 7,4467,446 Dental specialistsDental specialists :: 433433
NursesNurses :: 43,64643,646 MidwivesMidwives :: 2,7882,788 Lady Health VisitorsLady Health Visitors :: 3,8643,864 Lady Health WorkersLady Health Workers :: 95,00095,000 Lady Health Supervisors:Lady Health Supervisors: 3,3853,385 Population per doctorPopulation per doctor :: 1,4751,475 Population per dentistPopulation per dentist :: 21,36221,362
Population per nursePopulation per nurse :: 3,6443,644
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Academic Institutions(2007) Academic Institutions(2007)
Public sector Medical colleges :Public sector Medical colleges : 2323Dental collegesDental colleges : 9: 9 Private sector Medical colleges :Private sector Medical colleges : 2424Dental collegesDental colleges :: 1212
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S WOTS WOTS TR ENG THS TR ENG TH� Highly Qualified Staff � Highly Qualified Staff
� Reasonable Prices� Reasonable Prices�
Offers training, certifications & other employees�
Offers training, certifications & other employeesfacilitiesfacilities
WE AK NESSES WE AK NESSES
�Lack of
Technology
�Lack of
Technology
� Limited funds� Limited funds
� Lack of fore sightedness� Lack of fore sightedness
� Lack of decision making � Lack of decision making
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O pportunitiesO
pportunities.. Proper advertisement (Direct mail,Proper advertisement (Direct mail,sponsorships, place mats, radio,sponsorships, place mats, radio,
television)television).. Better use of database (Identify Better use of database (Identify
professionals, use of database)professionals, use of database)
.. Educational level (EducateEducational level (Educatecustomers/Non credit courses throughcustomers/Non credit courses throughlocal College)local College)
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Threats Threats
New market players are coming inNew market players are coming innear future.near future.
Current price war may reach at aCurrent price war may reach at aposition where only brand namesposition where only brand names
survive.survive.
Due to expensive quality of serviceDue to expensive quality of servicenow a days can be affected.now a days can be affected.
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R ECOMMENDA TIONSR ECOMMENDA TIONS
GoodGood andand BroadBroad Advertisement Advertisement bebe mademade totoattractattract internationalinternational marketsmarkets..
DatabaseDatabase bebe mademade availableavailable inin allall partspartsof of country country..
EducationalEducational levellevel bebe promotedpromoted(Educate(Educate customers/Noncustomers/Non creditcredit
coursescourses throughthrough locallocal Colleges)Colleges)
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ReferencesReferences I collected my data fromI collected my data from " The Validity of " The Validity of
Comparative Experiments"Comparative Experiments".. J ournal of the Royal J ournal of the Royal
Statistical Society Statistical Society .. http://www.jstor.org http://www.jstor.org
http://www.health.gov.pk/http://www.health.gov.pk/
I also collected my data from MBA course book.I also collected my data from MBA course book.