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Analysis of Statically DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

SUPPORT CONNECTIONS

Structural members are joined together in various ways

depending on the intent of the designer. The three types of

joints most often specified are the pin connection, the roller

support, and the fixed joint. A pin-connected joint and a roller

support allow some freedom for slight rotation.

SUPPORT CONNECTIONS

A fixed joint allows no relative rotation between the connected

members and is consequently more expensive to fabricate.

SUPPORT CONNECTIONS

TRIBUTARY LOADINGS

One-way System

TRIBUTARY LOADINGS

Two-way System

PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION

EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM

It may be recalled from statics that a structure or one of its

members is in equilibrium when it maintains a balance of force

and moment.

Whenever these equations are applied, it is necessary to draw a

free-body diagram (FBD) of the structure or its members. If a

member is selected, it must be isolated from its supports and

surroundings and its outlined shape drawn. All the forces and

couple moments must be shown that act on the member. In this

regard, the types of reactions at the supports can be

determined using Table 2-1. Also, recall that forces common to

two members act with equal magnitudes but opposite

directions on the respective FBD of the members.

EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM

External Forces

are the actions of other bodies on the structure under

consideration. Applied forces, usually referred to as loads,

have a tendency to move the structure and are usually

known in the analysis. Reaction forces, or reactions, are the

forces exerted by supports on the structure and have a

tendency to prevent its motion and keep it in equilibrium.

Internal Forces

are the forces and couples exerted on a member or portion

of the structure by the rest of the structure. The internal

forces always occur in equal but opposite pairs, according to

Newton’s third law.

DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

Before starting the force analysis of a structure, it is necessary

to establish the determinacy and stability of the structure.

Determinacy

When all the forces in a structure can be determined strictly

from the equations of equilibrium, the structure is referred to as

statically determinate. Structures having more unknown forces

than available equilibrium equations are called statically

indeterminate.


Determinacy

In particular, if a structure is statically indeterminate, the

additional equations needed to solve for the unknown reactions

are obtained by relating the applied loads and reactions to the

displacement or slope at different points on the structure.

These equations, which are referred to as compatibility

equations, must be equal in number to the degree of

indeterminacy of the structure. Compatibility equations involve

the geometric and physical properties of the structure.


Determinacy

Example 1

Classify each of the beams shown as statically determinate or

statically indeterminate. If statically indeterminate, report the

number of degrees of indeterminacy. The beams are subjected

to external loading that are assumed to be known and can act

anywhere on the beams.


Determinacy

Example 2

Classify each of the pin-connected structures shown in figure

below as statically determinate or statically indeterminate.


Determinacy

Example 3

Classify each of the frame structures shown in figure below as

statically determinate or statically indeterminate. If statically

indeterminate, report the number of degrees of indeterminacy.

The frames are subjected to external loadings that are

assumed to be known and can act anywhere on the frames.


Stability

To ensure the equilibrium of a structure or

its members, it is not only necessary to

satisfy the equations of equilibrium, but

the members must also be properly held

or constrained by their supports. Two

situations may occur where the conditions

for proper constraint have not been met.

Partial Constraints. In some cases a

structure or one of its members may have

fewer reactive forces than equations of

equilibrium that must be satisfied.


Stability

Improper Constraints. In some cases there may be as many

unknown forces as there are equations of equilibrium; however,

instability or movement of a structure or its members can

develop because of improper constraining by the supports.


Stability

Improper Constraints

In general, a structure will be geometrically unstable – that is, it

will move slightly or collapse – if there are fewer reactive forces

than equations of equilibrium; or if there are enough reactions,

instability will occur if the lines of action of the reactive forces

intersect at a common point or are parallel to one another.


Stability

If the structure consists of several members or components,

local instability of one or several of these members can

generally be determined by inspection.

If the structure is unstable, it does not matter if it is statically

determinate or indeterminate. In all cases such types of

structures must be avoided in practice.


Stability

Example 4

Classify each of the structures shown in the figure below as

stable or unstable. The structures are subjected to arbitrary

loads that are assumed to be known.


Stability

Example 5

Classify each of the structures shown in the figure below as

stable or unstable. The structures are subjected to arbitrary

loads that are assumed to be known.

1. Classify each of the structures as statically determinate,

statically indeterminate, or unstable. If indeterminate, specify

the degree of indeterminacy.

Problem Set 2

2. Classify each of the frames as statically determinate or

statically indeterminate. If indeterminate, specify the degree of

indeterminacy.

Problem Set 2


statically indeterminate, stable, or unstable. If indeterminate,

specify the degree of indeterminacy.

Problem Set 2

APPLICATIONS

To illustrate the method of force analysis, consider the three-

member frame shown below.

APPLICATIONS

Method of Force Analysis

1. Determine the reactions on the beam shown below.

Problem Set 3


2. Determine the reactions on the beam shown below.

Problem Set 3


3. Determine the reactions on the beam shown below. Assume

A is a pin and the support at B is a roller (smooth surface).

Problem Set 3


4. The compound beam shown below is fixed at A. Determine

the reactions at A, B, and C. Assume that the connection at B is

a pin and C is a roller.

Problem Set 3


5. Determine the horizontal and vertical components of reaction

at the pins A, B, and C of the two-member frame shown in the

figure below.

Problem Set 3

6. The side of the building in

the figure is subjected to a

wind loading that creates a

uniform normal pressure of 1.5

kPa on the windward side and

a suction pressure of 0.5 kPa on

the leeward side. Determine

the horizontal and vertical

components of reaction at the

pin connections A, B, and C of

the supporting gable arch.

Problem Set 3 Method of Force Analysis


7. Determine the reactions on the beam.

Problem Set 3


8. Determine the horizontal and vertical components at A, B,

and C. Assume the frame is pin connected at these points. The

joints at D and E are fixed connected.

Problem Set 3


9. Determine the reactions at the supports A, B, D, and F.

Problem Set 3


10. The side girder shown in the figure below supports the boat

and deck. Using local code, the anticipated deck loading

transmitted to the girder is 6 kN/m. Wind exerts a resultant

horizontal force of 4 kN as shown, and the mass of the boat

that is supported by the girder is 23 Mg. The boat’s mass

center is at G. Determine the reactions at the supports.

Problem Set 3


11. Assume the wind loading acting on one side of a two-storey

building is as shown in the figure below. If shear walls are

located at each of the corners as shown and flanked by

columns, determine the shear in each panel located between

the floors and the shear along the columns.

Problem Set 3

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