analysis: baseline assessment 24 provinces of turkey ... · and gender identity (lgbti) due to...

Photo: Muse Mohammed/IOM 2016

ANALYSIS: BASELINE ASSESSMENT 24 PROVINCES OF TURKEYSEPTEMBER–NOVEMBER 2018

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION (IOM)

1

MIGRANTS’ PRESENCE MONITORING IN TURKEYBASELINE ASSESSMENT ROUND IISEPTEMBER-NOVEMBER 2018

18,598 interviews with key informants were conducted between 12 September and 13 November 2018


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• AĞRI

• AKSARAY

• AYDIN

• BİLECİK

• BURDUR

• BURSA

• ÇANAKKALE

• ÇORUM

• EDİRNE

• ESKİŞEHİR

• GAZİANTEP

• ISPARTA

DECEMBERNOVEMBEROCTOBERJUNEMAY

BASELINE 1

BASELINE 2

JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER

• İZMİR

• KAHRAMANMARAŞ

• KIRKLARELİ

• KOCAELİ

• KONYA

• MERSİN

• SAKARYA

• SAMSUN

• ŞANLIURFA

• TRABZON

• VAN

• YALOVA

CONTENT

Introduction

Key Findings

Background

Coverage

Methodology

Key Definitions

DTM and MPM in Turkey

List of Abbreviations

Province Based Analysis

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CBO CommunityBasedOrganizationsCSO CivilSocietyOrganizationsDGMM DirectorateGeneralofMigrationManagementDTM Displacement Tracking MatrixEU European UnionGoT Government of TurkeyIP InternationalProtectionIOM InternationalOrganizationforMigrationKII Key Informant InterviewLFIP LawonForeignersandInternationalProtectionLGBTI Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex persons1 MPM MigrantPresenceMonitoringProgrammePDMM ProvincialDirectoratesofMigrationManagementSASF2 SocialAssistanceandSolidarityFoundationSSC3 Social Service CentreTCG Turkish Coast GuardTP TemporaryProtection

1. An acronym that is here also used as shorthand for “persons of diverse sex, sexual orientation and gender identity.”2. Social Assistance and Solidarity Foundations (SASF) are organizations established under the administration of governorships. SASFs aim to assist people in need, including asylum-seekers and refugees, and provide them with cash support, non-food items and assistance for education. There are 40 SASFs operating in Istanbul.3. Social Service Centres (SSC) are organizations operate that operate under the Provincial Directorates of the Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Services. SSCs are responsible for identifying people in need and providing them with protective, preventive and supportive services. There are 17 SSCs operating in Istanbul.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Cover photo: Hundreds of Syrian women and children line up to receive a hot meal at one of the food kitchens supported by IOM in Gaziantep, Turkey © IOM (Photo: Muse Mohammed)


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Turkey’s central geopolitical location on theEastern Mediterranean Sea Route and its proximity to countries suffering internal crises(e.g., Iraq, Syrian Arab Republic, Afghanistan) has placed the country under sustained migratory pressure. Currently, more than 3.9 million foreign nationals4 are present in Turkish territory. To gain valuableinsightintothepresence,flows,locations,intentions and vulnerabilities of refugees andmigrantslivinginTurkey,InternationalOrganizationfor Migration’s (IOM) Migrant PresenceMonitoringProgramme(MPM),partoftheglobalDisplacement Tracking Matrix (DTM), conducted anMPMBaselineAssessment.ThisAssessmenttracks migrant presence in Turkey and creates a database that enables the Government of Turkey (GoT), humanitarian aid organizations and othermigration-relatedstakeholderstounderstandandaddress the scale and complexity of the current migrationflowstoandthroughTurkeyaswellasthe stock of refugees and migrants present in the country.

The Baseline Assessment, which took place between September and November 2018, was conducted in 24 selected provinces of Turkey, including Ağrı, Aksaray, Aydın, Bilecik, Burdur,Bursa, Çorum, Çanakkale, Edirne, Eskişehir,Gaziantep, Isparta, İzmir, Kahramanmaraş,Kırklareli, Kocaeli, Konya Mersin, Sakarya,Samsun,Şanlıurfa,Trabzon,VanandYalovawiththe engagement of 16 team leaders and 32 enumerators.

4. Note that this report uses the terms ‘migrants’ and ‘foreign nationals/foreigners’ (and related derivatives) interchangeably to reflect both IOM internal standards and adherence to the Turkish Law on Foreigners and International Protection (LFIP) and the Regulation on Temporary Protection.5. Note that in order to be considered a ‘Key Informant,’ the participant must demonstrate good knowledge and awareness of the migrant population in their area (province, sub-province or neighbourhood/village).6. https://displacement.iom.int/reports/turkey- per centE2 per cent80 per cent94-migrant-presence-monitoring-situation-report-june-2018

In line with established methodology, the data collectionofBaselineAssessmentconsistsoftwophases: Baseline 1 and Baseline 2. Baseline 1 is the initial phase of the Baseline, during whichtheMPM team gathers official data onmigrantpresence,atprovincialandsub-provinciallevel,incoordinationwiththeDGMM.UnlikeBaseline1,Baseline2focusesoncollectingdataonmigrantpresence directly from the field. During thisphase,theMPMteamgathersdatathroughKeyInformant Interview (KII) methodology, where Key Informants5 include both government officials(e.g., mukhtars) and other community leaders (e.g., neighbourhood (urban) and village (rural) local authorities). Similarly to Baseline 1, Baseline 2datacollectionalsofocusesonmigrantpresence,but it does so at neighbourhood and village levels. The results of both phases are then compared to revealdiscrepanciesandinformationgapswhichtheMPMteamanalysesforfurther insights.Forexample, the Baseline provides valuable insight into tracking changes in migrant mobility and identifyingmigrantfiguredpercategory,includingestimatednumbersofirregularmigrants.

IOM’sMPMProgramme, including this BaselineAssessment, is coordinated jointly with the Directorate General of Migration Management(DGMM), the lead national agency chargedwith managing migration issues in Turkey. Themethodology and operational implementationof theMPMProgrammeactivities arebasedonIOM’s DTM model which seeks to improve the information management capacity and aims toensure that information and data on migrant/refugee presence are collected and corroborated in accordance with the applicable procedures.6

INTRODUCTION

3.9 Million Migrant and Refugee

Population

https://displacement.iom.int/reports/turkey- per centE2 per cent80 per cent94-migrant-presence-monitoring-situation-report-june-2018

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Across the 24 surveyed provinces, Baseline 2 data recorded the presence of 1,584,162 migrants, while Baseline 1 data recorded 2,012,971migrants.Thefindingsbelowdiscussthereasonsforthediscrepancy of 428,809 individuals between the two data sets at thenationallevel.

Accordingtothefindings,refugeesandmigrantstendtomovetoareas with higher migrant presence with access to services provided by the local authorities and aid organizations.Migrant networksestablishedbycertainnationalitygroupsinspecificareashavealsobeenshowntoattractafurtherinflowofrefugeesandmigrantsofthesenationalities to theseareas. Inaddition, thesearch for jobopportunitiesisoneoftheprimaryreasonsforincreasedinternalmobility of the migrants.

MukhtarsstatedthatallnationalitiessurveyedduringthisBaseline,particularlytheSyriannationals,reportedthatmetropolitanareas,suchasIstanbul,BursaandIzmirareattractivedestinationsbecauseof better employment opportunities and more liberal views onissuesofsexualorientationand/orreligiousbeliefs.

Çanakkale,Aydın,Edirne,Kırklareli, İzmir,AğrıandVanprovincesaccommodate high rates of migrant mobility as people (primarily Afghans and Syrians under temporary protection) attempt toirregularlycross toEuropeorotherprovinces through their sub-provincesorborderpoints,accordingtoofficialrecords.However,it should be noted that intercepted irregular migrants may be transferred to removal centers in other provinces, directly deported and/orsubjectedtoadministrativeobligationsinotherprovinces.

KırklareliprovinceoncereceivedhighnumbersofmigrantsbecauseofitscloseproximitytotheBulgarianborder.However,increasedborder checks and physical measures (wired fences on the Bulgarian side)madecrossingsmoredifficult.Asaconsequence, therehasbeenasignificantdecrease inthenumberofmigrantspresent inKırklareli.

AccordingtotheProvincialDirectoratesofMigrationManagement(PDMM) in Kırklareli, Çanakkale and Edirne provinces,7 many refugees and migrants choose to complete their registrationprocessintheseprovincesbutthenoftenmoveontoliveelsewhere(particularlyIstanbul).

7. These provinces have low migrant presence, speeding up the registration process. Further, the provinces are also close to Istanbul, which offers more job opportunities but is closed for registration due to high migrant population density.

KEY FINDINGS


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During the summer months, Isparta and Burdur provinces experienced an increase in the number of migrants, particularlyamongSyriannationals.The latterweremoving toneighbouringprovinces (especially Antalya) and to rural areas where work opportunitiesintheagriculturalsectoraremoreabundant.Thereisalsoevidenceofseasonalmigration towardsÇanakkale,whichreportedly attracts a large number ofmigrants seeking seasonalemployment in theagriculture, constructionand tourismsectors(especiallyAyvacıkandBozcaadasub-provinces).

Eskisehirispreferredbymigrantsofdiversesex,sexualorientationand gender identity (LGBTI) due to local community’s open-mindedness.Assuch,themigrantsarelesslikelytofacepersecutionbased on their sexual orientation; according to Key Informants,this is one of the main reasons migrants tend to pivot towards the province.

Mukhtars andvarious informants living in border villages inVanandAğrıprovincesreportedthattheinfluxofAfghanandPakistanimigrants, which gained momentum starting January 2018, hassloweddownsinceJune2018;subsequently,theinfluxhasbeendecreased to a certain extent due to enhanced security measures andcounter-terrorismoperations.

Locatedinproximitytoprovinceswhereemploymentopportunities,andeducationandhealthcareaccessareavailable,YalovaprovinceispreferredbyIraqiandIraniannationals.Thesetwonationalitiesalso prefer Yallova for settling because there is already well-established community of Iraqi and Iranians living in this province.

Mukhtars in Çorum province noted a surge in the number of Iraqi nationals in the province due to the existing network of Iraqimigrants.

Since Bursa province offers more economical living conditionsandbetteremploymentopportunitiesinindustrialandagriculturalsectors compared to other provinces in the region, it is an increasinglypopulardestinationformigrants,especiallySyrians.

Duetoan influxofAfghanmigrants intoTurkeywhichhasbeengaining impetus since January 2018,Afghan presence has beengrowing in cities that had alreadybeenhosting largepopulationof Afghan nationals, especially in provinces of Konya, Aksaray,TrabzonandBilecik.Thisfindingwasconfirmedby themukhtarsand other Key Informants interviewed.

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For years, Turkey has experienced high migratory pressure due to its geopolitical location on theroute from the Middle East to Europe, and the continuing crises in its neighbouring countries(Syrian Arab Republic and Iraq).

With the Syrian crisis entering its ninth year, the unprecedentedscaleofdestructioninsideSyrianArab Republic’s borders forces millions of its people into continued displacement both insideand outside the country. Turkey, which shares its longest land border with Syrian Arab Republic (approx. 822 km), currently hosts nearly 3.6 million Syrians under temporary protection (TP) acrossall provinces.8 Of these, only 143,452 (approx. 4 per cent) reside in the 13 camps located across southeast Turkey, while the remaining 96 per cent live inurban,peri-urbanand rural settings,withthe majority spread across the border provinces, such asGaziantep, Şanlıurfa,Hatay andKilis, aswellas largerprovinces, including İstanbul, İzmirand Bursa.9

In addition to Syrians, Turkey hosts more than300,000 asylum applicants and refugees of different nationalities, including Iraqis, Afghans,Iranians and migrants from a number of African nations.10 Another distinct category of migrantsin Turkey are holders of residence permits (based on work, education or humanitarian residency)counting around 850,000.11 In total, through existing systems, there are 3.9 million refugeesandmigrantsofdifferent categories recorded inthe country.

Due to enhanced border control along the European Union’s (EU) borders with Turkey

8. https://migration.iom.int/reports/turkey- per centE2 per cent80 per cent94-migrant-presence-monitoring-situation-report-december-20189. https://migration.iom.int/reports/turkey- per centE2 per cent80 per cent94-migrant-presence-monitoring-situation-report-december-201810. https://migration.iom.int/reports/turkey- per centE2 per cent80 per cent94-migrant-presence-monitoring-situation-report-december-2018

11. https://migration.iom.int/reports/turkey- per centE2 per cent80 per cent94-migrant-presence-monitoring-situation-report-december-2018

12. http://migration.iom.int/europe?type=arrivals13. http://migration.iom.int/europe?type=arrivals14. https://www.sg.gov.tr/baskanliklar/harekat/faaliyet_istatistikleri/duzensiz_goc_istatistikleri.html15. http://www.goc.gov.tr/icerik3/duzensiz-goc_363_378_4710

(Bulgaria-Turkey and Greece-Turkey), the mainmigration flows have been displaced from theCentral to the Eastern Mediterranean Sea Route in2015and2016.Withthelengthofitsmaritimeboundaries estimated at approximately 6,500km, Turkey plays a key role as a transit country for the migrants heading towards EU countries. In 2016, approximately 390,432 refugees and migrants, majority of them Syrian, crossed to EU countries by sea and land (with Greece as the first country of arrival).12 Another 186,768 refugee and migrant crossings to Europe were recorded in 2017, and 144,166 for 2018.13 In addition, statistics of the Turkish Coast Guard(TCG) estimate that approximately 91,611irregularmigrantswerestoppedintheirattemptsto cross to Greece in 2015, with another 37,130 in 2016; 21,937 in 2017 and 26,678 in 2018.TCG reported 4,389 incidents betweenJanuary2015 and November 2018 with 620 fatalitiesrecorded at sea.14 According to the DGMM 1,240,842 irregular migrants were recorded between January 2005 and November 2018.15

BACKGROUND

Top 4Nationalities

Syrian 90.7%Afghan 4.3%Iraqi 3.7%Iranian 1.0%Other 0.3%

Figure 1. Top4NationalitiesinTurkey

https://migration.iom.int/reports/turkey- per centE2 per cent80 per cent94-migrant-presence-monitoring-situation-report-december-2018

. https://migration.iom.int/reports/turkey- per centE2 per cent80 per cent94-migrant-presence-monitoring-situation-report-december-2018



http://migration.iom.int/europe?type=arrivals

http://migration.iom.int/europe?type=arrivals

https://www.sg.gov.tr/baskanliklar/harekat/faaliyet_istatistikleri/duzensiz_goc_istatistikleri.html

http://www.goc.gov.tr/icerik3/duzensiz-goc_363_378_4710


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However,thenumbersofirregularmigrantshavebeen increasing, especially in the recent years. In comparison to the 2015 figures (146,485),an increase of 19 per cent was recorded in the number of irregular migrants during 2016 (174,466) and 20 per cent in 2017 (175,752) and 83 per cent in 2018 (268,003).16Inaddition,asofDecember 2018, 6,138 migrant smugglers have been apprehended across Turkey.17

As such, while migrant numbers increase on the Central and now West Mediterranean Sea Routes, the number of both newly arrived migrants and refugees into Turkey as well as those already in thecountry,continuetobesignificantintermsofbothhumanitariancontextaswellaslonger-termpolicies.

16. http://www.goc.gov.tr/icerik3/duzensiz-goc_363_378_471017. https://migration.iom.int/reports/turkey- per centE2 per cent80 per cent94-quarterly-migration-report-october-december-2018

http://www.goc.gov.tr/icerik3/duzensiz-goc_363_378_4710

https://migration.iom.int/reports/turkey- per centE2 per cent80 per cent94-quarterly-migration-report-october-december-2018

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DISPLACEMENT TRACKING MATRIX

The Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) is IOM’s information management system usedto track and monitor population displacementduring crises. Composed of a variety of tools and processes, the DTM regularly captures and processesmulti-layereddataanddisseminatesawidearrayofinformationproductsthatfacilitateabetterunderstandingoftheevolvingneedsofadisplacedpopulation,whetheron-siteorenroute.

BASELINE ASSESSMENT

This Baseline Assessment provides a valuable tool for tracking changes in refugee and migrant mobilityaswellasabetterunderstandingoftheirstatus and figures, including estimated numberof irregular migrants. This Baseline Assessment thus aims to compile data on migrants’ presence in Turkey and present it for the use by the GoT and other migration-related policy makers andactors, including donors and humanitarian aid organizations.

The Baseline Assessment consists of two phases: Baseline 1 and Baseline 2. Baseline 1 is the initial phase of the Baseline, during whichtheMPM team gathers official data onmigrantpresence,atprovincialandsub-provinciallevel,incoordinationwiththeDGMM.UnlikeBaseline1,Baseline 2 sees theMPM team collect data onmigrantpresencedirectlyfromthefield.Thedatais collected through Key Informant Interview (KII) methodology, where Key Informants18 include both government officials (e.g., mukhtars) andother community leaders (e.g., neighbourhood (urban)andvillage(rural)localauthorities).WhileBaseline 2 data collection focuses on migrant

18. Note that in order to be considered a ‘Key Informant,’ the participant must be understood to have good knowledge and awareness of the migration population in their area (province, sub-province or neighbourhood/village).19. Please see ‘Key Definitions’ section for further clarification on a specific status.

presence, similarly to Baseline 1, it does so at neighbourhood and village levels. The results of both phases are then compared to reveal discrepancies and information gaps which theMPMteamthenanalysesforfurtherinsights.

The Baseline Assessment was conducted in 24 of Turkey’s provinces, including Ağrı, Aksaray,Aydın,Bilecik,Burdur,Bursa,Çorum,Çanakkale,Edirne, Eskişehir, Gaziantep, Isparta, İzmir,Kahramanmaraş,Kırklareli,Kocaeli,Konya,Mersin,Sakarya, Samsun, Şanlıurfa, Trabzon, Van andYalovawiththeengagementof16team leadersand 32 enumerators.

BASELINE 1

Baseline 1 was conducted in September 2018. DuringthisinitialphaseoftheBaselineAssessment,theMPMteamgatheredofficialdata,recordedbyDGMM and other Turkish government agencies onmigrantandforeignnationals’presenceacrossthe 24 surveyed provinces. The data is broken downaccordingtofivecategories:

●● TPstatusholders,

●● InternationalProtection(IP)statusholders,

●● Residence permit holders,

●● Work permit holders and

●● Irregular migrants.19

Thedataisorganizedperprovince/sub-provinceand shows the so-called ‘top five’ nationalitiesamong the migrants present per area. All other nationalities are grouped under the ‘other’category.

METHODOLOGY

Afghan Iranian SomalianAzerbaijaniGeorgian German

Figure 2. Top10NationalitiesinBaseline2

Syrian Iraqi Turkmen Uzbek


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BASELINE 2

The data collection activities for Baseline 2began concurrently with Baseline 1 in September 2018 and concluded in November 2018. During Baseline 2, the MPM team gathereddataonmigrantpresencedirectly fromthefieldby conducting KIIs in each surveyed location.Unlike Baseline 1, Baseline 2 data is gathered on neighbourhood/village level to ensure thenecessary granularity available for analysis. In addition, Baseline 2 focused on gathering dataon allmigrantnationalitiesbutdoesnot inquireabout the status of the migrants. Regarding the timing of migrants’ arrival to Turkey, thedata distinguishes between ‘in 2015 or before’and ‘in 2016 or after.’ This distinction is in linewith migration trends of the past years andspecificallyrelatestotheunprecedentedincreasein the number of refugees and migrants entering Europe. The numbers peaked in 2015, when an estimated1,046,599migrantsarrivedtoEurope,primarilyusingtheso-calledEastMediterraneanSea Route (i.e. Eastern Route) through Turkey (approx. 857,363 individuals). However, thisnumberthendecreaseddramaticallystartingfrom2016 onwards (approx. 381,387)20,particularlyontheEasternRouteafter theEUHeadsofState/Government andGoT agreed on the EU-TurkeyStatementaimingtoendirregularmigrationflowstoEuropethroughTurkey.Theanalysisinrelationto their arrival date to Turkey is included in the scope of this report at provincial level.

20. In 2015, almost one million refugees and migrants reached Europe, most of them utilizing the Eastern Mediterranean Sea Route through Turkey. (Source: IOM)

Key Informants are primarily mukhtars, who are, in theTurkishadministrativesystem,responsibleforadministering neighbourhoods/villages and areconsidered the primary sources for the purposes of this Baseline Assessment. Where possible, however, interviews were also conducted at various institutions and with different personsto increase data reliability and corroboration. Inprovinces with higher levels of migrant presence such as Şanlıurfa and Gaziantep, at least threedifferentKeyInformantswereinterviewedineachneighbourhood,includingrepresentativesoflocalCommunityBasedOrganizations(CBOs)andCivilSocietyOrganizations(CSOs),migrantcommunityleaders, opinion leaders, health professionals, religious leaders, teachers, local administrativeunits, social workers, traders/shopkeepers andhotel/motelowners.TheinterviewsgenerallytookplaceintheKeyInformants’officesorworkplaces.MPMenumeratorteamalsovisitedpublicplacestomakedirectobservationssoas to triangulatetheinformationobtainedduringtheinterviews.

TheKIIsarepre-plannedsothattheMPMteam canobtainmoreaccurateinformation.Inaddition,thequestionnairealsoincludesseveralquestionsthat enable the MPM team to determine eachKey Informant’s reliability and knowledge on the migrantsituationintheirarea.Duringtheface-to-face interview, theMPMteamalsoexplains theobjectiveandscopeoftheBaselineAssessmentand obtains the Key Informant’s consent to the interview.

Figure 3. ArrivalDateBreakdownofBaseline2Top5Nationalitiesfor24Provinces

Syrian

Afghan

Iraqi

Iranian

Georgian

100

80.5%

24.5%

15.3%

27.4%

57.2%

19.5%

75.6%

84.7%

72.6%

42.8%

10050 500

in 2015 or before in 2016 or after

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The Baseline 2 phase of the Baseline Assessment on migrants’ presence in the 24 provinces was conducted between September and November 2018. Baseline 2 assessed 16,590 locations in

21. According to the public records, published by the GoT, see more at https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx22. Disclaimer: This and all subsequent maps in this report are for illustration purposes only. The depiction and use of boundaries, geographic names, and related data shown on maps and included in this report are not warranted to be free of error nor do they imply judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries by IOM.

the select 24 provinces in Turkey, out of a total of 50,41121 mahalles in Turkey, giving an overall coverage of 32.9 per cent. Baseline 2 engaged a total of 16 team leaders and 32 enumerators whose main task was to conduct KIIs and collect primary data from the field. A total of 16,590mukhtars and approximately 1,400 other Key Informants were interviewed in September-November 2018. Of the 1,400 Key Informants who were interviewed, 131 have been included in the Baseline 2 dataset, based on a number of criteria set to establish each Key Informant’s reliability as a source.22

328 Sub-provinces

COVERAGE

Out of total 50,411 mahalles across Turkey, data collected for:

16,590 Mahalles

24 Provinces

Map 1. Distributionofstudyprovinces22

16 Team Leaders,32 Enumerators

https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx


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Key Observations

According to the statements of the mukhtars, Ağrı province may largely be used as a transitpointby thegreatmajorityofAfghan,Pakistani,Burmese, Iranian and Bangladeshi nationals.Although it seems that the large majority may be registered in the province, most migrants reportedlyuseAğrıcityasatransitpointduetothe lack of employment opportunities locally. Itis thus likely that after registering, themigrantsdecidetomovetootherprovinces;thismayalsobe the reason for the discrepancy between the official data (Baseline 1) and the data gathered

on-site (Baseline2).According tomukhtars,areaspreferred by foreign nationals registeredinprovince but living elsewhere are metropolitan cities such as İstanbul, İzmir and Bursa.Meanwhile, those remaining in the province (and predominatelySyrian),oftenresorttosolicitation

Chart 1. GeneralInformationonAğrı

Comparison of Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 Datasets

Following analysis of Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 datasetsforAğrıprovince,thefindingsrevealedadiscrepancy of 8,900 individuals between the two datasets. Specifically, Baseline 2 data suggested1,226migrantswerepresentacrossAğrıprovince,whereas Baseline 1 data found a total of 10,126 migrants.

Further discrepancies were also noted when comparing demographic information (i.e.

nationality). Based on the findings of Baseline1,the largest group ofmigrants inAğrı provinceiscomposedofAfghannationalswhoaccountfor71.2 per cent (or 7,206 individuals) of the total migrant population surveyed during Baseline1. This is contrary to the results of Baseline 2 which suggest that Syrians are the largest foreign national group in the province, correspondingto 69 per cent (or 847 individuals) of the total foreign population surveyed during Baseline 2.

171 foreign students attending Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University were interviewed during Baseline 2 and are included in the provincial-level figures.

100 per cent of migrants in Ağrı province came in 2016 or after (Baseline 2).

AĞRI PROVINCE

Population : 536,285

Area km2 : 11,099

Mahalle/Village : 660

Figure 5. Baseline1&2TotalPresenceFigures

Figure 4. NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforAğrı

Legend: Baseline1 Baseline2 Percentages

Other

Pakistani

Syrian

Afghan

Iranian

71.2%7,206

925 9.1%

217 2.1%

517 5.1% Other

Azerbaijani

Afghan

Syrian

Turkmen

84769.1%

20116.4%

846.9%

515 494.0%

3568 453.7%

B1 B2

1,262 12.5%

10,127 1,226

PROVINCE BASED ANALYSIS


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for money or food to sustain their daily needs, according to other Key Informants interviewed. Another key observation was the reportedchangeintheoveralltrendtomigrationmobilityin the province: mukhtars noted that there had been a remarkable slow-down comparedto 2018. This was likely due to an increase in counter-terrorism operations in the rural areasalong the border of Ağrı province with IslamicRepublic of Iran and enhanced security measures.

Inregardtoirregularmigrants,Baseline1figuresindicated that among the so-called ‘top five’nationalities, 8,431 individuals have enteredor exited the province irregularly. According to the statements of other Key Informants, a great majorityofforeignnationalsenterTurkeyillegally

through the villages of Uzunyazı, Ortaköy andEsenler inDoğubeyazıt Sub-province ofAğrı. Inresponsetothequestionwhichprovincesare

Migrant Presence at Sub-provincial LevelBaseline1findings recodedmigrantpresence inalleightsub-provincesofAğrıprovince,withthelowest migrant population reported in Taşlıçaysub-province;however,Baseline2resultsshowedno migrants in that sub-province. Accordingly,Baseline2findingsshowedmigrantsarepresentin only seven of the eight sub-provinces withthe lowest numbers recorded in Diyadin sub-province.Thesub-provincewiththelargestgroupofmigrantswasnotspecifiedinBaseline1,butitwasrecordedastheAğrıCentralsub-provinceinBaseline2withatotalestimated856migrants.

Map 2. DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofAğrı

<250

251 - 500

501 - 100

101 - 2,500

2,501 - 5,000

5,001 - 10,000

>10,000

Figure 6. ArrivalDateBreakdownofBaseline2Top5Nationalities

Syrian

Turkmen

Afghan

Azerbaijani

Iranian

100

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

100%

100%

100%

100%

100%

10050 500


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Following analysis of Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 datasets for Aksaray province, the findingsrevealed a discrepancy of 931 individuals between the two datasets. Specifically, Baseline 2 datasuggested 14,464 migrants were present across Aksaray province, whereas Baseline 1 data found a total of 13,533 migrants. When comparing

demographic information (i.e. nationality), bothBaseline 1 and Baseline 2 found the largest group of migrants in Aksaray to be Afghan nationals who account for 59.26 per cent (or8,020individuals)ofthetotalmigrantpopulationaccording to Baseline 1 and 63.21 per cent (or 9,142 individuals) according to Baseline 2.

Key Observations

According to the feedback from mukhtars and other Key Informants interviewed, Aksaray provincehaswitnessedasubstantialsurgeinthenumberofAfghannationals,particularlysinceJune2018. Supporting this argument, a comparisonof the current results and those obtained during previous MPM Baseline Assessment conductedbetween June and September 201723 suggests that there was an increase of 2,118 persons among the Afghan migrant population living inAksaray province. This surge was reportedly rooted

23. The previous Baseline Assessment can be found here: http://migration.iom.int/reports/turkey-dtm-baseline-assessment-report-round-2-november-2018?close=true.

in the existing network of migrants in Aksaray.In addition, it was reported during KIIs thatAfghannationalsweregivenpriorityinaccessingjobopportunities inboth ruralpartsandcentral


AKSARAY PROVINCE

Figure 7. NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforAksaray


Area km2 : 7,659

Mahalle/Village : 329Chart 2. GeneralInformationonAksaray

865 foreign students attending Aksaray University were interviewed during Baseline 2 and are included in the provincial-level figures.

100 per cent of migrants in Aksaray province came in 2016 or after (Baseline 2)


13,533 14,164

Other

Iranian

Syrian

Afghan

Iraqi

59.3%8,020

1,388 10.3%

406 3.0%

1,266 9.4% Other

Iranian

Iraqi

Syrian

9.14264.5%

2,24916.6%

1,3139.3%

515 3492.5%

3568 1,0117.1%

B1 B2

2,453 18.1%

Afghan

http://migration.iom.int/reports/turkey-dtm-baseline-assessment-report-round-2-november-2018?close=true

http://migration.iom.int/reports/turkey-dtm-baseline-assessment-report-round-2-november-2018?close=true


15

sub-provincesofAksaray, andmigrantsofothernationalitieswereobservedmovingtoothercities,as theywere unable to find employment in theprovince. Mukhtars suggest that, since Aksaray accommodates better economic conditionscomparedtootherprovinces,itcontinuestoreceiveAfghan migrants from neighbouring provinces.

Migrant Presence at Sub-provincial Level

Both Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 results

demonstrate that migrants were present in all eight sub-provinces of Aksaray province.While the sub-province with the largest groupof migrants was not specified during Baseline1, Baseline 2 found the largest presence in Aksaray Central sub-province (approx. 12,137individuals). Meanwhile, Sarıyahşi sub-provincewas found to have the lowest number of migrants inBaseline 1; this is contrary to the findings ofBaseline2,which foundGüzelyurt sub-provinceto be a host to the lowest number of migrant.

Map 3. DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofAksaray

<250

251 - 500

501 - 100

101 - 2,500

2,501 - 5,000

5,001 - 10,000

>10,000

Afghan

Iraqi

Syrian

Iranian

Azerbaijani

100

5.8%

55.8%

40.8%

15.8%

16.3%

94.1%

44.1%

59.2%

84.2%

83.7%

10050 500


16



Following analysis of Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 datasets for Aydın province, the findingsrevealed a discrepancy of 11,373 individuals between the two datasets. Specifically, Baseline2 data suggested 7,014 migrants were present across Aydın province, whereas Baseline1 data found a total of 18,387 migrants.

When comparing demographic information(i.e. nationality), both Baseline 1 and 2 foundthe largest group of foreign nationals in Aydınprovince to be Syrians who account for 51.3 per cent (or 9,440 individuals) of the total foreign population according to Baseline 1 and 79 percent (or 5,544 individuals) according to Baseline 2.

Key Observations

During KIIs, mukhtars and other Key Informants, including CBO/CSO representatives, noted astrongelementofseasonalmigrationpresentintheprovince, related to both harvest and tourist season. Accordingly,theinflowofseasonalmigrantworkersstarts to increase during early spring (i.e. March andApril) and decreases again after September.

In addition, interviews with Aydın PDMMrevealed thatDidim andKuşadası sub-provincesaccommodate high rates of irregular migrants.

This is because the two sub-provinces are oneof the key hubs for irregular crossings towards EuropeandpotentiallyotherprovincesofTurkey.

AYDIN PROVINCE

Figure 9. NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforAydın


Population : 1,080,839

Area km2 : 8,116

Mahalle/Village : 671Chart 3. GeneralInformationonAydın

421 foreign students attending Aydın Adnan Menderes University were interviewed during Baseline 2 and are included in the provincial-level figures.

76.5 per cent of migrants in Aydın province came in 2016 or after, while 23.5 per cent arrived in 2015 or before (Baseline 2).


Other

Iraqi

Syrian

Afghan

51.3%9,328

377 7.8%

364 3.5%

3,461 28.5% Other

Belgian

Azerbaijani

Syrian 5,54479.0%

4676.7%

1562.2%

515 1251.8%

3568 72210.3%

B1 B2

1,545 8.8%

18,387 7,014


17

Irregular migrants are largely Syrians and Afghans and, according to Baseline 1 data, in total count approximately 3,991 individuals. Another key finding came out of KIIs conducted with theofficials from Aydın Provincial Directorate ofNationalEducation,suggestingthatapproximately2,000 foreign students were attending primaryand high schools in the province. This means that a largeproportionofthelocalmigrantsarestudents.

According to the statements by the mukhtars, nationals of countries such as Germany, theNetherlands and the United Kingdom began to selltheirreal-estate,andAydıncitywasnolongerapopulardestinationforthemasitusedtobeinthe past.


Baseline1findingsrecordedmigrantpresenceinall17sub-provincesofAydınprovince;however,according to Baseline 2 results, migrants are present in only 16 sub-provinces with nopresence recorded in Karpuzlu sub-province.

The sub-province with the largest group ofmigrants was Kuşadası during Baseline 1,whereas Baseline 2 marked the largest presence in Efeler sub-province (1,545 individuals), likelydue to its central location. Meanwhile, bothBaseline 1 and Baseline 2 found the lowest number of migrants in Karacasu sub-province.

Map 4. DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofAydın

<250

251 - 500

501 - 100

101 - 2,500

2,501 - 5,000

5,001 - 10,000

>10,000


Syrian

Azerbaijani

Belgian

Irish

100

100%

88.0%

7.7%

99.1%

11.4%

0.0%

12.0%

92.1%

0.9%

88.6%

10050 500


18



Following analysis of Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 datasets forBilecikprovince, thefindings revealeda discrepancy of 2,528 individuals between the two datasets. Specifically, Baseline 2 data suggested3,193 migrants were present across Bilecik province, whereas Baseline 1 data found a total of 5,721 migrants.

Further discrepancies were also noted when comparingdemographicinformation(i.e.nationality).

BasedonthefindingsofBaseline1,thelargestgroupof migrants in Bilecik province is composed of Iraqi nationalswhoaccountfor44.1percent(or5,721individuals)ofthetotalmigrantpopulationsurveyedduring Baseline 1. This is contrary to the results of Baseline 2 which suggest that Afghans are the largest migrantpopulation in theprovince, correspondingto 58 per cent (or 1,852 individuals) of the total migrant population surveyed during Baseline 2.

Key Observations

Key Informants, including CBO/CSOrepresentatives,highlightedanoverallincreaseinthenumberofAfghannationalsduring2018in Bilecik province compared to the previous BaselineAssessmentround.Atthesametime,mukhtars suggested that the number of Iraqi nationalshasbeendecreasing,whichwaslikelydue to the limited employment, educationand healthcare opportunities available in theprovince. Moreover, mukhtars noted that Christian migrants of various nationalities

live inneighbouringprovincessuchasYalovaand Eskişehirwhere they can visit churches.However, migrants under internationalprotection registered in Bilecik come to the

BİLECİK PROVINCE

Figure 12. NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforBilecik



Area km2 : 4,307

Mahalle/Village : 306Chart 4. GeneralInformationonBilecik

87 foreign students attending Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University were interviewed during Baseline 2 and are included in the provincial-level figures.

96.8 per cent of migrants in Bilecik province came in 2016 or after, while only 3.2 per cent arrived in 2015 or before (Baseline 2).


Other

Syrian

Iraqi

Afghan

Kirghiz

43.1%2,466

614 10.7%

265 4.6%

861 15.6% Other

Iranian

Iraqi

Syrian

Afghan 1,85158.0%

60218.9%

2447.6%

515 1825.7%

3568 3149.8%

B1 B2

1,515 26.5%

5,721 3,193


19

provinceaspartof their ‘periodicalpresencereporting’ obligation, fulfilled by providingfingerprint/signaturetothelocalauthorities.24

Migrant Presence at Sub-provincial LevelBaseline 1 and Baseline 2 findings revealedmigrant presence in all eight sub-provinces ofBilecik province. While the sub-province with

24. According to LFIP and the Regulation on Temporary Protection, foreigners under international protection are, upon registration, referred to specific provinces in Turkey, in which they must then reside. Similarly, foreigners under temporary protection are obliged to reside in the prov-ince where they are registered but are not assigned an alternative province following their registration. While a periodical presence reporting obligation (fingerprint/signature) is enforced on international protection holders in Turkey, temporary protection holders are exempted from this obligation. Some among them, however, engage in secondary movements inside Turkey despite their obligation to reside in their province of registration (temporary protection holders) or referred provinces (international protection holders). For further information please visit http://www.goc.gov.tr/icerik/law-on-foreigners-and-international-protection-lfip_913_975

the largest group of migrantswas not specifiedduringBaseline1,Baseline2findingssuggestthatBilecik Central sub-province hosts the largestmigrant population (approx. 2,515 individuals).Both Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 data suggest that Yenipazarsub-provincehosts the lowestnumberof migrants.

Map 5. DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofBilecik

<250

251 - 500

501 - 100

101 - 2,500

2,501 - 5,000

5,001 - 10,000

>10,000


Afghan

Iraqi

Syrian

Iranian

Uzbek

100

15.1%

0.0%

0.0%

4.1%

0.1%

84.5%

100%

100%

95.9%

99.9%

10050 500


http://www.goc.gov.tr/icerik/law-on-foreigners-and-international-protection-lfip_913_975

http://www.goc.gov.tr/icerik/law-on-foreigners-and-international-protection-lfip_913_975

20



Following analysis of Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 datasets for Burdur province, the findingsrevealed a discrepancy of 5,206 individuals between the two datasets. Specifically, Baseline2 data suggested 7,479 migrants were present across Burdur province, whereas Baseline 1 data found a total of 12,685 migrants.

When comparing demographic information (i.e.nationality),bothBaseline1andBaseline2foundthe largest group of foreign nationals in Burdurprovince to be Syrians who account for 69.5 per cent (or 8,819 individuals) of the total foreign population according to Baseline 1 and 70 percent (or 5,231individuals) according to Baseline 2.

Key Observations

During KIIs, Key Informants including mukhtars and CBO/CSOrepresentativesreportedasubstantialmigrant flow from Burdur province towardsmetropolitan cities in the region, particularly toAntalya, in search of employment in agriculture and tourism industries. This is because. according to local mukhtars, there is a lack of regular and sufficient employment in Burdur province.Meanwhile,officialsfromBurdurPDMMsuggested

that some migrants under internationalprotection came to Burdur only to fulfil the‘periodical presence reporting’ obligation.

Figure 15. NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforBurdur



Area km2 : 6,887

Mahalle/Village : 319Chart 5. GeneralInformationonBurdur

207 foreign students attending Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University were interviewed during Baseline 2 and are included in the provincial-level figures.

100 per cent of migrants in Burdur province came in 2016 or after (Baseline 2).

BURDUR PROVINCE


Other

Iranian

Syrian

Somalian

Afghan

69.5%8,819

981 7.7%

738 5.8%

944 7.5% Other

Iranian

Afghan

Somalian

Syrian 5,23169.9%

80710.8%

6458.6%

515 5367.2%

3568 2603.5%

B1 B2

1,203 9.5%

12,685 7,479


21


WhereasBaseline1findingssuggestthatmigrantsare present in all 11 sub-provinces of Burdur,according to Baseline 2 results, there is migrant presence in eight out of 11 sub-provinces; nomigrantswererecordedinAğlasun,AltınyaylaandÇeltikçisub-provinces.Meanwhile,BurdurCentral

sub-province was found to have the largestnumber of migrants during both Baseline 1 (5,395) and Baseline 2 (4,177). Altınyayla sub-provincewas found to have the lowest number of migrants in Baseline 1, Baseline 2 data suggests that Kemer sub-provincehasthelowestnumberofmigrants.

Map 6. DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofBurdur

<250

251 - 500

501 - 100

101 - 2,500

2,501 - 5,000

5,001 - 10,000

>10,000


Syrian

Afghan

Somalian

Iranian

Azerbaijani

100

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

100%

100%

100%

100%

100%

10050 500


22



Following analysis of Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 datasets for Bursa25 province, the findingsrevealed a discrepancy of 48,707 individuals between the two datasets. Specifically, Baseline2 data suggested 229,363 migrants were present across Bursa province, whereas Baseline 1 data found a total of 180,656 migrants.

25. As the number of foreign students in Bursa could not be identified, it was not included in the report.

When comparing demographic information (i.e.nationality),bothBaseline1andBaseline2foundthe largest group of foreign nationals in Bursaprovince to be Syrians who account for 86.2 per cent (or 9,440 individuals) of the total foreign populationaccordingtoBaseline1and92.2percent (or 5,544 individuals) according to Baseline 2.

Key Observations

During KIIs, mukhtars and CBO/CSOrepresentatives reported that the gap in labourforce in the growing agricultural and industrial activities in the province attracts migrants.Therefore, migrant presence has been steadily increasing.AnotherreasonmigrantinfluxhasbeengainingmomentumistheexistingnetworkamongSyriannationalsandlowhousingcosts.However,a comparison between the current and previous Baseline Assessments reveals that migrant

presence has been concentrating in rural sub-provinces such as Gürsu and Keles compared to urbansub-provincessuchasNilüferandMudanya.This isbecause, inadditiontothis inter-province

BURSA PROVINCE

Figure 18. NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforBursa



Area km2 : 10,813

Mahalle/Village : 1,058Chart 6. GeneralInformationonBursa

89.1 per cent of migrants in Bursa province came in 2016 or after, while 10.9 per cent arrived in 2015 or before (Baseline 2).


Other

Kazakh

Syrian

Azerbaijani

Kirghiz

86.2%155,640

2,897 1.6%

1,664 0.9%

15,792 8.7% Other

Iraqi

Azerbaijani

Georgian

Syrian 211,69492,3%

9,7614.3%

1,9220.8%

515 1,2920.6%

3568 4,6942.1%

B1 B2

4,663 2.6%

180,656 223,363


23

influx,thereisconsiderableintra-provincialmobilitywithin Bursa, related to seasonal employment opportunitiesandurbantransformation.ExampleswouldincludemigrantswhotraveltoYenişehirsub-province to work in agriculture and to Mudanya sub-provincetoworkintourisminsummer.

Migrant Presence at Sub-provincial LevelWhereas Baseline 1 findings suggest that

migrants are present in all 17 sub-provinces ofBursa, according to Baseline 2 results, there is migrantpresence in16outof17sub-provinces;no migrants were recorded in Harmancık sub-province.Yıldırımsub-provincewasfoundtohavethe largest number of migrants in both Baseline 1 (61,713)andBaseline2(97,940).Büyükorhansub-province was found to have the lowest number of migrants in both Baseline 1 and Baseline 2.

Map 7. DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofBursa

<250

251 - 500

501 - 100

101 - 2,500

2,501 - 5,000

5,001 - 10,000

>10,000


Syrian

Azerbaijani

Georgian

Iraqi

Kuwaitan

100

98.0%

20.9%

48.8%

86.2%

6.3%

2.0%

79.1%

51.2%

15.8%

93.7%

10050 500


24



Following analysis of Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 datasets for Çanakkale province, the findingsrevealed a discrepancy of 11,385 individuals between the two datasets. Specifically, Baseline2 data suggested 6,530 migrants were present across Çanakkale province, whereas Baseline 1 data found a total of 17,915 migrants.


nationality).Basedon thefindingsofBaseline1,the largest group of migrants in Çanakkale province iscomposedofAfghannationalswhoaccountfor49.4 per cent (or 8,882 individuals) of the total migrant population surveyed during Baseline 1.This is contrary to the results of Baseline 2 which suggestthatSyriansarethelargestpopulationofforeign nationals in the province, correspondingto 48.1 per cent (or 3139 individuals) of the total migrantpopulationsurveyedduringBaseline2.

Key Observations

During KIIs, mukhtars and CBO/CSOrepresentativesnotedthattheprovince’smigrantpopulation fluctuated based on the sector ofemployment.Specifically,somemukhtarsreportedan increase in the number of migrants during olive harvest and in the summer.

At the same time, Çanakkale provinceaccommodates high rates of migrant mobility as people attempt to irregularly cross toEurope

through the sub-provinces of Ayvacık andKüçükkuyu. Supporting this argument, out of17,915 people who were captured by Baseline 1 as the total migrant population, 8.635 were

ÇANAKKALE PROVINCE

Figure 21. NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforÇanakkale



Area km2 : 9,817

Mahalle/Village : 658Chart 7. GeneralInformationonÇanakkale

1,049 foreign students attending On Sekiz Mart University were interviewed during Baseline 2 and are included in the provincial-level figures.

94.7 per cent of the migrants in Çanakkale province came in 2016 or after, while 5.23 per cent arrived in 2015 or before (Baseline 2).


Other

Azerbaijani

Afghan

Syrian

Iraqi

49.6%8.882

698 3.9%

631 3.5%

3,957 22.1% Other

Turkmen

Azerbaijani

Afghan

Syrian 3,13948.1%

1,65025.3%

5538.5%

515 2594.0%

3568 92914.2%

B1 B2

3,747 20.9%

17,915 6,530


25

irregular migrants. The discrepancy between Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 results are believed to be assorted with irregular migrant mobility.


Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 results both demonstrate

thatmigrantswerepresentinall12sub-provincesof Çanakkale. The sub-provincewith the largestmigrant presence was not specified in Baseline1, but itwas recorded as theBiga sub-provinceinBaseline2(2,469).Bozcaadasub-provincewasfound to have the lowest number of migrants in both Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 assessments.

Map 8. DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofÇanakkale

<250

251 - 500

501 - 100

101 - 2,500

2,501 - 5,000

5,001 - 10,000

>10,000


Syrian

Azerbaijani

Afghan

Turkmen

Greek

100

7.6%

0.0%

25.3%

0.0%

0.7%

92.4%

100%

74.7%

100%

99.3%

10050 500


26



Following analysis of Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 datasets for Çorum province, the findingsrevealed a discrepancy of 3,408 individuals between the two datasets. Specifically, Baseline2 data suggested 18,831 migrants were present across Çorum province, whereas Baseline 1 data found a total of 15,423 migrants.

When comparing demographic information (i.e.nationality),bothBaseline1andBaseline2foundthe largest group of migrants in Çorum to be Iraqinationalswhoaccountfor76.3percent(or11,764individuals)ofthetotalmigrantpopulationaccording to Baseline 1 and 81.6 per cent (or 15,360 individuals) according to Baseline 2.

Key Observations

During KII, mukhtars and CBO/CSOrepresentativessuggestedthatthenumberofIraqinationalswasontheincreaseinÇorumprovincedue to existing Iraqi migrant community in theprovince;suchestablishednetworksofsupportareanimportantpullfactor,attractingnewmigrants.

ÇORUM PROVINCE

Figure 24. NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforÇorum

Figure 25. Baseline1&2TotalPresenceFigure


Area km2 : 12,428

Mahalle/Village : 887Chart 8. GeneralInformationonÇorum

1,049 foreign students attending Çorum Hitit University were interviewed during Baseline 2 and are included in the provincial-level figures.

34.1 per cent of migrants in Çorum province came in 2016 or after, while 65.9 per cent arrived in 2015 or before (Baseline 2).


Other

Afghan

Iraqi

Syrian

Iranian

76.3%11,764

360 2.3%

261 1.7%

676 4.4% Other

Turkmen

Afghan

Syrian

Iraqi 15,360

2,37612.6%

5713.0%

515 1901.0%

3568 3341.8%

B1 B2

2,362 15.3%

15,423 18,831

81.6%


27


WhereasBaseline1findingssuggestthatmigrantsare present in all 13 sub-provinces of Çorum,according to Baseline 2 results, there is migrant presence in 12 out of 13 sub-provinces; nomigrants were recorded in Laçin sub-province.The sub-province with the largest group of

migrantswasnotspecifiedinBaseline1,butitwasrecorded as the Çorum Central sub-province inBaseline2(17,173).Laçinsub-provincewasfoundto have the lowest number of migrants in Baseline 1,while Kargı sub-province recorded the lowestnumber of migrants in the Baseline 2 assessment.

Map 9. DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofÇorum

<250

251 - 500

501 - 100

101 - 2,500

2,501 - 5,000

5,001 - 10,000

>10,000


Iraqi

Afghan

Syrian

Turkmen

Iranian

100

86.7%

39.5%

1.7%

57.5%

30.7%

13.3%

60.5%

98.3%

42.5%

69.3%

10050 500


28



Following analysis of Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 datasets for Edirne province, the findingsrevealed a startling discrepancy of 49,156 individualsbetweenthetwodatasets.Specifically,Baseline 2 data suggested 2,819 migrants were present across Edirne province, whereas Baseline 1 data found a total of 51,975 migrants.


nationality).Basedon thefindingsofBaseline1,the largest group of migrants in Edirne province is composed of Pakistani nationalswho accountfor 34.6 per cent (or 17,968 individuals) of the totalmigrantpopulationsurveyedduringBaseline1. This is contrary to the results of Baseline 2 which suggest that Greeks are the largest group of migrants in the province, corresponding to 25.9 per cent (or 843 individuals) of the total migrant populationsurveyedduringBaseline2.

Key Observations

During KIIs, mukhtars reported that many migrants cametotheprovincewiththeintentionofcrossinginto Europe, with only a small number permanently residing in Edirne. To support this, mukhtars noted that 48,308 individuals captured in the data of Baseline 1 are irregular migrants. Key Informants suggested that migrants did not prefer to live in Edirne due to the limited number of employment

opportunitiesandlackofavailablehousingunits.Attheinterviews,officialsfromthePDMMreported

EDİRNE PROVINCE

Figure 27. NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforEdirne



Area km2 : 6,145

Mahalle/Village : 349Chart 9. GeneralInformationonEdirne

2,275 foreign students attending Edirne Trakya University were interviewed during Baseline 2 and are included in the provincial-level figures.

Almost all migrants (approximately 99.82 per cent) in Edirne province arrived in 2016 or after (Baseline 2).


Other

Iraqi

Pakistani

Syrian

34.6%17,968

4,561 8.8%

3,997 7.7%

13,774 26.5% Other

Syrian

Bulgarian

Kosovan

Greek 84329.9%

35512.6%

29510.5%

515 2689.5%

1,058

B1 B2

11,675 22.5%

51,975 2,819

35.5%


29

thatalthoughtheylivedinİstanbul,somemigrantschose to complete their registration processin Edirne due to the small migrant populationit accommodated and its proximity to İstanbul.

Migrant Presence at Sub-provincial LevelBaseline 1 and Baseline 2 results both demonstrate

thatmigrantswerepresentinallninesub-provincesofEdirne.Thesub-provincewiththelargestgroupofmigrantswasnotspecifiedinBaseline1,butitwasrecordedastheEdirneCentralsub-provincein Baseline 2 (2,275). Meriç sub-province wasfound to have the smallest number of migrants in both Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 assessments.

Map 10. DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofEdirne

<250

251 - 500

501 - 100

101 - 2,500

2,501 - 5,000

5,001 - 10,000

>10,000


Greek

Bulgarian

Kosovan

Syrian

Afghan

100

0.5%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

99.5%

100%

100%

100%

100%

10050 500


30



Following analysis of Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 datasets for Eskişehir province, the findingsrevealed a discrepancy of 5,077 individuals between the two datasets. Specifically, Baseline2 data suggested 27,016 migrants were present across Eskişehir province, whereas Baseline1 data found a total of 21,939 migrants.

When comparing demographic information (i.e.nationality),bothBaseline1andBaseline2foundthe largest group of migrants in Eskişehir to beIraqinationalswhoaccountfor44.4percent(or9,742individuals)ofthetotalmigrantpopulationaccording to Baseline 1 and 30.1 per cent (or 8,141 individuals) according to Baseline 2.

Key Observations

During KIIs, mukhtars and other Key Informants reported that intra-province mobility is highespecially among Syrian and Afghan nationals.This is reportedly due to lower rental prices, accessibility of education and health careservices, urban transformation and seasonalemploymentopportunities.Inaddition,accordingto the same sources, migrants preferred to live in neighbourhoods where mukhtars were more responsive tomigrant specific concerns, such aslanguage barriers in accessing public services.

Presenceofrelieforganizationsprovidingservicesto those in need was also a crucial pull factor. FurtherinterviewswithCBO/CSOrepresentatives

ESKİŞEHİR PROVINCE

Figure 30. NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforEskişehir



Area km2 : 13,960

Mahalle/Village : 540Chart 10. GeneralInformationonEskişehir

6,675 foreign students attending Eskişehir Anadolu University were interviewed during Baseline 2 and are included in the provincial-level figures.

59.6 per cent of migrants in Eskişehir province came in 2016 or after, while 40.4 per cent arrived in 2015 or before (Baseline 2).


Other

Afghan

Iraqi

Syrian

Iranian

44.4%9,742

2,823 12.9%

2,512 11.4%

3,200 14.5% Other

Iranian

Afghan

Syrian

Iraqi 8,14130.1%

6,06022.4%

3,28012.1%

515 2,5759.5%

3568 6,960

B1 B2

3,662 16.7%

21,939 27,016

25.8%


31

revealed that many LGBTI migrants also live in Eskişehirbutwereregisteredelsewhere.ThekeyelementattractingLGBTImigrantstotheprovinceis the host community openness and acceptance.


Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 results both demonstrate thatmigrantsarepresent inall14sub-provinces

ofEskişehirprovince.The sub-provincewith thelargest migrant presence was not specified inBaseline1data,butBaseline2notedTepebaşısub-provinceashavingthelargestmigrantpopulation(i.e. 10,475 individuals). Meanwhile, İnönü sub-province reportedly hosts the least migrants in the province, according to both Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 data.

Map 11. DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofEskişehir

<250

251 - 500

501 - 100

101 - 2,500

2,501 - 5,000

5,001 - 10,000

>10,000


Iraqi

Afghan

Syrian

Iranian

Azerbaijani

100

0.0%

32.4%

11.1%

27.2%

65.7%

100%

67.6%

88.9%

72.8%

34.3%

10050 500


32



Following analysis of Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 datasets for Gaziantep province, the findingsrevealed a discrepancy of 75,930 individuals between the two datasets. Specifically, Baseline2datasuggested325,126foreignnationalswerepresent across Gaziantep province, whereas Baseline 1datafoundatotalof401,056foreignnationals.26

26. Both baseline 1 and Baseline 2 figures includes3,476 persons reported to be residing in camps as recorded by AFAD (Republic of Turkey Prime Ministry Disaster & Emergency Management Presidency) as of October 15, 2018.

When comparing demographic information (i.e.nationality),bothBaseline1andBaseline2foundthelargestgroupofforeignnationalsinGaziantepto be Syrians who account for 99.5 per cent (or 399,252individuals)ofthetotalforeignpopulationaccording to Baseline 1 and 98.2 per cent (or 319,363 individuals) according to Baseline 2.

Key Observations

DuringKIIs,mukhtars,CBO/CSOrepresentativesand other Key Informants reported that many Syrians decide to reside in Gaziantep province. Nevertheless, a sizable population of Syriannationals also continue on to other provincessuch as İstanbul and Bursa after completingregistration procedures in Gaziantep province.This is because they search for better jobopportunities or have family ties and hopes tojourney on to Europe However, the provincerecentlylostitspopularityasapointofentryafter

the local border crossing point with the Syrian Arab Republic was closed and migrants were no longer allowed to enter or leave the country.

GAZİANTEP PROVINCE

Figure 33. NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforGaziantep



Area km2 : 6,803

Mahalle/Village : 800

Chart 11. GeneralInformationonGaziantep

3,289 foreign students attending Gaziantep University were interviewed during Baseline 2 and are included in the provincial-level figures.

91.6 per cent of the migrants in Gaziantep province came in 2016 or after, while 8.5 per cent arrived in 2015 or before (Baseline 2).


Other

Afghan

Syrian

Iraqi

Azerbaijani

402,717

626 0.1%

109 0.0%

1,453 0.7% Other

Turkmen

Afghan

Iraqi

Syrian 323,109

9150.3%

5920.2%

515 1060.0%

3568 674

B1 B2

1,315 0.3%

406,220 325,396

0.2%

99.3%99.1%


33

Some migrants—although very few in number—reportedly returned to the Syrian Arab Republic, particularlyareasundertheinfluenceofnon-statearmed groups and Turkish Allied Forces.

Migrant Presence at Sub-provincial LevelBaseline 1 and Baseline 2 results both demonstrate

thatmigrantswerepresentinall9sub-provincesof Gaziantep. Şahinbey sub-province was foundto have the largest number of migrants in both Baseline 1 (228,181) and Baseline 2 (191,657) assessments. Yavuzeli sub-province was foundto have the smallest number of migrants in both Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 assessments.

Map 12. DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofGaziantep

<250

251 - 500

501 - 100

101 - 2,500

2,501 - 5,000

5,001 - 10,000

>10,000


Syrian

Afghan

Iraqi

Turkmen

Azerbaijani

100

0.0%

0.0%

75.5%

43.5%

91.1%

100%

100%

24.5%

56.5%

8.9%

10050 500


34



Following analysis of Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 datasets for Isparta province, the findingsrevealed a discrepancy of 90 individuals between the two datasets. Specifically, Baseline2 data suggested 15,169 migrants were present across Isparta province, whereas Baseline 1 data found a total of 15,259 migrants. This is a rather negligible discrepancy between the two datasets, suggesting that the migrant

populationintheprovinceisrelativelystable.

When comparing demographic information (i.e.nationality),bothBaseline1andBaseline2foundthe largest group of foreign nationals in İzmirto be Syrians who account for 47.6 per cent (or 7,258 individuals)of thetotal foreignpopulationaccording to Baseline 1 and 39.7 per cent (or 6,018 individuals) according to Baseline 2.

Key Observations

KIIs with mukhtars revealed that the province accommodated migrant mobility towards the provinces of Antalya and Denizli. For Iranian nationals, this mobility trend was reportedlyrooted in the network of migrants operating inthe province of Denizli and for Syrian migrants, it had to do with economic problems. Migrant movement towards Antalya is mostly associated with the search for employment, specifically inthetourismindustry.Inaddition,acomparisonof

Baseline1andBaseline2findingsshowatrendofmigrantmobilityfromruralareastothecities.

ISPARTA PROVINCE

Figure 36. NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforIsparta



Area km2 : 8,946

Mahalle/Village : 422Chart 12. GeneralInformationonIsparta

1,523 foreign students attending Süleyman Demirel University were interviewed during Baseline 2 and are included in the provincial-level figures.

94.1 per cent of migrants in Isparta province came in 2016 or after, while 5.9 per cent arrived in 2015 or before (Baseline 2).


Other

Somalian

Syrian

Iranian

Afghan

47.7%7,278

1,753 11.5%

1,681 11.0%

2,577 16.9% Other

Somalian

Iranian

Afghan

Syrian 6,01839.7%

2,71417.9%

2,29615.1%

515 1,4839.8%

3568 2,65817.5%

B1 B2

1,970 12.9%

15,529 15,169


35


WhereasBaseline1findingssuggestthatmigrantsare present in all 13 sub-provinces of Ispartaprovince, according to Baseline 2 results, there is migrantpresence in11outof13sub-provinces;nomigrantswererecordedinYenişarbademliandAksusub-provinces. IspartaCentralsub-province

was found to have the largest number of migrants in both Baseline 1 (7,234) and Baseline 2 (10,915). Yenişarbademli sub-provincewas found to havethe smallest number of migrants in Baseline 1, whileSütçülersub-provincerecordedthesmallestnumber of migrants in the Baseline 2 assessment.

Map 13. DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofIsparta

<250

251 - 500

501 - 100

101 - 2,500

2,501 - 5,000

5,001 - 10,000

>10,000


Syrian

Iranian

Afghan

Somalian

Iraqi

100

0.0%

1.7%

0.0%

0.0%

5.7%

100%

98.3%

100%

100%

94.2%

10050 500


36


Key Observations

DuringKIIs,mukhtars,CBO/CSOrepresentativesand other Key Informants suggested that the existing difference between Baseline 1 andBaseline 2 findings was rooted in the irregularmigrant mobility which tended to increase particularly during the summer season. In thiscontext, an analysis of Baseline 1 data showed that a total 22,156 migrants came as seasonal migrants to the province.

In addition, the MPM team found that migrantpopulationinİzmirprovincehadgrownby50,062,compared to the data collected during the previous


Following analysis of Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 datasets for İzmirprovince, thefindingsrevealeda discrepancy of 19,971 individuals between the two datasets. Specifically, Baseline 2 datasuggested 156,197 migrants were present across İzmir province,whereasBaseline1data foundatotal of 176,168 migrants.

When comparing demographic information (i.e.nationality),bothBaseline1andBaseline2foundthelargestgroupofforeignnationalsinİzmirtobeSyrians who account for 85 per cent (or 149,780 individuals) of the total foreign populationaccording to Baseline 1 and 96.8 per cent (or 151,075 individuals) according to Baseline 2.

İZMİR PROVINCE

Figure 39. NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforİzmir



Area km2 : 11,891

Mahalle/Village : 1,294Chart 13. GeneralInformationonİzmir

1,032 foreign students attending Ege, Dokuz Eylül, Yaşar ve İzmir Ekonomi Universities were interviewed during Baseline 2 and are included in the provincial-level figures.

40.59 per cent of migrants in İzmir province came in 2016 or after, while 59.4 per cent arrived in 2015 or before (Baseline 2).


Other

Iraqi

Syrian

Azerbaijani

Afghan

149,780

1,864 1.7%

1,846 1.0%

19,965 11.3% Other

Afghan

Azerbaijani

Iranian

Syrian 151,075

5670.4%

5220.3%

515 4510.3%

3568 3,5822.3%

B1 B2

2,713 1.5%

176,168 156,197

96.7%85.0%


37

BaselineAssessmentbetweenJuneandSeptember2017. The latter recorded a total of 106,135migrants in the province. This increase is likely due tolocaldiversityandaplethoraofopportunities.

Migrant Presence at Sub-provincial LevelBaseline 1 and Baseline 2 results both demonstrate thatmigrantswerepresentinall30sub-provinces

of İzmir province. The sub-province with thelargest group of migrants was Konak (35,599 individuals) during Baseline 1, while Baseline 2 data points to Karabağlar sub-province (38,222individuals). Beydağı sub-province was found tohave the smallest number of migrants in Baseline 1, whileGüzelbahçesub-provincehoststhesmallestnumber of migrants according to Baseline 2.

Map 14. DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofİzmir

<250

251 - 500

501 - 100

101 - 2,500

2,501 - 5,000

5,001 - 10,000

>10,000


Syrian

Azerbaijani

Iranian

Afghan

German

100

75.0%

21.1%

46.2%

44.6%

59.4%

25.0%

78.9%

53.8%

55.4%

40.6%

10050 500


38


Key Observations

According to mukhtars, migrant intra-provincemobilitywitnessedinKahramanmaraşprovinceislikelyrelatedtourbantransformation,thesearchfor seasonal jobs and greater local capacity to accommodate migrant needs through access to services and financial/material support.


Following analysis of Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 datasets for Kahramanmaraş province, thefindings revealed a discrepancy of 2,961individualsbetweenthetwodatasets.Specifically,Baseline 2 data suggested 86,198 migrants were presentacrossKahramanmaraşprovince,whereasBaseline 1 data found a total of 83,237 migrants.

When comparing demographic information(i.e. nationality), both Baseline 1 and Baseline 2found the largest group of foreign nationals inKahramanmaraştobeSyrianswhoaccountfor92.8per cent (or 77,246 individuals) of the total foreign populationaccordingtoBaseline1and99percent(or 85,315 individuals) according to Baseline 2.

KAHRAMANMARAŞ PROVINCE

Figure 42. NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforKahramanmaraş

Figure 43. Baseline1&2TotalPresenceFigure


Area km2 : 14,520

Mahalle/Village : 703Chart 14. GeneralInformationonKahramanmaraş

1,581 foreign students attending Kahramanmaraş Şütçü İmam University were interviewed during Baseline 2 and are included in the provincial-level figures.

54.6 per cent of migrants in Kahramanmaraş province came in 2016 or after, while 45.4 per cent arrived in 2015 or before (Baseline 2).


83,237 86,198

Other

Syrian

Afghan

Iraqi

254 0.3%

179 0.2%

532 0.6%

Azerbaijani

Other

Iraqi

Afghan

Syrian 85,31599.0%

3190.4%

1680.2%

515 1010.1%

3568 2950.3%

B1 B2

5,026 6.0%

Azerbaijani

92.8%77,246


39


According to the results of Baseline 1 and Baseline 2,thereismigrantpresenceinallofthe11sub-provincesofKahramanmaraş.Thelargestmigrants’presencewasinthesub-provinceofDulkadiroğluları

in Baseline 1, while in Baseline 2 (38,455) it was recorded in the sub-province ofOnikişubat.Thelowestmigrantpresencewasidentifiedinthesub-province of Nurhak in Baseline 1 and Baseline 2.

Map 15. DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofKahramanmaraş

<250

251 - 500

501 - 100

101 - 2,500

2,501 - 5,000

5,001 - 10,000

>10,000


Syrian

Afghan

Iraqi

Azerbaijani

Turkmen

100

0.0%

0.0%

71.4%

26.0%

44.8%

100%

100%

28.6%

74.0%

55.2%

10050 500


40



Following analysis of Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 datasets for Kırklareli province, the findingsrevealed a discrepancy of 4,938 individuals between the two datasets. Specifically, Baseline2 data suggested 1,022 migrants were present acrossKırklareliprovince,whereasBaseline1datafound a total of 5,960 migrants.


nationality).Basedon thefindingsofBaseline1,thelargestgroupofforeignnationalsinKırklareliprovince is composed of Syrians who account for 44.9 per cent (or 2,676 individuals) of the total migrant population surveyed during Baseline 1.This is contrary to the results of Baseline 2 which suggest that Turkmens are the largest group of migrants in the province, corresponding to 50.1 per cent (or 512 individuals) of the total migrant populationsurveyedduringBaseline2.

Key Observations

During KIIs, mukhtars noted that the majority of migrants recorded in Baseline 1 data were irregular.Specifically,ofthetotal2,676individualsin Baseline 1, 2,087 were irregular migrants whowere detained by law enforcement officerswhile attempting to cross into Europe throughKırklareli province. In addition, the majorityof migrants under international protectionregistered in Kırklareli province live in Istanbuldue to the lack of employment opportunitieslocally and only come to the province

to fulfill their periodical presence reportingobligation.Thismayaccount for thediscrepancybetween Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 data.

KIRKLARELİ PROVINCE

Figure 45. NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforKırklareli



Area km2 : 6,459

Mahalle/Village : 286Chart 15. GeneralInformationonKırklareli

667 foreign students attending Kırklareli University were interviewed during Baseline 2 and are included in the provincial-level figures.

78.3 per cent of migrant in Kırklareli province came in 2016 or after, while 21.7 per cent came in 2015 or before (Baseline 2).


Other

Turkmen

Syrian

Afghan

Pakistani

44.9%2,676

518 8.7%

491 8.2%

1,257 21.0% Other

Indonesian

Afghan

Syrian

Turkmen 51250.1%

18718.3%

12612.3%

515 676.6%

3568 13012.7%

B1 B2

1,018 17.1%

5,960 1,022


41


According to Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 results, migrants are present in all eight sub-provincesin Kırklareli province. While the largest migrantpresencewas identified inKırklareliMerkezsub-

province in Baseline 1, in Baseline 2 (131) it was recorded in Lüleburgaz. The lowest migrant presencewas identified in Kofçaz in Baseline 1andinVizesub-provinceinBaseline2.

Map 16. DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofKırklareli

<250

251 - 500

501 - 100

101 - 2,500

2,501 - 5,000

5,001 - 10,000

>10,000


Turkmen

Afghan

Syrian

Indonesian

Bulgarian

100

0.0%

0.0%

0.8%

40.6%

0.0%

100%

100%

99.2%

59.4%

100%

10050 500


42



Following analysis of Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 datasetsforKocaeliprovince,thefindingsrevealeda discrepancy of 3,168 individuals between the two datasets. Specifically, Baseline 2 datasuggested 56,948 migrants were present across Kocaeli province, whereas Baseline 1 data found a total of 53,780 migrants.

When comparing demographic information (i.e.nationality),bothBaseline1andBaseline2foundthe largest group of foreign nationals in Kocaelito be Syrians who account for 88.2 per cent (or 50,217individuals)ofthetotalforeignpopulationaccording to Baseline 1 and 95.3 per cent (or 51,235 individuals) according to Baseline 2.

Key Observations

When interviewed, mukhtars and source individualsstatedthatthereisamigrationmobilityfromsub-provinceswheretherearenotsufficientbusinessopportunitiesespecially to Istanbuldueto Kocaeli’s proximity to Istanbul.

KOCAELİ PROVINCE

Figure 48. NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforKocaeli



Area km2 : 3,397

Mahalle/Village : 472Chart 16. GeneralInformationonKocaeli

1,523 foreign students attending Kocaeli University were interviewed during Baseline 2 and are included in the provincial-level figures.

Almost all migrants (99.9 per cent) in Kocaeli province arrived in 2016 or after (Baseline 2).


Other

Azerbaijani

Syrian

Turkmen

Afghan

88.2%

730 1.3%

281 0.5%

4,727 8.3% Other

Afghan

Turkmen

Azerbaijani

Syrian 95.3%

9101.7%

3250.6%

515 2060.4%

3568 1,1042.0%

B1 B2

993 1.7%

56,948 53,780

50,217 51,235


43


According to the results of Baseline 1 and Baseline 2,thereismigrantpresenceinallofthe12sub-provinces of Kocaeli. The largest migrants’ presence was recorded in the sub-province of Gebze in

Baseline 1, while in Baseline 2 (16,319) it was recordedinthesub-provinceofDarıca.Thelowestmigrantpresencewasidentifiedinthesub-provinceof Karamürsel both in Baseline 1 and Baseline 2.

Map 17. DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofKocaeli

<250

251 - 500

501 - 100

101 - 2,500

2,501 - 5,000

5,001 - 10,000

>10,000


Syrian

Turkmen

Azerbaijani

Afghan

Iraqi

100

0.0%

0.0%

3.1%

0.0%

0.0%

100%

100%

96.9%

100%

100%

10050 500


44



Following analysis of Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 datasets for Konya province, the findingsrevealed a discrepancy of 1,307 individuals between the two datasets. Specifically, Baseline2 data suggested 103,907 migrants were present across Konya province, whereas Baseline 1 data found a total of 105,214 migrants.

When comparing demographic information (i.e.nationality),bothBaseline1andBaseline2foundthe largest group of foreign nationals in Konyato be Syrians who account for 86.7 per cent (or 91,206individuals)ofthetotalforeignpopulationaccording to Baseline 1 and 85 per cent (or 88,343 individuals) according to Baseline 2.

Key Observations

During KIIs, mukhtars noted that urban transformationprojects,whichstartedin2016andwerestillon-goingintheneighborhoodsofŞükran,Abdulaziz, Sahibiata, caused mass movement of migrants both in the city and out of the city. Therefore, the migrant community living in Konya is constantly changing depending on thehouse rent prices. Furthermore, Syrian nationals fromŞanlıurfa, Gaziantep,Hatay andMersin province

reportedly come to Konya in order to work during the harvest season (usually in the summer), returningtodifferentprovincesafterseasonisover.

Figure 51. NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforKonya



Area km2 : 40,838

Mahalle/Village : 1,202Chart 17. GeneralInformationonKonya

3,565 foreign students attending Şelçuk, Necmettin Erbakan and Karatay Universities were interviewed during Baseline 2 and are included in the provincial-level figures.

55 per cent of migrants in Konya province came in 2016 or after, while 45 per cent arrived in 2015 or before (Baseline 2).

KONYA PROVINCE


Other

Iraqi

Syrian

Azerbaijani

Afghan

86.7%

4,486 4.3%

573 0.5%

4,201 4.0% Other

Turkmen

Iraqi

Afghan

Syrian 85.0%

7,7257.4%

4,4704.4%

515 4360.5%

3568 2,9332.8%

B1 B2

4,748 4.5%

105,214 103,907

91,206 88,343


45


While data of Baseline 1 shows migrant presence inall31sub-provincesofKonya,accordingtotheresultofBaseline2,migrantpresencewasidentifiedin 28 of the 31 sub-provinces,with nomigrantpresenceinDerbent,TaşkentandHalkapınarsub-

provinces. The strongest migrant presence was identified in the sub-province ofMeramboth inBaseline 1 (29,343) and Baseline 2 (33,805). Lowest migrantpresencewasidentifiedinAhirliinBaseline1 and in Yalıhüyük sub-province in Baseline 2.

Map 18. DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofKonya

<250

251 - 500

501 - 100

101 - 2,500

2,501 - 5,000

5,001 - 10,000

>10,000


Syrian

Iraqi

Afghan

Turkmen

Azerbaijani

100

12.2%

5.7%

71.5%

33.2%

44.2%

87.8%

94.3%

28.5%

66.8%

55.8%

10050 500


46



Following analysis of Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 datasetsforMersinprovince,thefindingsrevealeda discrepancy of 55,986 individuals between the two datasets. Specifically, Baseline 2 datasuggested 170,778 migrants were present across Mersin province, whereas Baseline 1 data found a total of 226,764 migrants.

When comparing demographic information (i.e.nationality),bothBaseline1andBaseline2foundthe largest group of foreign nationals inMersinto be Syrians who account for 95.1 per cent (or 215,596individuals)ofthetotalforeignpopulationaccording to Baseline 1 and 95.5 per cent (or 163,115 individuals) according to Baseline 2.

Key Observations

During KIIs, mukhtars and other Key Informants, including CBO/CSO representatives, highlightedthat a great number of migrants came to Mersin province to get registered, subsequently returning to surrounding, more prosperous, provinces including Hatay and Kilis. The latter are moreattractive tomigrants,butmigrant registration isclosed there as per the decision of DGMM. This islikelythereasonforthesignificantdiscrepancybetween Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 data.

Further interviews with SASF officials alsoconfirmedthevalidityofthedatacollectedbythe

MPMteamduringBaseline2,andconsequentlythelower numbers of migrants actually residing in the provincecomparedtotheofficialdataofBaseline1.Specifically,SASFnotedthatthenumberofmigrantapplications for financial or material supportmatched the numbers collected during Baseline 2.

MERSİN PROVINCE

Figure 54. NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforMersin



Area km2 : 16,010

Mahalle/Village : 806Chart 18. GeneralInformationonMersin

2,932 foreign students attending Mersin and Çağ Universities were interviewed during Baseline 2 and are included in the provincial-level figures.

16.3 per cent of migrants in Mersin province came in 2016 or after, while 83.7 per cent arrived in 2015 or before (Baseline 2).


Other

Iraqi

Syrian

Azerbaijani

Afghan

95.1%

764 0.3%

538 0.2%

4,507 1.9% Other

Azerbaijani

Iraqi

Afghan

Syrian 95.6%

5,0683.0%

8510.5%

515 3410.2%

3568 1,4030.8%

B1 B2

5,359 2.4%

226,764

215,596 163,115

170,778


47


WhereasBaseline1findings show thatmigrantsare present in all 13 sub-provinces of Mersinprovince, Baseline 2 results found that only 12 out of 13 sub-provinces host migrant.Specifically,nomigrantswerefoundtobepresentin Çamlıyayla sub-province during Baseline 2.Akdeniz sub-province was found to have the

largest number of migrants according to both Baseline 1 (68,996) and Baseline 2 (44,288) data\. Çamlıyayla sub-provincewas found to have thesmallest number of migrants in Baseline 1, while Gülnarsub-provincerecordedthesmallestnumberof migrants in the Baseline 2 assessment.

Map 19. DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofMersin

<250

251 - 500

501 - 100

101 - 2,500

2,501 - 5,000

5,001 - 10,000

>10,000

Figure21:ArrivalDateBreakdownofBaseline2Top5Nationalities

Syrian

Azerbaijani

Iraqi

Afghan

Somalian

100

12.9%

63.9%

0.1%

58.9%

84.0%

87.1%

36.1%

99.9%

41.1%

16.0%

10050 500


48



Following analysis of Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 datasets for Sakarya province, the findingsrevealed a discrepancy of 358 individuals between the two datasets. Specifically, Baseline 2 datasuggested 32,670 migrants were present across Sakarya province, whereas Baseline 1 data found a total of 33,028 migrants.

When comparing demographic information (i.e.nationality),bothBaseline1andBaseline2foundthe largest groupof foreignnationals inSakaryato be Syrians who account for 44.3 per cent (or 14,634individuals)ofthetotalforeignpopulationaccording to Baseline 1 and 53.4 per cent (or 17,644 individuals) according to Baseline 2.

Key Observations

At the interviews with the mukhtars and Key InformantsaswellasCBO/CSOsrepresentatives,it was suggested that Sakarya was a popular destination for migrants as it offered advancedfinancial opportunities and social services. Inaddition, it was reported that migrant mobilitywas observed, especially in summer, as people living in city centres tended to proceed to sub-provincesthatofferedemploymentopportunitiesin the agriculture industry. It was suggested that the migrant mobility was of a seasonal nature; andwhen the harvest seasonwas over,migrants tended to go back to the city centres.

Moreover, Key Informants who were interviewed mentionedthatmanypeoplewhoarenationalsofGulf countries such as Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and Qatar had been buying real estates in Sakarya over the past couple of years.

SAKARYA PROVINCE

Figure 56. NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforSakarya



Area km2 : 4,824

Mahalle/Village : 671Chart 19. GeneralInformationonSakarya

3,151 foreign students attending Sakarya University were interviewed during Baseline 2 and are included in the provincial-level figures.

77.5 per cent of migrants in Sakarya province came in 2016 or after, while 22.5 per cent arrived in 2015 or after (Baseline 2).


Other

Azerbaijani

Syrian

Afghan

Iraqi

44,3%14,634

1,955 5.9%

613 1.9%

3,897 11.8% Other

Iranian

Iraqi

Afghan

Syrian 17,64454.0%

9,73129.8%

2,1396.5%

515 6341.9%

3568 2,522

B1 B2

11,929 36.1%

33,028 32,670

7.7%


49


Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 results demonstrate that migrantswerepresent inall16sub-provincesofSakarya.Thesub-provincewiththelargestmigrantpresencewasnotspecifiedinBaseline1,butitwasrecordedastheAdapazarısub-provinceinBaseline2

(18,318).Taraklısub-provincewasfoundtohavethe smallest number of migrants in Baseline 1, whileSöğütlüsub-provincerecordedthesmallestnumber of migrants in the Baseline 2 assessment.

Map 20. DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofSakarya

<250

251 - 500

501 - 100

101 - 2,500

2,501 - 5,000

5,001 - 10,000

>10,000


Syrian

Afghan

Iraqi

Iranian

Azerbaijani

100

0.0%

6.3%

4.6%

11.7%

30.3%

100%

93.7%

95.4%

88.3%

69.7%

10050 500


50


Comparative analysis of Baseline 1 and Baseline 2

Following analysis of Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 datasets for Samsun province, the findingsrevealed a discrepancy of 18,266 individuals between the two datasets. Specifically, Baseline2 data suggested 49,161 migrants were present across Samsun province, whereas Baseline 1 data found a total of 30,895 migrants.

When comparing demographic information (i.e.nationality),bothBaseline1andBaseline2foundthe largest group of migrants in Samsun to be Iraqinationalswhoaccountfor70.7percent(or21,837individuals)ofthetotalmigrantpopulationaccording to Baseline 1 and 62 per cent (or 30,841 individuals) according to Baseline 2.

Key Observations

During KIIs, muhtars and other Key Informants mentioned an increasing number of migrantsin Samsun province. This related particularly toIraqi nationals who often have kinship ties tothe migrant population living in Samsun city.Samsun province is also more economically developed and socially open compared to other Black Sea provinces (i.e. Çorum, Trabzon) which is yet another pull factor attracting migrantsto the sub-province. An analysis of Turkstatdata27 shows that Samsunwas not an attractive

27. Turkstat is the Turkish Statistical Institute which, among other, also collects data on property sales per nationality.28. Note that this added Samsun province to the list of top 10 provinces in property sales.

provincetoforeignnationalsduringthepreviousdecade. For example, it was only in 2018 that property sales to foreigners skyrocketed to 778.28

SAMSUN PROVINCE

Figure 59. NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforSamsun



Area km2 : 9,725

Mahalle/Village : 1,252Chart 20. GeneralInformationonSamsun

83.7 per cent of migrants in Samsun province came in 2016 or after, while 16.3 per cent arrived in 2015 or before.


Other

Iraqi

Syrian

Azerbaijani

Afghan963 3.1%

736 2.4%

3,174 10.3% Other

Turkmen

Iraqi

Afghan

Syrian 11,89524,2%

1,9514.0%

515 1,3662.8%

3568 3,4687.05%

B1 B2

4,185 13.5%

30,895

21,837 30,481

49,161

70.7% 62.0%


51


Whereas Baseline 1 findings suggest thatmigrants are present in all 15 districts of Samsun, according to Baseline 2 results, there is migrant presence in 13 out of 15 districts; no migrantswere recorded inAyvacık andYakakent districts.

The district with the largest migrant presence was notspecifiedinBaseline1,butitwasrecordedastheİlkadımDistrictinBaseline2(29,625).Alaçamdistrictwas found to have the lowest number of migrants in both Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 assessments.

Map 21. DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofSamsun

<250

251 - 500

501 - 100

101 - 2,500

2,501 - 5,000

5,001 - 10,000

>10,000


Iraqi

Afghan

Syrian

Turkmen

Iranian

100

3.7%

0.0%

25.4%

20.7%

16.4%

96.3%

100%

74.6%

79.3%

83.6%

10050 500


52


Key Observations

Secondaryverificationstudyhasbeenconductedin order to address the discrepancy between the results of Baseline 1 and Baseline 2, which also revealed similar results. During the verificationstudy, KIIs were held with mukhtars, community leaders, tradesmen, sub-province officials andrepresentatives of social foundations. Theseinterviews revealed that due to large migrant population in Şanlıurfa sub-province, housingrent increased considerably, while scarcity of employmentopportunitiescontinuedtoprevailinthe local market. As such, migrants were forced to temporarily or permanently migrate to different

partsofthecountry,particularlylargecitiessuchas İstanbul, Bursa, Ankara to earn a living. Inaddition,themajorityofmigrantsapplytoreceiveaidfromSASF.Significantsimilaritiesbetweenthenumber of applicants to financial aid programsand migrant presence recorded by Baseline 2


Following analysis of Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 datasets for Şanlıurfa province, the findingsrevealed a discrepancy of 240,743 individuals betweenthetwodatasets.Specifically,Baseline2datasuggested236,266foreignnationals29 were presentacrossŞanlıurfaprovince,whereasBaseline1datafoundatotalof477,009foreignnationals.

29. These figures include 66,082 migrants residing in camps as registered by AFAD as of October 15, 2018.

When comparing demographic information (i.e.nationality),bothBaseline1andBaseline2foundthelargestgroupofforeignnationalsinŞanlıurfato be Syrians who account for 99 per cent (or 472,049individuals)ofthetotalforeignpopulationaccording to Baseline 1 and 99.4 per cent (or 234,752 individuals) according to Baseline 2.

ŞANLIURFA PROVINCE

Figure 62. NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforŞanlıurfa



Area km2 : 19,242

Mahalle/Village : 1,436Chart 21. GeneralInformationonŞanlıurfa

1,228 foreign students attending Harran University were interviewed during Baseline 2 and are included in the provincial-level figures.

40.8 per cent of migrants in Şanlıurfa province came in 2016 or after, while 59.2 per cent arrived in 2015 or before.


Other

Iraqi

Syrian

Azerbaijani

Afghan423 0.1%

39 0.0%

313 0.1% Other

Japanese

Iraqi

Afghan

Syrian

1,3230.6%

850.0%

515 200.0%

3568 860.0%

B1 B2

4,185 0.9%

477,009

472,049 234,752

236,266

98.9% 99.4%


53

suggest that indeed fewer migrants actually reside in the province compared to the official data ofBaseline 1According to mukhtars, another likely reason for migrants’ departure was because a largemigrantpopulationintheprovincemayputastrainonpublicservicessuchaseducationandhealth, making it more difficult for migrants toaccess. In addition,migrants reportedly considerŞanlıurfa province as a transition point.Anotherpossible explanation may also be that conflictswith the local residents resulted in migrants’ departure, according to the local mukhtars.


According to Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 results, migrants are present in all 13 sub-provincesof Şanlıurfa province. The largest migrationpopulation, according to Baseline 1, resides inHaliliye (86,652), whereas Baseline 2 recordedEyyübiye as the sub-province with the largestmigrant population (41,506). Meanwhile, thesmallestnumberofmigrantsresidesinHalfetisub-province, according to Baseline 1, while Baseline 2 foundthistobeHilvansub-province.

Map 22. DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofŞanlıurfa

<250

251 - 500

501 - 100

101 - 2,500

2,501 - 5,000

5,001 - 10,000

>10,000


Syrian

Japanese

Iraqi

Afghan

100

0.0%

0.0%

94.1%

67.9%

70.4%

100%

100%

5.9%

32.1%

29.6%

10050 500


Korean

54



Following analysis of Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 datasets for Trabzon province, the findingsrevealed a discrepancy of 140 individuals between the two datasets. Specifically, Baseline 2 datasuggested 11,912migrants were present across Trabzon province, whereas Baseline 1 data found a total of 12,052 migrants.

When comparing demographic information (i.e.nationality),bothBaseline1andBaseline2foundthe largest group of migrants in Trabzon to be Afghannationalswhoaccountfor35.9percent(or4,324 individuals)of thetotal foreignpopulationaccording to Baseline 1 and 46 per cent (or 5,443 individuals) according to Baseline 2.

Key Observations

Interviews held with mukhtars and key local informants have revealed that the migrant population is dense in central sub-provinces.Whencomparedto thepreviousBaseline; ithasbeen recorded that the migrant population inTrabzon has grown. This increase is mainly due to large group of Afghan migrants entering Turkey throughVan andAğrı sinceJanuary 2018. Local

informants have stated that there is mobility due tourbantransformationandrentalprices.

TRABZON PROVINCE

Figure 65. NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforTrabzon



Area km2 : 4,628

Mahalle/Village : 703Chart 22. GeneralInformationonTrabzon

1,324 foreign students attending Karadeniz Technical University were interviewed during Baseline 2 and are included in the provincial-level figures.

92.8 percent of migrants in Trabzon province came in 2016 or later, while 7.2 per cent arrived in 2015 or before (Baseline 2).


Other

Iranian

Syrian

Afghan

Iraqi

35.9%4,234

611 5.1%

598 4.9%

3,352 27.8% Other

Iranian

Iraqi

Afghan

Syrian 5,44345.7%

4,36036.6%

6905.8%

515 2582.2%

3568 1,1619.7%

B1 B2

3,167 26.3%

12,052 11,912


55


According to Baseline 1, migrants are present in all 18 sub-provinces of Trabzon province,whereas Baseline 2 data suggests that only 10 out of 18 sub-provinces host migrants.This is because, Baselien 2 found no migrants in Beşikdüzü, Düzköy, Hayrat, Maçka, Tonya,Köprübaşı,ŞalpazarıandVakfıkebirsub-provinces.

The largest group of migrants was recorded in Ortahisarsub-provinceaccordingtobothBaseline1 (4,021) and Baseline 2 (9,550). Meanwhile, Baseline1findingssuggestDernekpazar,ŞalpazarıandKöprübaşısub-provinceshostedthesmallestgroup of migrants, whereas Baseline 2 found that tobeÇarşıbaşısub-porovince.

Map 23. DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofTrabzon

<250

251 - 500

501 - 100

101 - 2,500

2,501 - 5,000

5,001 - 10,000

>10,000


Syrian

Iranian

Afghan

Iraqi

100

0.0%

0.0%

4.2%

4.0%

10.3%

100%

100%

95.8%

96.0%

89.7%

10050 500


Azerbaijani

56



Following analysis of Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 datasets forVan province, the findings revealeda discrepancy of 11,217 individuals between the two datasets. Specifically, Baseline 2 datasuggested 4,763 migrants were present across Van province, whereas Baseline 1 data found atotal of 15,980 migrants.


nationality).Basedon thefindingsofBaseline1,the largest group ofmigrants inVan province iscomposed ofAfghan nationalswho account for53.8 per cent (or 8,595 individuals) of the total migrant population surveyed during Baseline 1.This is contrary to the results of Baseline 2 which suggest that Syrians are the largest group of foreign nationals in the province, correspondingto 50.7 per cent (or 2,417 individuals) of the total foreignpopulationsurveyedduringBaseline2.

Key Observations

Mukhtars noted that Van city is a transit pointfor the majority of individuals from Afghanistan, Pakistanand the IslamicRepublicof Iran.This isreportedly due to insufficient job opportunitiesin Van province and the desire of migrants tocontinuetheirjourneyontoEuropeorelsewhere.In support of mukhtars’ statements, Baseline 1 recorded 10,210 irregular migrants who are nationalsoftheabove-mentionedcountries.KIIsalso pointed to the presence of regular migrants in Van province. Majority of these individualsarenationalsoftheSyrianArabRepublic, IslamicRepublic of Iran and Afghanistan. Local informants

havestatedthatthemobilityinVandatedbackto2015andafter; however, asof thefirstmonthsof 2018, there has been a rapid increase in the migration to Van province from Afghanistan,which doubled the Afghan population in the

VAN PROVINCE

Figure 68. NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforVan



Area km2 : 20,921

Mahalle/Village : 699Chart 23. GeneralInformationonVan

773 foreign students attending Van Yüzüncüyıl University were interviewed during Baseline 2 and are included in the provincial-level figures.

64.8 per cent of migrants in Van province came in 2016 or after, while 35.2 per cent arrived in 2015 or before.


Other

Iranian

Syrian

Afghan

Pakistani

53.8%8,595

2,030 12.7%

1,573 9.8%

1,734 10.9% Other

Iranian

Iraqi

Afghan

Syrian 2,41750.8%

73015.3%

65413.7%

515 64413.5%

3568 3186.7%

B1 B2

2,048 12.8%

15,980 4,763


57

province.Inadditiontothis,politicalandeconomicdifficultiesinIslamicRepublicofIranhaveresultedin an increase in the number of Iranian migrants, adding that the number is yet to increase should internalupheavalscontinue.


Baseline 1 has indicated that there are migrants residing in all of the 12 sub-provinces in Vanwhereas Baseline 2 has indicated that there are

migrants residing in 10 out of 12 sub-provincesinVan.Nopresenceofmigrantshasbeenfoundin Çatak and Gevaş sub-provinces. Baseline 1has found that the largest presence of migrants belonged to the group without a sub-provincecategory whereas Baseline 2 has recorded (1,986) individuals in İpekyolu sub-province. Baseline 1has found that the smallest presence of migrants resided in Çatak whereas Baseline 2 has found Muradiye sub-province to be the one with thesmallest presence of migrants.

Map 24. DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofVan

<250

251 - 500

501 - 100

101 - 2,500

2,501 - 5,000

5,001 - 10,000

>10,000


Syrian

Iraqi

Iranian

Afghan

Turkmen

100

0.0%

5.6%

11.9%

62.6%

34.3%

100%

94.4%

88.1%

37.4%

65.7%

10050 500


58



Following analysis of Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 datasetsforYalovaprovince,thefindingsrevealeda discrepancy of 568individuals between the two datasets. Specifically, Baseline 2 data suggested19,308 migrants were present across Yalovaprovince, whereas Baseline 1 data found a total of 19,876 migrants.

When comparing demographic information (i.e.nationality),bothBaseline1andBaseline2foundthelargestgroupofmigrantsinYalovaprovincetobeIraqinationalswhoconstitute32.9percent(or6,532individuals)ofthetotalmigrantpopulationaccording to Baseline 1 and 49.83 per cent (or 9,622 individuals) according to Baseline 2.

Key Observations

KIIs with mukhtars point to an increase in the number of migrants arriving to the province between 2016 and 2018. The reason for this wasbecausemigrantsreportedlypreferredYalovadue to its proximity to large cities; in addition,LGBTI migrants preferred the province due to a relativeopennessofthelocalpopulationtoLGBTIcommunity. Meanwhile, migrants from the Islamic

Republicof Iranprefer to live inYalovaprovincedue to local diversity, both cultural and religious.

YALOVA PROVINCE

Figure 71. NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforYalova



Area km2 : 798

Mahalle/Village : 95Chart 24. GeneralInformationonYalova

218 foreign students attending Yalova University were interviewed during Baseline 2 and are included in the provincial-level figures.

89.4 per cent of migrants in Yalova province came in 2016 or after, while 10.6 per cent arrived in 2015 or before (Baseline 2).


Other

Iranian

Syrian

Afghan

Iraqi31.9%6,352

3,245 16.3%

1,421 7.6%

2,721 13.7% Other

Iranian

Iraqi

Afghan

Syrian

9,62249.8%

5,08626.3%

3,70119.2%

515 5332.8%

3568 3661.9%

B1 B2

6,137 30.9%

19,876 19,308


59


According to results of Baseline 1 and 2, migrants arepresentinallsixsub-provincesinYalova.WhileBaseline1didnotspecifythesub-provincewiththe largest presence of migrants, Baseline 2 found YalovaCentralSub-provincetobetheonehosting

the largest group of migrants in the province (i.e. 12,942individuals).Meanwhile,thesub-provincewith the fewest migrants was Armutlu according to Baseline 1 and Termal according to Baseline 2.

Map 25. DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofYalova

<250

251 - 500

501 - 100

101 - 2,500

2,501 - 5,000

5,001 - 10,000

>10,000


Iraqi

Iranian

Syrian

Afghan

Russian

100

0.00%

8.3%

35.1%

10.3%

1.5%

100%

91.7%

64.9%

89.7%

98.5%

10050 500


60


DTM AND MIGRANT PRESENCE MONITORING IN TURKEY

The Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) is IOM’s information management system, usedto track and monitor population displacementduring crises. Composed of a variety of tools and processes, the DTM regularly captures and processesmulti-layereddataanddisseminatesawidearrayofinformationproductsthatfacilitateabetterunderstandingof theevolvingneedsofadisplacedpopulation,beiton-siteorenroute.

To better understand and subsequently addressthescaleandcomplexityofthecurrentmigrationflows to and through Turkey as well as thestock of refugees and migrants present in the country, IOM has been successfully applying its DTM toolbox30 to the Turkish context since 2016 throughMPM.Notably,MPM focuses onmonitoring movement and presence of migrants in Turkey. The Programme was established inTurkey in 2016, after which IOM signed anexclusive Letter of Understanding (LoU) withDGMM in March 2017 to carry out migrationdatacollectioninTurkey.IOM’sLoUwiththeGoTallows for access to DGMM’s migrant databases at the provincial and sub-provincial levels. Thissettinggivesgroundsforaholistic,dynamicandcomparativeapproachtogatheringcollectingandanalyzing data on refugees and migrants.

IOM’s MPM Turkey Programme has been

30. DTM is a system which regularly captures, processes and disseminates multi-layered information on the mobility, locations, vulnerabilities and needs of refugees and migrants within the country. DTM components are explained further on http://www.globaldtm.info/global/ and the DTM Info sheet31. This includes one Baseline Assessment conducted in İstanbul.32. Gaziantep, Şanlıurfa, Hatay, Van, Mersin, Konya, Çorum, Eskişehir, İzmir, Kocaeli, Edirne, Samsun, Bursa, Bilecik, Burdur, Kırkareli, Çanak-kale, Sakarya, Aydin, Aksaray, Isparta, Ağrı, Trabzon, Yalova, Kahramanmaraş.33. Heads of the smallest administrative units in Turkey who are the main key informants for MPM Baseline Assessment.34. The produced reports concerning the results of surveys can be found at migration.iom.int/Europe.35. https://www.iom.int/sites/default/files/our_work/DOE/humanitarian_emergencies/IOM-DTM-Infosheet.pdf

operating in 25 Provinces since October 2018and has to date completed four FMS and three Baseline Assessments31 in 24 of the provinces.32 This has been made possible with the ongoing support from PRM and other donors and hasallowedtheProgrammetoreachanestimated60percentoftherefugeeandmigrantpopulationinTurkey. In total,MPM’s network counts 21,803key informants (predominantly mukhtars)33 for the Baseline Assessments; the Programme hasalso engaged 17,310 migrants through direct interviews over the four rounds of the FMS.34 The results of the FMS, Baseline Assessments andcompilationsareavailableatMPM’swebsite:migration.iom.int/Europe.

MPMinTurkeyissupportedbyitsglobalnetwork of DTM technical field experts numbering over200 staff in total, covering over 68 countriesworldwide. Inaddition,theRegionalDTMTeam,based in IOM’sRegionalOffice inVienna,andaGlobal DTM Support Team based in Geneva work closelywithMPMteaminAnkara.Composedofexperts with various technical and operationalbackgrounds including Data Analysis, Geographic Information Systems, and field data collectionoperations, they extend support to MPMProgramme in Turkey, by providing guidance,training and quality control.35

http://www.globaldtm.info/global/ and the DTM Info sheet

http://www.globaldtm.info/global/ and the DTM Info sheet

https://www.iom.int/sites/default/files/our_work/DOE/humanitarian_emergencies/IOM-DTM-Infosheet.pdf


61

Temporary Protection (TP): Protection statusgranted to foreigners, who were forced to leave their countries and are unable to return to the countriesthey leftandarrivedatorcrossedourborders in masses to seek urgent and temporary protection and whose international protectionrequests cannot be taken under individual assessment.36Thistypeofprotectionisprovidedby the GoT largely to Syrian nationals, but alsoincludes refugees from Syrian Arab Republic and stateless persons, entering Turkey as a result of theSyriancrisis,namelyafter28April2011.

International Protection (IP): Turkey is a party to both the 1951 Convention on the Status ofRefugees and the 1967 Protocol Relating tothe Status of Refugees; however, the country’sInstrument of Accession to the Conventionmaintains the “geographical limitation” of theConvention’s application to European asylumseekers. Nevertheless, LFIP37 recognizes three typesofindividualinternationalprotectionstatus:refugee, conditional refugee, and subsidiaryprotection.

Refugee: Conceived under the LFIP, this is aTurkish legal concept. To gain the status of a refugee,thepersonmustfallwithinthedefinitionoutlinedinArticleIoftheConvention,originatingfrom a European country.38

Conditional Refugee: ConceivedundertheLFIP,this is a Turkish legal concept. To gain the status of a conditional refugee, the personmust fall39

36. Temporary Protection Regulation, Part One, Article 3.37. Adopted in April 2013 and came into effect a year later.38. Law on Foreigners and International Protection, Part Three, Section One, Article 61.39. Law on Foreigners and International Protection, Part Three, Section One, Article 61.40. Source: IOM https://www.iom.int/key-migration-terms#Irregular-migration

within the definition outlined inArticle I of theConvention, originating from a non-Europeancountry.

Subsidiary Protection: If unable to qualify for the statusofeitherrefugeeorconditionalrefugee,aperson can be awarded the status of subsidiary protection under certain criteria as outlined inLFIP.Thisstatusmayalsobeappliedtostatelesspersons.

Residence Permit:As envisioned under LFIP, IPandTPstatusholdersareexemptfromobtainingresidency permits.

Work Permit: The issuance a work permit to a foreign national is determined jointly betweenthe Ministry of Interior, which directly deals with migration,andtheMinistryofLabourandSocialSecurity,accordingtotheLFIP.

Irregular Migration: Although there is currently no clear or universally accepted definition,irregularmigrationgenerallyreferstomovementtaking place outside the “regulatory norms of the sending,transitandreceivingcountries.”40

‘Top Five’ Nationalities: The five nationalitiesarethefiveforeignnationalitieswiththehighestnumberofrepresentativesperprovince.Thisdatais gathered at provincial level by MPM duringBaseline 1 and 2. However, MPM also gathersdata on all other nationalities present in eachprovince during Baseline 2.

KEY DEFINITIONS

https://www.iom.int/key-migration-terms#Irregular-migration

62


TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Top4NationalitiesinTurkey 6Figure2.Top10NationalitiesinBaseline2 8Figure3.ArrivalDateBreakdownofBaseline2Top5Nationalitiesfor24Provinces 9Figure4.NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforAğrı 12Figure5.Baseline1&2TotalPresenceFigures 12Figure6.ArrivalDateBreakdownofBaseline2Top5Nationalities 13Figure7.NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforAksaray 14Figure8.Baseline1&2TotalPresenceFigures 14Figure9.ArrivalDateBreakdownofBaseline2Top5Nationalities 15Figure10.NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforAydın 16Figure11.Baseline1&2TotalPresenceFigures 16Figure12.ArrivalDateBreakdownofBaseline2Top5Nationalities 17Figure13.NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforBilecik 18Figure14.Baseline1&2TotalPresenceFigures 18Figure15.ArrivalDateBreakdownofBaseline2Top5Nationalities 19Figure16.NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforBurdur 20Figure17.Baseline1&2TotalPresenceFigures 20Figure18.ArrivalDateBreakdownofBaseline2Top5Nationalities 21Figure19.NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforBursa 22Figure20.Baseline1&2TotalPresenceFigures 22Figure21.ArrivalDateBreakdownofBaseline2Top5Nationalities 23Figure22.NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforÇanakkale 24Figure23.Baseline1&2TotalPresenceFigures 24Figure24.ArrivalDateBreakdownofBaseline2Top5Nationalities 25Figure25.NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforÇorum 26Figure26.Baseline1&2TotalPresenceFigures 26Figure27.ArrivalDateBreakdownofBaseline2Top5Nationalities 27Figure28.NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforEdirne 28Figure29.Baseline1&2TotalPresenceFigures 28Figure30.ArrivalDateBreakdownofBaseline2Top5Nationalities 29Figure31.NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforEskişehir 30Figure32.Baseline1&2TotalPresenceFigures 30Figure33.ArrivalDateBreakdownofBaseline2Top5Nationalities 31Figure34.NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforGaziantep 32Figure35.Baseline1&2TotalPresenceFigures 32Figure36.ArrivalDateBreakdownofBaseline2Top5Nationalities 33Figure37.NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforIsparta 34Figure38.Baseline1&2TotalPresenceFigures 34Figure39.ArrivalDateBreakdownofBaseline2Top5Nationalities 35Figure40.NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforİzmir 36Figure41.Baseline1&2TotalPresenceFigures 36Figure42.ArrivalDateBreakdownofBaseline2Top5Nationalities 37Figure43.NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforKahramanmaraş 38Figure44.Baseline1&2TotalPresenceFigures 38Figure45.ArrivalDateBreakdownofBaseline2Top5Nationalities 39Figure46.NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforKırklareli 40Figure47.Baseline1&2TotalPresenceFigures 40Figure48.ArrivalDateBreakdownofBaseline2Top5Nationalities 41Figure49.NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforKocaeli 42Figure50.Baseline1&2TotalPresenceFigures 42


63

Figure51.ArrivalDateBreakdownofBaseline2Top5Nationalities 43Figure52.NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforKonya 44Figure53.Baseline1&2TotalPresenceFigures 44Figure54.ArrivalDateBreakdownofBaseline2Top5Nationalities 45Figure55.NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforMersin 46Figure56.Baseline1&2TotalPresenceFigures 46Figure57.NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforSakarya 48Figure58.Baseline1&2TotalPresenceFigures 48Figure59.ArrivalDateBreakdownofBaseline2Top5Nationalities 49Figure60.NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforSamsun 50Figure61.Baseline1&2TotalPresenceFigures 50Figure62.ArrivalDateBreakdownofBaseline2Top5Nationalities 51Figure63.NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforŞanlıurfa 52Figure64.Baseline1&2TotalPresenceFigures 52Figure65.ArrivalDateBreakdownofBaseline2Top5Nationalities 53Figure66.NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforTrabzon 54Figure67.Baseline1&2TotalPresenceFigures 54Figure68.ArrivalDateBreakdownofBaseline2Top5Nationalities 55Figure69.NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforVan 56Figure70.Baseline1&2TotalPresenceFigures 56Figure71.ArrivalDateBreakdownofBaseline2Top5Nationalities 57Figure72.NationalityBreakdownofBaseline1&2FiguresandPercentagesforYalova 58Figure73.Baseline1&2TotalPresenceFigures 58Figure74.ArrivalDateBreakdownofBaseline2Top5Nationalities 59

64


TABLE OF CHARTS

Chart1.GeneralInformationonAğrı 12Chart2.GeneralInformationonAksaray 14Chart3.GeneralInformationonAydın 16Chart4.GeneralInformationonBilecik 18Chart5.GeneralInformationonBurdur 20Chart6.GeneralInformationonBursa 22Chart7.GeneralInformationonÇanakkale 24Chart8.GeneralInformationonÇorum 26Chart9.GeneralInformationonEdirne 28Chart10.GeneralInformationonEskişehir 30Chart11.GeneralInformationonGaziantep 32Chart12.GeneralInformationonIsparta 34Chart13.GeneralInformationonİzmir 36Chart14.GeneralInformationonKahramanmaraş 38Chart15.GeneralInformationonKırklareli 40Chart16.GeneralInformationonKocaeli 42Chart17.GeneralInformationonKonya 44Chart18.GeneralInformationonMersin 46Chart19.GeneralInformationonSakarya 48Chart20.GeneralInformationonSamsun 50Chart21.GeneralInformationonŞanlıurfa 52Chart22.GeneralInformationonTrabzon 54Chart23.GeneralInformationonVan 56Chart24.GeneralInformationonYalova 58


65

TABLE OF MAPS

Map1.Distributionofstudyprovinces 10Map2.DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofAğrı 13Map3.DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofAksaray 15Map4.DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofAydın 17Map5.DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofBilecik 19Map6.DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofBurdur 21Map7.DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofBursa 23Map8.DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofÇanakkale 25Map9.DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofÇorum 27Map10.DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofEdirne 29Map11.DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofEskişehir 31Map12.DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofGaziantep 33Map13.DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofIsparta 35Map14.DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofİzmir 37Map15.DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofKahramanmaraş 39Map16.DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofKırklareli 41Map17.DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofKocaeli 43Map18.DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofKonya 45Map19.DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofMersin 47Map20.DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofSakarya 49Map21.DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofSamsun 51Map22.DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofŞanlıurfa 53Map23.DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofTrabzon 55Map24.DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofVan 57Map25.DensityMapShowingBaseline2PresenceinDistrictsofYalova 59

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