analysis and design of integrated circuit-antenna modules

Analysis and Designof Integrated CircuitAntenna Modules

Analysis and Design of Integrated CircuitAntenna Modules.Edited by K.C. Gupta, Peter S. Hall

Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.ISBNs: 0-471-19044-6 (Hardback); 0-471-21667-4 (Electronic)


Edited by

K. C. GUPTAUniversity of Colorado

PETER S. HALLUniversity of Birmingham

A WILEY-INTERSCIENCE PUBLICATION

JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.

NEW YORK/CHICHESTER /WEINHEIM /BRISBANE /SINGAPORE /TORONTO

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. In all

instances where John Wiley & Sons, Inc., is aware of a claim, the product names appear in initial capital or

ALL CAPITAL LETTERS. Readers, however, should contact the appropriate companies for more complete

information regarding trademarks and registration.

Copyright # 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any

form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including uploading, downloading, printing,

decompiling, recording or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976

United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the Publisher. Requests

to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley &

Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, (212) 850-6011, fax (212) 850-6008,

E-Mail: PERMREQ @ WILEY.COM.

This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the

subject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in

rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the

services of a competent professional person should be sought.

ISBN 0-471-21667-4

This title is also available in print as ISBN 0-471-19044-6.

For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.Wiley.com.

Contributors

Eric W. Bryerton, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,University of Colorado at Boulder, Campus Box 425, Boulder, CO 80309-0425

Jacques Citerne, LCST, INSA Rennes, CNRS UPRES A6075, 20 Avenue desButtes de Coesmes, 3043 Rennes, France

Martin J. Cryan, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Electtronica e dellInformazione,Universita` degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy

Mhamed Drissi, LCST, INSA Rennes, CNRS UPRES A6075, 20 Avenue desButtes de Coesmes, 3043 Rennes, France

Vincent F. Fusco, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,Queens University of Belfast, Ashby Building, Stranmillis Road, BelfastBT7 1NN, UK

Hooshang Ghafouri-Shiraz, School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering,The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

Raphael Gillard, LCST, INSA Rennes, CNRS UPRES A6075, 20 Avenue desButtes de Coesmes, 3043 Rennes, France

K. C. Gupta, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universityof Colorado at Boulder, Campus Box 425, Boulder, CO 80309-0425

Peter S. Hall, School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, The Universityof Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

Tatsuo Itoh, Center for High Frequency Electronics, Department of Elec-tronics, Department of Electrical Engineering, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Universityof California, Los Angeles, CA 90095

Rajan P. Parrikar, Space Systems=LORAL, 3825 Fabian Way, Palo Alto, CA94303

Zoya Popovic, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Univer-sity of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0425

Yongxi Qian, Center for High Frequency Electronics, Department of Elec-tronics, Department of Electrical Engineering, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Universityof California, Los Angeles, CA 90095

v

Wayne A. Shiroma, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2540 Dole Street,University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822

Lawrence R. Whicker, LRW Associates, P.O. Box 2530, Matthews, NC 28106

Robert A. York, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Califor-nia, Santa Barbara, CA 93106

vi CONTRIBUTORS

Contents

1 Introduction 1

Peter S. Hall and K. C. Gupta

1.1 Development of CircuitAntenna Modules 1

1.2 Terminology Used in CircuitAntenna Modules 3

1.3 Applications of CircuitAntenna Modules 4

1.4 Glossary of CircuitAntenna Module Types 6

1.5 Levels of Integration 6

1.6 The Design Process 14

1.7 Analytical Outcomes and CircuitAntenna Module Performance

Parameters 16

1.8 Overview of the Book 17

References 20

2 Review of the CAD Process 23

K. C. Gupta and Peter S. Hall

2.1 The Design Process 23

2.2 CAD for Microwave Circuits 29

2.3 CAD for Printed Microwave Antennas 47

2.4 CAD Considerations for Integrated CircuitAntenna Modules 61

2.5 Summary 67

References 67

3 Circuit Simulator Based Methods 72

Peter S. Hall, Vincent F. Fusco, and Martin J. Cryan

3.1 Introduction to Equivalent Circuit Simulation 72

3.2 Linear Simulation Using Equivalent Circuit Models 83

3.3 Nonlinear Simulation Using Equivalent Circuit Models 97

3.4 Conclusions 116

References 117

vii

4 Multiport Network Method 121

K. C. Gupta and Rajan P. Parrikar

4.1 Introduction: Network Modeling of Antennas 121

4.2 Multiport Network Model (MNM) for Microstrip Patches 122

4.3 MNM for Two-Layer Microstrip Antennas 147

4.4 MNM for Integrated CircuitAntenna Modules 161

4.5 Summary and Remarks 167

References 168

5 Full Wave Analysis in the Frequency Domain 172

Raphael Gillard, Mhamed Drissi, and Jacques Citerne

5.1 Introduction 172

5.2 Lumped Elements in the Method of Moments 174

5.3 Analysis of Active Linear Circuits and Antennas 189

5.4 Extension of the Approach to Nonlinear Devices 211

5.5 Conclusion 217

References 219

6 Full Wave Electromagnetic Analysis in the Time Domain 222

Yongxi Qian and Tatsuo Itoh


6.2 FDTD Fundamentals and Implementation Issues 224

6.3 FDTD Analysis of Passive Circuits and Antennas 241

6.4 Extended FDTD for Active Circuits and Integrated Antennas 249

References 256

7 Phase-Locking Dynamics in Integrated Antenna Arrays 259

Robert A. York


7.2 Systems of Coupled Oscillators 260

7.3 Scanning by Edge Detuning 272

7.4 Externally Locked Arays 280

7.5 Phase Noise in Oscillator Arrays 283

7.6 PLL Techniques 291

7.7 Perspective 295

Appendix: Kurokawas Substitution 296

References 298

viii CONTENTS

8 Analysis and Design of Oscillator Grids and Arrays 301

Wayne A. Shiroma, Eric W. Bryerton, and Zoya Popovic


8.2 Full-Wave Modeling of Planar Grids 304

8.3 Grid Oscillator Analysis 308

8.4 Synthesis of the Optimum Grid Equivalent Circuit 314

8.5 Benchmarking Grid Oscillator Performance 317

8.6 Optimizing Grid Performance 320

8.7 Oscillator Design Using Power Amplifier Techniques 323

8.8 Conclusion 328

References 330

9 Analysis and Design Considerations for Monolithic MicrowaveCircuit TransmitReceive (TR) Modules 333

Lawrence R. Whicker


9.2 Present Developments on Active TR Modules 341

9.3 TR Module Design Considerations 342

9.4 Present Trends and Future Directions 350

References 357

10 Integrated TransmitReceive CircuitAntenna Modules forRadio on Fiber Systems 358

Hooshang Ghafouri-Shiraz

10.1 System Requirements for Radio on Fiber 359

10.2 Optical Generation of Millimeter-Wave Signals 360

10.3 Optical Detection of Millimeter-Wave Signals 369

10.4 New Configurations for Radios on Fiber Systems 372

10.5 Design of DiplexerAntenna Unit 375

10.6 PhotoHBTPatch Antenna Integration 386

10.7 RF TransmitReceive Module for the Radio on Fiber System 394

10.8 Summary and Concluding Remarks 404

References 407

11 Conclusions 410

Peter S. Hall and K. C. Gupta


11.2 Overview of Analytical Methods 411

11.3 The Future 415

References 416

Index 419

CONTENTS ix

Preface

The latest breakthrough in the continuing miniaturization of electronic systems is

made possible by the integration of circuit functions and radiating elements into

single modules. In a typical system implementation, electronic circuits and antenna

subsystems are often provided by different equipment vendors. Traditionally,

electronic circuits and antenna systems have been designed by different groups of

designers using different types of design tools, working independently on either side

of a well-defined interface, very often with very little interaction. This approach

leads to separately packaged circuit and antenna subsystems, connected by appro-

priate cables or waveguides.

Integration of circuits and antennas into single modules has been made possible

by the common technological features of radio frequency (RF) and microwave

circuits and printed microstrip antennas. The basic microstrip technology used for

the design of microstrip lines and other planar transmission structures (used

extensively in hybrid and monolithic microwave integrated circuits) has been the

cornerstone for the development of microstrip antennas. Using the commonality in

technology to combine circuit and antenna functions in single modules represents a

significant step in further miniaturization of RF and microwave modules for a variety

of applications including active phased arrays and wireless communication systems.

So-called quasi-optic systems that are used by grid arrays to generate high powers at

millimeter wavelengths are another important example. In several of these areas, the

use of circuitantenna modules is sufficiently well developed that designers are now

requiring computer based tools for analysis, synthesis, and simulation. The need for

a book bringing these aspects together is thus apparent and we hope that this volume

is a timely contribution.

Traditionally, microwave circuit designers and antenna designers have used

different types of design tools. However, the design of integrated circuitantenna

modules calls for concurrent design of both the circuit and antenna functions. Such

design requires a new set of design tools applicable to both domains or a hybrid

combination of tools so far used separately for circuit and antenna designs.

Analysis of circuitantenna modules requires an appreciation of the various

analytical methods and their application, but also some understanding of the

xi

technology types and their application. In addressing these two needs, it is necessary

first to set the scene and to lay some foundation, then to give a detailed account of

analytic methods, and finally to review some operational and technology types that

have very specific and somewhat different analytical needs. This is the framework we

have adopted in putting this book together. After the introductory chapter, the CAD

process is reviewed. Four types of analysis methods are then described in detail.

Although not exhaustive, these chapters are representative of the various methods

currently being studied. Two chapters are then devoted to an analysis of very specific

configurations, namely, injection locked oscillator arrays and grid based structures.

The following two chapters indicate some important applications. They are devoted

to monolithic based modules and modules incorporating optical control. The book is

then drawn together in a concluding chapter.

Chapter 1 serves to set the context of the analysis of circuitantenna modules.

The development of such modules is described together with some explanation of

the terminology currently used. A glossary of types is presented. This chapter aims

to show the range of configurations currently being studied and to highlight the

design challenges. The likely design parameters are then given, together with a

review of the design process for which analysis tools have to be developed. Finally,

an overview of the book chapters is given.

In order to develop designs for integrated circuitantenna modules, an apprecia-

tion of the computer-aided design process is necessary. Chapter 2 starts with a

discussion of the design process in general. Conventional design, computer-aided

design, and knowledge based design approaches are outlined. Separate CAD

procedures for microwave circuits and printed microstrip antennas, as practiced

conventionally, are described. Then the discussion converges on CAD considerations

for integrated circuitantenna modules implemented at various levels of integration

(nonintegrated, partially integrated, and fully integrated).

Simulations based on equivalent circuit analysis methods can provide fast results

with sufficient accuracy for first-pass designs. Chapter 3 gives an introduction to

equivalent circuit modeling of circuits and antennas. Both linear and nonlinear

simulations are described with examples including oscillating patch antennas,

amplified patches, frequency doubling transponders, and oscillator locking.

The multiport network method offers enhanced accuracy compared with simple

equivalent circuit methods and can be integrated with active device models. Chapter

4 introduces the concept of the multiport network model as developed for single-

layer and two-layer microstrip patch antennas. Applications of the multiport network

method to integrated circuitantenna modules are discussed.

The field integral equation solved by the method of moments is now a well-

established tool for antenna and passive circuit analysis. The inclusion of lumped

elements has been described some time ago. In Chapter 5, the description is

extended to nonlinear structures such as diodes and transistors, with results showing

good agreement with measurements. The transmission line matrix (TLM) and the

finite difference time domain (FDTD) method are two numerical techniques that

overcome the need for the large matrix inversion necessary for the method of

xii PREFACE

moments. Of the two, the FDTD method is extremely simple to implement and very

flexible. Chapter 6 outlines the method and its extension to active integrated

antennas.

Injection locked integrated antenna arrays possess dynamic characteristics that

are attractive for many applications, such as simple beam scanning and reduced

phase noise. Their behavior cannot be easily analyzed using the above methods, so

simplified equivalent circuit methods have to be used. In Chapter 7, the dynamic

behavior is comprehensively described using such methods.

Grid structures now offer the possibility of providing most of the functionality of

transmitter and receiver components in a distributed array form with interconnec-

tions by quasi-optical beams. The advantages are very efficient power combining,

graceful degradation, increased dynamic range, and reduced noise figures. In

Chapter 8, analysis using full wave methods combined with equivalent circuit

device models is described. By way of example, oscillator synthesis and grid

optimization are successfully performed.

One of the major challenges for circuitantenna modules is the phased array

element fabricated entirely in monolithic technology, in which the transceiver and

antenna are both contained on the same chip. This poses what is perhaps the ultimate

test of an analysis or simulation tool. To set the scene for further research and

development in this area, the requirements for phased array modules are reviewed in

Chapter 9. The coverage ranges from conventional phased arrays with separate

transceiver and antenna to more recent integrated configurations.

Circuitantenna modules can form a low cost component in the wireless local

access into fiber optic based networks, to provide high capacity services to domestic

or office users. Chapter 10 reviews this important application area and gives

examples of the analysis challenges inherent in their design. One such challenge

is the accurate design of filters for separation of the local oscillator from the signal,

in the presence of the antenna. In this work the equivalent circuit based methods,

described in Chapter 3, are used and the strengths and weaknesses of this approach

are noted.

A short chapter in which some conclusions are drawn completes the book. The

current status of computer-aided design tools is summarized from the earlier

chapters. Some thoughts on the likely future challenges that analysis will face are

then given. The chapter concludes with comments on what now remains to be done

to present designers with a full and flexible array of software to facilitate fast and

accurate design.

Recognition of the need for preparing a book on this topic emerged out of the two

workshops on this subject organized by the two editors of this book and presented at

the 1995 IEEE International Microwave Symposium in Orlando and the 1995 IEEE

International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation held at Newport Beach.

Both of these workshops were very well received and discussion brought out the

need for making a book on the analysis and design of integrated circuitantenna

modules available to a wider audience. The present book is the result of those

suggestions.

PREFACE xiii

This book results from the joint efforts of the sixteen contributors in eleven

different institutions in the United States and Europe. A book on an emerging topic

like integrated circuitantenna modules would not have been possible without such

collaboration. We are grateful to colleagues and the administrations in these

institutions for the support needed for such a project. Specifically, at the University

of Colorado, we thank Ms. Ann Geesaman who very efficiently handled the

administrative chores involved.

K. C. GUPTAPETER S. HALL

University of Colorado at BoulderUniversity of Birmingham, UK

xiv PREFACE

!

!

!

" # $ % & ' (

')* + ,-. ./+,, 0 $ 1+++ 2 3 4 '



9.1: ./0+

! ;

! ./:

?

!

;

!

@ $ !

!

@ 90

!

! 3

C

!

!

!

' !

@ ?

?

8

C

..

! (

! A 9

!

?

" #$%&' ( #) #%*

"

?

9.1:

? 9...1:

D 9.=:

'

%

"

?

9

.1

'

(

! @

(

$

(

" ,,%)* ( #) %#* #-%&'

?

?

)

9.,:

H

9.1:

H H

9.>:

? %

9..:

' 9.1:

'

9.1:

D F

& 9.0:

)

9.-.:

?

'

$ 91,:

&

&

9101-:

91

? !

!

.1

'

@

3

(

!

+

.=

!

.

.= !

! .,

>+

@

! (

/ !

" ! %**)' ( ',#* ( #) %#*

?

9..,:

"

9=+:

G

9=.:

C 9..:

' 9.1:

"#. &/& - '!* 0

!

.,

!

" ! 1 2

% 9.0:

% 91+:

%

9=1:

% ! 9.=:

3 !

8

@

!

" ! 1 2

%

91.:

% 911:

%

91>==:

B

9=,=>:

"#. &/& - '!* 4

" ! 1 2

?

9=0=-:

C

9=

! C

!

" ! 1 2

&@

9,1:

910:

B

9,=:

G

9,,:

"#. &/& - '!*

" ! 1 2

&

9,>:

)

9.-.

! ., ! (

!

C

!

B

?

8 @ B

!

C

" ! 1 2

C

' C

B

' B

G

9,0:

?

9,-,/:

"#. &/& - '!* !

/

$

C ..

I

!

? !

!

8

! ! '

! ?

" + %)**6) ( #7#%* ( #) #&)

$! "

* 67

" @

&

?

& @

&

9>+:

C

?

!

& @

& 9

"#0 1 ' ,! .

?

?

C

( ( !

F

$ 1

0

?

$

!

.>

.>

!

?

9>+>1: C !5

! '

" . #($)# ))$##* ( #)%#*

G

C $

" )

& * !

?

'

' A

G G

) )

&@ &@

/ !

!

C

!

! C !

!

!

(

!

!

3 8 "

?

!

!

! .0

?

$?J C

?

! ! ;

?

!

C

! "

$

$?J

$?J

6

7

"#2 /!/3 - 1 0

# $ '

!

)

!

% &!'

?

" / %9 -) ( ": #*

3 !

() * )+ !

,) * -

6AF7 !

6CJJ7

B

CJJ I

."/' ;

@

!

0 1 2 %

!

!

)

@

3 !

-4 B ;

!

5 -4 4

)6 $

!

!

B !

"#2 /!/3 - 1 4

$ =

@ '

I

. $ 2 G G 3 2 H G % ?

! -7

"7 ?& .1 F ./0, 1--1

= 2 2 G ( ? ( & ' F

! 7 &! .1 .100/>--

.= 3 G F # ( F ( 2 ) JA F G & L ) G J

) ! "7

.- K G ? *

'&" $ F 3 ? ' J 2

.//>

.

10 &@ $ 3 ? !

-7 ! - -7 F ,= 2

.//> .0-=.0-/

1- ( G J & 3 67 ; - -'

)&' & ) B .//+

1 >.=>.0

=1 A 3 3 2 $ G $ ( ' # ' A

* $ G J )

F -7 ! - -7

F =0 * ./.,

== ' # J ' & ( % & C D

&* -7 ! - -7 F ,.

B .//= .-/..-/

=, * ' A 2 F

-7 ! -

-7 F ,. B .//= . J ./ %(@

-- 7 7 7 .//1 =,>=, ) 2 ? .0 C"

; -7 ! - -7 F ,+

F .//1 ,->,1 ? ( * ) H $ ? * !

7 /7 1/ ./,.>/0

!

! "

#

!" #

" $%& '%

( # ) "

* # + , - . /

0.12 3456%4%735548 '333 # 9 : ; .< 0

$



)< < 4

" ) -!.<

# ) "

#

. # !

) < <

< #

"

)< < # # "

) "

" ) )4

< ) C< <

)4

) " )< < 4

)

) #

" ) ) #

# " #

/< #

) #

=

% 0

# <

#

'() $ !*+ & *

' #

" 4

# ) 4

A 0 ) ) # #

"

! 4 < < #

/<

! <

# # )< <

< #

% " # !

+ !" # $ % &

$ ,,

B ! 'A #<

) . #

"

# 4

2

" # #

#

) 0

)< #

" ?

. ?

# " <

< "

% + #

% - 1

'(' % # ,!"% !! $$

$%3&=

3 '%

# ? >

>

3 #

" L4 # #

'E "

+

J

%% '% ' D% A % ''

A' '' % 5' A %%' %'A 3 'A

8A 5A ' DA % '%' ''A 3 '5" #

%

'

A

% ' A

% ' D ' D ' ' A 5 %% 5 %' D 5 '% 5 D 8 ''

%

'

A

%

3

3

'D

* 'D * '% 'E 0

< #

$%3&< ' #

> A %% )< > 5

#

0 * # <

"

4 'A )

'%7 " ) %

> '

) (? 4

# 1 4

* < ? * #

2< *

? $57& .? 4

$D3& )

$'7

? J #

$585E& # /<

# : 1 @'A

4 7

1

1 7 ( +

%

# 6

@DA

-

4 5

%

#$% &'()(& ( *+,& )') -,+(& &/

>

% 7 !

7

1 7

6 1

> @(((+A

: @'A

-

"

%

7 >

4

7

"#" 1*( )

* .((

9 =C

@(=(&A %

1

, "- %

#$% &'()(& ( *+,& )') -,+(& &&

:

6 5 7

=(+ =+(

!

%

, "/

/ 02 02 02 02

, "0 7 / 02 02 6

&2 )') -,+(' + -.(

6 5

4 7

4

7

"#- 1*( ) * $*

" % %

@(=A

7 5

9

5

7 7 4

7 !

4% 4

9 =' 7 @&A

@'A

"#/ + +( 1*(

-

5 F 5 7

%

7

1 >

7

6 @(CB(DA 9

>

>:

%

> > %

1 %

1%

G

%%

@++A %

5 B 7 =&/

$ ( + + = =

"=&

( " =C

$ ( + = 4 4 4 "

4 %%

B

B

7 =& /

$$ $$ =*

$$ " $$ ='

" %

4

% ! %%

7 7 =D =)/

"(

!

! =D

(( #

"

( #! +! ( #

! =)

2' )') -,+(' + -.(

# 4 4

@+=A

=( 4

7

7

4 9

>:

4

"' , % $

7 =(

"# + +( )5(

H

> (& ($($ > (C&! ('$H

" $=DC 9

! $D&&H

$ $$'(

( $$**

+ $$$'

= $$$=* $$( &$ " ++ H *$$ " +$H

=$H

# $C

(+C (C *C&

#$/ ,&+' -,+(& &0 *+,& )') -(, 2"

"'# .

>

1

B @+&A

@+CA

&%!5

4

==(

9 =)

7

! 1

7

@+(+'A

7

5

9

#7 4 ( &$ 1

, "#4

, "#' !

9 =(+ &%!5

7

4

KK:FEE 4

KK8EE ($$$%9 1

B

7

9 =(=

5

, "#" 9 =(+/ 02 02

#$/ ,&+' -,+(& &0 *+,& )') -(, 2&

5

1 ( &$ 1

> 7 9 =(= %

7

5 >

4

7

5

=)+C!5

9 =(&

=$

5 7 =)'!5 (+I

7

7

"'' (+ .5 (((

>4

@+DA @+)A

, "#-

@=$A 9 =(C %

4 @+)A3 D "

F 4 0F#>2 > 9 !

1 >

4

4 7

7

6

, "#2 4 F#> / )0 2 ' 0JJ2 C 0% % %2

, "#& ; 4

34 )') -,+(' + -.(

9 =(' #

7

7 ='!5 (+

+$$ 1

((&= +++

>($(=* 1 > 9

4 0 42 $C " # (( 4

1 >

@=&A

9 =(D 4 7

@=CA "

7

4

9 =()

7 ='&C!5 5 5

4

M

3

M8M

" 6

8

8M M

M8M 1 > 7

%

+$ (+

C$

&$ ++

@'A %

1

5 4

7

> 5

1

C$% -

9 =+$

(''C "

((*& " ($ " & " 9 =+$

='&C!5 +*) "

, "'4

C$%

7

7 C&I

"'- ( ) ( ) (((6

> 7

!

7

1

9 =+( % 4

% 7 " %

7 @=)A

4 @&$A/

( +

(

++( +++

(

+

((( (+ (+ +

( (

(

+

=($

(

(

+(( +++

(

((+

+ (

(

( +

=((

& *$)

&)

=(+

! ) %

4 9 =+(

#$/ ,&+' -,+(& &0 *+,& )') -(, 3"

+ G

( = 9 =+(

% 9 =+(" 4

9 =++

($%"

7 @&(A

4

7

7

, "'# / 02 02 7 027 09 @&$A

2

3- )') -,+(' + -.(

, "'' !>1 >9%+*DD& 5 ($%" 4

" C H =$ > ++ (C) JJ % % % 09 @&$A

2

, "'" > 4 09 @&$A

2

#$/ ,&+' -,+(& &0 *+,& )') -(, 3/

- 9 =+=

4

&*

&)$

&*+

+ &)$+ + + +

=(=

, "'- 8 9 =+= 02 $ 02 )$ ! 5

%5 JJ

4

%

6

7 =($ =((

* &)$$ )$ +$ 4 9 =+= + + + + @&+A 7

9 =+& 4B

9 =+=

8 5

4 8

%5

4

4

43 1

7

7

7

4

4

#

1

"" , % $

5

7

5

9

""# ( ( 7(

>

> 7

#$# &(&,&+' -,+(& &0 *+,& )') -(, 3&

@&=A

@&&A

5 4

; 1 4

9 1

9 =+*

@C$A/

, 8 N

=(C

, 8 N =(*

, N

+ ,

8 N+

=('

&,

&,

(=(D

9

""' $( (

1 E

7

% 7 @&)A

H 7 4

@C$A

@C(A

4

, "'0 1

#$# &(&,&+' -,+(& &0 *+,& )') -(, 33

, "'& / 02 % 02 61 02 % 9

#44 )') -,+(' + -.(

% 6 1 9 =+' %

@C$A

% 7

%

, "'2 >

, "'3 B >B>

#$# &(&,&+' -,+(& &0 *+,& )') -(, #4#

9

H 7 @C(A

1 1 >B> 9 =+D

7 $ G % 4

9 =+)

@C+A

/

$ (

=()

>B> H 7

7

09 ==$2

> 9 ==$

7

1

4

""" . + +( (

4

=+( 9 7

> 7

9 ==(

=+( ;

; ;8

, ""4 H

#4' )') -,+(' + -.(

, ""# !

4 KK!" EE >

7 5 4

!" 5 4

> KKHEE

9

, ""' ! 9 ==(

, """

9 ==+

0"2 7

7 &$*&!5 ='I

9 =(= 9 ===

9 =(( C$H B

7 =)'!5 +&I

%

""- (7 ( ) (( ( ( .

>

%

>:

9 =(( > 9

==C

4%

1

4

9 ==C

1 H

@C+CDA

7 7

/

+

+

+$ $ =+(

B /

$ ( + + = =++

: 7 =++ 4

$ +( =+ + =+=

> $ (

(

, ""/

7 =+(

4

/

( $ + +$ = =$ =+&

7 =+( %

&

& $ ( + & ( =+C

+$ 7

/

$ ! $ +$ +$ $ =+*

4 ! 7

5 7 ( + ;

7 7

+ ( $ ( +

( &$

=+

=+'

+ +((=$

=+D

9 7 =+' ( $ %1 @*$A $ 7 =+D 4 %

( 7 =++ 4

+ ( > 7

- =+) 4 0+2

-

-

7

>

4 7 =+=

? B 4

4

7 > 4 0 ::2

#42 )') -,+(' + -.(

9 ==*

%

4

4

+$ "

7

4

9 ==C

7

&

&

=

=(

+

( +

+

+

+(

(+

(+ +( ++

++(

+(

+

++( (++

+(++ $ ==$

( (

( +

7 ==$

!

7 ( + 7

1

, ""0 ; 09==C2 $ +$ ( C + +$ +$ 9 $+ !

#$# &(&,&+' -,+(& &0 *+,& )') -(, #43

4

( $ ==( 7 ==$ ( 7 ==+

4 7 =+&

7 ==$ ( 7 ==+ 4

7 ===/

( &$ ((

=+

==+

+ *$+

+(+ (D$+(+ ((+=( +

($D&( =+(++

(&&+++(+++C+( ==+ +( D$+(+ ((+=( + +

($D&( =+(++

+&(++(+&$$+(+ ((+(C( ()+

($D&( =+(++

===

( + ( $

, ""& ; 09==C2 H 9 ==*3 ( $+ ! + +$ 9 + $$C ! (

##4 )') -,+(' + -.(

%

9 =='

4

4 4

4

4 5 4

%

4

C$ 3

5 9 =='

7 7 7

, ""2 6 1 " + "09 @C$A

, - . 2

#$# &(&,&+' -,+(& &0 *+,& )') -(, ###

% @CCC*A

7

4

""/ (8( 9(+ ( $ : ((+

6 1

1

7 % 0

2 7

@C)A 1 6 1

, "-4 > =*$ 09 @*+A

2

, ""3 > 1 7 09 @C$A

, - . 2

##' )') -,+(' + -.(

-%

6 1 >

6 1

7 4 7

4 5 7

6 1

@C$A 09 ==D2

6 1 09 ==)2 6

1

- 6 1 (D$

! 7

=*$ 09 =&$2 @*$A 6 1 %

@*(*+A 6 1

E 1 7 6

7

! %

7 7

6 1

7 4 7 ?

7

6 1 4

7

1

@*=A !

, "-# > 1 09 @*&A

2

#$# &(&,&+' -,+(& &0 *+,& )') -(, ##"

(D$

1 @*&A 09 =&(2 ; 6 1

6 1

% @*CA

- *%"

)!5

""0 * ((( 9+(+ ))

1

1 7

1 G 4 =''%

%

%

" 5

6

7

1 @*'A

$))$

-( +)$ )$+==&

! $ 7 )$ %

-

-% 4 *

% 9 =&+

7 !

% 5

##- )') -,+(' + -.(

9 =&+ > %4

!

7

%

1

""& 1(7 $;(+ * (.(

8 7 7

@*D*)A ? 7

, "-' 97

1

$*& $C +)') - =+' * $+C JJ 09 @*'A

2

, "-" "

#$# &(&,&+' -,+(& &0 *+,& )') -(, ##/

7

%

%

% 4 6

7 /

1 7

7

4

1

5 %

7 4

F 4%

7 !

B

#

7 4

4

7 1

7

7 7

7

7 B

8

( 8 - ! ?

()CD (&(

+ , , 8 ! - $ F F ()D(

= , , 8 ! 02 ./) $ F ())(

& KK>

%

EE '0 (=( ! * : ()D& ==&B==)

' ! 1 ())=

+'CB+''

'1'&) ##&

($ KK7 4 7 %+' ()') (='B(&C

(+ 8 - 9 F O ! : : KK>

EE 0 '$0 >%+) ( , ()D( =DB&*

(= # , > 1 $ ' /

- # O1 ())* '

(& ! 8 ./) 1 > ! #

()D'

(C - ! > 8 KK> 7 %

> &+ (+ : ())& (*(+B(*()

##2 )') -,+(' + -.(

=( 8 ! :1 - KK EE '0 && , ()C*

D((BD(D , ()C*

=+ ! ! > > 8 " ) - # O1

()C)

== ; ! KK>

EE 7 89 ())' : ())'Q(+*

=& ; : ! KK: - ())(

C$ 9 H 9 :

C( ! : , 9 H 9 : KK> EE

0 1 + &= D > ())C (D()B(D+C

C+ H " KK % EE '0 0 ++ )

()=& ($C(B($D*

C= " > - # O1 ()D+

C& 9 H 9 KK> EE += EE 0 0 +)

($ ())& +C=B+C*

*C 9 H 9 KK % EE 0

0 +D (& , ())+ (=*+B(=*=

** O1 8 > 8 KK

! " #

!

" "#$

% &

% '

" % &

"

( ) % * + , -

!,./ 0123414502216 % &000 7 8 9 , !

$



$/$ <

8

$ ! ! %& " # '#

$ ()

" =4&>

< % & !

" ? 1

='>

24 (

"

" &2 &2 < ?

? 1 *@

='2> A1< ? 1

*@

4

24

*@

" $

$$ ! " #$ %

BB@@ 2&

*@ "

2&

2& , ='2>

A1<

!

*@ BB

@@ ='2> A1

2F

$%/ 26 "

< $%/ "

<

BB@@ 1

, $%/

" * ( (/

" (

$ ! " #$ %

! ?

! 1

" + ! 1E

" , !

&'( ! " #$ )"* + ! ! % $+

1

*@ 1< ?

< H

A1<

$$ -.(/ (()0(1 2 (1( #3415

"

1 "

1 , 0

2&

8 1

0 2'

!

1 0 0 0 0 1 *@ 0 0

0 00 00 0 22

"

*@ ='2> BB @@ 23

8

26

" !

23

*@ A1< ?

23

< " < 1 2G

" 6 C *@

&'( ! " #$ )"* + ! ! % $6

1 25 "

A1< ( 24 0 0 < A1

*@ ='2> 1 1

! A1<

8

1 1:

!0

0

!! ! "& "& "& 2G

1

! " ""#

&

25

1

! " " "#

&

240

"

" !

"

! 4 ! 0& 0

"& &04

" "

! =5> ( 2G ( 25

240

" !

8

&'( ! " #$ )"* + ! ! % $8

8

8

$%0

" "

"#&"#& $

$ %4

" ""#

&

"#&

" % (244 1

% $ 400

8

A1<

$%0

" "

"#&

$ $

%4" "

"#&

I1

<

&&

0

!4

&& &"&!"&! "&

243

4&

,

"

8

&

" & &4 "0 0& &0 "0 245

&&4 1 -

D 0 "

0

%

0 244 " E % % #

D

4

2&0

! !! D ! " < ! $!

!

!

& &4 " 0 !

0

2&&

$!

4

!

!

&&0 " 0 !

4 &

"2

4

2&'

! ( 2&' 0F33& (@ !

'

! ! " <

'1 " < <

? (

2&4 < :

2&2

' ' "

( 2&4

! "! ! &

2&F

! $! 2&6

( 2&2 < '

' 4 2&3

! '

1

' ! <

'

* ! " #$ %

"

(

=2 , 4426>

=4& F'F5>

" E

"

% )

" < :

4

44 4& &4

4

2&5

/ < ) 1

) "

1

&

50&02'0

0 1

C ? =42 % 5 ,

524>

& % " "

" 1

=46>

& '& " %

%( %

%

4 % 00 4

8

E D

! (/

"

&'( ! " #$ )"* + ! ! % *6

" 1

%

1 -

"

1 $/$

" %

% 00 4

% ()* 26 1

"

242 8

& "0

20

4 4

"0 4"0&

"0 2'&

& &0&

4 4

"0

"0 2''

*7 ! " #$ %

" * $ 1

" " 1 ;

&'( ! " #$ )"* + ! ! % *8

- "0 1 (

8

24F &

& & 2'2

& & & 2'F& & & 2'6

" + % ;

9 ! " #$ %

& & & 2'3& & & 2'G

% 24F $ 1

8

& & 2'5

"

" D

) 220

" ( 220

<

246 " 24F

8

$%/

$%/

243 - $%/

!

4& - $%/

2 " < 2G 2G 4&

? 46 46 %

$%/ " H =45>

1 "

!

" 6 $%/

E

$ ! " #$ %

? <

24G 1

*@ 1

26

,1 ; ?

=&F> A1<

! A1

* 245 C

" < , <

. %

*

4 4 & &

224

" 7 , 1

&'( ! " #$ )"* + ! ! % *

A1 *

*

22&

1

22'

A1 *

0

0

222

0

0

0

0

" BB@@

! 224

( 222 * ( 22& 224 ( 222

"

< 2 2&4 " A1

226

4 4 & & + < ( "

I

? K < A1

4 223

! ?

! 245

2&& ! L

4 & 'L , *@

$

='2>

,

C

" $ +

, ! " #$ %

(/ 2F 26

< "

,

2'2

* " .!; # #

* .!(: 1

<

*$ .!(: () 111(5

" 1 1

"

1 ='0> I -

='0> <

1

='4>

" $* 1

" $ 1

7 ! " #$ %

" $7 +

" $8

+/ ,

2&5

" +/(/

"

, ( 2F4

1 ,

4#"& -( " <

C

!$

&44 &4&&&4 &&&

C$

!

2F6

C @ ! @ C$ @ !$ @

" < &44 "

" A1< +/ ( 2F6 :

CC$

$ $$$ !

!$

2F3

$$ &&44 2FG

$ &&44&&& 2F5

$ &44&&44 260

&4& &44&&44&&& 264

& & I A1 / +/ (/

4 4 <

" / +/

(/

"

1

"

=4&>

% &'

"0 0 26&

2'2

" 1

( 2'& 2''

&0

"0 26'

&0

"0 262

*+ /(45

" $/$ ($%

. =2F> 2'F

$/$ 2'6: &F 2 4&F # F 4 & && +4 +& 4FG

=2226>

-$ 3&$ '% '%&

2FM $/$ < F0M

2'3

& 2'3

' ='G'5>

" *, -44 L+$ $/$ =26> 455G !(((;

" *6 : 4 ; & ; ' =26> 455G !(((;

,9 ! " #$ %

H

1

" = !#

(1( )=111( 5

=23F2> " "

!

=23> ! =2GF2>

$ < "

*

!$+"" !

"

/

% ' $

! ? 1

, 2& (<

*

$ 13(1 2 >(() 5 ()5

C

8

2'G

"

" $/$ 1

" $/$

2'G

" $/$

&F*-? : '542 F + 4F32G && " F01 4F 2G66 " 1 &&6&

4'FG " $2,"F6'

&0 41C

& &01C

"

'F &F $/$

$/$ 2'G "

"

" " 2&

&& &F

&F*-? "

* <

* "

K *

=FFF3> -

* " $/$

,$ + -& " *

2'5 220 " E

*

*

" ? * 224

=64> *

,

" *

6*-? 4008 ,

? 224

" *8

" 9 " *

, ! " #$ %

Gunn diode. With this value of impedance and frequency, the design problem

reduces to finding the patch dimensions and the location underneath the patch that

will yield the desired value of impedance. The MNM approach provides both the

answers to the design problem.

Table 4.3 shows the simulation results using MNM for a radiating patch to be

designed for an oscillation frequency of 6 GHz using the characterization for a

MA49139 Gunn diode in Fig. 4.41 for the configuration shown in Fig. 4.40. The

width b of the patch is kept constant at 2 cm; the dielectric constant er 2:2 and thesubstrate height h 62 mils.

From Table 4.3, it is seen that the location obtained from the simulation results is

not centered around the patch width. Hitherto, the practice (using transmission line

model) has been to center the Gunn diode along the patch width and then vary its

FIGURE 4.41 Typical impedance characterization plot for Gunn diodes. (From MA-COMSemiconductor Products Master Catalogue, SP101, pp. 910, # 1988 M=A-COM; reprintedwith permission.)

TABLE 4.3 Design Example Using MNM for GunnDiodePatch Integration

Pout (mW) Zin (W) a (cm) x (cm) y (cm)

100 25 j0 2.17 0.52 1.27600 15 j5 1.53 0.50 1.32

4.4 MNM FOR INTEGRATED CIRCUITANTENNA MODULES 165

"

$/$

*

% " * 1 220 "

4' 46F + 035'3F && " 34G*-? "

$254'F *

F G*-? &F8

"

42 1

*

* "

"

" $/$ ?

* ! < <

$/$

"

* ! <

G G*-? 0' &

"

4

8 &&

$/$ :

# 452 8 & C 4 4F * 036 43 ! * 35G 00'

" 43

$/$

G4 *-? 0' 35&*-? & "

+ #; #

! $/$

1 1

" $ *

&'1 . " $ ,6

" $/$ <

1

< 1 =26>

8

"#

4 * ) % BB$1 1

@@ 45G3 !((( +1, ! ,

+ . C 7 45G3

& . * ) % BB$1

1 @@ ./ (/ +1'6

I 45GG 4''34'2&

' * ) % !0 #, -

/ $ 45G4 % G 44

2 * ) % ? $ H ( #,

! !((( + + /7 4552

F * * ) % BB81-

@@ 1 '6 45G& &23&F4

6 C % BB

@@ 2342 (0- / -!/ (/ /

&'&6

3 ) ( BB" 1 < D

1 @@

./ (/ +1'0 45G& 540543

G * ) % . BB(

@@ '/ 5 -/

615-7 / 7 45G6 &&6

5 . * ) % BB A1

@@ ./ #, .+ .+/ $""1'2 45G6

3''3'6

40 * ) % ? $ H BB 1 1

@@ ./ #, .+ .+/ $""1'' 45GF

42&&42&G

44 I " $ " BB" L

@@ ./ #, .+ .+/ $""1&0 453& &2F&F&

4& 7 7 - + , 8 % .+ +

+ # 45G4

4' . * ) % BB*? 1

@@ '/ 5 -/

615-7 *"

7 455& 6F

,7 ! " #$ %

42 7 7 - + , & " + +

# 45G5

4F % 8 % ) 7 BB$

'2 # - BB(

F& . 7 ! " BB ("

E @@

..0- / #, -!/ / 455& 4F'F4F'G

F' % / . . BB$ 1

@@ ..0- / #, -!/ / 45GG 5FF5FG

F2 C . - BB,

@@

/ %/ &6 2 4550 &6'&62

FF " - H $ * BB* @@

#, 5$ 45GF GG54

F6 - ) % ) BB$ @@ ..0- /

#, -!/ / 45GG 56'566

F3 % ) - ) ) 7 BB(

!"#$ "%&

'() &%*$"%*&

!"#$" % & '

( )

*

+ * &

& , - .

/

0*

" 1 0 2 # 3

4#56 7%-87%%( 0 777 9 : ; # 4

)+,



? ?

$

&

? )

,

&

4

, @ * 8

:

&

3 ?

,

= , 4

&

4

= *

7

*

.

=

4 *

4 & * $4"

!)!"6.! "6#"!5B" #)66"

#C34 !

4 3

@ &

87 ,

C

* *

C

?

6

)+-

'(, $ &% & % %* * *&%

'(,() .

?

=

. , &

=

'% ''

, 2D

+ /

2 '(

'(

2 '-

'-

+

? + 2D

+

2D

$ '(, C ?

" ! ! ! !! )+'

# "* ' A'- "* ' '

*

/

,

2

2

'@

,

2

2

'8

$ '(- 0 "*

)+0 !

2D "* '@

'(,(- "1

4

C *

? =

& * '@

'8

$ '%

!

& = )D

E /

! '

5 & *

* $ , E

"7

# '%

"

&

7

''

C

/ &

* ? 4 &

/

?

C *

C

? & &

, ,

3

)

?

&

) ?

? & @/

, '(

7

'-

0 "* ' '% '(

&/

, ! "7

# '@

C & =

* ,

&

* '8

0 "* '' '( &

?

?

6 &

4 &

? &

3 , 4

" ! ! ! !! )+3

& !

? ? & :

* &

=

$( $ ( = , &

/

(

$(

$)

) ' )

'(

) = ,

$( $ (

*

& = F #

2 : 7

(@%A( 0 2=

, * 0.

:

C

A F $ '- ' :

$ '(0 0 ?

)2, !

$

* * ,

,

*

+

,

,

'-

? ,

G + ? ,

+ * + ?

, +

= & , , , F

&

. $ '@ ,

!, ) - !, ) . !, )- . '@

-!, )

/

)

2- ' ) '8

.)/

)

. . )

) ' 7

$ '(+ #A F

" ! ! ! !! )2-

, ,

3=

'-

$ ' - =

- ? ,

4 ,

? $

'8 5 $ '8

*

:

H =

&

$ ? , * '-

,

? ,

/

! ! ! '

$ '(3 "* =

$ '()5 6 &

" ! ! ! !! )2'

: = &

? , :

& 87

C & "* ' ' C

*

, ? 4 ,

, & ,

4 "* ' % $

4

$ $ , $

$$

$

$

$$ ,' (

4 * $

,

$ &

'(,(' 6 &78 9

* '-

C

4

? $

? * $ & $

$ $ ? $ C

E ? & $

& C * &

B ?

,

: &

C ?

$ "

$ &

, $

0: , 7

& =

E

* 4 =

"* ' @ 4

=

@

$ $ $

&

'- $ ,

,

, ,

,

'%7

, , , '%

)) !)

!

,) ,

, )) ,) ,,

, '%

!

,

,

, @

'(- &: * "%6 & ""$% & &%&&

'(-() % 1

&

4 !

$ '' C

$ '()/ 0 $ @ 88% 4"""

# )23

,

4

4 C

F =/ ?

&

?

? C * &

E &

&

& 3

,

4

/ & &

$ '()' #

&+ 4

?

? I $HH * 4

!

$ '-

& !

2 ! !

$ '8

&

C , ?

4

/ =

C *

&

& !

$ '7

$ '()2 "* $ % 88@ 4"""

$ '()3 ? / J" %-

+ A A A " ('

+ " 7@

$ % 88@ 4"""

)3, !

&

4

( (/

!4

'%

4 *

! "* ' @ '% '% )

=

!

!

!

! !

'%%

: $ '- ! ,

C

&

C :

3 4

,

K 4

, :

, , 4

=

&

&

C $ '

$ !$

4 F

,

E & &

C

& 4

! &

=

$ 4

.

$HH '

*

4 C $ '

$ '(,) H $ % 88@ 4"""

$ '(,, $ % 88@ 4"""

)3/ !

C ?

= 4 ?

* $

# &

$ ' 4

* $ '

4

&

* 6

,

$ '(,- "*

# )3'

4

:

C ,

&

& 6 ?

?

&

$ '% *

3

? ? ?

&

$ ''

,

( ( ( ( 4

$ '(,/ 0 $ % 88@ 4"""

$ '(,' 0 $ % 88@ 4"""

)30 !

H&

K

)

!

! !

'%'

$ '( 3

&

/ &

& &

$ '(,0 # / J +A A + + A A

3"" $ % 88@ 4"""

# )3+

+

&

$

=

C , & , &

!

? &

,

.=

,

4

4

*

*

& $ '-

*

*

4

(

& C

/

< H> ? $ *

'(-(, 4 "

C & , *

8 =

C

* F

$ '8

, &

*

$ '8

$ ' 7

4

4 ,

4 ,

,

: )6 )$$ ,

& ? 3

) &

4

& ? C $ '

:

)6 )$$ , *

C , @ &

,

C &

)6

0

L

$ '(,3 * 8

,55 !

'(-(- 4 1

: C

= $ ' %

, ! ,

&

$ '(-) 8/ 7' $ 7@ $+ J ",+ A A

# ,5-

$ ' (

, ?

5

,

&

&

$ ' - %-23? )

, 4

C & 4 & 0 "C> =

$ '(--

$ '(-/ %7 - % '

& 8

(@8

&

1 (

1 7@

( 7 %'

@

( @'

>

# ,5'

& % C $

$ ' @

&

C , !

, &

#

E (

4

!

$ '(-+

# ,5+

C

& 4

$ ' 8

3

$ '(-2

'(-(/ 4 $1

?

& , ,

& $ '%7 4

* &

0: $ '%7

?

, *

%823?

$ '%

, 4

$ '(-3 4

# ,53

7 5

?

&

,

,

* ? * +

& & 7 4 D

$ '(/5 .

,)5 !

& 4

$

'(/

'(/(, * 4

? $ ' C

*

)

C

# *

$

, ,

$ * '%( '%-

:

,

,), !

C

& )

6

? !! , "* '

&

, C *

, ,

'(/(- =1 4 11

C = ,

& !! , *

:

$'% 4

$ D ,

, /

, '%@

"* '%( C, # '% ? ,

= !! :

$ '(/, C

$ %

,)-

,

%

!7 7 77 !7

!7 7

7 7 0$7

7 7 7 $7

7 7 7 $7

'%8

!7 ? , 7 7 , "

,

& = $

* * '%8 * '%@

$ # '%

* $ $ $

M

M

* (23?

& @

& E &

* $ '%

C ,

?

? * * #

' 4

*

& C +

5

=

7(M 4 $ '%%

$ '(/- 0

$ %

,)'

*

E &

?

, * H

*

$ '(// 4

$ '(/'

,)0 !

'(/(' "1 11

4 3 7

*

*

C

*

,

* , *

#

4

&

,

*

7%

5

!

=

*

&

0*

*

& 3

* ?

, 0.

)

* &

'(' "*&"$*&

5

?

H ,

,)+

4

+

= * *

6

?

,

, /

,

* ,

$

4

& E

C

C

*

&

!

=

C

$

* 4

? ?

4

*

!! C

# 0CH ,

,

87 .

= # H $ 2 " M

$ ?J06#

06" 06"#J &

,)2 !

&"

B 9 4 NNC DD *** '3 #/ '1 '1

H 88% @(A8%

6 9C 0 1 / -# &

: 6 O= 88(

6 9C 3

1C 0 1 NNC DD

#/ 9 88 'A(

% O= C !? H 0 0 NNC

DD *3 ( - ! 887 %8%A%8'

' 9 30 !, " #? C != " NNC ?

2C $" &DD '' 8@% (7A(

( C 3 6 5 M 0 C NN5

DD *3 M - ' H 88 -@A -8

- O= C P5 / .4 4 -#

& : 6 O= 88-

@ # : 0 HC H 0 3 NN", $HH

DD

*** '3 #/ '1 '1 %7 % C 88 -%A- 7

8 2 1 : !$ $ 3 M 0 9 NNC &

DD *** '3 #/

'1 '1 %% H 88( '@-A'8%

7 3 # 1 9 : 4 NNC & =

DD *** '3 #/ '1

'1 8 H 88 -7A-'

MC 9 !" =! ! E C 3 " NN

#40" $HH DD *** #/

% ' ! 88% %A%

! 9 2 $ NNC DD /3

*3 * -1 '8 8@ 8A -

C, 6 NN

.0BCDD 946C 6 8@@ 78A

% B 0 9 $ 9! NN) "!0

DD *** '3 - @ ( 9 887 @-@A@@

' H ! $ 3 M 0 9 C NNC

* *DD *** '3 #/ '1 '1

8 9 88 A(

( H 6 = 2 1 B NNC , 0:

DD *** '3 #/ '1 '1 9 88 @A%%

- ? H # H 5 '1

4""" 6 O= 88'

@ 3 $ NN DD -3 ** % C 8(%

(-A(

8 2 B 3 $ 9 ! 0 9 NN. QQ

D R Q QDD 3

'66 %( 'A( !A9 88 'A'-

,)3

7 M " H ! 0 9 NNC DD

C# H 6 5 9 88' 7(A7('

2 $ H ! 0 9 NNC

DD ( "!0 88( %-(A%-8

H # 2 0 9 2 NN",

DD C# #

!Q 9 88-

0 " '1 "/ !2 3 6 O= 8(7

% H ! $ 3 M 0 9 NNC

* *DD 3 '66 %' 'A( 887 77A

7'

' B 3 2 $D 9 ! 0 9 NNM

, DD 3

'66 %( -A@ 9AC 88 (-A @

( 9 H ! 0 9 DD!, * *

? , DD 4""" C#

6 5 9 88' ((A(8

- $ 3 $ C= 9 ) 0 9 H ! C 0 NNC

DD 3 '66 %- A 88 ''A

'8

@ 2 0 9 3 H ! 0 9 NNC

*J DD *** '3 4

#/ '1 '1 % H 88% '%'A''

8 3 $ & 1 ! 6 O= 8(@

7 2 C : : H NN# &

DD *** ' C8 8@7

'8 A(7

# 9 M 3 9 $ 6 H P H NN4

DD "!0

88( ' A' (

= ) ! S 9 NN ,

$HH , DD #/ 7 3 '13

% 9 88( 7'A7

?? M 6 C NN# 0CH

*DD '3 #/ '1 '138 ( % A ('

% 1 1 # #M C NN#

* DD *** 3 0CH' ) 8@( 'A' '

' 2 ! # B? $ 0 9 NNC

$HH DD !# #

H

0) 9 88-

( H # B 2 0 9 2 NN

!340 DD *33

- C 88( '8(A'8-

- "2? # ! ! C NN" DD

4""" !# 88( :=/ H $ 4 $ C

! $ 0

,,5 !

@ B O 0 B ! # 1 # NN! *

$HH DD #/ 7 3 '13

% ' C 88- '8A(

8 H # 2 0 2 NN2

DD * 9 88- A

%7 2 B 3 $ 9 ! 0 9 NNC

DD *3 - ' H 88 '-A '8

% 2 $ H ! 0 9 NNC QQ*

Q QDD 946C8( -8A@

% B 5 : ! $ ) $ 3 M H ! NN6 Q

D DQ Q Q* Q

DD 3? ) H 0* P? # 88' 7'A

7@

% 2 H # 0 9 NN0

DD ***

'3 '' %( 8 # 88@ 8@A 7(

,,)

!

"#$ % &

!"

#" $ %

$ & '

()

$ *

+ ,$ $ - .$ /

#.&0 1211 3 4 ! 5 . #$

'''



9 9

( *:" $ %

;

9

(

$ %

9

$ ?

$$ . #+"

/&"$

* (

( ()

$ = (

( *:" ( 9

7

/) ;3

$ *

F(

H $ . 7

( %A

D

9 $ #

9

@+"

;2

#

+$ $ $

( 6

!

"#

"#

I !

3

"#!

"!#

I

3

#

"!

"!

I #

3

"!

#

#

"!

3

"

!#

#!

"

3

"#

!

!

"#

3

# 9

9 D @$ $$

@

$! # ( D 6

$ % & $ ! % & # B

! # D D ! # (

$ *

$ C

@$ $ EEC ))

9

% "#$ " AD " C $

+ " !'!"* ! ','!"" $! *** ''1

$ C

6

$ % &!

$

3 % & $

3 % &

! '!3 1

$ % &

$3 % & $3 % &

1

!

$ J 9 % & C @$ $3 ( C)

EE)) (

9

(6

3! % & I 3 I 3

3! % &

I 3

"# % & "# % &

"

% & " % &

#

G

3 % & I 3 I 3

3 % &

I 3

"! % & "! % &

# "

# % & "# % &

!

G

3# % & I 3 I 3

3# % &

I 3

" % & " % &

! "

! % & "! % &

G

"! % & 3 3"

! % &

3

3# % & 3# % &

3 % & 3 % &

#

G

''" %& "#$'(!" !)* * ! " " ' $' !

" % & 3 3"

% &

3

3! % & 3! % &

#

3# % & 3# % &

!

G

"# % & 3 3"

# % &

3

3 % & 3 % &

!

3! % & 3! % &

G

0 (

! % & 3! % & 3! % &

3

9 $G $G$ *

+$ $G +$ $3 ( 9

+$ $3

9 ! 9 I$* ( +$ $

I D 9

3! % & ;

D @A*A

$ / @A*A

@A*A EE )) ;

$ % @$ $3 9

C ) $ @

(

% & % & # % & # % &

D !

C

@$ $3$ .

@A*A$

%

H

@A*A 9 $ ?

D

C $ @ (

!( C

9 9 9$

%

3

+$ $G $G " "#$ #

9 ;'

9 @

$ % - (

3

$ - 9

3 3 3

$ * @

- 9

( 3 B

- 7

A @

-

$ @ $B @

- B *

G -/D$ # &! @

K K " 7 9

- @$ $B (

-/D $

+$ $B

@A*A 6

&!-/D 1

-

(-/D G G

% "#( " % - " @

$

'(7 %& "#$'(!" !)* * ! " " ' $' !

- (

(

@A*A

- ($

%

$ @

"

$ J

7 9

@A*A

9 9$ /

EE))

(

D

(

$ @ $1 (

( !"

$ # @$ $1

9 "! C

) ( $ % 9 "!

) EE)) @A*A $GH$G$ * (

EE

)) L

;'

@A*A

(

+ $ @

%& (

" EE))

;'< ;

(

( 9

7 9 @A*A %&

$ % 7 %&

%& 9

@A*A $

% %& @A*A B $

* %& >

BA

@A*A D $ * 9

%&

D

$ *

) %& ;B

$ #

# # $ =

( $$ ' &"

:

@A*A $ #

: F

& ;

!

$ *

!

"! 3

9 %&

3

!

33

3 3

3

3

3

#3

"! 33

%&$

* 7 @A*A

$ J

9

" "# @$ $G

9 ! ) 9 %&6

" % & " % & ! !

" % & " % & 3B #$ @ @A*A ! ,( @$ $ 9 6

" ,( % & " ,( % & ! !

" ,( % & " ,( % & 3B

% "#1 *

9 C ! $

+ " !'!"* ! ','!"" $! *** '(1

) %& 6

$ % !

" % & " % &

! ! "

% & " % &

3 ! ! "

% & " % &

! 3

33 ! " % & 3" % & " % & " % & 3" % & " % &

! 3

3#3 ! " % & 3" % & " % & " % & 3" % & " % & 31

3$ % ! ,(

" ,( % & " ,( % &

! ! "

,( % & " ,( % &

3 ! ! "

,( % & " ,( % &

! 3

33 ! " ,( % & " ,( % & 3" ,( % & " ,( % & " ,( % & 3" ,( % &

! 3

3#3 ! " ,( % & " ,( % & 3" ,( % & " ,( % & " ,( % & 3" ,( % & 31

'(" %& "#$'(!" !)* * ! " " ' $' !

*

$ # )

%& @A*A

9 +$ $31

@A*A $ % ) 9

%& 9 $

%&! ' % $& &) 7 ;<

:"

D EE

)) %& @A*A A+

$ @ ( @ ! ;3<

D

- :"

$ *

: :

(

9 ()

9

7 ;33

# (

D

F

( $ % ! ;31<

!

%

3'

6

%

%

%

3

. +$ $3 $3G @) %) (

$ ! 9 : " "# #"

D C .

3$

"! !"

!(

: +$ $32$ % EE))

F( "! !

;31<

9 $

@ @A*A

: ( $ @ : #( (

( $

/

$ # D

$ * -) ;31<

$

#

:

F

@A*A : & ;

$ #

+$ $B

F

D ( F

D

$ * : 7

' ?

@A*A $

() *

$ ' % ) %& :

@$ $$ *

% "#" " @A*A " F

) %& :

$

+ " !'!"* ! ','!"" $! *** '(6

%& $ *

7 $ * G 1 $ = 2 1 $ & C D ! 3 # 1 @A*A 3G ! BG # D$ 0( - G ( #

%&$ &

%& F

@ @@*" F

F

9 %&$ & ) %& 9 :

>

BA @A*A $

% @$ $ F

) %&

1 & A -/D"

$ * F

$ . %&

F

;2'

"#( * +: &%&

"#(#$ ";+ 3 )- &

.

D

$ @ 7

6

..

//

B3

@ 3 . . / /

$

@ @$ $2

. .

33 .3 .3

BB

3 .3 .

//3

3

. .3

/3/

BB

. . 3 F

.

$ # ( (

$ J @$ $2

9

% "#2 % $

- " !)* * $ ,** & # "* ! !"!!* '0$

$ / @A*A

F

$ #

@$ $2$ *

6

. .

3+ 33 .3 .3

33+3 B1

3 .3 .

//3

+3+3 3

. .3

/3/

3+3+ B1

3 % (

3

$

"#(#' &

: 9

9

@$ $'$ %

;3

! # 1

. +$ $B $B

9

6

%& 1

%& 1

%&

1 13

%&

1

13

0 +$ $13 +$ $B2

9 9 6

" %

%&

3 + 1B

" %

%&

3 + 1B

" 9 6

3 JI 3 J" I " I

'33

+

3 +

3

11

& 3

6

0 '3

+

3 +

3

1G

% 9 9 9

9

EE ()) @$ $

'00 %& "#$'(!" !)* * ! " " ' $' !

@A*A $ *

9

(

1# ( ! #

1! 1 1# ! # 12

+$ $1B 6

1! 1 1# %&

1'

1! 1 %&

1'

+ ! # %&

1'

+ ! %&

1'

. 9 ( @A*A

@ A@*"

6

$

% 1

% "#6 * EE ()) 9 9 $

- " !)* * $ ,** & # "* ! !"!!* '01

3 9

$ * A@*

@A*A 6

$ "

% G

* EE A@*)) @@*

;32

-/D$ @

D 9

9 7

0:

;B

9D

$ @ (

@$ $

9

;B3

"#0 % &: &%& %

"#0#$ = 3 *=

*

@A*A . $ ;BB< 3A

D BA

7 $ ;B1

* - + % &

9 "! % &

3+ % &

"3! % & !

- !3-

"! % & "! % & G1

. +$ $G1 $GB "9

- 6

"! % & 3 ! 3- # 3 ! 3- # "

! % &

3 ! 3- #

3# % & 3# % &

3 % & 3 % &

#

GG

% ( G G" @$ $3$ *

$ * $ $ *

C

$ # @A*A G -

>

F

@ F

9 @$ $3$ ! D

F

$ * ;BG

;B' $

0 (

9 9

@A*A $

% "#$' " % " F

$

. /"! " $# " & # "* ! !"(#" !"!!* '1$

"#0#' , /; /

!

@A*A

>

&4*"

9

(

$ %

$ #

@ ;11<

@A*A

% "#$( %

$ @ ;B

@+*

@A*A $ *

@+*

@A*A $ %

+9 @A*A

;1

% "#$1 " * 0 H

" * $ @ ;1G

9

$

7

%A 9

++# $* D

@A*A

( ;1

9 ( +

7 ( @A*A (

%A

9 $

&>*)

* 7 A$ 0 , A$ A$ ,

$

%%&

$ # *$ $"

! 0 C7 '$

3$ / !$ 4$ J$ EE* ( M )) """

2 2 $ BB =

$ 'G $ ''3H'B$

B$ *F %$ EEJ

6 @A*A

)) """ *2 2 "2 G $ 31HB1$

1$ C ,$ .$ EE0 ()

)) """ 2 *2 $ 1 %$ $

B3HB2$

G$ ,D ,$ .$ : J$ 4$ $

" J & J @: B$

$ *F %$ * "3 $

% / 0 % G$

2$ - ,$ ! $ / N$ 4$ EE%

9 )) 4556 """ 2 *2 2 4 2 $

3BH313$

'$ L O$ :$ ,$ ,$ EE* 9

)) """ 2

2 $ B A$ '' $ 22GH2'2$

$ J( %$ 47 &$ EE% 9

)) 2 *2 $ B2 0$ ' $ BHB$

$ . A$ $ % .$ $ %D $ A$ , 4$ %$ EE%

9

)) """ 2 2 $ B' 4 $ '1H'G2$

$ P C$ # .$ C +$ EE

D

@A*A )) """ ( +2 $ 1 =

$

1 $ B2HB$

3$ L %$ J N$ EE% 9 (

@A*A )) """ 2

2 $ 11 .$ $ GBGHGB$

'1" %& "#$'(!" !)* * ! " " ' $' !

B$ -$ EE% 9 (

9 )) """ 2 " $ 3B 0$ ' $

22HB'3$

1$ *F %$ & $ +$ EE0

() )) """ 2

2 $ 3B %$ 2G $ 3BHB$

G$ / J$ ! 4$ !$ EE*9

9 9 6

)) """ 2 2 $ B 'B $ 1G'BH1G''$

$ & 4$ $ EE%

)) 12

*2 2 $ 1 1 $ 'GH3$

2$ ,$ ,$ @ 4$ EE.M

)) """ 2 *2 $ 1 .$ 3 $ H$

'$ 0 ,$ : O$ $ EED F

@A*A )) """ 2

2 $ 11 4$ $ 1H1$

$ -D /$ +. +$ EE%

F

)) """ 2 2 $ 11 A$ $

3G1BH3GG1$

3$ + &$ > %$ EE%

)) 2 *2 2 $ B 22 $ 3HG$

3$ @ 4$ ! L$ EE-D

)) """ 2

2 $ 11 A$ $ 33H3333$

33$

J$ 7 ?$ EE% 7

:"

F

)) """ ( +2

$ G $ G $ '1H'$

3B$ .7 L$ .$ , A$ $ : J$ : 4$ @$ EE%

)) """ 2 *2 $

1B A$ G $ 1H1B$

31$ - .$ A$ EE%

@A*A

)) """ 2 *2 $ 11 A$

BHB$

3G$ L :$ %$ $ EE-* :6 D

F

9 ))

""" 2 2 11 A$ $ 3GGGH3GB$

3$ & $ %$ "

" ! 0 C7 '$

32$ : J$ 4$ ,D ,$ .$ . $ / @$ EE% 9

D D )) """ 2 *2 $ B

%$ $ 13H1BB$

3'$ , &$ /7 !$ , :$ $ &$ JD -$ EE !

)) """ 2 2 $ 1

analysis and design of integrated circuit-antenna modules

Documents