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(IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security,
Vol. 9, No. 6 June 2011
Analysing Assorted Window Sizes with LBG and
KPE Codebook Generation Techniques for Grayscale
Image Colorization
Dr. H. B.KekreSr. Professor,MPSTME,
NMIMS Deemed-to-be
University,Vileparle (W),Mumbai-56, India.
Dr. Tanuja K. SarodeAsst. Professor,
Thadomal Shahani Engg.
College,Bandra (W), Mumbai-50,
India.
Sudeep D. ThepadeAsst. Professor,
MPSTME,
NMIMS Deemed-to-beUniversity,Vileparle (W),
Mumbai-56, India.
Ms. Supriya Kamoji Sr.Lecturer,
Fr.Conceicao Rodrigues
College of Engg,Bandra (W),
Mumbai-50, India.
Abstract—This paper presents use of assorted window sizes andtheir impact on colorization of grayscale images using Vector
Quantization (VQ) Code Book generation techniques. Theproblem of coloring grayscale image has no exact solution.Attempt is made to minimize the human efforts needed inmanually coloring grayscale images. Here human interaction is
only to find reference image of similar type. The job of transferring color from reference image to grayscale is done byproposed techniques. Vector quantization algorithms Linde Buzoand Gray Algorithm (LBG) and Kekre Proportionate Error
(KPE) are used to generate color palette in RGB and Kekre’s LUVcolor space. For colorization source color image is taken asreference image which is divided into non overlapping pixelwindows. Initial clusters are formed using VQ algorithms LBG
and KPE, used to generate the color palette. Grayscale imagewhich is to be colored is also divided in non overlapping pixel
windows. Every pixel window of gray image is compared withcolor palette to get the nearest color values. Best match is foundusing least mean squared error. To test the performance of thesealgorithms, color image is converted into gray scale image and the
same grayscale image is recolored back. Finally MSE of recolored
image and original image is compared. Experiment is conductedon both RGB and Kekre’s LUV color space for the different pixelwindows of size 1x2, 2x1, 2x2, 2x3, 3x2, 3x3, 1x3, 3x1, 2x4, 4x2,
1x4, 4x1. However Kekre’s LUV color space gives outstandingperformance. For different pixel windows KPE with 1x2 and LBGwith 2x1 pixel window perform well with respect to image quality.
Keywords- Colorization , Pixel Window, ColorPalette, VectorQuantization(VQ) , LBG, KPE.
I. I NTRODUCTION
Colors always provide more clear information than gray
scale digital images. Colorization is the art of adding color to a
monochrome image or movie. Colors we perceive in an objectare determined by nature of light reflected from the object. Due
to the structure of human eye, all colors are seen as variable
combinations three basic colors Red, Green, Blue (RGB). The
task of coloring a grayscale image involves assigning RGB
values to an image which varies along only the luminancevalue. Since different colors may have the same luminance but
vary in hue and saturation, the problem of coloring gray scale
needs human interaction [1].
Gray scale image is represented by only the luminance values
that can be matched between the two images. Because a singleluminance value could represent entirely different parts of an
image, the remaining values within the pixel’s neighborhood
are used to guide the matching process. Once the pixel ismatched, the color information is transferred but original
luminance value is retained [2].
The details in color image can be utilized for analysis and study
of particular image in the applications like medical
tomography, information security, image segmentation, etc.Coloring of old Black and White movies and rare images of
monuments, celebrities is one of the best applications which
give good feel and understanding.
In case of pseudo-coloring [3] where the mapping of luminance
values to color values is automatic, the choice of color map is
commonly determined by human decision. The main concept of
colorization techniques exploits textual information. The work of Welsh et al , which is inspired by the color transfer [4] and
by image analogies [5], examines the luminance values in theneighborhood of each pixel in the target image and add to its
luminance the chromatic information of a pixel from a source
image with best neighborhoods matching .This technique works
on images were differently colored regions give rise to distinct
textures otherwise, the user must specify rectangular swatchesindicating corresponding regions in the two images.
Color traits transferred to gray scale images [6] presents novel
coloring techniques where color palette is prepared using pixelwindows of some degree taken from reference coloring image.
For every window of gray scale image the palette is searched
for equivalent color values which could be used to color gray
scale window [19].
In this paper, adjacent pixels are grouped together to form a(pixel window) grid. Vector Quantization algorithms LBG andKPE are applied on different pixel window sizes 1x2, 2x1, 2x2,2x3, 3x2, 3x3, 1x3, 3x1, 2x4, 4x2, 1x4, 4x1and codebook of size512 is obtained. Vector Quantization algorithms LBG and KPEare applied. Depending on minimum Euclidean distance, LUV
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components of reference image are transferred to input grayimage.
II. K EKRE’S LUV COLOR SPACE [15,21]
In the proposed technique Kekre’s LUV color space is used.Where L gives luminance and U and V gives chromaticityvalues of color image. Positive values of U indicate prominenceof red components in color image and negative value of Vindicates prominence of green component. The RGB-to LUVand LUV-to-RGB conversion matrices are given in equation 1and 2 respectively.
⎥⎥⎥
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V
U
L
=
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⎢⎢⎢
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−
110
112
111
*
⎥⎥⎥
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⎤
⎢⎢⎢
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B
G
R
(1)
⎥⎥⎥
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B
G
R
=
⎥⎥⎥
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111
111
021
*
⎥⎥⎥
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2/
6/
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V
U
L
(2)
III. VECTOR QUANTIZATION
Vector Quantization (VQ) [7],[8] is an efficient and lossy
technique for compression of data and has been successfully
used in various applications like an pattern recognition[11],
speech recognition and face detection[12][13],imagesegmentation[14],speech data compression [16],content based
image retrieval CBIR[17],[18] etc.
Vector Quantization can be define as a mapping function
that maps k-dimensional vector space to a finite set CB = {C1,
C2,C3, ..…., CN}. The set CB is called codebook consisting of N number of codevectors and each codevector Ci= {ci1, ci2, ci3,
……, cik } is of dimension k. The key to VQ is the good
codebook. Codebook can be generated in spatial domain by
clustering algorithms.
In color transfer phase, image is divided into non
overlapping blocks and each block then is converted to the
training vector Xi = (xi1, xi2, ……., xik ). The codebook is thensearched for the nearest codevector Cmin by computing squared
Euclidian distance as presented in equation (3) with vector Xi
with all the codevectors of the codebook CB. This method is
called exhaustive search (ES).d(Xi, Cmin) = min1≤ j≤ N{d(Xi,C j)} (3)
where d(Xi,C j) = ∑(Xip - C jp)2 It is obvious that, if the codebook size is increased to reduce thedistortion the searching time will also increase.
The following section describes the VQ codebook Generation Algorithms.
A. Linde Buzoand Gray Algorithms(LBG) [7,8]
In this algorithm centroid is first calculated by takingaverage as the first code vector for the training set. In figure1
two vectors are generated by using constant error addition to thecodevector. Euclidean distances of all the training vectors arecomputed with vectors v1 & v2 and two clusters are formed
based on closest of v1 or v2. This modus operandi is replacedfor every cluster. The shortcoming of this algorithm is that the cluster elongation is +135O to horizontal axis in two dimensionalcases resulting in inefficient clustering.
Figure1 LBG for Two dimensional case.
B. Kekre’s Proportionate Error (KPE) Algorithm [9,10]
Here to generate two vectors v1 & v2 proportionate error isadded to the codevector. Magnitude of elements of thecodevector decides the error ratio. Hereafter the procedure issame as that of LBG. While adding proportionate error a safeguard is also introduced so that neither v1 nor v2 go beyond thetraining vector space eliminating the disadvantage of the LBG.Fig. 2, shows the cluster elongation after adding proportionateerror.
Figure 2 orientation of line joining two vectors v1 and v2 after addition of
proportionate error to the centroid.
IV. PROPOSED COLORING TECHNIQUE
Since the coloring problem always requires humaninteraction. So reference image of same class and of same
feature as of input grayscale image. The color transfer
algorithm is discussed for LUV color space for different m x n
pixel grid size. The main steps of algorithm for a color transfer
are:
• Convert RGB components of source color image into
respective Kekre’s LUV color components.• Divide the image in to blocks of m x n pixels. Hence
m x n x3 dimensional training vector set
corresponding to LUV components of each pixel is
obtained. On this set LBG and KPE algorithms are
applied and color palette is generated i.e. codebook of size 512.
• The input gray image is divided in mxn blocks of
pixels. Each block (pixel window) is searched for
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• nearest code vector of color palette. While searching
only luminance is compared
• Once the nearest match is obtained gray image pixel
window is replaced by LUV codevector
• The final colored image in LUV domain is then
converted into RGB plane and MSE of original color
image and recolored image are calculated.
V. R ESULTS
The algorithms discussed above are implemented using
MATLAB 7.0 on Pentium IV, 1.66GHz, 1GB RAM. To test the
performance of these algorithms we have converted color
image to grayscale image and the same gray image is recolored back. Finally MSE of original image and colored image is
compared. Five color images belonging to different classes of
size 128x128x3 are used.
Figure3 to Figure6. Shows the results of LBG and KPE for Zebra, Book, Cartoon and Face images considering same image
as reference image.
Figure7 and Figure8. Shows the results of LBG and KPE for
scenery and dog images considering different image as reference image.
6(a)
Original image
6(b)
Gray image
6(c)
1x2 Grid LBGMSE: 92
6(d)
1x2 Grid KPEMSE: 81
Figure 6 shows reconstruction of face grayscale image using similar sourceimage for pixel window 1x2.
7(a)
OriginalImage
7(b)
ReferenceImage
7(c)
GrayImage
7(d)
1x2 GridLBG
MSE 990
7(d)
1x2 Grid KPEMSE 709
Figure 7 shows reconstruction of Scenery grayscale image using
different source image.
8(a)
OriginalImage
8(b)
ReferenceImage
8(c)
Gray Image
8(d)
1x2GridLBG
MSE 303
8(e)
1x2 GridKPE MSE
285
Figure 8 shows reconstruction of Dog grayscale image using different
source image.
Various images, each of size 128x128 pixels, were
used to build the color palette, and their grayscale
equivalents were colored using color palette for various
pixel windows. The fig. 9, shows bar chart of averagemean squared error obtained across all five images with
respect to initial few pixel windows for RGB and Kekre’s
LUV color space. It is observed that, Kekre’s LUV color
space gives less MSE compared to RGB color space.
Hence in table 1 only Kekre’s LUV color space results for different images using 12 varying pixel window
sizes(1x2,2x1,2x2,2x3,3x2,3x3,1x3,3x1,2x4,4x2,1x4,4x1)
are given.
Figure 9– Average MSE across various Grid sizes for different color
spaces
3(a)
Original
image
3(b)
Gray image 3(c)
1x2 Grid LBG
MSE: 178.4
3(d)
1x2 Grid KPE
MSE: 73.85
Figure 3 shows reconstruction of Zebra grayscale image using similar
source image for pixel window 1x2
4 (a)
Original Image
4(b)
Gray Image
4(c)
1x2GridLBGMSE73.8
4(d)
1x2 Grid KPEMS53.32
Figure 4 shows reconstruction of book grayscale image using similar
source mage for pixel window 1x2
5(a)Original image
5(b)Gray image
5(c)1x2 Grid LBG
MSE: 1260
5(d)1x2 Grid KPE
MSE:1023
Figure 5 shows reconstruction of cartoon grayscale image using similar
source mage for pixel window 1x2
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Table I. Shows the Results of LBG and KPE for five color images from different categories of size 128x128x3.
InputImages
VQAlg.
Grid Sizes
1x2 2x1 2x2 2x3 3x2 3x3 2x4 4x2 1x3 3x1 1x4 4x1
Image1 LBG 92.70 87.11 107.42 116.75 114.65 2302 5576 5652 107.32 106 122.29 114.
KPE 81.59 77.49 89.141 90.75 95.83 2122 5557 5663 87.32 89.09 91.41 87.3
Image2 LBG 1260 1244 1056 1493 1420 6350 6928 9595 1251 1243 1532 1392
KPE 1023 1153 1363 1233 1150 6243 6725 9359 1278 1138 1013 1093
Image3 LBG 178.4 147 440.90 721.73 675.15 2003 2486 4236 373 286 610.66 465.7
KPE 73.85 76.12 225.10 461.69 441.62 1823 2264 4663 143.5 142 273.38 226.0
Image4 LBG 73.89 76.64 107.12 123.82 131.86 2340 3400 3664 90 97 116.92 128.9
KPE 53.32 52.73 79.094 103.43 95.439 2813 3371 3701 65.3 65 73.93 76.09
Image5 LBG 1203 1244 1244 1406 1388 6340 7833 7916 1246 1240 1274 1266
KPE 1178 1174 1182 1414 1399 6384 7935 7968 1193 1175 1209 1212
Average LBG 561.5 559.7 591 772.26 745.9 3867 5244 6212 613 594 731 673
Average KPE 481.9 506.6 587.8 660.5 636.3 3877 5170 6270 553.4 521.8 532.1 538.8
From the data given in table1, it is seen that the performance
gradually decreases as the pixel window size increases.Further
MSE for unidirectional pixel window is less compared to
bidirectional. Pixel window sizes 1x2 and 2x1 are showing
better results as compared to large pixel window sizes.Fig.10, shows the comparison of average mean sqared error
obtained across all images on Kekre’s LUV color space for topfive pixel windows. It can be seen from the chart , KPE
performs well with respect to LBG. Also performance
deteriorates as pixel window size increases and becomes
bidirectinal.
Figure 10 Average MSE across various Grid sizes
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the idea of colorization of grayscale imagesusing VQ codebook generation techniques is presented usingtwo famous codebook generation algorithms alias LBG andKPE. For both the algorithms 12 assorted pixel window sizes areconsidered for preparing the color palettes. As quality of colorization is subjective to source color image and grayscale to
be colorized image, the grayscale version of 5 color images arerecolored using total 48 variations of proposed techniques with 2color spaces (RGB and Kekre’s LUV), 12 pixel window sizes
and 2 codebook generation techniques( LBG and KPE). Thecomparison of original color image and recolored image hasshown that Kekre’s LUV color space outperforms RGB color space. Further, it can be observed from results that unidirectional
pixel windows gives better colorization than bidirectional pixelwindow sizes. The KPE performs better than LBG for colorization. In all the best performance is shown by KPE with1x2 window size in Kekre’s LUV color space.
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Author Biographies
Dr. H. B. Kekre has received B.E. (Hons.) in Telecomm. Engineering. from
Jabalpur University in 1958, M.Tech(Industrial Electronics) from IIT Bombay in
1960, M.S.Engg. (Electrical Engg.) from
University of Ottawa in 1965 and Ph.D.
(System Identification) from IIT Bombayin 1970 He has worked as Faculty of
Electrical Engg. and then HOD Computer
Science and Engg. at IIT Bombay. For 13years he was working as a professor and head
in the Department of Computer Engg. at
Thadomal Shahani Engineering. College, Mumbai. Now he is Senior Professor
at MPSTME, SVKM’s NMIMS. He has guided 17 Ph.Ds, more than 100M.E./M.Tech and several B.E./ B.Tech projects. His areas of interest are Digital
Signal processing, Image Processing and Computer Networking. He has more
than 270 papers in National / International Conferences and Journals to hiscredit. He was Senior Member of IEEE. Presently He is Fellow of IETE and
Life Member of ISTE Recently 11 students working under his guidance have
received best paper awards. Two of his students have been awarded Ph. D. from NMIMS University. Currently he is guiding ten Ph.D. students.
Dr. Tanuja K. Sarode has Received Bsc.(Mathematics) from MumbaiUniversity in 1996, Bsc.Tech.(Computer
Technology) from Mumbai University in 1999,
M.E. (Computer Engineering) degree from Mumbai
University in 2004, Ph.D. from Mukesh Patel
School of Technology, Management andEngineering, SVKM’s NMIMS University, Vile-
Parle (W), Mumbai, INDIA. She has more than 12
years of experience in teaching. Currently working
as Assistant Professor in Dept. of Computer
Engineering at Thadomal Shahani EngineeringCollege, Mumbai. Engineering, SVKM’s NMIMS University, Vile-Parle (W),
Mumbai, INDIA. She has more than 12 years of experience in teaching.
Currently working as Assistant Professor in Dept. of Computer Engineering atThadomal Shahani Engineering College, Mumbai. She is life member of IETE,
member of International Association of Engineers (IAENG) and International
Association of Computer Science and Information Technology (IACSIT),
Singapore. Her areas of interest are Image Processing, Signal Processing and
Computer Graphics. She has 90 papers in National /InternationalConferences/journal to her credit.
Sudeep D. Thepade has Received B.E.(Computer) degree from North
Maharashtra University with Distinction in2003. M.E. in Computer Engineering from
University of Mumbai in 2008 withDistinction, currently submitted thesis for
Ph.D. at SVKM’s NMIMS, Mumbai. He has
more than 08 years of experience in
teaching and industry. He was Lecturer inDept. of Information Technology at
Thadomal Shahani Engineering College,
Bandra(w), Mumbai for nearly 04 years.
Currently working as Associate Professor in
Computer Engineering at Mukesh Patel School of Technology Managementand Engineering, SVKM’s NMIMS, Vile Parle(w), Mumbai, INDIA. He is
member of International Association of Engineers (IAENG) and International
Association of Computer Science and Information Technology (IACSIT),
Singapore. He is member of International Advisory Committee for manyInternational Conferences. He is reviewer for various International Journals.
His areas of interest are Image Processing Applications, Biometric
Identification. He has about 110 papers in National/International
Conferences/Journals to his credit with a Best Paper Award at InternationalConference SSPCCIN-2008, Second Best Paper Award at ThinkQuest-2009
National Level paper presentation competition for faculty, Best paper award atSpringer international conference ICCCT-2010 and second best research project
award at ‘Manshodhan-2010’.
Supriya Kamoji has received B.E. in Electronics and Communication
Engineering with Distinction from Karnataka
University in 2001. Currently pursuing M.E. fromThadomal Shahani College of Engineering,
Mumbai, India. She has more than 8years of
teaching experience. Currently working as an
Senior Lecturer in Fr.Conceicao Rodrigues
College of Engineering. Mumbai, India. She is alife time member of Indian society of Technical
Education (ISTE). Her areas of interest are Image
Processing, Computer Organization and Architecture and Distributed
Computing.
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