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Analog Circuit Design RF Circuits: Wide band, Front-Ends, DAC'sDesign Methodology and Verification for RFand Mixed-Signal Systems Low Power and Low Voltage
Edited byMichiel SteyaertArthur H.M. van RoermundJohan H. Huijsing
ANALOG CIRCUIT DESIGN
Analog Circuit Design
Design Methodology and Verification for RF
and Mixed-Signal Systems, Low Power
and Low Voltage
Edited by
Michiel SteyaertKatholieke Universiteit Leuven,
Belgium
Johan H. HuijsingDelft University of Technology,
The Netherlands
Arthur H.M. van RoermundEindhoven University of Technology,
The Netherlands
RF Circuits: Wide band, Front-Ends, DAC's,
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 10 1-4020-3884-4 (HB)
ISBN 13 978-1-4020-3885-2 (e-book)
Published by Springer,
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording
or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception
of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered
and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Printed in the Netherlands.
ISBN 10 1-4020-3885-2 (e-book)
P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
ISBN 13 978-1-4020-3884-6 (HB)
© 2006 Springer
www.springer.com
Table of Contents
Preface ................................................................................................ vii
Part I: RF Circutis: wide band, Front-Ends, DAC’sIntroduction ........................................................................................ 1
Ultrawideband Transceivers
John R. Long ...................................................................................... 3
High Data Rate Transmission over Wireless Local Area
Networks
Katelijn Vleugels................................................................................ 15
Low Power Bluetooth Single-Chip Design
Marc Borremans, Paul Goetschalckx ................................................. 25
RF DAC’s: output impedance and distortion
Jurgen Deveugele, Michiel Steyaert................................................... 45
High-Speed Bandpass ADCs
R. Schreier .......................................................................................... 65
High-Speed Digital to Analog Converters
Konstantinos Doris, Arthur van Roermund........................................ 91
Part II: Design Methodology and Verification for RF and Mixed-Signal SystemsIntroduction ........................................................................................ 111
Design Methodology and Model Generation for Complex
Analog Blocks
Georges Gielen ................................................................................... 113
Automated Macromodelling for Simulation of Signals and Noise in
Mixed-Signal/RF Systems
Jaijeet Roychowdhury ........................................................................ 143
A New Methodology for System Verification of RFIC Circuit Blocks
Dave Morris........................................................................................ 169
Platform-Based RF-System Design
Peter Baltus ........................................................................................ 195
Practical Test and BIST Solutions for High Performance Data
Converters
Degang Chen ...................................................................................... 215
Simulation of Functional Mixed Signal Test
Damien Walsh, Aine Joyce, Dave Patrick ......................................... 243
Part III: Low Power and Low VoltageIntroduction ........................................................................................ 249
The Effect of Technology Scaling on Power Dissipation in
Analog Circuits
Klaas Bult ........................................................................................... 251
Low-Voltage, Low-Power Basic Circuits
Andrea Baschirotto, Stefano D’Amico, Piero Malcovati................... 291
0.5 V Analog Integrated Circuits
Limits on ADC Power Dissipation
Ultra Low-Power Low-Voltage Analog Integrated Filter Design
Wireless Inductive Transfer of Power and Data
Robert Puers, Koenraad Van Schuylenbergh, Michael Catrysse, Bart
Peter Kinget, Shouri Chatterjee, and Yannis Tsividis........................ 329
Boris Murmann .................................................................................. 351
Wouter A. Serdijn, Sandro A. P. Haddad, Jader A. De Lima ............ 369
Hermans ............................................................................................. 395
vi
Preface
The book contains the contribution of 18 tutorials of the 14th
workshop on Advances in Analog Circuit Design. Each part
discusses a specific to-date topic on new and valuable design
ideas in the area of analog circuit design. Each part is presented
by six experts in that field and state of the art information is
shared and overviewed. This book is number 14 in this
successful series of Analog Circuit Design, providing valuable
information and excellent overviews of analog circuit design,
CAD and RF systems. These books can be seen as a reference to
those people involved in analog and mixed signal design.
This years workshop was held in Limerick, Ireland and
The topics of 2005 are:
RF Circuits: wide band, front-ends, DAC's
Design Methodology and Verification of RF and Mixed-
Signal Systems
Low Power and Low Voltage
The other topics covered before in this series:
1992 Scheveningen (NL):
Opamps, ADC, Analog CAD
1993 Leuven (B):
Mixed-mode A/D design, Sensor interfaces, Communication
circuits
1994 Eindhoven (NL)
Low-power low-voltage, Integrated filters, Smart power
,
organized by B. Hunt from Analog Devices, Ireland.
1995 Villach (A)
Low-noise/power/voltage, Mixed-mode with CAD tools,
Volt., curr. & time references
1996 Lausanne (CH)
RF CMOS circuit design, Bandpass SD & other data conv.,
Translinear circuits
1997 Como (I)
RF A/D Converters, Sensor & Actuator interfaces, Low-noise
osc., PLLs & synth.
1998 Copenhagen (DK)
1-volt electronics, Design mixed-mode systems, LNAs & RF
poweramps telecom
1999 Nice (F)
XDSL and other comm. Systems, RF-MOST models and
behav. m., Integrated filters and oscillators
2000 Munich (D)
High-speed A/D converters, Mixed signal design, PLLs and
Synthesizers
2001 Noordwijk (NL)
Scalable analog circuits, High-speed D/A converters, RF
power amplifiers
2002 Spa (B)
Structured Mixed-Mode Design, Multi-bit Sigma-Delta
Converters, Short Range RF Circuits
2003 Graz (A)
Fractional-N Synthesis, Design for Robustness, Line and Bus
Drivers
viii
2004 Montreux (Sw)
Sensor and Actuator Interface Electronics, Integrated High-
Voltage Electronics and Power Management, Low-Power and
High-Resolution ADC's
I sincerely hope that this series provide valuable contributions
to our Analog Circuit Design community.
Michiel. Steyaert
ix
Part I: RF Circuits: wide band, Front-Ends, DAC's
The trends in RF circuits is since several years towards the fully
integration. Secondly we see the further requirements to the needs of
higher data-rates and as such higher bandwidths. The discussion of
shifting the digital boundary closers and closer to the antenna, results in
the ever increasing requirements for AD/DA converters. For that in this
part the different trends are discussed trough different systems over
different building blocks.
The first topic addresses a total different communication systems: UWB
(Ultra Wide Band). There are two approaches towards ultra wide band
systems. The first is an 'extension' of the WLAN OFDM system, the other
one is the use of impulse radio systems. For the later one, new
architecture, new circuit structures and new topologies are required. As
such still a long way has to be performed. The first approach is basically
an extension of the WLAN. For that the second paper handles in detail
WLAN systems. The many years of research in those systems has
resulted nowadys in the extremely high integration in RF CMOS. The
third paper addresses even more standard products , Bluetooth devices.
Low power, fully integration deals nowadays with digital interference
effects and the requirements towards deep submicron.
The next three papers deal with the AD/DA converters. The first and the
last one deal with design issues for DAC topologies with clock rates
reaching 1GHz. It is clear that at that moment dynamic performances are
becoming the dominant issue. Especially the finite output impedance of
the topologies, in combination with the signal dependency results in
important distortion components. The last paper deals in detail about the
timing issues and design trade offs for the master-slave latch and driver
circuits. The last but one paper discusses high speed band pass ADC's. To
perform AD conversion at a high IF frequency, continuous time ADC's
are proposed. Implementation issues are discussed and by using active
RC integrators, high performance and high integration can be obtained,
however at the cost of power drain.
Michiel Steyaert
ULTRAWIDEBAND TRANSCEIVERS
John R. LongElectronics Research Laboratory/DIMES
Delft University of TechnologyMekelweg 4, 2628CD Delft, The Netherlands
Abstract
An overview of existing ultrawideband (UWB) technologies is
presented in this paper, including multi-band OFDM (MB-OFDM,
scalable for data rates from 55-480Mb/s). Time-domain impulse
radio and wideband FM approaches to UWB for low (<100 kb/s)
and medium data rates (100 kb/s-10 Mb/s) are also described.
1. Introduction
Ultrawideband (UWB) communication technology is defined as any scheme that
occupies more than 500MHz bandwidth, or where the ratio of channel bandwidth
to centre frequency is larger than 20%. Early UWB system development concen-
trated on imaging radar, which is used for precise location finding and imaging.
The recent interest in UWB communication systems arises from the desire for
high-speed, short-range networking (e.g., to support multimedia applications),
although UWB technology can also be used in low power, low bit-rate applica-
tions. UWB has the potential to support a number of applications more effec-
tively that other short-range wireless alternatives, such as the 802.11 or
Bluetooth systems, as illustrated by the data throughput versus distance curves of
Fig. 1. The IEEE 802.15.3a group has proposed a physical layer standard for IC
development that has led to the development of commercial UWB chipsets by a
number of vendors.
The motivation for wideband transmission can be seen from Shannon’s theorem,
which relates the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) and bandwidth (W) of a system to
the channel capacity (C). For low S/N ratios,
Eq. 1.
Eq. 1 predicts that capacity can be improved by either increasing the effective
signal-to-noise ratio or by increasing the system bandwidth. For conventional
narrowband systems, bandwidth improvements have been realized by decreasing
C Wlog2 1 S N⁄+( ) W S N⁄( )≈=
3
M. Steyaert et al. (eds), Analog Circuit Design, 3–14.
© 2006 Springer. Printed in the Netherlands.
the range (thereby decreasing the S/N ratio) or through the use of error correcting
coding. The GHz bandwidths available in an ultrawideband system allows large
increases in capacity without compromising range or adding overhead by coding.
The recent ruling by the Federal Communications Commission in the United
States permits use of the 3.1-10.6GHz band for communications with a average
power spectral density (PSD) to less than -41dBm (measured in a 1MHz band-
width using an isotropic antenna) as shown in Fig. 2. By restricting the PSD, the
received power is constrained at a given distance. The typical S/N ratio will be
low (approx. 0dB) for these systems. Therefore, using as much of the allocated
bandwidth as possible is the most effective way of achieving higher data rates,
although advanced forward error correcting codes may be used (at the cost of
complexity) to realize further gains. A few of the commercial narrowband sys-
tems shown in Fig. 2, such as DCS-1800 and 802.11 LAN (not to scale) are
strong sources of potential interference, and so co-existence of UWB with other
systems must be addressed in any practical system implementation.
2. Multiband OFDM (MB-OFDM)
The proposed standard for high data-rate applications using UWB technology
(IEEE 802.15.3a) is multiband OFDM [1], which offers bit rates ranging from 55
to 480 Mbit/s. In the proposed standard, the 3-10GHz spectrum approved for
indoor use is divided into 14 bands that are 528MHz wide. For the first genera-
tion of MB-OFDM systems, potential interference from WLAN and other com-
mercial sources are limited, as only bands 1-3 are used (see Fig. 3). These bands
lie between the 2.4GHz ISM and 5-6GHz bands used by 802.11 WLAN. MB-
0.10
1
10
100
1000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Th
rou
gh
pu
t, i
n M
b/s
Range, in metres
UWB (802.15.3a)
802.11a802.11b
802.15.4
Fig. 1: Comparison of data throughput and range for IEEE 802 standards.
4
OFDM is therefore scalable, and channel capacity can be added as technology
improves or capacity requirements increase by adding more 528MHz wide bands
to the system.
The OFDM symbols are interleaved across all transmit bands to add frequency
diversity into the system and provide robustness against multi-path and other
types of interference. One advantage of using OFDM, is that tones can be
switched off near frequencies (or in bands) which must be protected from interef-
erence. Since each MB-OFDM band is only 528MHz wide, this reduces the
demands on the bandwidth of the signals which the transmitter and receiver must
process. A guard interval is inserted between OFDM symbols in order to allow
sufficient time to with between channels, however, switching must be achieved
within 9ns.
The architecture of the MB-OFDM transmitter and receiver is similar to other
OFDM systems. This allows manufacturers to leverage existing OFDM designs
1.0 10.0
-75
-70
-60
-65
-55
Frequency, in GHz
UW
B E
mis
sio
n L
evel, in
dB
m
-50
-45
-40
UWBrange
GPS
DCS-1800 802.11 LAN (+16dBm to +29dBm)
FCC Limit
ETSI Limit
Fig. 2: UWB indoor spectral mask.
3.0 6.0
-30
-20
0
-10
10
Frequency, in GHz
Po
we
r L
ev
el,
in
dB
m
20
30
40
3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.52.5
1 2 3
MB-OFDM Group A
Fig. 3: Frequency bands proposed for the first generation of MB-OFDM.
IEEE 802.11a
5
for the development of MB-OFDM ICs. Restrictions on the transmit constella-
tion size and signal processing overhead allow simplified implementations. For
data rates below 80Mb/s a full I/Q transmitter is not required. This reduces the
size of the analog portion of the transmit chain on an IC by about one-half.
One method of implementing a fast switching source for bands 1-3 is shown in
Fig. 4. the centre frequencies for the sub-bands are 3432, 3960 and 4488MHz,
respectively. Frequency division from a master PLL source produces a number of
sub-frequencies, and single-sideband mixers are then used to combine the
desired tones to create local oscillators centred in each sub-band under digital
control (the select function in Fig. 4).
On the transmit side, OFDM produces a peak-to-average ratio of 21dB for the
transmit signal. The required RF power output is
Eq. 2.
Adding 10dB margin to ensure linearity and assuming a Class A (linear) power
amplifier with 10-20% efficiency, the dc power consumption required is
Eq. 3.
Other circuitry will swamp out power consumption of the power amplifier,
unlike other wireless systems where the power consumed by the power amp
dominates.
A simulated link budget [1] for the 110Mbits/s data rate predicts a 6.6dB noise
figure receiver is required with a sensitivity of -80.5dBm (assuming a 3-band
transceiver, -10.3dBm transmit power, 6dB link margin and 0dBi gain antennas).
Power consumption of a 130nm CMOS implementation operating at 110Mb/s is
PLL
8 2
SSB Mixer Select
SSB Mixer
Sampling
Output
Frequency
4224MHz
528MHz
264MHz
792MHz
Fig. 4: Fast-switching frequency synthesis.
41.25dBm MHz⋅– 10 528( )log+ 14– dBm=
PDC
Pac
η⁄ 4dBm– 0.1⁄ 4mW= = =
6