anagraw n yisem (allaoua rabehi ?)
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Anagraw n yisem
Agbur
Tazwert Amgared gar yisem d umyag deg sin n yiswiren : talγiwin d twuri.
I. Timesγariwin tigensanin 1. Unti
2. Asget
3. Addad amaruz
II. Timesγariwin timezzayin 1. Talγiwin n usuddem
a) Isem n tigawt
b) Isem n umeskar
c) Isem n wallal
d) Arbib
2. Arbib ameskan
3. Awsil n yisem
III. Asuddes IV. Amqim
1. Amqim udmawan a) Amqim ilelli b) Amqim awsil
2. Amqim arudmawan a) Amqim ameskan b) Amqim amattar c) Amqim amassaγ d) Amqim arbadu
V. Tiwuriwin n yisem 1. Aseγru (tafyirt tanisemt)
2. Asemmad (tafyirt tanisemt, tafyirt tanemyagt) a) Asemmad imsegzi b) Asemmad usrid c) Asemmad arusrid (tinzaγ) d) Asemmad ilelli
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Tawsit Tawsit, deg tjerrumt, d asmil (‘‘catégorie’’) yersen γef umgired n tuzzuft. Da tawsit d tawsit n ugama, i nettaf tikwal kan deg tutlayin tigamanin.
axxam ~ taxxamt, izi ~ tizit, uzzal ~ tuzzalt ur yelli d tanmegla n tuzzuft. Da tawsit, d talγa kan, ur telli deg unamek. Deg tefransist, tatalyant, taspenyult, taεrabt, llant snat tewsatin n talγa : amalay d wunti. Deg talmant, tarusit, llant kradet n tewsatin : amalay, unti, arawsan. Deg tesnilest, deg tefransist d amedya, s umata tawsit ur telli d awalec (awal n tjerrumt : ‘‘monème’’), acku ur d-ittekk seg ufran deg tmeslayt. Ma yella yisem kan, tedda-d yid-s tewsit-is : ur yezmir yiwen ad d-yini poire war ma yenna-t-id deg wunti, ur yezmir ad as-d-yefren amalay. Tawsit akked tuzzuft mgaradent : cuisinier ~ cuisinière deg-s tanmegla n tewsit, deg-s tanmegla n umawal. Deg tmaziγt, tawsit d awalec, d asmil n tjerrumt acku amalay d wunti mgaraden deg talγa d unamek.
I. Deg talγa, yebded (yesttwasebdad) wunti γef umalay s tmerna n t γer tazwara d taggara n yisem.
II. Deg unamek, assaγ gar umalay d wunti yezmer ad yili :
1. d assaγ n tuzzuft : awtem ~tawtemt
abarar ~ tabarart ; ameččuk ~ tameččukt ; aqcic ~ taqcict ; aserdun ~ taserdunt ; agmar ~ tagmart ; aydi ~ taydit ; afunas ~ tafunast ; atg.
2. d assaγ n usemẓi/asemγer
— amagnu ~ ameẓẓyan : axxam ~ taxxamt ; abuqal ~ tabuqalt ; afus ~ tafust ; atg.
— ameqqran ~ amagnu : awwur ~ tawwurt ; atg. 3. d assaγ n usmenyir
argaz ~ targazt ; ameṭṭu ~ tameṭṭut ; (ameγriw ~ tameγra) ; atg. 4. d assaγ agraw-aferdis
aslen ~ taslent ; agusim ~ tagusimt ; azemmur ~ tazemmurt ; atg. 5. d assaγ n wanzi
izi ~ tizit ; uzzal ~ truzzalt ; amur ~ tamurt ; asaru ~ tasarut ; atg. Tamawin
a) Kra n yismawen, am tala, tama, taga, tili, tidi, tizi, timmi, tigemmi, tamusni, tasusmi, tilelli, tagrawla, ur llin d untiyen n tidet, acku ur lin amalay ; am kra n yismawen laẓ, fad. Ismawen-a tettban-d tewsit-nsen deg tefyirt : Tasusmi d weltma-s n tmusni. Teccef-itt-id tidi. Teččur timmi-s. Fad d gma-s n laẓ. Deg tmurt n waman, yenγa-t fad.
b) (a)yis ~ tγallit ; ikerri ~ tixsi ; argaz ~ tameṭṭut ; ales ~ tameṭṭ d assaγ n tuzzuft maca ur yelli d assaγ n tewsit. tγallit, tixsi, tameṭṭut, ur llin d unti n (a)yis, ikerri, argaz. tameṭṭ, amalay-ines *ameḍ, lemmer yelli ; ales, unti-ines *talest, iseg d-yekka tullas n teqbaylit.
c) S umata, talγa n wunti deg umatar udmawan akked yimqimen, d t.
tella, anta, nettat, ddant, wwin-t (amalay, wwin-t(ə)t (unti), atg.
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Kkes-d deg uḍris s kra d-yeskanen unti, temmeslayeḍ-d γef-s.
Zedγeγ deg Bilkur, deg lasiti Lbiḍa. At lasiti sawalen-as daγen : le quartier chinois. Lḥasun, ur telli d tamellalt, ur tt-zdiγen les Chinois. Nnig lasiti-nneγ i tuli tqebbet n Ccix Bu-qebrin (bu sin n yiẓekwan).
Bu-qebrin-a, γef wakken d-qqaren — γef yimawen-nsen, d yiwen seg widen ibedden deg ubrid i Marical Bugeaud. Akabar aγelnaw yerra-t d amazun n Rebbi deg ddunit, ireqqem-as taqebbet ttẓurun-tt-id seg yal tamnaḍt n tmurt, tikwal ula seg tuddar n Leqbayel.
Asmi lliγ d acawrar zgiγ ttnemḍareγ din : jemεeγ-d idrimen d tcemmaεin n-ttağğant temγarin d lḥeq n ẓẓyara. Tura, meqqreγ. Akka i yi-d-teqqar yemma. Maca, nek ur gziγ ara d acu-yi : d argaz, d ilemẓi neγ, d tidet, d acawrar ? Anagar yemma i yeẓran. Nettat, ulac asteqsi i wimi ur tettaf tifrat. Teqqar-iyi-d, tikwal mi ara xedmeγ kra ur as-neεğib : « Neγ tura keč d argaz ! » Ihi, nek d argaz. Timsal, γur yemma, teddunt snat snat : mellul neγ berrik, yelha neγ diri-t, d leḥram neγ d leḥlal... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......
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Amḍan Amḍan d tasmilt n tjerrumt i yessemgaraden, deg waṭas n tutlayin, gar tiwent (‘‘unité’’) akked tissugta (‘‘pluralité’’). Llant tutlayin ideg yella usinan (am tegrigt, taεrabt, atg.), llant tid ideg yella ukerdan (am yiwet n tmeslayt n Milanisya). Deg yiwet n tama yella wasuf, deg tama-nniḍen yella usinan, akerdan, asget. Ma deg tmaziγt, yella wasuf, yemma usget : axxam ~ ixxamen. Asebded n usget γef wasuf, yezmer ad yili deg sin n yiswiren : tiγri tamezwarut akked tfekka n yisem.
1. Tiγri tamezwarut
Tezmer ad tbeddel (a), tezmer ad teqqim (b).
a) argaz ~ irgazen ; ass ~ ussan ; tamγart ~ timγarin ; iḍ ~ uḍan ; iccer ~ accaren ; ticcert ~ taccarin/tuccar ; tamurt ~ timura ; tazzert ~ tuzzar
b) awal ~ awalen ; iger ~ igran ; udem ~ udmawen ; tasa ~ tasiwin ; tidi ~ tidiwin ; tudemt ~ tudmawin
2. Tafekka Deg wayen yerzan tafekka, asget yezmer ad yili s tmerna n tehrayt (taggara n yisem), neγ s temlellit n teγri neγ n teγra, neγ s tmerna n teγri. a) Asget s tmerna n tehrayt : ggtent talγiwin n tehrayt (—n ; t—in ; —an ; t—atin ; —awen ; t— iwin) — awal ~ awalen ; amγar ~ imγaren ; iccer ~ accaren ; ticcert ~ taccarin ; tamγart ~ timγarin
— iger ~ igran ; iḍ ~ uḍan ; ass ~ ussan ; taserdunt ~ tiserdatin ; tileft ~ tilfatin
— izem ~ izmawen ; udem ~ udmawen ; tudemt ~ tudmawin b) Asget s temlellit n teγri (neγ n teγra) — aẓru ~ iẓra ; abdun ~ ibdan
— asalu ~ isula ; asafu ~ isufa c) Asget s tmerna n teγri — adrar ~ idurar ; amrar ~ imurar ; azrar ~ iẓurar ; azrar ~ izurar ; d) Asget s tmerna n tehrayt d uγelluy n teγri — abrid ~ iberdan ; adrum ~ iderman ; aglim ~ igelman ; aγrum ~ iγerman e) Asget s tehrayt d temlellit — aẓar ~ iẓuran ; afus ~ ifassen ; asif ~ isaffen ; tama ~ tamiwin
Tamawin a) Llan ismawen asget-nsen yesdukel gar teγri tamezwarut d tehrayt d temlellit, atg. Widen d wid ideg yegget wallus deg usileγ n usget. Llan wiyaḍ asget-nsen anagar s tehrayt —n : awalen ; tamawin ; atg. b) Ismawen aẓru, ablaḍ, asennan, atg., d imalayen maca deg unamek tikwal deg asget.
Neεya deg twakksa (n) usennan I daγ-yettrajun ssan Deg ubrid yerjan aḍar c) ulli, arrac, tulawin, d asget n tixsi, aqcic, tameṭṭut ? d) Llan yismawen d asget war asuf : medden, tiqqar, aman, atg. e) Llan yismawen d asuf war asget : tiγrit, times, iṭij, atg. f) Isem n tigawt : ma d asuf ur ili asget, ma asget ur ili asuf : tagmert, tisin.
g) Deg tegnatin-nniḍen, berra i yisem, asget dima s talγa n.
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Kkes-d ismawen, temmeslayeḍ-d γef umḍan n yal yiwen seg-sen.
Snat n taγulin ay yesnernayen tutlayt : tira d useqdec n tutlayt. S wawal tira, neqsed mačči anagar tilufa-nni n wamek ara naru imesla s yisekkilen ; neqsed ugar : tira n kra n wayen yellan, n wayen yerzan akk tudert d tmeddurt n umdan deg umaḍal : tasekla, taγamsa, urar, tadamsa, tussna, amezruy, atg. Akken ur daγ-d-tettγimi kan deg tmenna. S wawal aseqdec, nerza γer wayen yezgan nnig leqdic γef tutlayt, acku yella umeslay γef tutlayt, yella daγen umeslay s tutlayt, i tebγu tili taγult, i yebγu yili uswir n yinaw.
Dakken tutlayin, deg wayen yerzan taγessa tagensant, yal tutlayt tezmer ad d-tini akk tilufa. Maca tutlayt ur tezmir ad tili ma ur yelli win tt-yettmeslayen. D win i tt-yessawalen i izemren ad tt-yesseqdec neγ ad tt-yessers deg teγmert. Nezmer ad nxemmem γef talmant flugzeug “ayennat yettafgen” i usafag, γef tefransist marche-pied “tarekkayebt”/“tasalelt”, γef tefransist ur nesεi amyag i “ens”, ur nesεi isem i “tnusi”, isεan droit de cuissage (“azref n usferfed” ?) ur tesεi amyag *cuisser, atg. Muqqel tura amek i uγalent d tutlayin tigreγlanin !
D amdan, d tawacult, d taddart, d tamdint, d timetti i yettarran tutlayt d taslit neγ d taklit. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......
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Addad D tasmilt n tjerrumt i yessemgaraden gar waddad ilelli d waddad amaruz. Addad yerza tiγri tamezwarut n yisem.
Deg tesnilest, addad d awalec acku amsiwel yezmer ad yefren gar waddad ilelli d waddad amaruz. Yettili waddad ilmend n twuri n yisem.
I. Addad d twuri Addad ilelli d addad n yisem mi ara yili yisem-nni :
– d arilaw (non-réel, virtuel) ;
– deg umuγ n yismawen (deg umawal neγ deg usegzawal) ;
– deg tazwara n tefyirt (neγ n tenfalit) ;
– d aseγru ;
– d asemmad usrid.
Addad amaruz, addad n yisem deg wattal ilaw, mi ara yili yisem-nni :
– d asemmad n yisem (war tanzeγt) ;
– d asemmad arusrid (deffir tenzeγt) ;
– d asemmad imsegzi.
II. Talγiwin Addad amaruz yettili :
— s tmerna n w sdat teγri tamezwarut a neγ u ; s tmerna n y sdat teγri i. Da d addad amaruz ay d talγa tucriḍt, addad ilelli d talγa tarucriḍt.
asif ~ wasif ; udem ~ wudem ; idis ~ yidis — s temlellit n teγra a/u. Da d talγiwin tucriḍin i sin, s waddad ilelli s waddad amaruz.
afus ~ ufus ; argaz ~ urgaz ; amγar ~ umγar — s uγelluy n teγri deg yisem unti. Da d addad ilelli ay d talγa tucriḍt.
tameṭṭut ~ tmeṭṭut ; tiγri ~ teγri ; tilufa ~ tlufa
III. Tamawin a) Llan yismawen ur lin addad, am – tala, tili ; – yismawen untiyen at teγri tamezwarut u ; – yismawen war tiγri tamezwarut. b) Llan yismawen, yal tamnaḍt amek tessawal addad-nsen amaruz : taluft/tluft ; ufud/wafud ; waddaynin/uddaynin c) Llan yismawen ideg tesbek talγa deg waddad amaruz : wazi
d) Deg tcawit, deg kra n yismawen, addad amaruz : ∅ ~ u, kra n yismawen untiyen d war addad : suf ~ usuf ; fus ~ ufus ; ḍar ~ uḍar ; tfunast ; tγaṭ (maca tameṭṭut ~ tmeṭṭut) e) Deg tmaheγt, addad amaruz ur yelli s ubeddel n teγri, maca s ubeddel n tullya n teγri :
ales ~ éles
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Ticraḍ timsuddmin (n usuddem) Deg tmaziγt, llan yismawen d iḥerfiyen, llan d isuddimen. Seg gar wayen s mgaraden yismawen axxam, abrid, afḍis akked tawla, amekraz, asergel, ameqqran, tella taluft n usuddem. Isuddimen γur-sen ticraḍ n usuddem. Ticraḍ timsuddmin n yisem mgaradent γef tid n umyag. Ismawen isuddimen, llan wid ibedden γef umyag n tigawt, llan wid ibedden γef umyag n tγara. Bḍan yismawen isuddimen γef : isem n tigawt (tawla), isem n umeskar (amekraz), isem n wallal (asergel), arbib (ameqqran).
I. Isem n tigawt d yisem n tγara Ggtent talγiwin n yisem n tigawt, imend n tγessa n umyag, armi tikwal nezmer ad d-nini ttawḍent talγiwin n yisem n tigawt γer tilist n umawal. – krez / takerza [takerza]/[tajerza] ; kres / tikersi [tijersi]/[tirsi] ; maca akras, akraz, atg. – kkes / tukksa / tawakksa ; kker / tukkra / tanekra / tinukri ; atg. – fru / ferru ; bru / berru ; atg. – awes / tawsa / tiwsi ; awel / tawla ; anez / annuz ; afeg / affug (ifig/ifeg) ; atg. – kes / takessawt ; els / timelsiwt ; ers / tarusi ; atg. – ewt / tiyita / tiwiti ; atg. – af / tifin ; as / tisin ; atg. Llan kra n yismawen n tigawt lan talγa n umyag : urar, uγal, inig, atg. Niqal isem n tigawt ila anagar yiwet n tewsit d yiwen n umḍan. Tikwal isem n tigawt yemmal daγen isem akmam (agmuḍ n tigawt), da yezmer ad yili tawsit d umḍan : akrus/akerrus/tawerrist, tiẓri, timrist/timras, tayerza/tiyerziwin, tifrat, inebran, iriran, tiyita/tiyitwin, tanekra/tinekriwin, atg. Nezmer ad nernu isem n tγara γer yisem n tigawt : tezweγ, tewzel, temses, tilin.
II. Isem n umeskar Talγa n yisem n umeskar s m (n ma tella deg ufeggag tergalt n yicenfiren) sdat ufeggag akked a sdat tergalt taneggarut. Yemmal win yeskaren tigawt : amekraz, amnay, anerzaf, atg. Yella yisem n umeskar yeskan allal : amextaf, amaddaz, atg. Tikwal yella yisem n umeskur : amazun, atg. (isem n umeskar : amazan) Tikwal isem n umeskar deg kra yimyagen imnekcamen s tussda n tergalt tanemmast : axeddam, afellaḥ, akeddab, atg.
III. Isem n wallal Isem n wallal s s sdat ufeggag. Maca ur yelli d s n usswaγ (asuddim anemyag). Amzun akken talγa-ines tekka-d seg tenzeγt n wallal s. asekrez, asalel, asergel, tisemdelt.
Tikwal isem n wallal yeskan ameskar : aselmad, aselway, atg.
IV. Arbib Yebded urbib γef umyag n tγara. Ggtent talwiwin n urbib, ilmend n tγessa n umyag neγ imend n temnaḍt. Seg gar talγiwin-nni ufrarent-d kuẓet : a) s tmerna n a sdat tneggarut : awraγ, azegzaw, atg.
b) s tussda n tergalt tanemmast d tmerna n a sdat tneggarut : amellal, amessas, asemmam…
c) s tmerna n an d adfir : ameqqran, aγezzfan, aberkan, atg.
d) s uskim uCCiC : uzmir, uḥric, ungif, etg.
V. Isem γef yisem : s tmerna n ms sdat ufeggag : amsedrar, amsebrid, (amesḍar, amesnebdu)
Tameslayt : a) tiwizi, aseggas, amnay, ameksa, isegmi, asadel, tiseγlit, asefru. b) amuḍin, amuddir (amiddur, amuddur)
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c) amerẓag(u), imiẓid/aẓidan, amellal/umlil, azeggaγ/imizwiγ, aberkan/imibrik/abrurkan
Arbib ameskan Arbib ameskan d yiwet seg tmesγariwin timezzayin n yisem. S umata, talγa tettbeddil kan ilmend n wadeg n wi d-yettwaseknen (M. Mammeri yessawal-asen ‘udmawen’). – ayen i d-yettwaseknen atan sdat win yettmeslayen : argaz-a, tamurt-a.
– ayen i d-yettwaseknen atan agemmaḍ i win yettmeslayen maca yettwali-t : argaz-ihin, tamurt-ihin.
– d abdar, deg tibawt neγ uhu n wayen i d-yettwaseknen : argaz-nni, tamurt-nni. – d tiḍent : argaz-nniḍen, tamurt-iḍen.
1. Ameskan n tiẓin Deg tmaziγt, s umata, arbib ameskan s talγa –a (talγiwin tiγezzfanin : ay, aya, ayi, agi, agi…) d talγa tarmeskilt. Ma ulac maḍi d talγa taddayt, maca : a) deg kra n tantaliwin (tumẓabt, tamaziγt n Waṭlas, Tigurarin…), d talγa –u ay yellan.
b) deg tsaḥlit, d talγa tawezzlant –a neγ –ad, i ifettin ilmend n umḍan : ad ~ id.
c) deg tcelḥit, -ad ~ -an d tanmegla n d n i yellan deg tzelγa n tnila (deg umyag) [tiẓin ~ tigguga]. d)deg tmaheγt, d talγa n umqim ameskan, ifettin ilmend n tewsit d umḍan : ales-wa, tanṭut-ta, midden-wi, tinṭutin-ti. e) deg kra n tmeslayin, tiḍent tebḍa γef snat : abadu d urbadu : -nniḍen ~ -iḍen, maca tikwal d talγa kan, ur telli d tanmegla abadu ~ arbadu.
2. Ameskan n tigguga Ameskan n tigguga s talγa –ihin, maca deg yiwet n tmeslayt am tsaḥlit, d timerna γef talγa tarmesklit -nnha, tella talγa ifettin ilmend n tewsit d umḍan : -nnakan / -nnattan / -nnaknin / -nnaktin. [k]
3. Ameskan n ubdar Ameskan n ubdar s talγa n –enn/-nni. Deg tcelḥit, s talγa –ann, ma deg tcawit s talγa n umernu n wadeg –din.
4. Ameskan n tiḍent Niqal ameskan n tiḍent d armeskil, maca deg tmaheγt ifetti ilmend n tewsit d umḍan, yebded γef talγa n umeskan : -wahaḍen/wihaḍnin/tahaḍet/tihaḍnin. Deg teqbaylit llant snat talγiwin n urbib n tiḍent : –nniḍen/–iḍen, maca llant tmeslayin ideg mgaradent talγiwin-a deg unamek : yiwet d tabadut, tayeḍ d tarbadut : ass-nniḍen (“l’autre jour”), ass-iḍen (“un autre jour”).
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Asuddes 1. Tabadut Asuddes d abrid n usileγ n umawal, yemgarad γef usuddem. Asuddem d timerna n talγa n tjerrumt i talγa n umawal, ma d asuddes d asemlil n snat n talγiwin n umawal : asergel d asuddim, ma d asγersif d uddis. Tikwal tezmer ad ternu gar-asen tenzeγt n : taslit n unẓar.
2. Taγessa n yisem uddis Deg tγessa-s, yezmer ad yili usuddis yebded γef :
– isem + isem : alemsir, asennan n uγyul [asNanWγjul]
– isem + amyag : asγarẓiden, tifireεqest (aman mellulen, tala mellult)
– amyag + isem : eččulac, merẓiqbac, (tamurt n meččimdanen)
Maca akken yebγu yili, yettuγal usuddis γer tikti n usemlil n sin n yismawen : eččulac amzun d meččulac am merẓiqbac, meččimdanen ideg amur amezwaru d talγa n yisem n umeskar ; amur wis sin n asγarẓiden d wiyaḍ d amaγun, talγa-nni yezgan gar yisem d umyag (tawuri-s am urbib). S umata γas deg talγa yella umyag deg usileγ n wuddis, amyag-nni ur yeqqim d amyag : ha d amaγun (aferdis 1u), ha d isem n umeskar (aferdis w2).
Llan yisuddisen zun d isuddimen :
tagersift [ger + (t)(a)sif(t)], mrafi [mer + af], ttkanzi [ttak + anzi], atg.
3. Gar wuddis d wuddus Yewwi-d ad nessemgired gar wuddis d wuddus :
Deg uswir asnamkan : Anamek n umezwaru yemgarad akked d usdukel n unamek n uferdis amezwaru d unamek n uferdis wis sin. Ma d anamek n wuddus d asdukel n unamek n yiferdisen-is :
tislit + (n) + anẓar > tislit n unẓar (= tabagust yettilin deg yigenni deg tmeγra n wuccen)
N1 + N2 ≠ N3 (d uddis)
tasarut + n + tawwurt > tasarut n tewwurt (neγ tasarut n wul, amnar n tewwurt)
N1 + N2 = N3 (d uddus)
Deg uswir n tseddast, uddis d usbik : ur nezmir ad nger wara gar yiferdisen-is ; ma gar yiferdisen n wuddus, nezmer ad nger kra n wawal, yerna nezmer ad nekkesrer yal yiwen seg yimuren-nni n wuddus :
tislit n unẓar-nni (*tislit-nni n unẓar)
tasarut n tewwurt-nni neγ tasarut-nni n tewwurt
4. Uddisen d tutlayt n zik
Isuddisen d inagan γef taluft n tdamsa n tutlayt, d allal udmis (akaccar) n usemmi n tγawsiwin. Deg kra n yisuddimen yeskan-d usuddem amek tella tutlayt zik. Isuddimen am asγersif (asγar n wasif), alemsir (alem n (t)(a)sir(t)), aγesmar (iγes n wamar), iγesdis (iγes n yidis), skanen-d tagnit i tezmer ad tili deg-s tmaziγt zik : tiγri tamezwarut n yisem tla azal n umagrad (i d-yekkan ahat seg umqim umeskan : amalay a, unti ta). Uddisen am aman mellulen, tala mellult (d ismedgen : d ismawen n yimukan) skanen-d aseqdec n umaγun n umyag n tγara zik deg yiwet n temnaḍt ideg yuγ amkan-is urbib (aman imellalen, tala tamellalt). Skanen-d daγen wuddisen tanila n uguccel : amselkem amguccil (‘‘déterminé’’) – amguccel (‘‘déterminant’’) :
asγarẓiden (asγar ẓiden = « asγar aẓidan ») ; agecrir n umγar (s tefransist : ‘‘cyclamen’’)
asγar ẓiden agecrir (n) umγar
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5. Uddisen d wawalen itraren
Awalen itraren, yettsemmin ama d tiktiwin n tmeddurt tatrart ama d timiḍranin tussnanin, zemren ad ilin iwalnuten (s tefransist : ‘‘néologismes’’), d isuddimen, neγ uddisen. Llan wuddisen itraren ddan akked talγa n wuddisen n zik, am tasnilest (tussna n yiles), tasnalest (tussna n wales), agreγlan (gar yiγlanen), tafrekmant (s tefransist : ‘‘autogestion’’, s taεrabt : ‘‘al-tasyīr al-dātī’’) tanγimant (anγay n yiman) acku ḍefren amselkem n wid n zik ; uddisen am amazγawal (Amawal n tmaziγt tatrart), tasegmisent (Tamawalt usegmi n Belεid Budris), yecceḍ usileγ-nsen acku ur yebdid γef umselkem n wuddisen n zik : amazγawal (s tefransist ‘‘berbérophone’’ : « win yessawalen tamaziγt ») ; tasegmisent d asegmi n tussna (s tefransist : *‘‘éducation de la science’’), ur yelli d tussna n usegmi (s tefransist : ‘‘science de l’éducation’’). _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Awsil n yisem Awsil n yisem d amqim i irennun γef yisem. Irennu γef yiwen n yisem, yettili deg wadeg n yisem-nniḍen. Deg-s tawsit d umḍan n yisem-nni iwimi yuγ umqim adeg-is. Ur deg-s tawsit d umḍan n yisem iγef irennu. afus n yisli = afus-is ; aḍad n teslit = aḍad-is ; ifassen n yisli = ifassen-is ; iḍudan n teslit = iḍudan-is
afus n yisli = afus-is ; afus n teslit = afus-is ; afus n yislan = afus-nsen ; afus n teslatin = afus-nsent
Asuf Asget
Udem 1u — -nnew Udem 1u amalay — -nneγ
Udem w1 unti — -nteγ
Udem w2 amalay — -nnek Udem w2 amalay — - nwen
Udem w2 unti — -nnem Udem w2 unti — - nwent
Udem w3 — -nnes Udem w3 amalay — -nsen
Udem w3 unti — -nsent
Deg talγiwin-a tettkan-d tenzeγt n : amzur n taklit = amzur-nnes = amzur-is = amzur-s = amzur-nnit. Ti d talγiwin yellan s tidet maca ur llint akk deg yiwet n tantala. Deg teqbaylit, d amedya, mgaradent talγiwin (n wasuf). Deg tcawit, temgarad talγa n wudem 1u n wasuf. Deg tuget n tantaliwin temgarad talγa n wudem w2 asget (deg ususru : tamaheγt — - nekmet). Deg tumẓabt, ur telli tenzeγt n deg wasuf : udem-s am deg yismawen yeggran s teγri : tama-s.
Awsil n yisem n timmarewt, s talγa iman-is :
Asuf Asget
Udem 1u — Udem 1u amalay — -tneγ
Udem w1 unti — -tnteγ
Udem w2 amalay — -k Udem w2 amalay — - twen
Udem w2 unti — -m Udem w2 unti — - twent
Udem w3 — -s Udem w3 amalay — -tsen
Udem w3 unti — -tsent
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G. M. : Awsil n yisem n timmarewt udem 1u asuf d war asnamak (baba, yemma, gma, yelli, mmi, atg.), maca yezmer ad yili talγa — - inu, i yettusemman d talγa tasant (n tasa, s tefransist : ‘‘affective’’).
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Imqimen
1. Tabadut Neẓra dakken tutlayt tebḍa γef sin n yiḥricen n wawalen : awalen n umawal akked wawalen n tjerrumt. Awalen n umawal bḍan, daγ nutni, γef sin n yiḥricen : isem d umyag (neẓra yakan amek mgaraden). Akk imyagen γur-sen yiwen n umyag i yettilin deg wadeg-nsen (deg tuttra dγa) : eg (sker, xdem) :
Ma iga wa ? Ma teskared da ?
Neẓra dakken arbib d awal i irennun γer yisem, yezmer ad yili d arbib n tjerrumt (arbib ameskan, awsil n yisem), yezmer ad yili d arbib n umawal. Ma d amqim, d awal i yettilin deg wadeg n yisem. Deg tefyar
Salas d aselway n useqqamu. > Netta d aselway n useqqamu. Yessebded tigemmi > Yessebded-itt. Adfel ddu-yas, lehwa ddari-yas. Wa d amnay, wa d aterras.
Netta, -itt, -(y)as, wa, d imqimen.
2. Tisekkiwin n yimqimen Bḍan yimqimen γef snat n tsekkiwin timeqqranin : imqimen udmawanen d yimqimen arudmawanen. Amqim udmawan d amqim ifettin ilmend n wudem. Llan krad n wudmawen : amezw aru, d win yettmeslayen ; wis sin, d win i wimi yettmeslay ; wis krad, d win iγef yettmeslay. Amqim udmawan, deg-s akk udmawen (1u, w2, w3). Ma d amqim arudmawan, d amqim ur nfetti ilmend n wudem. Ma nemmuqel amqim udmawan, ad t-naf d war udem, neγ deg-s anagar udem wis krad ; udem wis krad, d war udem acku d udem ur neddir deg tegnit n teywalt (yettwabdar-d kan).
nekni d udem amezwaru ; ansuf yes-wen, d udem wis sin ; nniγ-as, d udem wis krad.
3. Imqimen udmawanen Amqim udmawan yebḍa γef snat n taggayin : amqim ilelli, amqim awsil. Amqim awsil yebḍa γef kradet n taggayin : awsil n umyag, awsil n yisem, awsil n tenzeγt. Awsil n umyag yebḍa γef umqim asemmad usrid d umqim asemmad arusrid.
3.1. Amqim ilelli
Amqim ilelli d amqim i yettaṭṭafen adeg n yisem mi ara yili d aseγru (n tefyirt tanisemt), neγ d asemmad imsegzi, neγ d anmel n usentel. D nutenti ay d azekka n talsa. Yeqqim netta d wi yeεzizen. Kem d times, nek d aman… Nekni nezzenz-itt, kunwi terram-tt-id.
3.2. Amqim awsil
Amqim awsil yettili deg wadeg n yisem mi ara yili d asemmad n yisem, neγ d asemmad usrid, neγ d asemmad arusrid (s tenzeγt i neγ s tenzaγ-nniḍen : γer, deg, γef, atg.). Tanzeγt i tγelli mi ara yili uwsil deg wadeg n yisem, tinzaγ-nniḍen ur γellint : irennu uwsil deffir-sent.
3.2.1. Awsil n yisem (ẓer tamsirt Awsil n yisem)
Nezmer ad d-nesmekti dakken awsil n yisem d amqim irennun γef yisem : yettaṭṭaf adeg n yisem amezwaru, irennu γef yisem wis sin. imeṭṭawen n yixf : imeṭṭawen-is tamurt n Yimziγen : tamurt-nsen
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Ger tamawt 1 : Awsil n yisem d urbib ameskan (ẓer tamsirt Arbib ameskan) ma dduklen deg wuddus, d arbib ameskan i yettilin d amezwaru. arraw-nni-ines (arraw-nni i yellan d ayla-s) taluft-nni-nsent
Ger tamawt 2 : Tikwal uddus /isem + awsil n yisem/ d tafyirt (ad nẓer anect-a deg yiwet seg temsirin i d-itteddun) : γur-s idrimen : ila (yesεa) idrimen
3.2.2. Awsil n umyag
Yebḍa uwsil n umyag γef sin : amqim asemmad usrid, amqim asemmad arusrid. Usrid d urusrid mgaraden deg talγa, maca ismawen-nsen d ismawen kan : amqim asemmad arusrid, semman-as arusrid acku yuγ adeg n yisem i yellan d asemmad arusrid n tidet ; isem d tanzeγt ay t-id-yeggaren γer useγru, maca ma yella uwsil, tanzeγt-nni (i) tγelli. Deg tama-nniḍen, usrid neγ arusrid d taluft n tseddast kan, ur mgaraden deg unamek. Nezger asif. : Nezger-it. Nezger i wasif. : Nezger-as. (s tefransist : « Nous l’avons traversée. ») Teεjeb-it teqcict-nni. = teεjeb-as teqcict-nni. (s tefransist : « Elle lui plaît, cette fille. »)
Ger tamawt : Amqim asemmad arusrid, deg waṭas n tefyar, yetteddu d yisem asemmad arusrid, yezga-yas d allus.
Yebges i teslit ; yebges-as ; Yebges-as i teslit.
Maca tikwal ur yelli d allus : mi ara ilin sin n yisemmaden arusriden : yelha-yaγ i tira.
Ger tamawt 2 : Amqim asemmad usrid d umqim asemmad arusrid, ma dduklen deg yiwet n tefyirt (ma terna-d tzelγa n tnila), d arusrid ay d amezwaru, syin akin d usrid (taggara d tazelγa n tnila) :
Yura-yasen-tt-id.
Ger tamawt 3 : Imqimen isemmaden n umyag (tazelγa n tnila daγen) ttilin deffir neγ sdat umyag. Ttilin sdat umyag deffir tzelγa n n wurmir, d tzelγa n tibawt, d umassaγ, d tesγunin n wakud, d tesγunt n turda lemmer. Ad asen-tt-id-yaru. Ur asen-tt-id-yuri. D netta i dasen-tt-id-yuran. Iḍelli i dasen-tt-id-yura. … Mi dasen-tt-id-yura. … Lemmer dasen-tt-id-yuri.
Ger tamawt 4 : Llant temnaḍin ideg udem 1u asget ila snat talγiwin : tin n sdat akked tin n deffir umyag : Wwin-aneγ-d. Ad aγen-d-awin.
3.2.3. Awsil n tenzeγt
Awsil n tenzeγt, niqal d awsil s tenzeγt ; yettili deffir tenzeγt i d-yeggaren isem γer useγru ur tγelli (d tanzeγt i i iγellin, tinzaγ-nniḍen ur γellint). Kksent-t-id seg teγrast. > Kksen-t-id seg-s. Yetteddu deffir yimnayen. > yetteddu deffir-sen.
Ger tamawt 1 : Llant kra n tenzaγ i yettbeddilen talγa i uwsil, am fell, gar, ddaw :
Fell-ak, fell-am, fell-aneγ … gar-aneγ, gar-awen, …
Ddaw-atneγ, ddaw-atwen, ddaw-atsent, …
Ger tamawt 2 : Tikwal uddus /tanzeγt + awsil/ d uddus amseγru = d tafyirt tummidt.
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Γur-sen idrimen. Deg-s aman (ugelmim-nni).
3.3. Tafelwit n yimqimen udmawanen
Talγiwin s umata ttemcabint. Amgired ameqqran yella gar umqim ilelli d yimqimen-nniḍen.
Amḍan Udem Tawsit Amqim ilelli
Awsil n yisem
Awsil n tenzeγt
Asemmad usrid
Asemmad arusrid
Asuf
Udem 1u nek -iw -i -iyi -iyi
Udem w2 Amalay keč -ik -k -ik -ak Unti kem -im -m -ikem -am
Udem w3 Amalay netta
-is -s -(i)t
-as unti nettat -(i)tt
Asget
Udem 1u Amalay nekni -nneγ -neγ
-aγ -aγ Unti nkenti -nnteγ -nteγ
Udem w2 Amalay kenwi -nwen -wen -iken -awen Unti knemti -nwent -went -ikent -awent
Udem w3 Amalay nutni -nsen -sen -(i)ten -asen unti nutenti -nsent -sent -(i)ten -asent
Iluγma 1. Ččar tafelwit d imqimen udmawanen n temnaḍt ideg tluleḍ. Ini-d ma yellan gar talγiwin-nni akked talγiwin n tfelwit-a ufella. 2. Kkes-d imqimen udmawanen deg uḍris-a.
Ttqadareγ ccix-nneγ aṭas γas akken deg leεmer wa ur yugar wa. Rnu, d tidet, ur d-igir lḥal leεmer γer wanect-a. Asmi nella, nek did-s, d igerdan, ur nγil ara ad nessiweḍ γer wanda i d-nessaweḍ akka imir-a. Cwiṭ cwiṭ kan armi d-yekka nnig-neγ. Yetturar did-neγ, nettnaγ lwaḥid, nettruḥu akke γer lakul (n ulmud amezwaru). Dγa nezga nettettu aqader-nni n yibabaten-nneγ i yettqadaren akken baba-s netta ; nettettu daγ : ur as-nettlaεi ara Sidi. Ilemmed taεrabt d watmaten-is, ssbeḥ zik neγ deg yiḍ. Yiwen ur as-ifaq anagar Ccix n lakul tikwal, mi ara as-yini akken s uhuzzu n uqerruy :
— A bu snat, yiwet ad ak-truḥ ! D tafransist neγ d taεrabt, xtir !
[ D ukkis seg Ussan di Tmurt n Mouloud Feraoun (tasuγelt n Kamal Bouamara), Lezzayer, ENAG, 2006, sb. 40]
A tacriḥt n tedmert, tekkes-iyi-kem tezmert ! (Dallet, 423)
Wid yessaramen ad kem-sεan
Iγur-iten zzman
Yerra-yi-kem-id ar γur-i (Aït menguellet, Lehlak)
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4. Amqim arudmawan Amqim arudmawan d amqim ur ifettin ilmend n wudem. Yebḍa γef ukkuẓ n tsekkiwin : amqim ameskan, amqim amattar, amqim amassaγ, amqim arbadu.
4.1. Amqim ameskan
Yebḍa umqim ameskan, am urbib ameskan, γef ukkuẓ n tsekkiwin : ameskan n tiẓin (n da, sdat win yettmeslayen), ameskan n waggug (n dihin, agemmaḍ, yettwali-t win yettmeslayen), n ubdar (n din, iba-t neγ yella γur win i wimi yettmeslay), n tiḍent.
4.1.1. Ameskan n tiẓin
Ameskan n tiẓin ifetti ilmend n tewsit d umḍan, maca tella talγa tarawsant (ur tfetti ilmend n tewsit, ur tfetti imend n umḍan (talγa-ines d amalay asuf).
Amalay Unti Arawsan
Asuf wa ta
aya Asget wi ti Arawsan
Tafelwit-a teskan-d talγa taddayt, yezdin akk tantaliwin n tmaziγt (a d talγa n wasuf, i d talγa n usget, w d talγa n umalay, t d talγa n wunti), maca deg tmeslayt n yal ass, deg umur ameqqran n tegnatin, d talγiwin tiγezzfanin ay yettwaseqdacen : way, wayi, wagi, waha, wadeγ, wagikana, wahadak, wihidik, atg.
4.1.2. Ameskan n waggug
Am umeskan n tiẓin, ameskan n waggug ifetti ilmend n tewsit d umḍan. Maca talγa-ines ur teddukel gar tantaliwin n tmaziγt ; lemmer d lebγi, ad ilint talγiwin akka : wahin, tahin, wihin, tihin, ideg yella umeskan n tiẓin (wa) iγef terna talγa n umeskan n tutlayin tiferkasyanin n zik (h[a]) akked tzelγa n waggag (n). Deg teqbaylit s umata hatenti talγiwin :
Amalay Unti
Asuf wihin tihin Asget widakihin tidakihin
4.1.3. Ameskan n ubdar
Ameskan n ubdar ifetti ilmend n tewsit d umḍan, maca tella talγa tarawsant. Da daγen lemmer d lebγi ad ilint talγiwin (am deg Melbu, Leεlam n Ayt Buyusef, atg.) : wanna, winni, tanna, tinni. Deg tilawt, deg umur amur ameqqran n temnaḍin, talγiwin d tid n tfelwit-a deg wadda (llant talγiwin tiγezzfanin : winna, tidenni, atg.)
Amalay Unti Arawsan
Asuf win tin
ayen Asget widen tiden Arawsan
Md. : Limmer tayerza s wallen, win tufiḍ ad yesserwet. (Dallet, 422)
4.1.4. Ameskan n tiḍent
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Llan snat n talγiwin n umqim ameskan n tiḍent : wayeḍ, win-nniḍen. Ifetti ilmend n tewsit d umḍan, ila daγen talγiwin tiγezzfanin (nniḍent, nniḍnin, wayeḍ-nniḍen, atg. ).
Amalay Unti Arawsan
Asuf wayeḍ, win-nniḍen
tayeḍ, tin-nniḍen
ayen-nniḍen Asget wiyaḍ, wid-nniḍen tiyaḍ, tid-nniḍen Arawsan
Amqim ameskan, i yebγu yili, yezmer ad yili — am yisem i wimi yella deg wadeg-is — 1. d aseγru (ammas n tefyirt) : D aya tura i k-iceγben ?
2. d anmel n usentel : Wa d amnay wa d aterras. Ta tezzuqeb ta tennuqeb… (deg tmacahut)
3. d asemmad imsegzi : Yemmut wa…
4. d asemmad arusrid : … teḥya s wa… Eǧǧ-as i wa…
5. d asemmad usrid : Aγ-d wa, zzenz-d wa…
4.2. Amqim amattar
Talγa n umqim amattar tebded γef tin umqim ameskan s tmerna n talγa n umattar an(i), i nezmer ad naf deg tesγunt n wadeg an(i)da. Tezmer ad tili d arbib, tezmer ad tili d amqim : Anwa amsedrar i yesteεfan ? Anwa i yesteεfan ? Tfetti ilmend n tewsit d umḍan, maca tella talγa tarawsant.
Md. : Anta ttejra ur ihuz waḍu ? A wi yeddan d wi t-yifen… Ma nnan-awen-d ‘‘wi ken-ilan ?’’…
Amalay Unti Arawsan
Asuf anwa anta
wi Asget anwi anti Arawsan
Arawsan wi, γas yeggra-d later-is deg tenfaliyin tusbikin am wi kem-ilan ?, deg kra n temnaḍin d amattar menhu (i d-yekkan seg taεrabt man huwa) i yuγen adeg-is.
4.3. Amqim amassaγ
Amqim amassaγ, ssawalen-as daγen tasalelt n tmuli (s tefransist ‘‘support de détermination’’). Yebded γef umeskan ayen, iseg d-yekka : ayen > ay > a > i. Deg yiwet n tantala am teqbaylit, nezmer ad naf snat talγiwin i neγ ay. Deg tcawit neγ d Waṭlas anemmas (Lmerruk), nezmer ad naf a.
Wi yuγen tamurt ? D ilfan i (ay) t-yuγen. Ay t-yuγen d ilfan.
Yezmer umqim amassaγ ad yeddukel akked tenzeγt, ad as-yesmeskel tawuri-s i tenzeγt-nni, ad tuγal d amassaγ.
Terγa taddart ideg luleγ. Ayen iγer d-usiγ, ad t-awiγ. D aclim d ukerfa i s d-kkren.
Tikwal i yettili snat tikal deg yiwet twuri : … i s i gemmen yirgazen. …Ideg i ẓẓan iswi.
4.4. Amqim arbadu
Amqim arbadu, yezwar yisem-is, ur telli deg-s tbadut. Yebḍa γef sin : win n umdan : yiwen neγ ḥedd, akked win n uγersiw neγ n tγawsa : kra, acemma, wara.
Yiwen ur asen-iga tilas ! Am wakken acemma ur yeḍri. Bγiγ ad ttruγ, ur d-yeqqim wara.
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Amqim arbadu, am umqim ameskan, yezmer ad yili d asemmad neγ d aseγru (anagar acemma d wara, ur zmiren ad ilin d aseγru).
D kra i yeḍran. D ḥedd i tt-yukren. Ur slin i wacemma. Ur ẓriγ yiwen !
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Tiwuriwin n yisem Neẓra yakan deg temsirin timezwura amgired yemgarad yisem γef umyag. Isem d umyag, mgaraden deg sin n yiswiren : aswir n talγa — n tmesγariwin — d uswir n twuri. Aswir n talγa, d ayen neẓra yakan. Deg wayen yerzan aswir n twuri, deg wadeg ila umyag yiwet kan n twuri — d aseγru — isem, netta, d agetwuran — d aseγru, d asemmad (imsegzi, usrid, arusrid, atg.) —.
1. Isem d aseγru Deg tefyirt tanisemt — d taremyagt —, d isem ay d aseγru, aseγru n tilin, neγ aseγru n waddad, neγ aseγru n tγara, ur telli deg-s tigawt. Nezmer ad t-id-nini akken-nniḍen : tafyirt tanisemt tezmer ad tili d d asissen, tezmer ad tili d asbadu, tezmer ad tili d aglam. Isem yezmer ad yili d isem dγa, yezmer ad yili d arbib. Deg waṭas n tantaliwin n tmaziγt, tafyirt tanisemt amsimer-is (‘‘actualisateur’’) d tazelγa n tilawt d. Deg tcelḥit d tmaheγt, tazelγa n tilawt d tenger, teggra-d anagar deg tzelγiwin tuddisin am mad, nexd, zund, hund, urd, atg. Deg tcelḥit, d amalal eg (yeftin) ay yuγen adeg n tzelγa-ya. Ma deg tmaheγt, tafyirt tanisemt tezga war amsimer.
(1) D argaz. D tameṭṭut. Tayri d adrar n tmes. Wa d amnay wa d aterras. D wa ay d izem n teγremt.
(2) Izem d aγersiw n at yiffan (‘‘mammifère’’). Aslen d imγi asinfrec (‘‘dicotylédone’’).
(2) D aḍu. D adfel. D ageffur. D agris. D aluḍ. D azγal. D asemmiḍ.
(3) D aberkan. D tamessast. D ameqqran. D awraγ. D aγezzfan. D uẓwiren. D ungif. D uffir.
Tifyar n (1) d tid n usissen ; tid n (2) d tid n usbadu ; tid n (3) d tid n tilin (addad) ; tid n (4) d tid n uglam.
Tifyar n (3) n tid n tegnewt, zemrent ad aγent idgan-nsent tefyar tinemyagin : Yettsuḍ waḍu. Yekkat udfel. Yekkat ugeffur…
Tifyar n (4) aseγru-nsent d arbib ; yezmer umyag n tγara — tugart win ilan taseftit s udfir — ad yaγ adeg-is : Berrik. Messuset. Meqqer. Werraγ. Γezzif. Ẓewren.
Deg tcelḥit, amsimer n useγru d amyag eg : Iga argaz = D argaz. Tga tameṭṭut = D tameṭṭut. Giγ argaz = Nek d argaz. Gan irgazen = D irgazen. Maca tazelγa d tettuγal-d deg tefyirt tanibawt : Gan irgazen. > Ur d irgazen. Deg tefyar-a amyag eg ila anamek n umyag ili, i yellan d amalal.
Deg tmaheγt, tafyirt tanisemt war amsimer maca deg-s sin n yismawen : anmel n usentel akked useγru ; yezmer ad yili umatar n tefyirt deg uswir anigful (‘‘suprasegmental’’). Tafyirt tanisemt n tmaheγt zun d tin n taεrabt, netta mxalafent : deg taεrabt anmel n usentel d ummil, ma d aseγru d arummil.
Musa amenukal = Musa d amnukal. Axamux tisenti (ti-s n ti) = Axamux d jeddi (baba-s n baba).
Deg wadeg n yisem i yellan d aseγru, yezmer ad yili umqim ilelli, umqim ameskan, umqim amattar, umqim arbadu.
Llant tefyar tinismin s kra n tenzaγ, maca yezmer ad yili kkant-d seg unegzum (ellipse) ; aseγru amenzu yeγli, yeǧǧa adeg-is i yisem-nni i yellan zik d asemmad. Tikwal yettili uwsil deg wadeg n yisem-nni.
Argaz, s yirgazen, Rebbi iman-is. < ? Argaz (yettili) s yirgazen, Rebbi (yella) iman-is.
Γur-sen idrimen. < ? Llan γur-sen yidrimen.
Tamawt : Yella yiwen n wuddus amseγru (‘‘syntagme prédicatif’’) ur yelli d anemyag ur yelli d anisem : wa d uddus n ‘‘umsissen’’.
Deg wuddusen ha-ten, atni…, llan sin n yimuren : kra n umqim — amzun d amqim asemmad usrid — akked kra n umsissen (neγ ameskan) n tutlayin tiferkasyanin. Imassanen n tesnilest qqaren d amur yekkin deg wumuγ aγezzfan ay d aseγru, wayeḍ d amsimer.
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2. Isem d asemmad Deg tefyirt, isem yezmer ad yili d aseγru, yezmer ad yili d asemmad. Aseγru, neẓra-t yakan, d ammas n tefyirt, d ul n tefyirt, γer-s ay d-cuddent akk twuriwin-nniḍen. Ma d asemmad, d ayen akken irennun d timerniwt. Ur ilaq ara ad nettu dakken tiwuriwin d assaγen gar yiferdisen n tefyirt, macci d iferdisen-nni s timmad-nsen. Tiwuriwin-nni bḍant γef snat n tsekkiwin : tiwuriwin timenza (< tamenzut) — d tid yeqqnen srid s aseγru — akked twuriwin tirmenza (< tarmenzut) — d tid yeqqnen γer usemmad—. Isemmaden yeqqnen s aseγru bḍan γef ukkuẓ : asemmad imsegzi, anmel n usentel, asemmad usrid, asemmad arusrid, asemmad ilelli.
2.1. Tiwuriwin timenza
2.1.1. Asemmad imsegzi akked yimezwer
Tafyirt taddayt deg-s sin n yiferdisen : aseγru d umsimer. Deg tefyirt tanemyagt, amsimer-nni d amatar udmawan. Γas mayella deg ugni n tseddast tafyirt temmed, amatar udmawan d awal n tjerrumt, ur d-yeskan wara deg ugni n unamek, ur telli deg-s tekti n tγawsa deg tilewt n umaḍal (‘‘référent’’). Asemmad imsegzi yessegzay-d amatar udmawan, yeskan-d taγawsa-nni n umaḍal, yesnernay deg unamek n tefyirt s wawal n umawal i d-yessegzayen awal-nni n tjerrumt (amatar udmawan). Daymi i as-yessawal Salem Chaker, s tefransist, ‘‘expansion référentielle’’. Ma d Lionel Galand, yessawal-as, s tefransist, ‘‘complément explicatif’’ (> asemmad imsegzi).
(1) Tedda. (2) Tedda teslit. (1) Yekker. (2) Yekker wabbu. (1) Mlalen. (2) Mlalen wulawen. (1) Frant. (2) Frant tlufa.
Tifyar (1) akk, d tummidin deg ugni n tseddast. Deg tefyar (2), ismawen i d-yernan γef wuddus anemyag, snernan tifyar (1) deg ugni n unamek, d isemmaden imsegziyen.
Deg ugni n tesnalγa, asemmad imsegzi yettili deg waddad amaruz — i yismawen i ilan addad. Deg teqqur tala, tala d asemmad imsegzi maca ur yelli deg waddad amaruz ! acku deg tesγur tala, tala d asemmad usrid, ma d talγa-s d tin d tin ! (ẓer tamsirt n waddad). Asemmad imsegzi, d asemmad aruzzig : yella deg yal tasekka n tefyirt, maca anagar ma yella umatar udmawan deg wudem wis krad (deg wadeg n yisem asemmad imsegzi, yelli umqim ilelli ma yella umatar udmawan deg wudem amezwaru d wis sin).
Imezwer1 d asemmad imsegzi yezwaren neγ yettwaszewren.
(1) Mlalen wulawen. (2) Ulawen, mlalen.
Asezwer, neγ tiririt γer tazwara n tefyirt, d tikci n wazal i yiwen n wawal ugar n wiyaḍ. Tafyirt (1) d tafyirt tamagnut, tudel (tebda) s wuddus anemyag, ur yelli deg-s wawal i wimi yettunefk wazal ugar n wiyaḍ. Ma d tafyirt (2), d tafyirt s usezwer, deg-s yettunefk wazal i usemmad wulawen, acku d win ay d aγbel n umsiwel. Mlalen wulawen, anamek-is Mlalen wulawen, ma d Ulawen mlalen, anamek-is Ulawen mlalen… (ma d) tasiwin ur mlalent… atg.
2.1.2. Asemmad usrid akked usemmad arusrid s tenzeγt i Asemmad usrid d usemmad arusrid, yiwen-nsen deg unamek, mxalafen deg tseddast kan. Usrid yeqqen srid s aseγru ; ma d arusrid d useγru, tekka-d gar-asen tenzeγt. Qqaren asemmad arusrid ‘‘tettawi’’-t-id, ‘‘teggar’’-it-id, ‘‘tessekcam’’-it-id tenzeγt γer useγru.
Yezger asif. = y asif
1 Ssawalen-as daγen anmel n usentel, i d-yekkan seg indicateur de thème n Lionel Galand.
zger
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Yezger i wasif. = y (i) wasif (= asif addad amaruz)
Nezmer ad d-naf aṭas n yimedyaten am wi n ufella : teεjeb-it = teεjeb-as ; yezla-t = yezla-yas (deg kra n temnaḍin)
Asemmad arusrid yebḍa γef sin : win i d-teggar tenzeγt i, akked wid i d-ggarent tenzaγ-nniḍen (deg, seg, γer, γef, gar, nnig, ddaw, d, s [allal], s [tanila], atg.). Asemmad i d-teggar tenzeγt i d uzzig, acku tanzeγt-a tγelli ma yuγ umqim amkan n yisem (ẓer tamsirt n uwsil n umyag).
Yezger i wasif. / Yezger-as.
Yettili wallus n yisem asemmad arusrid s umqim-is :
Yura tabrat i memmi-s. / Yura-yas tabrat i memmi-s. Sserkusen i tsednan-nsen. / Sserkusen-asent i tsednan-nsent.
Asemmad usrid d usemmad arusrid s tenzeγt i, d isemmaden uzzigen : llan anagar deg tefyirt tanemyagt, yerna anagar ma yella umyag d anesfal (d amsukk : ‘‘transitif’’). Llan kra n yimyagen ttilin d inesfalen deg unamek-nsen wis sin (amadwan ?) :
yuḍen ayyur kan, ikcem akal. Yekcem-it s teγrit.
2.1.3. Asemmad arusrid s tenzaγ-nniḍen2
Asemmad arusrid s tenzaγ-nniḍen, amqim-is irennu γer tenzeγt, ssawalen-as awsil n tenzeγt. Yezmer ad yili deg tefyirt tanemyagt neγ deg tefyirt tanisemt. Asemmad arusrid yettili deg waddad amaruz deffir tenzaγ yesseḍfaren addad amaruz, am : deg, seg, γer, γef, gar, nnig, ddaw, am, d, s [allal], atg.).
Zedγen deg teγremt. / Zedγen deg-s. Tekka-d seg Yimusnawen. / Tekka-d seg-sen. Tedda d wayetma-s. / Tedda yid-sen. Ferḥent s yinebgawen. / Ferḥent yes-sen. D tallast deg uxxam-nsen. Atan deg yir tagnit.
Maca llant tenzaγ yesseḍfaren addad ilelli : war, ar, s [tanila].
Tanzeγt s [tanila] ur tesseḍfar amqim : Yuli s adrar. / Ø
Tanzeγt n teggar-d isem γer yisem, macci γer useγru : tasarut n tewwurt…
2.1.5. Asemmad ilelli
Asemmad ilelli d asemmad i izemren ad ibeddel adeg deg tefyirt war ma ibeddel unamek n tefyirt. Ssawalen-as daγen asemmad ilelli acku ur yesri i tzelγa n tilawt (amsimer) deg usezwer uzmir (ẓer tamsirt n usezwer). Asemmad ilelli, ssawalen-as amernu deg tjerrumt tamensayt, yezmer ad yili talγa n yisem, yezmer ad yili d isem yakan deg tazwara. Ilmend n tesnamka, nezmer ad nebḍu asemmad ilelli γef : akud, adeg, tasmekta, taγara.
Yeqqers iḍelli ass-a. = Iḍelli ass-a yeqqers. Yessared din, yesfeḍ da. = Din yessared, da yessared. Ttmeslayent drus, fehhment aṭas. Tettent hala. = Tettent s lemγawla = Tettent s tazzla.
Deg kra n yimedyaten-a ineggura, asemmad ilelli d asemmad ilelli deg unamek kan, deg ugni n tseddast d asemmad arusrid (s tenzeγt s).
2 Deg tumẓabt, gar usemmad d useγru, tanzeγt deg tγelli : Iεezzem tasdawit ‘‘Yeqqar deg tesdawit’’. Deg kra n tmeslayin n Bgayet, deg tefyar s yimyagen n umussu (n umwiwel), gar usemmad d useγru tγelli tenzeγt γer : Ad aliγ tamurt. Ad ruḥeγ axxam… Ttwakksent tillas n usemmad usrid acku amyag n umussu d arnesfal (d aremsukk), ur ili asemmad usrid.
zger
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Mi ara yili usemmad ilelli ila talγa n yisem, d aγbalu n tillas acku ur nezmir ad t-nakez ma d asemmad ilelli neγ d asemmad usrid. Ma yettwasezwer usemmad-nni, nezmer ad nakez d acu-t : asemmad usrid yesra i tzelγa n tilawt, ur yelli am usemmad ilelli. Deg tefyirt Iḥemmel tameddit, ur neẓri tameddit ma d asemmad ilelli neγ d asemmad usrid. Maca deg tefyirt s usezwer, tefra : Deg Tameddit iḥemmel, tameddit d asemmad ilelli, ma deg Tameddit iḥemmel-itt, tameddit d asemmad usrid (s wallus n umqim). Deg usezwer uzmir ay tferru ugar : deg Tameddit i iḥemmel, tameddit d asemmad ilelli, deg D tameddit i iḥemmel, tameddit d asemmad usrid.
2.2. Tiwuriwin tirmenza
Am wakken i d-nenna yakan, tawuri tamenzut d tin yeqqnen srid s aseγru ; ma d tawuri tarmenzut, d tin yeqqnen γer kra n usemmad (yeqqnen s timmad-is γer useγru). Llant snat n twuriwin tirmenza : arbib (anmawal) akked umaγun.
2.2.1. Arbib
Neẓra yakan tasnalγa n urbib (tamsirt n tecraḍ timsuddmin n yisem). Arbib, deg ugni n talγa d isem (‘‘nominal’’) neγ d talγa tanisemt, deg ugni n twuri d timerna i irennu γef yisem.
Taluft n urbib deg tmaziγt, aṭas ay tessuzzel ticcert n yimassanen n tmaziγt. Llan gar-asen wid i d-yeqqaren ur yelli urbib deg tmaziγt, gar-asen Lionel Galand, i d-yeqqaren dakken aẓidan deg I yelhan d awal aẓidan., d asmiwer (deffir uγelluy n uẓawan), ur yelli d arbib. D tidet, deg tantaliwin am tcelḥit d tmaheγt, d talγa n umaγun i yeggten, maca deg yiwet n tantala am teqbaylit, yettban-d wazal n urbib deg ussan imezwura > ihalan wi zzarnin ; syin akin, azal n urbib yettkan-d daγen deg waddad ilelli ideg yettili γas yella yisem iγef yerna deg waddad amaruz : Yečča-tt umcic aberkan. > *(Yečča-tt umcic, uberkan.)
Deg tefyirt Yečča-tt umcic aberkan, umcic aberkan d asemmad (imsegzi), ma d aberkan d asemmad n umcic. Taluft n usemmad n usemmad, nezmer ad tt-nesked akka :
-tt
y [amcic aberkan]
izri
Deg tefyar Yečča aksum-is d azegza(w)., Ufiγ yiwen n lḥiḍ d aεlayan…, temmger-d d gar yisem d urbib ; da azegza(w) akked aεlayan ur llin d irbiben deg ugni n twuri. d i d-yemmegren gar-asen, d tazelγa n tilawt, d amsimer n tefyirt tanisemt, yeskar tafyirt (asumer uggil : ‘‘proposition subordonnée’’).
2.2.2. Amaγun
Amaγun, deg ugni n twuri, am urbib. Γas d amyag — acku ila amatar akked tmeẓri —, d talγa tuggilt : asemmad n yisem. Deg wayen yerzan talγa, deg tantaliwin n ugafa, amaγun d talγa tarmeskilt ; ma deg tcelḥit, ifetti ilmend n umḍan ; deg tmaheγt, ifetti ilmend n tewsit d umḍan. Deg kra n tantaliwin n ugafa, tella talγa n umaγun ibaw.
Nezmer ad nesserwes amaγun n tmaheγt akked urbib n tantaliwin n ugafa : ales wa yezzaren tameṭ ta tezzaret midden wi zzarnin tiḍiḍin ti zzarnin argaz amezwaru tameṭṭut tamezwarut irgazen imezwura tulawin timezwura
am wakken nezmer ad nesserwes amaγun n tcelḥit (deg umḍan kan) akked urbib n tantaliwin n ugafa : zzit irγan = zzit aḥmayan ; aman rγanin = aman iḥmayanen ; ma d amaγun deg tantaliwin-a d armeskil : argaz/irgazen/tameṭṭut/tulawin yezwaren.
Deg Yuγ abrid yessawnen., uddus abrid yessawnen d asemmad usrid (n useγru), ma d amaγun yessawnen d asemmad n yisem abrid, i yellan yakan d asemmad. Da, am deg wayen yerzan arbib, llan sin n yiswiren n usemmad, yiwen yekbel deg wayeḍ. Nezmer ad nesked tafyirt akka:
ečč
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y [abrid yessawnen] (aγ + izri)
Asezwer
Asezwer d tiririt neγ d tilin n kra n usemmad neγ n useγru γer tazwara n tefyirt. André Basset yessawal-as ‘‘anticipation’’, wiyaḍ ssawalen-as ‘‘mise en relief’’, ‘‘focalisation’’, ‘‘thématisation’’, ‘‘topicalisation’’, atg. Asezwer d tussda i ira ad yessed win yessawalen γef kra n usemmad n tefyirt tamagnut.
Tafyirt Lluẓen tagella n wallaγ, d tafyirt tamagnut. Tafyirt tamagnut, d tafyirt ideg ur yettunefk wazal i kra n wawal. Tafyirt Tagella n wallaγ, lluẓen, ur telli d tafyirt tamagnut, win yessawalen yessed γef usemmad tagella n wallaγ, yessezwer-it, ira ad d-yini Tagella n wallaγ, lluẓen, tagella n wadis, jjiwnen (rwan). Daγen Yečča aγrum, d tafyirt tamagnut, ma d Aγrum yečča, d tafyirt s usezwer, ira ad d-yini Aγrum, yečča ; aksum, ur yečči.
Yebḍa usezwer γef snat n tsekkiwin : asezwer aḥerfi (‘‘anticipation simple’’ n André Basset) akked usezwer uzmir (‘‘anticipation renforcée’’ n A. Basset). Deg sin yid-sen d tikci n wazal i wawal yettwaszewren, maca mgaraden deg wayen yerzan taseddast : deg usezwer aḥerfi, yezwar yisem-is, aseγru n tefyirt tamagnut yettγimi d aseγru deg tefyirt s usezwer, ma deg usezwer uzmir, aseγru n tefyirt tamagnut yetteqqal d akenseγru (neγ azunseγru : prédicatoïde).
Tafyirt Tisin yettas-d akked tefyirt D tisin i d-yettas, i snat deg-sent asezwer, maca tis snat tbeddel tγessa-s. deg tis snat, asezwer d ‘‘uzmir’’, deg tmezwarut, asezwer d aḥerfi. Deg tis snat aseγru n tefyirt tamagnut Yettas-d, yuγal d akenseγru acku deg usumer amezwaru i yella useγru : d tisin i d asumer agejdan (d tafyirt tanisemt, amsimer-is d tazelγa n tilawt d). Am wakken i t-neẓra yakan, deg twuri tarmenzut tis snat (amaγun), ayen i iḍefren amassaγ d asumer uggil, ama d amaγun ama d amyag yeftin (ẓer tafyirt tamassaγt, deg unagraw n umyag).
Asemmad yezmer ad yerzu asemmad am wakken i yezmer ad yerzu aseγru, am deg tfelwit-a.
Awal Tafyirt tamagnut Asezwer aḥerfi Asezwer ‘‘uzmir’’
Aseγru
Yemmut.
Uγalen-d.
Yufa-tt.
Lmut, yemmut.
Tuγalin, uγalen-d.
Tifin, yufa-tt.
D lmut i yemmut.
D tuγalin ay d-uγalen.
D tifin i t-yufa.
Asemmad imsegzi
Tendef tasa-s.
yeḥkem umsedrar.
Tasa-s, tendef.
Amesdrar, yeḥkem.
D tasa-s i inedfen.
D amsedrar i iḥekmen.
Asemmad usrid
Γersen zalaγ.
Tessens tafat.
Zalaγ, γersen. (γer-sen-t)
Tafat, tessens. (tessens-itt)
D zalaγ ay γersen.
D tafat i tessens.
Asemmad arusrid
Ulin s adrar.
Igemmen γef gma-s.
s adrar, ulin.
Γef gma-s igemmen.
S adrar ay ulin.
Γef gma-s i igemmen.
Asemmad ilelli
Tedda ilindi.
Tteffaγen tameddit.
Ilindi, tedda.
Tameddit, tteffaγen.
Ilindi ay tedda.
Tammedit ay tteffaγen.
Am wakken i t-id-teskan tfelwit, asezwer uzmir n n usemmad arusrid d usemmad ilelli d war tazelγa n tilawt. Amzun akken d tanzeγt ay d amsimer deg usezwer n usemmad arusrid, ma d asemmad ilelli, amzun ur yesri i umsimer (deg-s yakan i yella usimer).
aγ
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Tasdawit n Bgayet Tasga n Tmaziγt Aseggas asdawan 2007-2008 Turagt – Aseggas wis sin Almud n Unagraw n yisem – A. Rabehi
Akayad amezwaru (5 meγres 2008) ____________________________________
1. Ini-d, s wawal wezzilen, s ma yemgarad yisem γef umyag ? (/3) ...................................…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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2. Kkes-d ismawen i yellan deg uḍris-a, temmeslayeḍ-d γef tewsit d umḍan d waddad n yal yiwen seg-sen. (/8)
Deg tallit-a, imezdaγ n taddart mazal ur d-ukin, anagar tameṭṭut n ufermasyan, acku d
nettat i yettεassan taḥanut deg yiḍ. Akken tuγ tanumi d uεeẓẓer, anagar ara truḥ deg tnafa, ad
targu yerza-d yiwen γer tḥanut ad yaγ ddwa. [AIT IGHIL Mohand, Tchekhov s teqbaylit (tullizin), 2003, sb. 35]
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3. Kkes-d deg uḍris-a ufella tismilin-nniḍen ideg tella talγa n wunti. (/2) ...................................…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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4. Mmeslay-d γef wassaγ yellan gar wawalen-a. (/2)
ikerri, tixsi, tikerrit ........ …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
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tixsi, ulli, tixsiwin ........ ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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5. Mmeslay-d γef talγa n wawalen-a. (/5)
amerwal, imelwi, umlil, ameqqran, asemmam, amalal, asalel, isiqes, amenγud, isifeg. ...................................…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Tawenza taseεdit !
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Tasdawit n Bgayet Tasga n Tmaziγt Aseggas asdawan 2007-2008 Turagt – Aseggas wis sin Almud n Unagraw n yisem – A. Rabehi
Akayad amezwaru (i wid igellen, 3 mayu 2008) ____________________________________
1. Mmeslay-d, s wawal wezzilen, γef unamek n tewsit deg yisem n tmaziγt. (/3) ...................................…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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2. Kkes-d ismawen i yellan deg uḍris-a, temmeslayeḍ-d γef tewsit d umḍan d waddad n yal yiwen seg-sen. (/8) Deg taddart, yella yiwen n udrum n yiguramen, adrum yeftin nezzeh akka imir-a. Iguramen seg zik ay llan da. Nutni γilen amezruy n taddart merra ires deg yizmamen-nsen. Seg tama-nneγ, nekni neqqar : tiktabin-a ur llint ara neγ, ma llant d tidet, ur tent-ifehhem yiwen. [Mouloud Feraoun, Ussan di Tmurt (Jours de Kabylie), tasuqilt n Kamal Bouamara, Alger, ENAG, 2006, sb. 38]
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3. Kkes-d deg uḍris-a ufella tismilin-nniḍen ideg tella talγa n wunti. (/2) ...................................…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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4. Mmeslay-d γef wassaγ yellan gar wawalen-a. (/2)
argaz, tameṭṭut, targazt ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
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tameṭṭut, tulawin, timeṭṭa …..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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5. Mmeslay-d γef talγa n wawalen-a. (/5)
amnay, amaddaz, unnim, ameẓẓyan, aseggas, anagam, asagem, asfel, amengur, tisemdelt. ...................................…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Tawenza taseεdit !
Aseγti n ukayad amezwaru ____________________________
1. Ini-d, s wawal wezzilen, s ma yemgarad yisem γef umyag ? (/3)
Yemgarad yisem γef umayag deg sin n yiswiren : talγa d twuri. Deg uswir n talγiwin, yal yiwen
seg-sen, isem d umyag, s tecraḍ-is. Deg uswir n twuri, isem d agetwuran (aṭas n twuriwin ay
γur-s : aseγru, isemmaden), ma d amyag γur-s anagar yiwet n twuri (aseγru).
2. Kkes-d ismawen i yellan deg uḍris-a, temmeslayeḍ-d γef tewsit d umḍan d waddad n yal yiwen seg-sen. (/8)
Deg tallit-a, imezdaγ n taddart mazal ur d-ukin, anagar tameṭṭut n ufermasyan, acku d
nettat i yettεassan taḥanut deg yiḍ. Akken tuγ tanumi d uεeẓẓer, anagar ara truḥ deg tnafa, ad
targu yerza-d yiwen γer tḥanut ad yaγ ddwa. [AIT IGHIL Mohand, Tchekhov s teqbaylit (tullizin), 2003, sb. 35]
tallit : asuf, tettban-d tewsit-is deg tefyirt neγ deg tenfalit (tallit tamirant), war addad.
imezdaγ : asget, amalay, addad ilelli.
taddart : asuf, unti, war addad.
tameṭṭut : asuf, unti, addad amaruz
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3. Kkes-d deg uḍris-a ufella tismilin-nniḍen ideg tella talγa n wunti. (/2) ...................................…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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4. Mmeslay-d γef wassaγ yellan gar wawalen-a. (/2)
ikerri, tixsi, tikerrit ........ …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
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tixsi, ulli, tixsiwin ........ ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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5. Mmeslay-d γef talγa n wawalen-a. (/5)
amerwal, imelwi, umlil, ameqqran, asemmam, amalal, asalel, isiqes, amenγud, isifeg. ...................................…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Tasdawit n Bgayet Tasga n Tmaziγt Aseggas asdawan 2007-2008 Turagt – Aseggas wis sin Almud n Unagraw n yisem – A. Rabehi
Akayad wis sin (27 mayu 2008) ____________________________________
1. Ini-d ma yellan gar urbib ameskan d umqim ameskan. (/2) ...................................…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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2. Anta tawuri i yezmer ad yili umqim ilelli deg tefyirt ? (/3) ...................................…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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3. ini-d amek i yebded umqim amattar γef umqim ameskan. (/3) ...................................…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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4. Sken-d, s kra n yimedyaten, amek talγa anwa (anta, anwi, anti) tezmer ad tili d
arbib, tezmer ad tili d amqim. (/2)
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5. Sesmel awalen-a ilmend n sin-nni (i tessneḍ) n yiberdan ilγanen n usileγ n umawal
(/4)
amsebrid, aselmad, asγersif, anagam, uzmir, amasniles, timesliwt, tisemdelt. ...................................…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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6. Af-d tiwuriwin n wawalen i ilan ajerrid ddaw-sen (/6)
Ameslay yefti aṭas γef tsertit (sb. 53) D netta i d-yebdan awal. (sb. 52) Taluft-nneγ tura d bennu n zeddi (52) … Yesmar-d afenjal amezwaru, yefka-t i Meẓyan… (sb. 56) Asmi d-yewweḍ wass-nni, ad iεeddi… (sb. 68) [Mohand Aït Ighil, Tiγersi (ungal), Aframed Editions, 2008]
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Tawenza taseεdit !
Tasdawit n Bgayet Tasga n Tmaziγt Aseggas asdawan 2007-2008 Turagt – Aseggas wis sin Almud n Unagraw n yisem – A. Rabehi
Akayad n usisi (15 ctember 2008) ____________________________________
1. Ini-d amek i tzemreḍ ad tebḍuḍ gar umyag urar akked yisem urar. (/3)
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2. Sesmel imedyaten-a ilmend n wazal n tewsit. (/3)
agusim ~ tagusimt ; agelzim ~ tagelzimt ; aydi ~ taydit
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3. Sesmel ismawen-a ilmend n tγara n ufares n umawal (d uddis neγ asuddim). (/4)
aγesmar ; ukrif ; asurif ; agecrir n umγar
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4. Mmeslay-d γef wassaγ yellan gar waddad n yisem akked twuri-nnes. (/4) ...................................…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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3. Segzi-d amek awsil n yisem d arbib, d amqim. (/3) ...................................…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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4. Ini-d ma d amqim (neγ uhu), umatar udmawan. Ayγef ? (/3) ...................................…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Tawenza taseεdit !