anaesthesia for hip fracture surgery in adults cochrane 2004

882019 Anaesthesia for Hip Fracture Surgery in Adults Cochrane 2004

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullanaesthesia-for-hip-fracture-surgery-in-adults-cochrane-2004 157

Anaesthesia for hip fracture surgery in adults (Review)

Parker MJ Handoll HHG Griffiths R Urwin SC

This is a reprint of a Cochrane review prepared and maintained by The Cochrane Collaboration and published in The Cochrane Library 2004 Issue 3

httpwwwthecochranelibrarycom

1Anaesthesia for hip fracture surgery in adults (Review)

Copyright copy 2004 The Cochrane Collaboration Published by John Wiley amp Sons Ltd



T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S

1 ABSTRACT

2SYNOPSIS

2BACKGROUND

3OBJECTIVES 3CRITERIA FOR CONSIDERING STUDIES FOR THIS REVIEW

4SEARCH STRATEGY FOR IDENTIFICATION OF STUDIES

4METHODS OF THE REVIEW

5DESCRIPTION OF STUDIES

5METHODOLOGICAL QUALITY

6RESULTS

10DISCUSSION

12REVIEWERSrsquo CONCLUSIONS

12NOTES

12POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST

12 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

12SOURCES OF SUPPORT

13REFERENCES 15TABLES

15Characteristics of included studies

26Characteristics of excluded studies

27GRAPHS

27Comparison 01 Regional (spinal or epidural) versus general anaesthesia

28Comparison 02 Spinal and rsquolightrsquo general anaesthetic versus general anaesthetic

28Comparison 03 Regional (spinal or epidural) versus lumbar plexus nerve blocks

28Comparison 04 Intravenous ketamine versus general anaesthesia

28INDEX TERMS

29COVER SHEET

30GRAPHS AND OTHER TABLES

30Comparison 04 01 Mortality - 1 month

31Comparison 04 02 Mortal ity - 1 month (random effects model) 31Comparison 04 03 Mortality - 3 months

32Comparison 04 04 Mortality - 6 months


33Comparison 04 06 Mortality - early and up to 1 month

34Comparison 04 07 Length of operation (mins)

34Comparison 04 08 Operative hypotension

35Comparison 04 09 Operative hypotension (random effects model)

35Comparison 04 10 Operative blood loss (mls)

36Comparison 04 11 Patients receiving blood transfusion

36Comparison 04 12 Transfusion requirements (mls)

37Comparison 04 13 Post-operative hypoxia

37Comparison 04 14 Length of hospital stay

38Comparison 04 15 Pneumonia 39Comparison 04 16 Myocardial infarction

40Comparison 04 17 Cerebrovascular accident

41Comparison 04 18 Congestive cardiac failure

42Comparison 04 19 Renal failure

42Comparison 04 20 Acute confusional state

43Comparison 04 21 Urine retention

43Comparison 04 22 Vomiting

44Comparison 04 23 Deep vein thrombosis

iAnaesthesia for hip fracture surgery in adults (Review)




45Comparison 04 24 Pulmonary embolism

46Comparison 04 25 Pulmonary embolism (random effects model)

47Comparison 04 26 Pulmonary embolism (fatal and non fatal)


48Comparison 04 02 Length of operation

48Comparison 04 03 Pneumonia 49Comparison 04 04 Confusional state


50Comparison 04 01 Incomplete or unsatisfactory analgesia


51Comparison 04 03 Mean fall in arterial blood pressure (mmHg)

51Comparison 04 04 Mean dose of ephedrine used (mg)

52Comparison 04 05 Adverse effects

52Comparison 04 06 Post-operative confusion

53Comparison 04 01 Mortality - during hospital stay

53Comparison 04 02 Myocardial infarction



54Comparison 04 05 Length of hospital stay (discharge home)

iiAnaesthesia for hip fracture surgery in adults (Review)






This record should be cited as

Parker MJ Handoll HHG Griffiths R Urwin SC Anaesthesia for hip fracture surgery in adults The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue Art No CD000521 DOI 10100214651858CD000521

This version first published online 23 October 2001 in Issue

Date of most recent substantive amendment 04 July 2001

A B S T R A C T

Background

The majority of hip fracture patients are treated surgically requiring anaesthesiaObjectives

To compare different types of anaesthesia for surgical repair of hip fractures (proximal femoral fractures) in adults

Search strategy

We searched the Cochrane Musculoskeletal Injuries Group specialised register (December 2000) MEDLINE (1996 to December

Week 4 2000) and reference lists of relevant articles

Selection criteria

Randomised and quasi-randomised trials comparing different methods of anaesthesia for hip fracture surgery in skeletally mature

persons The primary focus of this review was the comparison of regional (spinal or epidural) anaesthesia versus general anaesthesia this

has been expanded to include other comparisons The use of nerve blocks pre-operatively or in conjunction with general anaesthesia is

evaluated in another review The primary outcome was mortality

Data collection and analysisTwo reviewers independently assessed trial quality using a nine item scale and extracted data Results were pooled wherever appropriate

and possible

Main results

Seventeen trials involving 2305 patients comparing regional anaesthesia with general anaesthesia were included All trials had method-

ological flaws Pooled results from eight trials showed regional anaesthesia to be associated with a decreased mortality at one month

(53781(68) versus 78826(94)) this was of borderline statistical significance (relative risk (RR) 072 95 confidence interval

(CI) 051 to 100) The results from six trials for three month mortality were not statistically significant although the confidence

interval does not exclude the possibility of a clinically relevant reduction (86726 (118) versus 98765 (128) RR 092 95 CI

071 to 121) The reduced numbers of patients at one year coming exclusively from two studies preclude any useful conclusions for

long term mortality (80354 (226) versus 78372 (210) RR 107 95 CI 082 to 141)

Regional anaesthesia was associated with a tendency to a longer operation (weighted mean difference 48 minutes 95 CI 11 to

86 minutes) and a reduced risk of deep venous thrombosis (39129 (30) versus 61130 (47) RR 064 95 CI 048 to 086)although this conclusion is insecure due to possible selection bias in the subgroups in whom this outcome was measured No other

statistically significant differences in outcome were identified

There was insufficient evidence to draw any conclusions from a further four included trials involving a total of 179 patients which

compared other methods of anaesthesia (a rsquolightrsquo general with spinal anaesthesia intravenous ketamine nerve blocks)

Reviewersrsquo conclusions

Regionalanaesthesia and general anaesthesiaappearto produce comparableresults for most of the outcomes studied Regional anaesthesia

may reduce short-term mortality but no conclusions can be drawn for longer term mortality





S Y N O P S I S

Regional anaesthesia may reduce the number of early deaths after hip fracture surgery but more evidence is needed to establish if it is

better than general anaesthesia

The majority of people with hip fracture are treated surgically Anaesthesia is used to prevent pain during the operation There are a

number of different types of anaesthesia and the most common are rsquogeneralrsquo and rsquospinalrsquo General anaesthesia which usually involvesa loss of consciousness typically includes inhalation of gases Spinal (regional) anaesthesia involves an injection into the space around

the spinal cord to prevent pain in the involved limb Although there were fewer early deaths (within one month) in people given spinal

anaesthesia there was not enough clear evidence to tell if regional anaesthesia was superior to general anaesthesia The effectiveness of

other methods of anaesthesia could not be determined

B A C K G R O U N D

The scope of this review originally published in Issue 4 1999 has

been expanded in this update published in Issue 4 2001 to cover

other methods of anaesthesia However the main focus remains

the comparison of regional versus general anaesthesia

The term proximal femoral fracture or rsquohip fracturersquo refers to a

fracture of the femur in the area of bone immediately distal to the

articular cartilage of the hip to a level of about five centimetres

below the lower border of the lesser trochanter The majority of

these fractures occur in an elderly population with an average age

of around 80 years Females predominate over males by about

four to one (Parker 1993) and the injury is usually the result of a

simple fall Whilst the hip fracture is usually the only injury the

patients frequently have many other medical problems associated

with aging

An estimated 17 million hip fractures occurred worldwide in the

year 1990 (WHO study group 1994) The number of hip fracturepatients continues to rise due to a combination of an increasingly

elderly population and an increase in the age specific incidence A

prediction for global numbers of 626 million hip fractures by the

year 2050 has been made (Melton 1993) The majority of these

fractures are treated surgically thus hip fracture surgery represents

one of the most common emergency orthopaedic procedures Sur-

gical treatment may be either fixation of the fracture or replace-

ment of the femoral head with an arthroplasty Internal fixation

involves using screws or pins either alone or in combination with

a side plate applied to thefemur or bythe use of anintramedullary

nail with a cross screw inserted into the femoral head Arthroplasty

involves excision of the fractured area of bone and replacement

with a partial or total hip replacement which may be cemented

in place

General anaesthesia refers to the use of a variety of intravenous and

or inhalation drugs to render the patient unconscious The pa-

tient may breathe spontaneously or require mechanical ventilation

following the administration of neuromuscular blocking agents

Potential complications of general anaesthesia include adverse re-

actions to the drugs used difficulty in maintaining or establishing

an airway intra-operative hypotension aspiration of gastric con-

tents post-operative nausea respiratory depression and damage

to the teeth or upper airways

Regional (also termed spinal) anaesthesia for hip fracture surgery

refers to the injection of a local anaesthetic into the epidural or

subarachnoid space at the lumbar spine In some cases the pa-

tient also receives sedatives whilst the block is inserted and possi-

bly during the surgery itself The main complication of a regional

technique is intra-operative hypotension which may lead to cere-

brovascular or myocardial ischaemia or infarction Other prob-

lems may be an inadequate regional block the rare complications

of damage to local structures and headache secondary to leakage

of cerebrospinal fluid from the dural puncture site Specific advan-

tages of regional anaesthesia may be a reduction in the incidence

of thrombotic episodes and a reduced operative blood loss These

may be a consequence of an increased peripheral limb blood flow

in combination with reduced venous tone Alternatively they may

arise from an alteration of blood viscosity and coagulability as a

result of changes in the metabolic and neurohumoral responses to

surgery (Modig 1983)

Other forms of anaesthesia used for hip fracture surgery are the

insertion of local nerve blocks around the hip These may be sup-

plemented with sedatives analgesics or other parental drugs A

lumber plexus block refers to injection of a local anaesthetic agent

into the area of the lumbar plexus close to the transverse process

of the forth lumbar vertebrae (Winnie 1974) Only the plexus on

the side of the fracture needs to be blocked which may reduce

the incidence of complications such as operative hypotension A

sacral plexus block refers to the injection of a local anaesthetic

agent in the area around the sacral nerves (Mansour 1993) The

use of nerve blocks pre-operatively or in conjunction with gen-eral anaesthesia is considered in another Cochrane review (Parker

2001)

An alternative type of anaesthetic involves the use of intravenous

ketamine on its own Ketamine renders the patient unconscious

thereby acting as a general anaesthetic and has analgesic effects

No consensus exists as to which is the best method of anaesthesia

Currently the choice of anaesthesia used for hip fracture surgery





is determined by the personal preference of the anaesthetist con-

cerned following assessment of the patientrsquos medical state A gen-

eral review of anaesthesia for hip fracture surgery (Covert 1989)

summarised the possible advantages of different anaesthetic meth-

ods using information from eight of the randomised trials on this

subject In a meta-analysis using Bayesian methods of 11 ran-domised trials of regional versus general anaesthesia for surgical

repair of hip fractures Sorensen 1992 concluded that the supe-

riority of one method over the other was unproven Not all cur-

rently available randomised trials were included and moreover

some trial data from two studies were duplicated in the analysis

A more recent meta-analysis of randomised trials for all types of

surgery has demonstrated a reduction of early post-operative mor-

tality and morbidity with epidural or spinal anaesthesia (Rodgers

2000)

O B J E C T I V E S

To determine the optimum anaesthetic technique for hip frac-

ture surgery Different types of anaesthesia namely regional (ei-

ther spinal or epidural) inhalation general anaesthesia local nerve

blocksand intravenous ketamine anaesthesiawere compared Vari-

ations in anaesthetic drug dosage and delivery or supplementary

regional blocks were not considered within this review

The following null hypotheses were tested within the trials in-

cluded so far in this review

1 There is no difference in outcome between regional anaesthesia

(spinal or epidural) and general anaesthesia


(spinal or epidural) supplemented with a rsquolightrsquo general anaesthetic

and general anaesthesia alone


(spinal or epidural) and regional nerve blocks alone

4 There is no difference in outcome between anaesthesia using

ketamine (with or without a benzodiazepine) and inhalation gen-

eral anaesthesia

C R I T E R I A F O R C O N S I D E R I N G

S T U D I E S F O R T H I S R E V I E W

Types of studies

All randomised controlled trials comparing different methods of

anaesthesia were included Quasi-randomised trials (for example

alternation) and trials in which the treatment allocation was in-

adequately concealed were considered for inclusion

Types of participants

Skeletally mature patients undergoing hip fracture surgery

Types of intervention

1 Regional anaesthesia (if necessary supplemented by sedatives)

achieved by injection of local anaesthetic into the epidural or sub-

arachnoid spaces This type of anaesthesia is also referred to as

rsquospinalrsquo or rsquoepiduralrsquo

2 General anaesthesia using intravenous or inhalation agents to

render the patient unconscious Unless otherwise stated general

anaesthesia refers to general anaesthesia using inhalation agents in

this review

3 Intravenous ketamine

4 Local nerve blocks (if necessary supplemented by sedatives)

when used as the primary method of anaesthesia

Trials testing other methods of anaesthesia as the primary method

of anaesthesia were considered for inclusion Trials comparing the

use of local nerve blocks in conjunction with general anaesthesia

andthe use of nerve blocks pre-operatively are evaluatedin another

Cochrane review (Parker 2001) Also not considered in this review were trials comparing different types of drugs or techniques of

individual methods of anaesthesia

Types of outcome measures

The primary outcome measure was mortality (at 1 month 3

months 6 months and 1 year) In addition data were sought from

each study for outcomes in the following categories

a) Peri-operative outcomes

- length of operation (in minutes)

- hypotension (intra-operative or immediately post-operative)

- operative blood loss (in millilitres)

- transfusion requirementsfall in haemoglobin- need for supplementary drugs to complete anaesthetic (new in

second update)

- changes in body temperature

- pre and post-operative arterial blood gases

- changes in catecholamines and other stress response chemicals

during and after surgery

- intra-operative cardiac arrhythmias

- time to mobilisation

- length of hospital stay (in days)

b) Complications specific to the method of treatment

- aspiration pneumonia

- post-dural puncture headache

- damage to the upper airways or mouth from general anaesthesia

- secondary intervention required for anaesthetic complications

- any otheradverse effects as detailed in each study (new in second

update)

c) General post-operative complications

(unless otherwise specified the definition for these complications

will be as detailed in each study or by post-mortem)

- pneumonia







and 95 per cent confidence limits for dichotomous outcomes

Mean differences and 95 per cent confidence limits have been

calculated for continuous outcomes Results of comparable groups

of trials were pooled using fixed and random effects models and

95 per cent confidence limits Both Peto odds ratio and relative

risk plots were viewed and a note was taken of where there wasstatistically significant heterogeneity (Plt 01) using eithermethod

The results for the random effects model are presented when

there is significant heterogeneity in the results of individual trials

Any tests of interaction calculated to determine if the results for

subgroups were significantly different are based on odds ratio

results

D E S C R I P T I O N O F S T U D I E S

Three new studies (de Visme 2000 Eyrolle 1998 Ungemach

1993) were included in this second update In the first update the

study of Juelsgaard 1998 was included

In all 37 studies were identified of which 21 trialswere included in

this review 15 were excluded and one remains in Studies Awaiting

Assessment Of the 15 excluded studies two were not randomised

trials eight involved comparisons outside the scope of this review

two (Tonczar 1981 Wickstrom 1982) involved neuroleptic gen-

eral anaesthesia which was considered to be no longer appropri-

ate for hip fracture surgery one (Darling 1994) only reported

one outcome the rate of clearance of injected indocyanine green

which was considered not to have direct clinical relevance one

(El-Zahaar 1995) involving a mixed population of orthopaedic

patients did not provide separate data for hip fracture patients

and one (Dyson 1988) with a factorial design which focused on a

comparison outside the review scope did not provide any resultsfor the spinal versus general anaesthesia comparison Further de-

tails of these are given in the Characteristics of Excluded Studies

table The one trial (Wajima 1995) in Studies Awaiting Assess-

ment awaits translation from Japanese A request has been sent to

the contact author for further details of the study

The 21 included trials involved a total of 2484 predominantly fe-

male and elderly hip fracture patients Translations were obtained

for three trial reports in French and one in German Seventeen tri-

alswerepublished asfull reports inpeer-reviewed journalsthe four

exceptions (Brichant 1995 Eyrolle 1998 Tasker 1983 Ungemach

1993) being only available as conference abstracts Two trial re-

ports were available for Davis 1981 one of which focused on a

sub-group of patients monitored for deep vein thrombosis Four

references one again which focused on a sub-group of patients

monitored for deep vein thrombosis were available for McKen-

zie 1984 Though these at first appeared to be reports of separate

trials further details supplied by another trialist indicated that all

the references applied to one study

Seventeen included trials involving 2305 patients compared spinal

or epiduralanaesthesia with general anaesthesia One study(White

1980) of 40 patients which compared a rsquolightrsquo general anaesthetic

in conjunction with spinal anaesthesia versus general anaesthesia

is considered separately A further group of 20 patients in this

study were allocated to receive a psoas nerve block in conjunction

with general anaesthesia which is outside the scope of this review

butincluded in anotherCochranereview on localised nerve blocks(Parker 2001) Two newly included studies compared spinal anaes-

thesia with nerve blocks (de Visme 2000 Eyrolle 1998) The re-

maining trial (Spreadbury 1980) compared ketamine anaesthesia

with inhalation general anaesthesia in 60 patients

Further details of the individual trials are given in the Character-

istics of Included Studies table

Additional information on trial methodology and results would be

welcomed from the authors of any of the studies or from authors

of trials which have not been identified

M E T H O D O L O G I C A L Q U A L I T Y

Treatment allocation was considered to be definitely concealed

(Cochrane code A) in only one study (McKenzie 1984) which

used sealed envelopes and random numbers Allocation conceal-

ment was possible (Cochrane code B) in a further five studies

(Brown 1994 Couderc 1977 de Visme 2000 Maurette 1988

Racle 1986) which gave incomplete details of their methods of

randomisation as well as the 14 studies which did not provide

any details Allocation was not concealed in the only overtlyquasi-

randomised trial (Adams 1990) which allocated treatment by the

date of operation

The methodology scores using the scoring system described earlier were

REGIONAL VERSUS GENERAL ANAESTHESIA

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total (maximum 11)

mdashmdashmdashmdashmdashmdashmdashmdashmdashmdashmdashmdash-

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 Adams 1990

1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 8 Berggren 1987

1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 7 Bigler 1985

1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 6 Bredahl 1991

1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 4 Brichant 1995

2 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 6 Brown 1994

1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 6 Davis 1981

2 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 6 Davis 19871 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 6 Juelsgaard 1998

2 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 6 Maurette 1988

1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 4 McLaren 1978

3 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 6 McKenzie 1984

2 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 7 Racle 1986

1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 Tasker 1983

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Ungemach 1993

1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 7 Valentin 1986





rsquoLIGHTrsquo GENERAL ANAESTHESIA COMBINED WITH

SPINAL ANAESTHESIA VERSUS GENERAL ANAESTHE-

SIA

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total


1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 4 White 1980REGIONAL (SPINAL) ANAESTHESIA VERSUS LOCAL

NERVE BLOCKS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total


2 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 7 de Visme 2000

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 Eyrolle 1998

KETAMINE VERSUS GENERAL ANAESTHESIA

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total


1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 5 Spreadbury 1980

Two items meriting specific comment are items 3 (intention totreat) and 7 (assessor blinding) No trial satisfied the criteria for

the first item either because no information was available for pa-

tients withdrawn from the study or because those who had been

withdrawn or excluded were not included in the baseline or out-

come analyses or because an intention to treat analysis was not

done The extent of assessor blinding was usually limited to select

outcomes in most of the trials scoring on this item

R E S U L T S

The outcome measures listed earlier were extracted for each study

and where appropriate data were available summarised in theanalysis tables The results are presented using the fixed effects

model except where there is statistically significant heterogeneity

between study results (P lt 01) where the random effects model

is applied Since the primary outcome for this review as stated in

the protocol is mortality this is considered first Other outcomes

are presented in the categories listed under Types of outcome mea-

sures these include surrogate or intermediate outcomes such as

peri-operative hypotension body temperature and arterial blood

gases Although such outcomes may be predictive of important

clinical outcomes the relationship is usually not an exact one and

some conditions such as operative hypotension may be remedied

to reduce the risk of a serious clinical event occurring Thus the

results of such outcomes are not accurate guides of rsquohardrsquo clinicaloutcomes and may be misleading


Mortality

Mortality was reported in most studies except for four short-

term studies (Bredahl 1991 Brichant 1995 Brown 1994 Mau-

rette 1988) whose primary foci were body temperature deep vein

thrombosis oxygen saturation and psychological evaluation re-

spectively Where possible data for mortality up to one three

six and twelve months were deduced or extracted from study re-

ports and pooled for these four pre-specified time periods Data

for three months and beyond were extracted from graphs for two

studies (Davis 1987 Valentin 1986) Additional mortality data were obtained for McKenzie 1984 from another trialist Mortal-

ity data for undefined follow-up periods or for under one month

were provided by four studies (Adams 1990 Bigler 1985 Tasker

1983 Ungemach 1987) The data for the first two studies which

were for early deaths during hospital stay and those for Ungemach

1987 which were at two weeks were pooled with those for one

month in an extra analysis Tasker 1983 reported without pro-

viding denominators that the difference in mortality was not sta-

tistically different between the two groups (4 versus 6)

Results for all these studies are shown in the analyses tables The

reduced mortality for regional anaesthesia at one month (53781

(68) versus 78826 (94)) was of borderline statistical sig-

nificance when evaluated using the fixed effects method (relative

risk (RR) 072 95 confidence interval (CI) 051 to 100) but

not statistically significant when using the random effects model

(RR 073 95 CI 047 to 112) There was a similar pattern

when the results from the three studies (Adams 1990 Bigler 1985

Ungemach 1987) which provided data on deaths during hospi-

tal stay or under one month were pooled with the data for one

month mortality (see analysis) The difference in mortality be-

tween the two groups was smaller and not statistically significant

at subsequent follow-up times The number of trials and associ-

ated data for pooling shrank at each time interval with only the

two largest trials (McKenzie 1984 Valentin 1986) contributing

to the 12 month analysis Mortality at three months appeared

marginally less in the regional anaesthesia group (86726 (118)

versus 98765 (128) RR 092 95 CI 071 to 121) but

slightly greater at six months (103613 (168) versus 115651

(161) RR 104 95 CI 081 to 133) and 12 months (80354

(226) versus 78372 (210) RR 107 95 CI 082 to 141)

Other outcomes


Length of operation

Most studies that recorded this outcome reported a statistically

non-significant increase in the time taken to complete the opera-

tion for regional anaesthesia (Adams 1990 Berggren 1987 Bigler

1985 Maurette 1988 McKenzie 1984 Racle 1986) One study

had a non-significant increase for general anaesthesia (Bredahl

1991) and three studies found no difference between the two

groups (Davis 1981 Juelsgaard 1998 White 1980) Pooling of

data from six studies showed a statistically significant increase of

around five minutes for regional anaesthesia (weighted mean dif-

ference 48 minutes 95 CI 11 to 86 minutes)

Hypotension





The definition of hypotension when stated was a greater than

30 per cent reduction in systolic blood pressure (Berggren 1987)

33 per cent fall ( Juelsgaard 1998) 40mmHg fall (Couderc 1977)

and 20 per cent fall from the baseline in three studies (Davis 1987

Maurette 1988 Racle 1986)

Two studies (Adams 1990 Davis 1981) stated without data for

pooling that the drop in systolic blood pressure was significantly

greater in the regional anaesthesia group Bigler 1985 reported

no significant difference in the maximum drop of systolic blood

pressure (48 versus 51mmHg) Pooling of data from eight studies

(Berggren 1987 Brown 1994 Couderc 1977 Davis 1987 Juels-

gaard 1998 Maurette 1988 McLaren 1978 Racle 1986) showed

hypotension to be more common after regional anaesthesia This

difference was statistically significant when viewed using the Peto

fixed effects method (158441 (358) versus 125461 (271)

RR 131 95 CI 109 to 158) but not when adopting the ran-

dom effects model (RR 118 95 CI 087 to 160) which is more

probably more appropriate given the significant heterogeneity of trial results (chi-square = 1128 P = 008) An exploration of the

effect of removing each of the trials in turn from the analysis re-

vealed that the removal of the data from Couderc 1977 produced

the most homogeneous result (chi-square = 032) Although this

may reflect the different definition of hypotension in this trial

there are too many other reasons to be certain that this is the case

Operative blood loss

Pooled data for three studies (Bredahl 1991 Davis 1981 McKen-

zie 1984) show a statistically non-significant increase in operative

bloodloss for general anaesthesia(weighted meandifference 81ml

95 CI -53 to 216ml) Five other studies contained insufficient

data to enable pooling Adams 1990 and Juelsgaard 1998 reporteda non-significant increase in blood loss for regional anaesthesia

McLaren 1978reportedno significantdifference Ungemach1987

reported no difference and Valentin 1986 reported a significantly

increased blood loss in the general anaesthesia group

Transfusion requirements

Seven studies gave data for blood transfusion which are presented

aseitherthe numbers of patientswho were transfused inthreestud-

ies(Adams 1990 Bigler1985 Davis 1981)or themean volumeof

blood transfused (transfusion requirement) (Couderc 1977 Juels-

gaard 1998 Maurette 1988 Racle 1986) Similar proportions of

patients received transfusion in each group in the first three studies

(63108 (583) versus 68120 (566)) In contrast the trans-fusion requirements were greater in the regional anaesthesia group

but there was significant heterogeneity (chi square = 1263 P lt

001) in the trial results and the pooled result was not statisti-

cally significant (weighted mean difference 141ml 95 CI -40

to 322ml) Juelsgaard 1998 reported statistically non-significantly

lower mean values of blood volume transfused over the opera-

tive and peri-operative period for the regional anaesthesia group

(237ml versus 257ml) Bigler 1985 reported the mean falls in

haemoglobin to be greater in the regional anaesthesia group (22

versus 19 not significant)

Pre- and post-operative arterial blood gases

The reports of six studies (Berggren 1987 Brown 1994 Couderc

1977 Davis 1981 McLaren 1978 McKenzie 1984) containeddata for blood gases taken either pre-operatively operatively or

post-operatively Berggren 1987reported numbers of patients with

post-operative arterial oxygen tension of less than 60mmHg and

these are presented in an analysis table (1028 (36) versus 1429

(48) RR 074 95 CI 040 to 138) Brown 1994 in a study

of post-operative oxygen saturation in 20 patients found signif-

icantly lower oxygen saturation for the group who received gen-

eral anaesthesia Davis 1981 reported that the general anaesthesia

group showeda post-operative fall inoxygensaturationin the early

post-operative period which was not seen after regional anaesthe-

sia By the first post-operative day there was no significant differ-

ence between the two groups McKenzie 1984 reported a signifi-

cant decrease in the oxygen saturation at onehour post-operatively in those who received general anaesthesia compared with those

who received regional anaesthesia In contrast two studies (Coud-

erc 1977 McLaren 1978) reported no difference in the mean arte-

rial oxygen or carbon dioxide tensions for the two types of anaes-

thesia

Length of hospital stay

Most studies reporting this found no difference in the length of

hospital stay Juelsgaard 1998 observed that the results for hospital

stay were affected by a lack of rehabilitation facilities Adams 1990

reported 21 days forregional versus20 days forgeneral anaesthesia

Berggren 1987 stated there was no difference in length of hospital

stay between the two groups Davis 1987 reported an average of 16 days for both groups and Racle 1986 20 days for both groups

Valentin 1986 reported a median stay of 10 days for regional

anaesthesia and 11 days for general anaesthesia Finally McKenzie

1984 recorded a mean of 38 days for regional anaesthesia against

43 days for general anaesthesia Summation of the two studies

which quoted standard deviations (McKenzie 1984 Racle 1986)

shown in the analysis tables demonstrated no difference in the

length of hospital stay between groups (weighted mean difference

-02 days 95 CI -52 to 48 days)

Other peri-operative outcomes

Other peri-operative outcomes recorded were changes in body

temperature (Bredahl 1991) serum catecholamine and endocrinelevels(Adams 1990 Tasker1983) ECG changes (Juelsgaard 1998)

and time to ambulation (Bigler 1985 Valentin 1986) Ungemach

1993 used a scoring system which included level of consciousness

respiration circulation blood loss and laboratory tests

Bredahl 1991 who recorded body temperatures of 30 patients

concluded that temperature changes during the peri-operative pe-

riod were unrelated to the type of anaesthesia





Adams 1990 reported raised serum adrenaline and noradrenaline

levels atthe end of the operation for a sub-group of 32patients the

rise in levels being greater in those patients who received a general

anaesthetic Tasker 1983 in a study of 100 patients reported a

significantly greater increase in plasma noradrenaline and cortisol

levels after general anaesthesia in comparison with regional anaes-thesia There was no report of intra-operative cardiac arrhythmias

Juelsgaard 1998 reported a significant increase in the overall num-

ber of ST segment depressions for those in the spinal anaesthesia

group (125 versus 16 events)

Bigler1985reporteda significant reduction in themean time from

surgery to ambulation of 33 days after regional anaesthesia versus

51 days after general anaesthesia Valentin 1986 however reported

no difference in the time to ambulation for patients in the two

groups

Post-operative scores in Ungemach 1993 were reported as rsquobetterrsquo

in the spinal group but it was not clear by how much and how

this was manifested


Davis 1981 was the only study to report on aspiration pneumo-

nia with two cases in the general anaesthesia group These have

been included under the complication of pneumonia A persistent

headache lasting three days in one person in the spinal anaesthe-

sia group was noted in Bigler 1985 McLaren 1978 reported that

there were no post-anaesthetic headaches There was no mention

within the included studies of other complications such as damage

to the upper airways or mouth from general anaesthesia

Failure of spinal anaesthesia usually resulting in the secondary

use of general anaesthesia was reported in both studies conductedby Davis et al (Davis 1981 Davis 1987) Spinal anaesthesia of-

ten performed by junior staff was unsuccessful in eight out of 72

patients (111) in Davis 1981 and in 30 out of 259 patients

(116) in Davis 1987 Davis 1987 also referred to a 10 failure

rate in the study of Valentin 1986 The treatment of these spinal

anaesthesia failures in the analyses presented by these three tri-

als has further implications regarding intention to treat analysis

For instance it may be that the excluded patients had different

characteristics and outcomes than those patients in which spinal

anaesthesia was successful The eight patients in Davis 1981 were

incorrectly analysed in the general anaesthesia group whereas the

30 patients in Davis 1987 were analysed in the spinal anaesthesia

group and lastly Valentin 1986 chose to exclude them from theanalysis


Data for most of the life threatening complications such as pneu-

monia myocardial infarction cerebral vascular accident conges-

tive cardiac failure and pulmonary embolism were only available

as causes for deaths in many of the trial reports To reflect this

the data from fatal events have been sub-grouped separately from

those listed as complications or not wholly associated with deaths

in trial reports

Pneumonia

Pneumonia or rsquochest infectionrsquo was reported in ninestudies (Adams

1990 Berggren 1987 Bigler 1985 Davis 1981 Davis 1987 Juels-

gaard 1998 McKenzie 1984 McLaren 1978 Racle 1986) Pool-ing of the results indicates no clear difference between the two

anaesthetic methods (29554 (52) versus 31581 (53) RR

099 95 CI 062 to 159)

Myocardial infarction

This complication was reported in six studies (Couderc 1977

Davis 1981 Davis 1987 Juelsgaard 1998 McKenzie 1984 Racle

1986) Summation of the results from five trials showed a non

statistically significant reduction in myocardial infarction in the

regional anaesthesia group (5446 (11) versus 8471 (17)

RR 070 95 CI 026 to 185)

Cerebrovascular accidentThis complication was reported in seven studies (Berggren 1987

Bigler 1985 Couderc 1977 Davis 1981 Davis 1987 McKenzie

1984 Racle 1986) Pooling of results demonstrated a tendency to

a lower risk with general anaesthesia but the difference was not

statistically significant (10529 (19) versus 6556 (11) RR

151 95 CI 064 to 357)

Congestive cardiac failure

This complication was reported in seven studies (Adams 1990

Berggren 1987 Bigler 1985 Davis 1981 Davis 1987 Juelsgaard

1998 Racle 1986) Pooling of data gave similar results for both

groups (12454 (26) versus 12477 (25) RR 105 95 CI

049 to 223)

Renal failure

Renal failure was reported in four studies (Adams 1990 Davis

1981 Davis 1987 Racle 1986) Summation of results in the anal-

ysis table demonstrated no difference between anaesthetic tech-

niques (2382 (05) versus 3414 (07) RR 086 95 CI

022 to 341)

Post operative cardiac arrhythmia

More abnormal cardiac rhythms were detected in the general

anaesthesia group in Couderc 1977 However Couderc 1977

reported that there was no difference in the overall electrocar-

diographic results these included results for other peri-operative

changes in the cardiogram Acute confusional state

This complication was reported in three small studies (Berggren

1987 Bigler 1985 Racle 1986) Summation of the limited results

showed a non statistically significant reduction in the regional

anaesthesia group(1083 (120) versus 1984(226) RR 053

95 CI 027 to 107)

Urine retention





Pooling of the data from the two studies (Berggren 1987 Bigler

1985) reporting this complication showed similar results for the

two anaesthetic techniques (1048 (208) versus 1049 (204)

RR 102 95 CI 047 to 223)

Post-operative vomiting

Pooling of the data from the two studies (Bigler 1985 McLaren

1978) reporting this complication again showed similar results for

the two anaesthetic techniques (246 (43) versus 349 (61)

RR 070 95 CI 012 to 394)

Deep vein thrombosis

Deep vein thrombosis was the primary outcome for one study

(Brichant 1995) and for two subgroups of patients from a further

two studies (Davis 1981 McKenzie 1984) Awareness of the risk

of deep vein thrombosis was evident in several other studies who

did not report this outcome with various prophylactic interven-

tions being deployed Dextran 70 (Berggren 1987) earlymobilisa-

tion (Bigler 1985) anti-vitamin K and early mobilisation (Coud-

erc 1977) heparin and active movement (Racle 1986) and anti-embolic stockings (Valentin 1986) Patients in Brichant 1995 also

received thromboembolic prophylaxis with low molecular weight

heparin and anti-embolism stockings Venography screening was

used to detectdeep vein thrombosis in twostudies (Brichant1995

McKenzie 1984) and fibrinogen scanning in Davis 1987 Pooled

data grouped by method of diagnosis include two deaths whose

underlying cause was deep vein thrombosis from McLaren 1978

Significantly fewer thromboses were detected in patients in the re-

gional anaesthesia group (39129 (30) versus 61130(47) RR

064 95 CI 048 to 086) Though the difference in incidence

rates was consistent between trials whether measured by venog-

raphy fibrinogen update or at post-mortem these results have to

be viewed with caution since these were the results of subgroupsof patients for whom data from venography or fibrinogen were

available In turn the patients specially monitored for deep vein

thrombosis were also subgroups of the trial populations in two

studies (Davis 1981 McKenzie 1984)

Pulmonary embolism

Pulmonary embolism was reported in ten studies (Adams 1990

Berggren 1987 Bigler 1985 Brichant 1995 Couderc 1977 Davis

1981 Davis 1987 McKenzie 1984 McLaren 1978 Racle 1986)

but mostly as a reason for death rather than through active moni-

toring for non-fatalpulmonaryembolism Poolingthe results from

nine studies using Peto odds ratios showed statistically significant

heterogeneity (chi-square = 1485 P = 006) Summation of re-sults from nine studies using the random effects model to allow

for this heterogeneity showed little difference in overall incidence

of pulmonary embolism in the two groups (8575 (14) versus

10609 (16) RR 098 95 CI 037 to 264) The source of

heterogeneity resides mainly in the significantly different results

in trials presenting solely results for fatal pulmonary embolism

and those presenting results for non-fatal pulmonary embolism

A second analysis which presents these grouped by fatal and non-

fatal pulmonary embolism shows a contrasting and unexplained

picture for these two outcomes (test for interaction based on Peto

odds ratio results P = 0004) where there is less fatal but more

non-fatal pulmonary embolism in the regional anaesthesia group

Composite outcome

Ungemach 1993 used a scoring system which included compli-cations such as heart failure thrombosis and apoplexy as well as

cardiopulmonary evaluation and laboratory tests No difference

between the two groups was found in the scores at two weeks

d) Final outcome measures

Mortality has already been considered above

Changes in mental function

Two studies (Bigler 1985 Maurette 1988) reported on long term

changes in mental function Bigler 1985 reported that there was

no persistent impairment in mental function and no significant

differences between thetwo groupsin themental scoresachievedat

threemonths Maurette1988 performed psychological evaluationson 33 patients and found no significant difference relating to the

type of anaesthesia

Functional outcome

No study reported on the difference in functional outcomes be-

tween groups Only McKenzie 1984 provided limited data on the

location of patients at 12 months butnot for thereturn of patients

to their previous residence



SIA

The only study (White 1980) in this category involved only 20patients in each group No patients died within the one month

follow-up period of the study The mean length of operation was

58 minutes in both groups There was no significant difference

in the mean post-operative blood oxygen or carbon dioxide levels

between the two groups Complications reported were pneumonia

(4 versus 5 cases) confusional states (3 in each group) deep vein

thrombosis (1 in the general anaesthesia group) and post-operative

vomiting (1 in each group) Results for most of these outcomes

are presented in the analysis tables

REGIONAL (SPINAL) ANAESTHESIA VERSUS LOCAL

NERVE BLOCKS

Two studies involving 79 patients were included One study (Ey-rolle 1998) compared spinal anaesthesia with a lumbar plexus

block in 50 patients supplementary intravenous propofol seda-

tion was performed when necessary The other study (de Visme

2000) compared spinal anaesthesia with a lumbar plexus block in

conjunction with a sacral plexus block and iliac crest block (for

lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh) Intravenous alfentanil or

sedatives were also used if necessary Both studies only reported on

outcome during the peri-operative period and did not report on





post-operative complications or mortality Results where available

and appropriate are given in the analysis tables

In Eyrolle 1998 the need for propofol supplementation of dosage

greater than 1mgkghr was significantly less common in the

spinal group (525 versus 1925) No cases of incomplete or unsat-

isfactory anaesthesia in the spinal group were reported in de Visme2000 as opposed to four cases of incomplete anaesthesia and one

case requiring repeated sedation that was judged as unsatisfactory

in the nerve block group (014 versus 515) Overall the need for

supplementary sedation was significantly less in the spinal group

(539 versus 2440 RR 023 95 CI 010 to 050)

A fall in mean arterial blood pressure of more than 20 per cent

occurred in significantly more patients in the spinal group (1825

versus 325 RR 60 95 CI 202 to 1783) in Eyrolle 1998 The

mean fall in arterial blood pressure was also significantly greater

in the spinal group in de Visme 2000 (mean difference 16mmHg

95 CI -13 to 307mmHg) In both trials significantly higher

doses of ephedrine were used to stabilise blood pressure in thespinal group (weighted mean difference 596mg 95 CI 446 to

745mg)

Pain as measured by the visual analogue scale (VAS) was stated

as showing no difference between groups in Eyrolle 1998 Eleven

patients failedto complete VAS in de Visme 2000 whoconsidered

that VAS rating for pain was unsatisfactory when there were cases

of ldquosensorialrdquo deficiency

Insertion difficulty was significantly more common in the spinal

group in Eyrolle 1998 (1025 cases versus 325) In contrast the

mean time to administer the spinal was reported as being statisti-

cally significantly lower in the spinal group in de Visme 2000 (12

versus 18 minutes reported p = 0013)

Adverse effects includingfive casesof urinary retention weremore

commonin the spinal group in Eyrolle 1998 (625 versus125RR

600 95 CI 078 to 4629) No adverse effects of the techniques

were reported by de Visme 2000

Post-operatively similar numbers of patients had impaired cog-

nitive function in de Visme 2000 (514 versus 615) this was

reflected in the comparable mini-mental test scores (mean 155

versus 145)


The only study included in this category (Spreadbury 1980) in-volved 60 female patients The limited results available are sum-

marised in the analysis tables Data were presented for early deaths

(within 14 days) and late deaths (time unspecified in hospital)

These showed no difference in the overall mortality during hospi-

tal stay (930 (30) versus 930 (30)) Data presented for the

complications of myocardial infarction (1 case) congestive car-

diac failure (2 cases) and pulmonary embolism (3 cases) were all

derived from causes of death for the seven early deaths

The mean length of hospital stay for the 39 patients who returned

home was 36 days for the ketamine group against 24 days for the

general anaesthesia group This difference is statistically signifi-

cant and is related to the higher incidence of unsatisfactory surgi-

cal results in the ketamine group (see below) Although the gen-

eral anaesthesia group mobilised more quickly than the ketaminegroup Spreadbury 1980 reported that the differences were not

statistically significant The proportions of patients who returned

home were similar (1930 versus 2030)

Spreadbury 1980 also reported that the numbers of patients who

experienced dreams and hallucinations were similar for the two

groups (4 versus 5 patients) They stated however that the dreams

were more likelyto be unpleasant aftergeneral anaesthesia Spread-

bury 1980 also reported the incidence of unsatisfactory surgical

results either due to later dislocation of the prosthesis or an un-

stable fixation which subsequently required bed rest or traction

There were 730 (23) such cases for the ketamine group against

330 (10) for general anaesthesia

D I S C U S S I O N


Many of the studies within this review involved small numbers of

patients and reported only a few outcome measures The trial re-

ports of all studies indicated a poor level of methodological rigour

in particular regarding concealment of allocation assessor blind-

ing and intention to treat analysis Despite these limitations there

is a reasonable agreement between trials for many of the outcome

measures reported particularly for mortality It remains possible

that some of the differences in outcome within the studies couldbe related to the differences in the experience and competence

of the anaesthetists Inexperience with the anaesthetic techniques

could be inferred in some studies For example there was a high

failure rate of spinal anaesthesia often performed by junior staff

of over 11 per cent in both Davis 1981 and Davis 1987 However

there was no evidence that the seniority of the anaesthetists ap-

plying the different methods of anaesthesia differed in any given

trial

Hip fractures occur predominantly in the frail elderly who have

multiple other medical conditions The high mortality within this

group of patients often results from these other medical conditions

rather than being a direct consequence of the hip fracture and itstreatment Regional anaesthesia may reduce short-term mortality

yet this finding is borderline in that it is statistically significant

when using the fixed effectsmodelbut notwith the randomeffects

model The three month mortality results retain a potential for

a reduction in mortality in the regional anaesthesia group these

are consistent with up to a 30 per cent reduction (95 CI 071

to 121) There is no evidence of substantial differences between

regional and general anaesthesia in terms of long-term mortality







was a reduction in the 14-day mortality for ketamine which re-

lated to a reduction in the risk of early fatal thromboembolic com-

plications However this difference in mortality did not persist

and the mortality during hospital stay was equal in both groups

The numbers of patients were too small to show if the increase in

rsquounsatisfactory surgical resultsrsquo in the ketamine group was a signif-icant factor of ketamine use

R E V I E W E R S rsquo C O N C L U S I O N S

Implications for practice

Both regional and general anaesthesia produce comparable results

and therefore the anaesthetists should choose which technique is

most appropriate for each individual patient Regional anaesthesia

may be preferable for those patients at high risk for thromboem-

bolic complications

Due to the limited data available it is notpossible to determine theroles of nerve blocks ketamine or spinal anaesthesia with rsquolightrsquo

general anaesthesia for hip fracture anaesthesia

Implications for research

Well designed randomised trials with active follow-up of at least

six months of regional versus general anaesthesia involving large

numbers of patients and which record at minimum the primary

clinical outcomes of death post-operative complications and long

term outcomes would help clarify the relative merits of regional

and general anaesthesia Large trials with sub-group analysis may

be able to determine if patients with specific medical conditions

(such as cardiac disease previous stroke) are better managed with

one of these two forms of anaesthesia

N O T E S

This review and first update was published under the title ldquoGen-

eral versus spinalepidural anaesthesia for surgery for hip fractures

in adultsrdquo The title was changed in the second update to reflect

an expansion in the scope of the review to include comparisons of

all forms of anaesthesia

This review was first updated in Issue 4 2000 The trial search was

updated to August 1999 and one small trial (Juelsgaard 1999) was

included A consumer synopsis wasadded andrelativerisksinstead

of Peto odds ratios were presented for dichotomous outcomes

There were no significant changes to the conclusions of the review

The second update appeared in Issue 4 2001 This included onetrial (Ungemach 1993) comparing general versus spinal anaesthe-

sia and two trials (Eyrolle 1998 de Visme 2000) which compared

spinal anaesthesia with lumbar plexus blocks There were no sig-

nificant changes to the conclusions of the review

P O T E N T I A L C O N F L I C T O F

I N T E R E S T

None known

A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S

We would like to thank the following for useful comments from

editorial review of the original review Gordon Drummond (De-

partment of Anaesthetics University of Edinburgh) William

Gillespie Rajan Madhok Gordon Murray Tom Pedersen (De-

partment of Anaesthesiology Copenhagen University Hospital)

and Marc Swiontkowski We thank William Gillespie Leeann

Morton and Lesley Gillespie for their help with the first update

For this update we are indebted to LesleyGillespie William Gille-

spie Peter Herbison Leeann Morton Tom Pedersen Janet Wale

and Tony Wildsmith for their assistance and helpful feedback at

editorial review

S O U R C E S O F S U P P O R T

External sources of support

bull Chief Scientist Office Department of Health The Scottish

Office UK

Internal sources of support

bull No sources of support supplied





R E F E R E N C E S

References to studies included in this review Adams 1990 published data only

Adams HA Wolf C Michaelis G Hempelmann G Postoper-

ative course and endocrine stress response of geriatric patients with fractured neck of femur [Postoperativer verlauf und en-

dokrine streb-reaktion geriatrischer patienten mit huftnahen frak-

turen prospektiv-randomisierte studie zum vergleich von spinalanas-

thesin und halothan-intubatinosnarkosen] Anasthesie Intensivthera-

pie Notfallmedizin 199025263-70 [MedLine 1991023367]

Berggren 1987 published data only

Berggren D Gustafson Y Eriksson B Bucht G Hansson L-H Reiz

S Winblad B Postoperative confusion after anesthesia in elderly

patients with femoral neck fractures Anesthesia and Analgesia 1987

66497-504 [MedLine 1987211148]

Bigler 1985 published data only

Bigler D Adelhoj B Petring OU Pederson NO Busch P Kalhke

P Mental function and morbidity after acute hip surgery during

spinal and general anaesthesia Anaesthesia 198540672-6 [Med-Line 1985277121]

Bredahl 1991 published data only

Bredahl C Hindsholm KB FrandsenPC Changes in body heatdur-

ing hip fracture surgery a comparison of spinal analgesia and gen-

eral anaesthesia Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 199135548-

52 [MedLine 1991377412]

Brichant 1995 published data onlyBrichantJF Blom-PetersL Buffels R LamyM Central neural block-

age failed to decrease deep venous thrombosis in patients undergoing

hip surgery and receiving low molecular weight heparin [Abstract]

British Journal of Anaesthesia 199574 Suppl 175

Brown 1994 published data only

Brown AG Visram AR Jones RDM Irwins MG Bacon-Shone J Preoperative and postoperative oxygen saturation in the el-

derly following spinal or general anaesthesia - an audit of current

practice Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 199422150-4 [MedLine

1994270545]

Couderc 1977 published data only

Couderc E Mauge F Duvaldestin P Desmonts J-M [Compara-

tive results of general and peridural anesthesia for hip surgery in

the very old patient] [French] [Resultats comparatifs de lrsquoanesthesie

generale et peridurale chez le grand vieillard dans la chirurgie de

la hanche] Anesthesie Analgesie Reanimation 197734(5)987-98

[MedLine 78185115]

Davis 1981 published data onlylowastDavis FM Laurenson VG Spinal anaesthesia or general anaesthesia

for emergency hip surgery in elderly patients Anaesthesia and Inten-sive Care 19819352-8 [MedLine 1982089249]

Davis FM Quince M Laurenson VG Deep vein thrombosis and

anaesthetic technique in emergency hip surgery BMJ 1980281

1528-9

Davis 1987 published data only

Davis FM Woolner DF Frampton C Wilkinson A Grant A Har-

rison RT et al Prospective multi-centre trial of mortality follow-

ing general or spinal anaesthesia for hip fracture surgery in the

elderly British Journal of Anaesthesia 1987591080-8 [MedLine

1988024611]

de Visme 2000 published data only

de Visme V Picard F Le Jouan R Legrand A Savry C Morin VCombined lumbar and sacralplexus block compared withplain bupi-

vacaine spinal anesthesia for hip fractures in the elderly Regional

Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 200025(2)158-62

Eyrolle 1998 published data only

Eyrolle L Zetlaoui P Belbachir A Rosencher N Conseiller C Re-

gional anaesthesia for femoral neck fracture surgery comparison of

lumbar plexus block and spinal anaesthesia [Abstract] British Journal

of Anaesthesia 199880 Suppl 1112

Juelsgaard 1998 published data only

Juelsgaard P Sand NPR Felsby S Dalsgaard J Jakobsen KB Brink

O et al Perioperative myocardial ischaemia in patients undergoing

surgery for fractured hip randomized to incremental spinal single-

dose spinal or general anaesthesia European Journal of Anaesthesiology

199815(6)656-63

Maurette 1988 published data only

Maurette P Castagnera L Vivier C Erny P Comparative repercus-

sions of general and spinal anesthesia on psychological functions of

the aged subject [Repercussions comparees de lrsquoanesthesie generale et

de la rachianesthesie sur les fonctions psychiques du sujet age] An-

nales Francaises drsquo Anesthesie et de Reanimation 19887305-8 [Med-

Line 89075140]

McKenzie 1984 published and unpublished dataMcKenzie PJ Wishard HY Anaesthesia for fractured neck of femur

(letter) BMJ 1981282399-400 [MedLine 81111251]

McKenzie PJ Wishart HY Dewar KMS Gray I Smith G Compar-

ison of the effects of spinal anaesthesia and general anaesthesia on

postoperative oxygenation and perioperative mortality British Jour-nal of Anaesthesia 19805249-53 [MedLine 80198011]

McKenzie PJ Wishart HY Gray I Smith G Effects of anaesthetic

technique on deep vein thrombosis a comparison of subarachnoid

and general anaesthesia British Journal of Anaesthesia 198557853-

7 [MedLine 1985280155]

lowastMcKenzie PJ Wishart HY Smith G Long-term outcome after re-

pairof fracturedneck of femur comparisonof subarachnoid and gen-

eral anaesthesia British Journal of Anaesthesia 198456581-4 [Med-

Line 1984203273]

McLaren 1978 published data only

McLaren AD Stockwell MC Reid VT Anaesthetic techniques for

surgical correction of fractured neck of femur a comparative study

of spinal and general anaesthesia in the elderly Anaesthesia 197833

10-4 [MedLine 1978121768]

Racle 1986 published data only

Racle JP Benkhadra A Poy JY Gleizal B Gaudray A Compara-

tive study of general and spinal anesthesia in elderly women in hip

surgery [Etude comparative de lrsquoanesthesie generale et de la rachi-

anestesie chez la femme agee dans la chirurgie de la hanche] Annales

Francaises drsquo Anesthesie et de Reanimation 1986524-30 [MedLine

1986213298]





Spreadbury 1980 published data only

Spreadbury TH Anaesthetic techniques for surgical correction of

fractured neck of femur a comparative study of ketamine and re-

laxant anaesthesia in elderly women Anaesthesia 198035208-14

[MedLine 1980218116]

Tasker 1983 published data onlyTasker TPB Raitt DG Kohn RLJ Vater M Crawshaw C Subarach-

noid block or general anaesthesia a study of the stress response dur-

ing and after surgery for prosthetic replacement of fractured neck of

femur [Abstract] Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery British Volume

198365660

Ungemach 1993 published data only

Ungemach JW Andres FJ Eggert E Schoder K The role of anaes-

thesia in geriatric patients with hip fractures A prospective study

European Journal of Anaesthesiology 199310(5)380

Valentin 1986 published data only

Valentin N Lomholt B Jensen JS Hejgaard N Kreiner S Spinal

or general anaesthesia for surgery of the fractured hip A prospective

studyof mortality in 578patients BritishJournalof Anaesthesia1986

58284-91 [MedLine 1986131270]

White 1980 published data only

White IW Chappell WA Anaesthesia for surgical correction of frac-

tured femoral neck a comparison of three techniques Anaesthesia

1980351107-10 [MedLine 81083959]

References to studies excluded from this review

Barna 1981

Barna B Comparison of spinal and general anesthesia in the surgical

treatment of hip fractures [A spinalis es az altalanos anaesthesia ossze-

hasonlitasa csipotaji toresek multejeinek erzesteleniteseben] Orvosi

Hetilap 19811221135-8

Coleman 1988

ColemanSA Boyce WJCosh PH McKenziePJ Outcomeafter gen-eral anaesthesia for repair of fractured neck of femur a randomised

trial of spontaneous v controlled ventilation BritishJournalof Anaes-

thesia 19886043-7

Critchley 1995

Critchley LA Stuart JC Conway F Short TG Hypotension during

subarachnoid anaesthesia haemodyamic effects of ephedrine British

Journal of Anaesthesia 199574373-8

Darling 1994

Darling JR Murray JM Hainsworth AM Trinick TR The effect of

isoflurane or spinal anesthesia on Indocyanine green disappearance

rate in the elderly Anesthesia and Analgesia 199478706-9

Dyson 1988

Dyson A Henderson AM Chamley D Campbell ID An assessment

of postoperative oxygen therapy in patients with fractured neck of

femur Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 198816405-10

El-Zahaar 1995

El-Zahaar MS Al-Kawally HM Said AS A double-blind random-

ized study of the effects of torniquet use and type of anesthetic tech-

niques on the incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in orthope-

dic surgery Journal of Neurological amp OrthopaedicMedicine amp Surgery

199516(2)70-4

Favarel 1996

Favarel Garrigues JF Sztark F Petitjean ME Thicoipe M Lassie P

Dabadie P Hemodynamic effects of spinal anaesthesia in the elderly

single dose versus titration through a catheter Anesthesia and Anal-

gesia 199682312-6

Maurette 1993

Maurette P Bonada G Djiane V Erny P A comparsion between

lidocaine alone and lidocaine with meperidine for continous spinal

anesthesia Regional Anesthesia 199318290-5

Owen 1982

Owen H Hutton P Doxapram and the fractured femur Anaesthesia

198237301-4

Sinclair 1997

Sinclair S James S Singer M Intraoperative intravascular volume op-

timisation and length of hospital stay after repair of proximal femoral

fracture randomised controlled trial BMJ 1997315909-12

Sutcliffe 1994

Sutcliffe AJ Parker MJ Mortality after spinal and general anaesthesia

for surgical fixation of hip fractures Anaesthesia 199449237-40

Tonczar 1981

Tonczar L HammerleAF Theimpairmentof stress parameters byhip

joint close operations and the influence of anaesthesia Preliminary

results of a prospective study (authorrsquos translation) [Auswirkungen

huftgelenksnaher operationen auf das verhalten von stressparametern

und ihre beeinflussung durch anasthesie Vorlaufige ergebnisse einer

prospektiven studie] Unfallchirurgie 19817(3)138-41

Ungemach 1987

Ungemach JW Inhalation anesthesia or ldquobalanced anesthesiardquo A

comparative perioperative study in geriatric patients [Inhalation-

sanaesthesie oder ldquo balancierte anaesthesie rdquo Eine vergleichende pe-

rioperative studie geriatrischer patienten] Anaesthesist 198736288-

91

Van Gessel 1989

Van Gessel EF Forster A Gamulin Z Surgical repair of hip fractures

using continous spinal anaesthesia comparison of hypobaric solu-

tions of tetracaine and bupivaciane Anesthesia and Analgesia 1989

68276-81

Wickstrom 1982

Wickstrom I Holmberg I Stefansson T Survival of female geriatric

patientsafter hipfracturesurgery A comparison of 5 anesthetic meth-

ods Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 198226607-14

References to studies awaiting assessment

Wajima 1995

Wajima Z Kurosawa H Inoue T Yoshikawa T Ishikawa G Shitara

T et al Changes in dementia rating scale scores of elderly patients with femoral neck fracture during perioperative period [Original in

Japanese] Masui 199544(11)1489-97

Additional references

Clarke 2000

Clarke M Oxman AD editors Assessment of study quality

Cochrane Reviewersrsquo Handbook 41 [updated June 2000] Section

6 In Review Manager (RevMan) [Computer program] Version 41

Oxford England The Cochrane Collaboration 2000





Covert 1989

Covert CR Fox GS Anaesthesia for hip surgery in the elderly Cana-

dian Journal of Anaesthesia 198936311-9

Dickersin 1994

Dickersin K Schere R Lefebvre C Identifying relevant studies for

systematic reviews BMJ 19943091286-91

Mansour 1993

Mansour NY Reevaluating the sciatic nerve block another landmark

for consideration Regional Anesthesia 199318322-3

Melton 1993

Melton LJ III Hip fractures a worldwide problem today and tomor-

row Bone 199314 Suppl 1S1-8

Modig 1983

ModigJ Borg T BaggeL Saldeen T Roleof extradural andof general

anaesthesiain fibrinolysisand coagulation after total hipreplacement

British Journal of Anaesthesia 198355625

Parker 1993

Parker MJ Pryor GA Hip fracture management Oxford Blackwell

Scientific Publications 1993Parker 2001

Parker MJ Griffiths R Appadu BN Nerve blocks (subcostal lat-

eral cutaneous femoral triple psoas) for hip fractures (Cochrane

Review) In The Cochrane Library 3 2001Oxford Update

Software10100214651858CD001159

Rodgers 2000

Rodgers A Walker N Schug S McKee A Kehlet H van Zundert

A et al Reduction of postoperative mortality and morbidity with

epidural or spinal anaesthesia results from overview of randomised

trials British Medical Journal 20003211493-7

Sorensen 1992

Sorenson RM Pace NL Anesthetic techniques during surgical repair

of femoral neck fractures A meta-analysis Anesthesiology 199277

1095-104

WHO study group 1994

WHO study group Assessment of fracture risk and its application

to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis WHO 1994 WHO

technical report series no 843

Winnie 1974

Winnie AP Ramamurthy S Durrani Z Radonjic R Plexus blocks

for lower extremity surgery Anesthesiology Reviews 1974111-6

References to other published versions of this review

Urwin 2000

Urwin SC ParkerMJ Griffiths R General versusregional anaesthesiafor hip fracture surgery a meta-analysis of randomized trials British

Journal of Anaesthesia 200084(4)450-455

lowastIndicates the major publication for the study

T A B L E S

Characteristics of included studies

Study Adams 1990

Methods Quasi-randomised trial by the date of operation

Methodological score 2

Participants Orthopaedic hospital in Gieben Germany

56 patients with a proximal femoral fracture

Mean age 7981 years (range 63-91)

Male 18

Number lost to follow-up not stated

Interventions Spinal anaesthesia using 05 bupivacaine and 4 mepivacaine

versus

General anaesthesia using thiopentone halothane nitrous oxideoxygen vencuronium succinycholine at-

ropineOutcomes Length of follow-up period of hospital stay

Mortality - during hospital stay

Length of operation

Hypotension




Blood levels of catecholamines ADH and adrenalin (see notes)





Characteristics of included studies (Continued )

Pneumonia (f)

Congestive cardiac failure (f)

Renal failure

Pulmonary embolism (f)

Notes Published in German

Abstract and diagrams are contradictory for endocrine (ADH adrenalin) results Allocation concealment C

Study Berggren 1987

Methods Randomised trial method not stated


Participants Orthopaedic hospital in Umea Sweden

57 patients with a femoral neck fracture

Mean age 7778 years (range 65-92 years)

Male 19

Number lost to follow-up 4 (7)

Interventions Both groups premedicated with pethidine 25-50mg

Spinal anaesthesia with 2 prilocaine in the epidural space mean volume used 125ml

versus

General anaesthesia with thipopentone 3-4mgkg atropine 025-05mg iv suxemethonium ventilated with

nitrous oxide and oxygen and halothane and suxamethonium infusion

Outcomes Length of follow-up 12 months

Mortality - 1 year (see notes)

Length of operation

Operative hypotension

Intraoperative blood loss (not split by treatment groups)

Hypoxaemia


Pneumonia

Cerebrovascular accidentCongestive cardiac failure

Confusional state

Urine rention

Urinary tract infection

Pulmonary embolism

Total medical complications

Notes 4 died by 1 year 1 in the epidural group on 1st post-op day the other 3 (group not given) by 5 months

Patients were interviewed at 6 and 12 months regarding living conditions and walking ability - data not

presented

Allocation concealment B

Study Bigler 1985Methods Randomised trial method not stated


Participants Place and country of study not stated


Mean age 79 years

Male 175

Loss to follow-up not known






Interventions Spinal anaesthesia with 3ml of 075 bupivacaine

versus

General anaesthesia using atropine thoiopentane fentanyl pancuronium nitrous oxideoxygen


Mortality - early

Length of operationHypotension (maximum drop in systolic blood pressure)


Fall in haemaglobin

Pneumonia

Cerebrovascular accident


Confusional state

Urine rention


Pulmonary embolism

Time till ambulation

Mental function

HeadacheNotes


Study Bredahl 1991



Participants Orthopaedic hospital Aalborg Denmark

30 female patients with a proximal femoral fracture


Male 0

Loss to follow-up not stated but 2 excluded due to incomplete data

Interventions Spinal anaesthesia with 25-3ml of 05 bupivacaine

versus

General anaesthesia using thoiopentane pethidine pancuronium nitrous oxideoxygen IPPV

Outcomes Length of follow-up 3 days

Length of operation


Change in body temperature (up to 3 hours)

Notes


Study Brichant 1995

Methods Randomised trial method not statedMethodological score 4

Participants Orthopaedic hospital in Brussels Belgium

106 patients with proximal femoral fracture

Age not stated

Male not stated


Interventions Spinal (subarachroid or epidural) anaesthesia with bupivacaine






versus

General anaesthesia administered according to rsquolocal practicersquo


Deep vein thrombosis (venography)

Pulmonary embolism

Haemorrhagic complicationsThrombocytopenia

Notes Conference abstract only

All patients had subcutaneous nadroparin for DVT prophylaxis


Study Brown 1994

Methods Randomised trial use of random numbers table


Participants Orthopaedic hospital in Hong Kong


Mean age 77 years (range 66-91)Male 50


Interventions Spinal (subarachnoid) anaesthesia with 02mgkg 05 bupivacaine

versus

General anaesthesia using thiopentone or propofol isoflurane or enflurane and pre-medicationwith pethidine

or temazepam

Outcomes Length of follow-up 2 days (up to 44 hours)

Hypotension

Oxygen saturation

Notes


Study Couderc 1977

Methods Randomised study by rsquodrawing of lotsrsquo

Methodogical score 4

Participants Orthopaedic hospital in Paris France


Mean age 86 years (Inclusion criterion 80+ years range not stated)

Male 14


Interventions Spinal anaesthesia with 05 bupivacaine and adrenaline

versus

General anaesthesia with thiopentone pancuronium dextromoramide or methoxyflurane nitrous ox-ideoxygen


Mortality - 11 days 3 months

Hypotension


Oxygenation and carbon dioxide levels

Myocardial infarction (f)

Cerebrovascular accident (f)







Notes In French

Complete datafor fatalmyocardial infarction congestiveheart failure and pulmonary embolism not provided


Study Davis 1981



Participants Orthopaedic hospital Christchurch New Zealand


Mean age 8178 years (Inclusion criterion 50+ range not given)

Male 15

Number lost to follow-up 0

Interventions Spinal anaesthesia using tetracaine 05 in 51 patients and 05 cinchocaine in 13 patients Ketamine also

used for sedation in 8 patients and diazapam (mean dose 9mg)

versus

General anaesthesia with diazapam (25-30mg) mean dose 95mg Fentanyl 1-3mcgkg nitrous oxide andoxygen IPPV pancuronium mean dose 6mg

Outcomes Length of follow-up 1 month

Mortality - 1 month

Duration of anaesthesia (Length of operation)

Postoperative blood gases

Hypotension


Fall in haematocrit

Pneumonia (f)

Aspiration pneumonia (f)



Congestive cardiac failureRenal failure

Cardiac arrthymias

Deep vein thrombosis (fibrinogen)


Notes 8 failed spinals who had a general anaesthesia were placed in the general anaesthesia group

Results for DVT were available for 76 out of a sub-group of 90 patients who were monitored using I125

fibrogen scanning


Study Davis 1987



Participants Orthopaedic hospitals in New Zealand - multicentre study


Mean age 795 years (range not stated)

Male 22

Number lost to follow-up 0 but 11 excluded

Interventions Spinal anaesthesia with sedation with diazapam Tetracaine nupercaine or bupivacaine for spinal

versus






General anaesthesia with pre-oxygenation iv induction with thiopentone IPPV maintained with nitrous

oxideoxygen non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker fentanyl

Outcomes Length of follow-up 3 to 30 months

Mortality - 1 month 3 amp 6 months (estimated from graph)

Hypotension

Length of hospital stay Pneumonia (f)




Renal failure (f)


Notes 113 ofpatientsoriginally allocated tospinal anaesthesia were given general anaesthesia due tofailed spinals

These were retained in the spinal group for analysis purposes

There was 1 non fatal anaphylactoid reaction at induction of general anaesthesia


Study Eyrolle 1998






Male not stated

Number lost to follow-up none probably

Interventions Spinal anaesthesia with 05 bupivacaine

versus

lumber plexus block using 2 lidocaine 05 bupivacaine with 1200000 epinephrine

A light sedation with propofol intravenously as required

Outcomes Length of follow-up not stated

Ease of insertion

Hypotension

Use of propofol during surgery (associated with discomfort)

Use of epinephrine during surgery

Post-operative cognitive function

Pain levels post-operatively Adverse effects (including urinary retention)



Study Juelsgaard 1998


Participants Orthopaedic hospital in Aarhus Denmark

29 followed-up out of 54 patients with proximal femoral fracture and known coronary artery disease

For 29 patients included in this review

Age mean 809 years (range 65-99)

Male 13

Number lost to follow-up 0 but 11 excluded from original trial population






Interventions Spinal anaesthesia with 25ml of 05 bupivacaine in the subarachnoid space

versus

General anaesthesia with fentanyl 1-2mcgkg 1-4mgkg thiopentone 05mgkg atracurium nitrous oxide

and oxygen enflurane


Mortality - 1 monthLength of operation

Hypotension (33 reduction from baseline)

Peri and post operative blood loss


Pneumonia (f)



ECG analysis


Notes The study also included 14 patients allocated to incremental spinal anaesthesia These patients have not been

included in this review


Study Maurette 1988

Methods Randomised trial by rsquorandom drawrsquo


Participants Orthopaedic hospital Bordeaux France



Male not stated

Number lost to follow-up not stated but 2 excluded as they failed to participate in post-op tests

Interventions Spinal anaesthesia with 15mgkg prilocaine

versus

General anaesthesia using thiopentone spontaneous ventilation nitrous oxideoxygen enflurane dextro-moramide


Length of operation

Hypotension


Psychological evaluation

Notes In French


Study McKenzie 1984

Methods Randomised trial use of envelopes containing random numbers Methodological score 6

Participants Orthopaedic hospital in Glasgow Scotland

150 patients with fractured neck of femur


Male not stated

Number lost to follow-up 0 but 2 excluded due to postponement of operation

Interventions Spinal anaesthesia with 05 hyperbaric cinchocaine 13-15ml Supplemented by small doses of diazapam

if required

versus






General anaesthesia induced withalthesin 1-3ml suxamethonium50mg nitrous oxideand oxygenhalothane

and spontaneous respiration


Mortality - at 1 3 6 and 12 months

Length of operation

Operative blood lossLength of hospital stay

Pneumonia (f)





Location at 12 months

Notes Additional information supplied by Dr McLaren indicated that all the references refered to one study

Additional data on mortality supplied

The venography study for DVT detection involved a subgroup of 40 patients

Allocation concealment A

Study McLaren 1978





Mean age 76 years

Male not stated


Interventions No premedicaton

Spinal anaesthesia with 05ml hyperbaric cinchocaine 05 Patients sedated with 10 Althesin in 5

dextrose during operation

versusGeneral anaesthesia with Althesin 50mcgkg Pancuronium bromide 01 mgkg IPPV nitrous oxide oxygen

and Fentanyl 005mg as needed

Outcomes Length of follow-up 1 month minimum

Mortality - 1 month

Length of operation

Hypotension

Post-operative oxygenation

Blood loss

Pneumonia (respiratory infections)

Vomiting

Deep vein thrombosis (f )


Headache (none)

Notes Addendum in paper indicated that data for a further 20 patients were available - there were 2 more deaths

in the general anaesthesia group


Study Racle 1986

Methods Randomised study use of random numbers table







Participants Orthopaedic hospital in Cedex France



Male 0


Interventions Spinal anaesthesia with 3ml 05 Bupivacaine + adrenaline

versus

General anaesthesia using thiopentone vecuronium fentanyl nitrous oxideoxygen enflurane


Mortality - 1 3 months

Length of operation

Hypotension



Pneumonia


Cerebrovascular accident (f)Congestive cardiac failure

Renal failure (f)

Confused state

Pulmonary embolism

Notes In French


Study Spreadbury 1980

Methods Randomised method not stated


Participants Orthopaedic hospital in Warwick England



Male not stated

Number lost to follow-up none

Interventions Ketamine anaesthesia using atropine pre-medication ketamine 2mgkg at induction then ketamine 1mgkg

as required

versus

General anaesthesia using premedication of atropine 06mg then a general anaesthetic using drugs and

method chosen by the anaesthetist


Mortality - 14 days during hospital stay


Congestive cardiac failure (f)Pulmonary embolism (f)

Time to mobilisation


Return of patients back home

Occurrence of dreams or hallucinations after operation

Unsatisfactory surgical results

Notes







Study Tasker 1983



Participants Orthopaedic hospital in Leicester England


Mean age not stated

Male not stated


Interventions Spinal versus general anaesthesia

Exact method of anaesthesia not stated


Mortality

Plasma catecholamines cortisol



Study Ungemach 1993

Methods Randomised trial method not stated mention of pairs


Participants Orthopaedic hospital in Mannheim Germany



Male 16


Interventions Spinal anaesthesia with 3-4ml of 05 hyperbaric bupivacaine

versus

General anaesthesia with isoflurane fentanyl nitrous oxideoxygen

Outcomes Length of follow-up 2 weeks

Mortality - 2 weeks

Score based on conscious level respiration circulation blood lost and laboratory tests taken at 2 hours

Score based on lab tests cardiopulmonary situation and complications (eg heart failure thrombosis and

apoplexy) at 2 weeks post-operatively



Study Valentin 1986



Participants Orthopaedic hospital in Hellerup Denmark


Mean age 79 years (range 50 - 100)

Male 20

Number lost to follow-up 2 (03) 84 patients excluded

Interventions Spinal anaesthesia with 3-4ml isotonic Bupivacaine and sedation with Fentanyl 005-01mg IV

versus






General anaesthesia with enflurane and nitrous oxideoxygen with or without thiopentone at induction or

neurolept anaesthesia with droperidol fentanyl and nitrous oxideoxygen


Mortality - 1 month 3 6 and 12 months (read from graphs)

Length of operation

Operative blood lossTime to ambulation


Notes


Study White 1980



Participants Orthopaedic hospital in Cape Town South Africa

40 of 60 patients in trial with a proximal femoral fracture

Mean age 79 years (range not stated)Male 8


Interventions Spinal anaesthesia with 06-08ml hyperbaric cinchocaine and rsquolightrsquo general anaesthesia with althesin fen-

tanyl nitrous oxideoxygen

versus

General anaesthesia with thiopentone suxamethonium nitrous oxideoxygen halothane fentanyl

versus

Psoas nerve block with 30ml 2 mepivacaine and rsquolightrsquo general anaesthesia with fentanyl and althesin (not

included in review)

Outcomes Length of follow-up minimum 4 weeks

Mortality - 1 month

Length of operationPost operative blood gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)

Pneumonia

Confusional state


Vomiting

Notes The 20 Psoas nerve block group patients were not included in this review


Study de Visme 2000

Methods Randomised trial method by rsquohospital pharmacy before transfer to the operating theatrersquo


Participants Orthopaedic hospital in Brest France



Male 17


Interventions Spinal anaesthesia with sedation using alfentanil and 3ml 05 plain bupivacaine for the spinal

versus





lumber plexus sacral plexus and iliac crest block first with sedation using alfentanil 30ml and 10ml of 133

lidocaine and epinephrine were used for the lumbar and sacral blocks and 5ml 1 lidocaine for the iliac crest

block (for lateral cutaneous nerve)

Outcomes Length of follow-up not stated but probably 5 days

Length of operation

Time to perform the anaestheticHypotension



Pain levels in the recovery room

Need for supplemention of analgesia

Notes


(f) = fatal outcome such as pneumonia only appears as a reason for death

Characteristics of excluded studies

Study Reason for exclusion

Barna 1981 Translation of the article from Hungarian revealed it is a comparative study of 100 spinal anaesthetics and 100

general anaesthetics for hip fracture patients The study was excluded as there was no randomisation of patients

Coleman 1988 A randomised trial of 152 patients comparing general anaesthesia with spontaneous respiration with general anaes-

thesia with controlled ventilation The study was excluded as it involved a change in the types of drugs used only

not a change in the method of anaesthesia

Critchley 1995 A randomised trial of 30 hip fracture patients comparing spinal anaesthesia with ephedrine alone or with ephedrine

and colloid The trial was excluded as it was not a trial of different types of anaesthesia but a comparison of different

drugs within one form of anaesthesia

Darling 1994 A randomised trial of 10 patients with spinal anaesthetic and 10 with general anaesthesia to assess the rate of

clearance of a bolus dose of Indocyanine green between the two anaesthetic techniques There was no differencein the rate of disappearance of the indocyanine green between the two techniques and no other outcomes were

reported The study was excluded as it was not felt relevant to this review as no clinical outcomes were reported

Dyson 1988 A randomised trial of 60 patients which tested the use of postoperative oxygen in two groups that had already been

divided into those receiving general anaesthesia and those receiving spinal anaesthesia No results were provided

for the anaesthetic comparison save the general statement that there was no statistical difference in mean oxygen

tensions between the two anaesthesia groups The trial was excluded due to the lack of outcome data for the

anaesthesia comparison

El-Zahaar 1995 This study was a randomised comparison of general versus epidural anaesthesia in 214 patients undergoing either

hip or femoral surgery (117 patients) or tibial surgery (97 patients) This trial was excluded because separate results

for patients having surgery for a hip fracture were not presented

Favarel 1996 A randomised trial of 60 hip fracture patients comparing the haemodynamic effects of a single dose of spinal

bupivacaine versus a continuous titrated dose Outcome measures were the onset of anaesthesia and haemodynamicvariables The trial was excluded as it was not considered a comparison of different forms of anaesthesia only of a

modification of anaesthetic technique

Maurette 1993 A randomised trial of 34 hip fracture patients comparing continous spinal anaesthesia with lidocanine alone versus

lidocaine with meperidine The trial was excluded as it was a trial of different drugs with the same anaesthetic

technique not a comparision of different types of anaesthesia

Owen 1982 A randomised trial of a single dose ofdoxapram on the post-operative arterial oxygen tension inhip fracturepatients

The trial was excluded as it was not a comparison of anaesthetic techniques





Characteristics of excluded studies (Continued )

Sinclair 1997 A randomised trial of 40 patients with a hip fracture surgically treated under general anaesthesia Patients were

randomised to have either conventional intra-operative fluid management or colloid fluid challenges The study

was excluded as it was not a comparison of different types of anaesthesia

Sutcliffe 1994 A comparative study of 1333 patients with general versus spinal anaesthesia The study was excluded as there was

no randomisation of patients

Tonczar 1981 A randomised trial of 14 patients comparing neuroleptic anaesthesia with spinal anaesthesia Thestudy was excluded

as it involved a neuroleptic anaesthesia and the only outcome measures were plasma catecholamines cortisol blood

pressure and changes in heart rate

Ungemach 1987 A randomised trial of 50 hipfracture patientsusing either enflurane or enflurane andfentanyl The trial was excluded

as it was a comparison of different drugs within one type of anaesthesia (general anaesthesia) and not a comparison

of different anaesthetic techniques

Van Gessel 1989 A randomised trial of 30 hip fracture patients comparing spinal anaesthesia with either hypobaric tetracaine or

hypobaric bupivacaine The trial was excluded as it wasa not a trial of different types of anaesthesia but a comparison

of different drugs within one form of anaesthesia

Wickstrom 1982 This was a report of two quasi-randomised trials (based on dates of birth) with a month in-between reported as one

study The first study compared epidural versus ketamine intravenous infusion versus neurolept general anaesthesia

in 129 hip fracture patients The second study compared enflurane general anaesthesia versus halothane generalanaesthesia in 40 hip fracture patients The first study was excluded as it was considered that neuroleptic anaesthesia

was no longer applicable or relevant for hip fracture surgery A comparison of non-concurrent treatment groups was

also not considered appropriate The second study was excluded as it was a comparison of different drugs within

one type of anaesthesia (general anaesthesia) and not a comparison of different anaesthetic techniques

G R A P H S

Comparison 01 Regional (spinal or epidural) versus general anaesthesia

Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of

participants Statistical method Effect size

01 Mortality - 1 month 8 1607 Relative Risk (Fixed) 95 CI 072 [051 100]

02 Mortality - 1 month (random

effects model)

8 1607 Relative Risk (Random) 95 CI 073 [047 112]

03 Mortality - 3 months 6 1491 Relative Risk (Fixed) 95 CI 092 [071 121]



06 Mortality - early and up to 1

month

11 1817 Relative Risk (Fixed) 95 CI 076 [056 104]

07 Length of operation (mins) 6 376 Weighted Mean Difference (Fixed) 95 CI 482 [108 856]

08 Operative hypotension 8 902 Relative Risk (Fixed) 95 CI 131 [109 158]

09 Operative hypotension

(random effects model)


10 Operative blood loss (mls) 3 308 Weighted Mean Difference (Random) 95 CI -8124 [-21601

5354]11 Patients receiving blood

transfusion


12 Transfusion requirements (mls) 3 203 Weighted Mean Difference (Random) 95 CI 14069 [-4033

32171]

13 Post-operative hypoxia 1 57 Relative Risk (Fixed) 95 CI 074 [040 138]

14 Length of hospital stay 2 218 Weighted Mean Difference (Fixed) 95 CI -021 [-521 478]

15 Pneumonia 9 1125 Relative Risk (Fixed) 95 CI 099 [062 159]

16 Myocardial infarction 5 917 Relative Risk (Fixed) 95 CI 070 [026 185]





17 Cerebrovascular accident 7 1085 Relative Risk (Fixed) 95 CI 151 [064 357]

18 Congestive cardiac failure 7 931 Relative Risk (Fixed) 95 CI 105 [049 223]

19 Renal failure 4 796 Relative Risk (Fixed) 95 CI 086 [022 341]

20 Acute confusional state 3 167 Relative Risk (Fixed) 95 CI 053 [027 107]

21 Urine retention 2 97 Relative Risk (Fixed) 95 CI 102 [047 223]

22 Vomiting 2 95 Relative Risk (Fixed) 95 CI 070 [012 394]23 Deep vein thrombosis 4 259 Relative Risk (Fixed) 95 CI 064 [048 086]

24 Pulmonary embolism 9 1184 Relative Risk (Fixed) 95 CI 090 [042 194]

25 Pulmonary embolism (random

effects model)


26 Pulmonary embolism (fatal and

non fatal)

Relative Risk (Fixed) 95 CI Subtotals only

Comparison 02 Spinal and rsquolightrsquo general anaesthetic versus general anaesthetic

Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of


01 Mortality - 1 month 1 40 Relative Risk (Fixed) 95 CI Not estimable

02 Length of operation 1 40 Weighted Mean Difference (Fixed) 95 CI 000 [-1489 1489]03 Pneumonia 1 40 Relative Risk (Fixed) 95 CI 080 [025 255]

04 Confusional state 1 40 Relative Risk (Fixed) 95 CI 100 [023 437]

05 Deep vein thrombosis 1 40 Relative Risk (Fixed) 95 CI 033 [001 772]

Comparison 03 Regional (spinal or epidural) versus lumbar plexus nerve blocks

Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of


01 Incomplete or unsatisfactory

analgesia



03 Mean fall in arterial blood

pressure (mmHg)

1 29 Weighted Mean Difference (Fixed) 95 CI 1600 [131 3069]

04 Mean dose of ephedrine used

(mg)


05 Adverse effects 2 79 Relative Risk (Fixed) 95 CI 600 [078 4629]

06 Post-operative confusion 1 29 Relative Risk (Fixed) 95 CI 089 [035 228]

Comparison 04 Intravenous ketamine versus general anaesthesia

Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of


01 Mortality - during hospital stay 1 60 Relative Risk (Fixed) 95 CI 100 [046 217]




05 Length of hospital stay

(discharge home)


I N D E X T E R M S

Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

Adult lowast Anesthesia Conduction Anesthesia Epidural lowast Anesthesia General Anesthesia Spinal Clinical Trials Hip Fractures

[lowastsurgery] Length of Stay Postoperative Complications Randomized Controlled Trials





MeSH check words

Human

C O V E R S H E E T

Title Anaesthesia for hip fracture surgery in adults

Authors Parker MJ Handoll HHG Griffiths R Urwin SC

Contribution of author(s) Martyn Parker (MP) initiated the review and wrote the first draft of the protocol Helen

Handoll (HH) identified the trial studies Susan Urwin and Richard Griffiths indepen-

dently assessed trial quality and extracted data The other two reviewers (HH and MP)

independently checked these results and entered the review into RevMan All reviewers

critically reviewed successive drafts of the review The updates were compiled by MP and

HH with RG independently extracting data Susan Urwin was not available to contribute

to or comment on the second update Martyn Parker is the guarantor of the review

Issue protocol first published 19974

Review first published 19994

Date of most recent amendment 06 August 2003

Date of most recent

SUBSTANTIVE amendment

04 July 2001

Whatrsquos New The second update first appearing in Issue 4 2001 involved an expansion of the scope of

the review to include comparisons of all forms of anaesthesia as reflected in the changed

review title Three new trials were included one comparing general versus spinal anaesthesia

(Ungemach 1993) and two (Eyrolle 1998 de Visme 2000) comparing spinal anaesthesia

with lumbar plexusblocks Considerations of surrogate outcomes ledto a slight amendment

to the conclusions of the review

Date new studies sought but

none found

Information not supplied by author

Date new studies found but not

yet includedexcluded


Date new studies found and

includedexcluded

01 March 2001

Date authorsrsquo conclusions

section amended


DOI 10100214651858CD000521

Cochrane Library number CD000521

Editorial group Cochrane Musculoskeletal Injuries Group

Editorial group code HM-MUSKINJ





G R A P H S A N D O T H E R T A B L E S

Comparison 04 01 Mortality - 1 month

Review Anaesthesia for hip fracture surgery in adults


Outcome 01 Mortality - 1 month

Study Regional General Relative Risk (Fixed) Weight Relative Risk (Fixed)

nN nN 95 CI () 95 CI

Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 114 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 202 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 27 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 168 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 111 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 65 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 306 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 072 [ 051 100 ]

Total events 53 (Regional) 78 (General)

Test for heterogeneity chi-square=905 df=7 p=025 I =227

Test for overall effect z=196 p=005

001 01 1 10 100

Favours regional Favours general





Comparison 04 02 Mortality - 1 month (random effects model)



Outcome 02 Mortality - 1 month (random effects model)

Study Regional General Relative Risk (Random) Weight Relative Risk (Random)


Berggren 1987 128 029 18 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 97 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 245 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 69 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 187 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 43 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 66 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 274 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 073 [ 047 112 ]




001 01 1 10 100


Comparison 04 03 Mortality - 3 months



Outcome 03 Mortality - 3 months



Berggren 1987 128 029 05 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Couderc 1977 750 1250 125 058 [ 025 136 ]

Davis 1987 36259 31279 310 125 [ 080 196 ]

McKenzie 1984 1673 1775 174 097 [ 053 177 ]

Racle 1986 435 535 52 080 [ 023 273 ]

Valentin 1986 22281 33297 334 070 [ 042 118 ]

Total (95 CI) 726 765 1000 092 [ 071 121 ]




001 01 1 10 100










Study Regional General Relative Risk (Fixed) Weight Relative Risk (Fixed)nN nN 95 CI () 95 CI

Davis 1987 44259 42279 396 113 [ 077 166 ]

McKenzie 1984 2073 2175 203 098 [ 058 165 ]

Valentin 1986 39281 42297 400 098 [ 066 147 ]

Total (95 CI) 613 651 1000 104 [ 081 133 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 2673 2575 324 107 [ 069 167 ]

Valentin 1986 54281 53297 676 108 [ 076 152 ]

Total (95 CI) 354 372 1000 107 [ 082 141 ]




001 01 1 10 100






Comparison 04 06 Mortality - early and up to 1 month



Outcome 06 Mortality - early and up to 1 month


Adams 1990 424 332 31 178 [ 044 721 ]

Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 12 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 105 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 186 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 25 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 155 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 103 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 60 040 [ 008 193 ]

Ungemach 1993 357 357 36 100 [ 021 475 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 281 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 882 935 1000 076 [ 056 104 ]




001 01 1 10 100






Comparison 04 07 Length of operation (mins)



Outcome 07 Length of operation (mins)

Study Regional General Weighted Mean Difference (Fixed) Weight Weighted Mean Difference (Fixed)N Mean(SD) N Mean(SD) 95 CI () 95 CI

Berggren 1987 28 3500 (1000) 29 3100 (1000) 519 400 [ -119 919 ]

Bigler 1985 20 6700 (3580) 20 5900 (4470) 22 800 [ -1710 3310 ]

Bredahl 1991 15 6000 (2290) 13 6500 (2200) 50 -500 [ -2165 1165 ]

Maurette 1988 18 8050 (1280) 15 7150 (2090) 95 900 [ -312 2112 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 8220 (2220) 75 7720 (2770) 215 500 [ -308 1308 ]

Racle 1986 35 12500 (3550) 35 11600 (590) 98 900 [ -292 2092 ]

Total (95 CI) 189 187 1000 482 [ 108 856 ]



-100 -50 0 50 100


Comparison 04 08 Operative hypotension



Outcome 08 Operative hypotension



Berggren 1987 1828 1329 104 143 [ 088 234 ]

x Brown 1994 010 010 00 Not estimable

Couderc 1977 1450 2050 162 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 524 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 76 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 53 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 08 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 73 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 131 [ 109 158 ]




001 01 1 10 100






Comparison 04 09 Operative hypotension (random effects model)



Outcome 09 Operative hypotension (random effects model)

Study Regional General Relative Risk (Random) Weight Relative Risk (Random)nN nN 95 CI () 95 CI

Berggren 1987 1828 1329 185 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 161 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 280 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 193 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 54 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 18 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 108 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 118 [ 087 160 ]




001 01 1 10 100


Comparison 04 10 Operative blood loss (mls)



Outcome 10 Operative blood loss (mls)

St udy Region al Gen eral Weight ed Mean Differen ce (Ran dom) Weight Weighted Mean Difference (Rand om)

N Mean(SD) N Mean(SD) 95 CI () 95 CI

Bredahl 1991 15 19000 (18600) 13 32100 (43270) 188 -13100 [ -38435 12235 ]

Davis 1981 64 30400 (23200) 68 46800 (44530) 387 -16400 [ -28414 -4386 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 27770 (30840) 75 26170 (31780) 425 1600 [ -8489 11689 ]

Total (95 CI) 152 156 1000 -8124 [ -21601 5354 ]



- 10000 - 5000 0 5000 10000






Comparison 04 11 Patients receiving blood transfusion



Outcome 11 Patients receiving blood transfusion


Adams 1990 924 932 118 133 [ 063 284 ]

Bigler 1985 920 720 107 129 [ 060 277 ]

Davis 1981 4564 5268 774 092 [ 075 113 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 120 1000 101 [ 082 124 ]




001 01 1 10 100


Comparison 04 12 Transfusion requirements (mls)



Outcome 12 Transfusion requirements (mls)

Stu dy Regional Gener al Weight ed Mean Difference (Rand om) Weigh t Weighted Mean Difference (Rand om)


Couderc 1977 50 110000 (40000) 50 100000 (30000) 322 10000 [ -3859 23859 ]

Maurette 1988 18 60000 (15000) 15 30000 (15000) 352 30000 [ 19722 40278 ]

Racle 1986 35 48860 (28280) 35 48000 (29280) 326 860 [ -12626 14346 ]

Total (95 CI) 103 100 1000 14069 [ -4033 32170 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000






Comparison 04 13 Post-operative hypoxia



Outcome 13 Post-operative hypoxia


Berggren 1987 1028 1429 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]

Total (95 CI) 28 29 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]


Test for heterogeneity not applicable


001 01 1 10 100


Comparison 04 14 Length of hospital stay



Outcome 14 Length of hospital stay

Study Regional General Weighted Mean Difference (Fixed) Weight Weighted Mean Difference (Fixed)


McKenzie 1984 73 3880 (5550) 75 4290 (6930) 61 -410 [ -2430 1610 ]

Racle 1986 35 2009 (1060) 35 2005 (1140) 939 004 [ -512 520 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 110 1000 -021 [ -521 478 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








Comparison 04 16 Myocardial infarction



Outcome 16 Myocardial infarction


01 Fatal (reason for death only)

Davis 1981 064 168 155 035 [ 001 853 ]

Davis 1987 2259 1279 102 215 [ 020 2362 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 275 262 021 [ 001 421 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 396 422 520 063 [ 015 262 ]




02 Other (non fatal or fatal)

Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 55 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Racle 1986 235 435 425 050 [ 010 256 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 50 49 480 076 [ 020 296 ]




Total (95 CI) 446 471 1000 070 [ 026 185 ]




001 01 1 10 100






Comparison 04 17 Cerebrovascular accident



Outcome 17 Cerebrovascular accident




Couderc 1977 250 250 237 100 [ 015 682 ]

Davis 1987 3259 0279 57 754 [ 039 14524 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 175 176 034 [ 001 827 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 178 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 417 439 648 122 [ 040 371 ]




02 Other (non fatal or fatal)Berggren 1987 328 029 58 724 [ 039 13412 ]

Bigler 1985 020 120 178 033 [ 001 772 ]

Davis 1981 264 168 115 213 [ 020 2287 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 112 117 352 207 [ 053 806 ]




Total (95 CI) 529 556 1000 151 [ 064 357 ]




001 01 1 10 100






Comparison 04 18 Congestive cardiac failure



Outcome 18 Congestive cardiac failure



Adams 1990 224 232 136 133 [ 020 880 ]

Davis 1987 3259 3279 228 108 [ 022 529 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 41 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 298 325 405 134 [ 044 410 ]





Berggren 1987 228 029 39 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 129 120 94 069 [ 005 1039 ]

Davis 1981 264 568 384 043 [ 009 211 ]

Racle 1986 135 135 79 100 [ 007 1536 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 156 152 595 085 [ 030 240 ]




Total (95 CI) 454 477 1000 105 [ 049 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100






Comparison 04 19 Renal failure



Outcome 19 Renal failure



Davis 1987 1259 0279 112 323 [ 013 7895 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 349 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 294 314 461 104 [ 015 715 ]





Adams 1990 124 132 200 133 [ 009 2026 ]

Davis 1981 064 168 339 035 [ 001 853 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 88 100 539 072 [ 010 513 ]




Total (95 CI) 382 414 1000 086 [ 022 341 ]




001 01 1 10 100


Comparison 04 20 Acute confusional state



Outcome 20 Acute confusional state

Study Regional Control Relative Risk (Fixed) Weight Relative Risk (Fixed)


Berggren 1987 428 729 364 059 [ 019 180 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 53 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Racle 1986 535 1135 583 045 [ 018 117 ]

Total (95 CI) 83 84 1000 053 [ 027 107 ]

Total events 10 (Regional) 19 (Control)



001 01 1 10 100






Comparison 04 21 Urine retention



Outcome 21 Urine retention

Study Regional Control Relative Risk (Fixed) Weight Relative Risk (Fixed)nN nN 95 CI () 95 CI

Berggren 1987 528 629 596 086 [ 030 251 ]

Bigler 1985 520 420 404 125 [ 039 399 ]

Total (95 CI) 48 49 1000 102 [ 047 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100


Comparison 04 22 Vomiting



Outcome 22 Vomiting



Bigler 1985 120 220 679 050 [ 005 508 ]

McLaren 1978 126 129 321 112 [ 007 1695 ]

Total (95 CI) 46 49 1000 070 [ 012 394 ]




001 01 1 10 100






Comparison 04 23 Deep vein thrombosis



Outcome 23 Deep vein thrombosis


01 Fatal (underlying reason for death only)

McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]




02 Other venography diagnosis

Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]




03 Other fibrinogen scan diagnosis

Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100






Comparison 04 24 Pulmonary embolism



Outcome 24 Pulmonary embolism


Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100






Comparison 04 25 Pulmonary embolism (random effects model)



Outcome 25 Pulmonary embolism (random effects model)



Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100






Comparison 04 26 Pulmonary embolism (fatal and non fatal)



Outcome 26 Pulmonary embolism (fatal and non fatal)




Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100










Study Spinal (+) General Relative Risk (Fixed) Weight Relative Risk (Fixed)nN nN 95 CI () 95 CI

x White 1980 020 020 00 Not estimable

Total (95 CI) 20 20 00 Not estimable

Total events 0 (Spinal (+)) 0 (General)


Test for overall effect not applicable

001 01 1 10 100

Favours spinal (+) Favours general

Comparison 04 02 Length of operation



Outcome 02 Length of operation

Study Spinal (+) General Weighted Mean Difference (Fixed) Weight Weighted Mean Difference (Fixed)


White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000


Comparison 04 03 Pneumonia



Outcome 03 Pneumonia

Study Spinal (+) General Relative Risk (Fixed) Weight Relative Risk (Fixed)


White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100






Comparison 04 04 Confusional state



Outcome 04 Confusional state


White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100






Comparison 04 01 Incomplete or unsatisfactory analgesia



Outcome 01 Incomplete or unsatisfactory analgesia

Study Regional Nerve blocks Relative Risk (Fixed) Weight Relative Risk (Fixed)nN nN 95 CI () 95 CI

01 Regional (spinal) block versus lumbar plexus block

Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Total events 5 (Regional) 19 (Nerve blocks)



02 Regional (spinal) block versus lumbar plexus sacral and iliac crest block

de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Total events 0 (Regional) 5 (Nerve blocks)Test for heterogeneity not applicable


Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000

Favours regional Favours nerve blocks

Comparison 04 02 Operative hypotensionReview Anaesthesia for hip fracture surgery in adults



Study Regional (spinal) Nerve block Relative Risk (Fixed) Weight Relative Risk (Fixed)



Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total events 18 (Regional (spinal)) 3 (Nerve block)



001 01 1 10 100

Favours regional Favours nerve block





Comparison 04 03 Mean fall in arterial blood pressure (mmHg)



Outcome 03 Mean fall in arterial blood pressure (mmHg)

Stud y Regional Ner ve block Weigh ted Mean Differen ce (Fixed) Weight Weigh ted Mean Differen ce (Fixed )N Mean(SD) N Mean(SD) 95 CI () 95 CI


de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000


Comparison 04 04 Mean dose of ephedrine used (mg)



Outcome 04 Mean dose of ephedrine used (mg)

Stud y Regio nal Ner ve block Weight ed Mean Difference (Fixed) Weigh t Weigh ted Mean Differen ce (Fixed )



Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Test for heterogeneity not applicableTest for overall effect z=746 plt000001


de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]


Test for overall effect z=780 plt000001

-1000 -500 0 500 1000






Comparison 04 05 Adverse effects



Outcome 05 Adverse effects

Study Regional (spinal) Nerve block Relative Risk (Fixed) Weight Relative Risk (Fixed)nN nN 95 CI () 95 CI


Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]





x de Visme 2000 014 015 00 Not estimable

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 00 Not estimable

Total events 0 (Regional (spinal)) 0 (Nerve block)Test for heterogeneity not applicable


Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100


Comparison 04 06 Post-operative confusionReview Anaesthesia for hip fracture surgery in adults


Outcome 06 Post-operative confusion

Study Regional Nerve block Relative Risk (Fixed) Weight Relative Risk (Fixed)



de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total events 5 (Regional) 6 (Nerve block)

Test for heterogeneity not applicableTest for overall effect z=024 p=08

001 01 1 10 100






Comparison 04 01 Mortality - during hospital stay



Outcome 01 Mortality - during hospital stay

Study Ketamine General Relative Risk (Fixed) Weight Relative Risk (Fixed)nN nN 95 CI () 95 CI

Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total events 9 (Ketamine) 9 (General)



001 01 1 10 100

Favours ketamine Favours general





Study Ketamine General Relative Risk (Fixed) Weight Relative Risk (Fixed)


Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100


Comparison 04 05 Length of hospital stay (discharge home)



Outcome 05 Length of hospital stay (discharge home)

Study Ketamine General Weighted Mean Difference (Fixed) Weight Weighted Mean Difference (Fixed)


Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]





T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S

1 ABSTRACT

2SYNOPSIS

2BACKGROUND

3OBJECTIVES 3CRITERIA FOR CONSIDERING STUDIES FOR THIS REVIEW

4SEARCH STRATEGY FOR IDENTIFICATION OF STUDIES

4METHODS OF THE REVIEW

5DESCRIPTION OF STUDIES

5METHODOLOGICAL QUALITY

6RESULTS

10DISCUSSION

12REVIEWERSrsquo CONCLUSIONS

12NOTES

12POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST

12 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

12SOURCES OF SUPPORT

13REFERENCES 15TABLES

15Characteristics of included studies

26Characteristics of excluded studies

27GRAPHS

27Comparison 01 Regional (spinal or epidural) versus general anaesthesia

28Comparison 02 Spinal and rsquolightrsquo general anaesthetic versus general anaesthetic

28Comparison 03 Regional (spinal or epidural) versus lumbar plexus nerve blocks

28Comparison 04 Intravenous ketamine versus general anaesthesia

28INDEX TERMS

29COVER SHEET

30GRAPHS AND OTHER TABLES


31Comparison 04 02 Mortal ity - 1 month (random effects model) 31Comparison 04 03 Mortality - 3 months



33Comparison 04 06 Mortality - early and up to 1 month

34Comparison 04 07 Length of operation (mins)


35Comparison 04 09 Operative hypotension (random effects model)

35Comparison 04 10 Operative blood loss (mls)

36Comparison 04 11 Patients receiving blood transfusion

36Comparison 04 12 Transfusion requirements (mls)

37Comparison 04 13 Post-operative hypoxia

37Comparison 04 14 Length of hospital stay

38Comparison 04 15 Pneumonia 39Comparison 04 16 Myocardial infarction

40Comparison 04 17 Cerebrovascular accident


42Comparison 04 19 Renal failure

42Comparison 04 20 Acute confusional state

43Comparison 04 21 Urine retention

43Comparison 04 22 Vomiting


iAnaesthesia for hip fracture surgery in adults (Review)
































A B S T R A C T

Background



Search strategy



Selection criteria






and possible

Main results




















S Y N O P S I S








B A C K G R O U N D














with aging















in place






































2001)























2000)

O B J E C T I V E S


















eral anaesthesia



Types of studies















this review



















second update)














update)




- pneumonia

















results





























































date of operation



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total (maximum 11)


0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 Adams 1990

1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 8 Berggren 1987

1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 7 Bigler 1985

1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 6 Bredahl 1991

1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 4 Brichant 1995

2 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 6 Brown 1994

1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 6 Davis 1981


2 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 6 Maurette 1988

1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 4 McLaren 1978

3 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 6 McKenzie 1984

2 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 7 Racle 1986

1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 Tasker 1983

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Ungemach 1993

1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 7 Valentin 1986







SIA

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total



NERVE BLOCKS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total


2 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 7 de Visme 2000

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 Eyrolle 1998


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total


1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 5 Spreadbury 1980








R E S U L T S
















Mortality






































(226) versus 78372 (210) RR 107 95 CI 082 to 141)

Other outcomes


Length of operation











Hypotension








































































thesia










































groups



this was manifested































in trial reports

Pneumonia





099 95 CI 062 to 159)







RR 070 95 CI 026 to 185)






151 95 CI 064 to 357)






049 to 223)

Renal failure





022 to 341)











95 CI 027 to 107)

Urine retention








RR 102 95 CI 047 to 223)





RR 070 95 CI 012 to 394)

























Pulmonary embolism



















Composite outcome












type of anaesthesia

Functional outcome







SIA











NERVE BLOCKS






















(539 versus 2440 RR 023 95 CI 010 to 050)








745mg)


















versus 145)



























D I S C U S S I O N
















trial






























bolic complications













N O T E S
















I N T E R E S T

None known












editorial review




Office UK







R E F E R E N C E S












66497-504 [MedLine 1987211148]









52 [MedLine 1991377412]









1994270545]







[MedLine 78185115]





1528-9






1988024611]















199815(6)656-63







Line 89075140]









7 [MedLine 1985280155]




Line 1984203273]





10-4 [MedLine 1978121768]







1986213298]









[MedLine 1980218116]





198365660









58284-91 [MedLine 1986131270]




1980351107-10 [MedLine 81083959]


Barna 1981




Hetilap 19811221135-8

Coleman 1988



thesia 19886043-7

Critchley 1995




Darling 1994




Dyson 1988




El-Zahaar 1995





199516(2)70-4

Favarel 1996




gesia 199682312-6

Maurette 1993




Owen 1982


198237301-4

Sinclair 1997




Sutcliffe 1994



Tonczar 1981







Ungemach 1987





91

Van Gessel 1989




68276-81

Wickstrom 1982





Wajima 1995



Japanese] Masui 199544(11)1489-97


Clarke 2000









Covert 1989



Dickersin 1994



Mansour 1993



Melton 1993



Modig 1983




Parker 1993






Software10100214651858CD001159

Rodgers 2000





Sorensen 1992



1095-104





Winnie 1974




Urwin 2000




T A B L E S


Study Adams 1990






Male 18



versus




Length of operation

Hypotension










Pneumonia (f)


Renal failure




Study Berggren 1987






Male 19




versus





Length of operation



Hypoxaemia


Pneumonia


Confusional state

Urine rention


Pulmonary embolism




presented






Mean age 79 years

Male 175








versus



Mortality - early



Fall in haemaglobin

Pneumonia



Confusional state

Urine rention


Pulmonary embolism


Mental function

HeadacheNotes


Study Bredahl 1991






Male 0



versus



Length of operation



Notes


Study Brichant 1995




Age not stated

Male not stated








versus




Pulmonary embolism





Study Brown 1994








versus


or temazepam


Hypotension

Oxygen saturation

Notes


Study Couderc 1977






Male 14



versus




Hypotension











Notes In French



Study Davis 1981






Male 15




versus



Mortality - 1 month



Hypotension


Fall in haematocrit

Pneumonia (f)





Cardiac arrthymias





fibrogen scanning


Study Davis 1987






Male 22



versus










Hypotension





Renal failure (f)






Study Eyrolle 1998






Male not stated



versus




Ease of insertion

Hypotension













Male 13








versus








Pneumonia (f)



ECG analysis





Study Maurette 1988






Male not stated



versus



Length of operation

Hypotension



Notes In French


Study McKenzie 1984





Male not stated



if required

versus










Length of operation


Pneumonia (f)










Study McLaren 1978





Mean age 76 years

Male not stated








Mortality - 1 month

Length of operation

Hypotension


Blood loss


Vomiting



Headache (none)




Study Racle 1986











Male 0



versus




Length of operation

Hypotension



Pneumonia



Renal failure (f)

Confused state

Pulmonary embolism

Notes In French








Male not stated



as required

versus












Notes







Study Tasker 1983





Mean age not stated

Male not stated





Mortality




Study Ungemach 1993






Male 16



versus



Mortality - 2 weeks






Study Valentin 1986






Male 20



versus










Length of operation



Notes


Study White 1980









versus


versus


included in review)


Mortality - 1 month


Pneumonia

Confusional state


Vomiting



Study de Visme 2000






Male 17



versus









Length of operation






Notes

























































G R A P H S


Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of




effects model)






month









transfusion



32171]

















effects model)



non fatal)



Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of



analgesia




pressure (mmHg)



(mg)





Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







(discharge home)


I N D E X T E R M S








MeSH check words

Human

C O V E R S H E E T













Date of most recent


04 July 2001








none found






includedexcluded

01 March 2001


section amended


DOI 10100214651858CD000521















Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 114 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 202 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 27 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 168 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 111 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 65 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 306 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 072 [ 051 100 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Berggren 1987 128 029 18 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 97 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 245 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 69 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 187 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 43 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 66 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 274 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 073 [ 047 112 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 128 029 05 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Couderc 1977 750 1250 125 058 [ 025 136 ]

Davis 1987 36259 31279 310 125 [ 080 196 ]

McKenzie 1984 1673 1775 174 097 [ 053 177 ]

Racle 1986 435 535 52 080 [ 023 273 ]

Valentin 1986 22281 33297 334 070 [ 042 118 ]

Total (95 CI) 726 765 1000 092 [ 071 121 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Davis 1987 44259 42279 396 113 [ 077 166 ]

McKenzie 1984 2073 2175 203 098 [ 058 165 ]

Valentin 1986 39281 42297 400 098 [ 066 147 ]

Total (95 CI) 613 651 1000 104 [ 081 133 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 2673 2575 324 107 [ 069 167 ]

Valentin 1986 54281 53297 676 108 [ 076 152 ]

Total (95 CI) 354 372 1000 107 [ 082 141 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 424 332 31 178 [ 044 721 ]

Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 12 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 105 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 186 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 25 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 155 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 103 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 60 040 [ 008 193 ]

Ungemach 1993 357 357 36 100 [ 021 475 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 281 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 882 935 1000 076 [ 056 104 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 28 3500 (1000) 29 3100 (1000) 519 400 [ -119 919 ]

Bigler 1985 20 6700 (3580) 20 5900 (4470) 22 800 [ -1710 3310 ]

Bredahl 1991 15 6000 (2290) 13 6500 (2200) 50 -500 [ -2165 1165 ]

Maurette 1988 18 8050 (1280) 15 7150 (2090) 95 900 [ -312 2112 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 8220 (2220) 75 7720 (2770) 215 500 [ -308 1308 ]

Racle 1986 35 12500 (3550) 35 11600 (590) 98 900 [ -292 2092 ]

Total (95 CI) 189 187 1000 482 [ 108 856 ]



-100 -50 0 50 100








Berggren 1987 1828 1329 104 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 162 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 524 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 76 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 53 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 08 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 73 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 131 [ 109 158 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 1828 1329 185 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 161 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 280 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 193 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 54 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 18 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 108 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 118 [ 087 160 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Bredahl 1991 15 19000 (18600) 13 32100 (43270) 188 -13100 [ -38435 12235 ]

Davis 1981 64 30400 (23200) 68 46800 (44530) 387 -16400 [ -28414 -4386 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 27770 (30840) 75 26170 (31780) 425 1600 [ -8489 11689 ]

Total (95 CI) 152 156 1000 -8124 [ -21601 5354 ]



- 10000 - 5000 0 5000 10000











Adams 1990 924 932 118 133 [ 063 284 ]

Bigler 1985 920 720 107 129 [ 060 277 ]

Davis 1981 4564 5268 774 092 [ 075 113 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 120 1000 101 [ 082 124 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Couderc 1977 50 110000 (40000) 50 100000 (30000) 322 10000 [ -3859 23859 ]

Maurette 1988 18 60000 (15000) 15 30000 (15000) 352 30000 [ 19722 40278 ]

Racle 1986 35 48860 (28280) 35 48000 (29280) 326 860 [ -12626 14346 ]

Total (95 CI) 103 100 1000 14069 [ -4033 32170 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000











Berggren 1987 1028 1429 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]

Total (95 CI) 28 29 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 73 3880 (5550) 75 4290 (6930) 61 -410 [ -2430 1610 ]

Racle 1986 35 2009 (1060) 35 2005 (1140) 939 004 [ -512 520 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 110 1000 -021 [ -521 478 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000














Davis 1981 064 168 155 035 [ 001 853 ]

Davis 1987 2259 1279 102 215 [ 020 2362 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 275 262 021 [ 001 421 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 396 422 520 063 [ 015 262 ]





Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 55 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Racle 1986 235 435 425 050 [ 010 256 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 50 49 480 076 [ 020 296 ]




Total (95 CI) 446 471 1000 070 [ 026 185 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Couderc 1977 250 250 237 100 [ 015 682 ]

Davis 1987 3259 0279 57 754 [ 039 14524 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 175 176 034 [ 001 827 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 178 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 417 439 648 122 [ 040 371 ]





Bigler 1985 020 120 178 033 [ 001 772 ]

Davis 1981 264 168 115 213 [ 020 2287 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 112 117 352 207 [ 053 806 ]




Total (95 CI) 529 556 1000 151 [ 064 357 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 224 232 136 133 [ 020 880 ]

Davis 1987 3259 3279 228 108 [ 022 529 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 41 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 298 325 405 134 [ 044 410 ]





Berggren 1987 228 029 39 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 129 120 94 069 [ 005 1039 ]

Davis 1981 264 568 384 043 [ 009 211 ]

Racle 1986 135 135 79 100 [ 007 1536 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 156 152 595 085 [ 030 240 ]




Total (95 CI) 454 477 1000 105 [ 049 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Davis 1987 1259 0279 112 323 [ 013 7895 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 349 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 294 314 461 104 [ 015 715 ]





Adams 1990 124 132 200 133 [ 009 2026 ]

Davis 1981 064 168 339 035 [ 001 853 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 88 100 539 072 [ 010 513 ]




Total (95 CI) 382 414 1000 086 [ 022 341 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 428 729 364 059 [ 019 180 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 53 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Racle 1986 535 1135 583 045 [ 018 117 ]

Total (95 CI) 83 84 1000 053 [ 027 107 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 528 629 596 086 [ 030 251 ]

Bigler 1985 520 420 404 125 [ 039 399 ]

Total (95 CI) 48 49 1000 102 [ 047 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100





Outcome 22 Vomiting



Bigler 1985 120 220 679 050 [ 005 508 ]

McLaren 1978 126 129 321 112 [ 007 1695 ]

Total (95 CI) 46 49 1000 070 [ 012 394 ]




001 01 1 10 100












McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]





Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]





Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

































A B S T R A C T

Background



Search strategy



Selection criteria






and possible

Main results




















S Y N O P S I S








B A C K G R O U N D














with aging















in place






































2001)























2000)

O B J E C T I V E S


















eral anaesthesia



Types of studies















this review



















second update)














update)




- pneumonia

















results





























































date of operation



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total (maximum 11)


0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 Adams 1990

1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 8 Berggren 1987

1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 7 Bigler 1985

1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 6 Bredahl 1991

1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 4 Brichant 1995

2 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 6 Brown 1994

1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 6 Davis 1981


2 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 6 Maurette 1988

1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 4 McLaren 1978

3 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 6 McKenzie 1984

2 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 7 Racle 1986

1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 Tasker 1983

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Ungemach 1993

1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 7 Valentin 1986







SIA

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total



NERVE BLOCKS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total


2 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 7 de Visme 2000

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 Eyrolle 1998


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total


1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 5 Spreadbury 1980








R E S U L T S
















Mortality






































(226) versus 78372 (210) RR 107 95 CI 082 to 141)

Other outcomes


Length of operation











Hypotension








































































thesia










































groups



this was manifested































in trial reports

Pneumonia





099 95 CI 062 to 159)







RR 070 95 CI 026 to 185)






151 95 CI 064 to 357)






049 to 223)

Renal failure





022 to 341)











95 CI 027 to 107)

Urine retention








RR 102 95 CI 047 to 223)





RR 070 95 CI 012 to 394)

























Pulmonary embolism



















Composite outcome












type of anaesthesia

Functional outcome







SIA











NERVE BLOCKS






















(539 versus 2440 RR 023 95 CI 010 to 050)








745mg)


















versus 145)



























D I S C U S S I O N
















trial






























bolic complications













N O T E S
















I N T E R E S T

None known












editorial review




Office UK







R E F E R E N C E S












66497-504 [MedLine 1987211148]









52 [MedLine 1991377412]









1994270545]







[MedLine 78185115]





1528-9






1988024611]















199815(6)656-63







Line 89075140]









7 [MedLine 1985280155]




Line 1984203273]





10-4 [MedLine 1978121768]







1986213298]









[MedLine 1980218116]





198365660









58284-91 [MedLine 1986131270]




1980351107-10 [MedLine 81083959]


Barna 1981




Hetilap 19811221135-8

Coleman 1988



thesia 19886043-7

Critchley 1995




Darling 1994




Dyson 1988




El-Zahaar 1995





199516(2)70-4

Favarel 1996




gesia 199682312-6

Maurette 1993




Owen 1982


198237301-4

Sinclair 1997




Sutcliffe 1994



Tonczar 1981







Ungemach 1987





91

Van Gessel 1989




68276-81

Wickstrom 1982





Wajima 1995



Japanese] Masui 199544(11)1489-97


Clarke 2000









Covert 1989



Dickersin 1994



Mansour 1993



Melton 1993



Modig 1983




Parker 1993






Software10100214651858CD001159

Rodgers 2000





Sorensen 1992



1095-104





Winnie 1974




Urwin 2000




T A B L E S


Study Adams 1990






Male 18



versus




Length of operation

Hypotension










Pneumonia (f)


Renal failure




Study Berggren 1987






Male 19




versus





Length of operation



Hypoxaemia


Pneumonia


Confusional state

Urine rention


Pulmonary embolism




presented






Mean age 79 years

Male 175








versus



Mortality - early



Fall in haemaglobin

Pneumonia



Confusional state

Urine rention


Pulmonary embolism


Mental function

HeadacheNotes


Study Bredahl 1991






Male 0



versus



Length of operation



Notes


Study Brichant 1995




Age not stated

Male not stated








versus




Pulmonary embolism





Study Brown 1994








versus


or temazepam


Hypotension

Oxygen saturation

Notes


Study Couderc 1977






Male 14



versus




Hypotension











Notes In French



Study Davis 1981






Male 15




versus



Mortality - 1 month



Hypotension


Fall in haematocrit

Pneumonia (f)





Cardiac arrthymias





fibrogen scanning


Study Davis 1987






Male 22



versus










Hypotension





Renal failure (f)






Study Eyrolle 1998






Male not stated



versus




Ease of insertion

Hypotension













Male 13








versus








Pneumonia (f)



ECG analysis





Study Maurette 1988






Male not stated



versus



Length of operation

Hypotension



Notes In French


Study McKenzie 1984





Male not stated



if required

versus










Length of operation


Pneumonia (f)










Study McLaren 1978





Mean age 76 years

Male not stated








Mortality - 1 month

Length of operation

Hypotension


Blood loss


Vomiting



Headache (none)




Study Racle 1986











Male 0



versus




Length of operation

Hypotension



Pneumonia



Renal failure (f)

Confused state

Pulmonary embolism

Notes In French








Male not stated



as required

versus












Notes







Study Tasker 1983





Mean age not stated

Male not stated





Mortality




Study Ungemach 1993






Male 16



versus



Mortality - 2 weeks






Study Valentin 1986






Male 20



versus










Length of operation



Notes


Study White 1980









versus


versus


included in review)


Mortality - 1 month


Pneumonia

Confusional state


Vomiting



Study de Visme 2000






Male 17



versus









Length of operation






Notes

























































G R A P H S


Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of




effects model)






month









transfusion



32171]

















effects model)



non fatal)



Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of



analgesia




pressure (mmHg)



(mg)





Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







(discharge home)


I N D E X T E R M S








MeSH check words

Human

C O V E R S H E E T













Date of most recent


04 July 2001








none found






includedexcluded

01 March 2001


section amended


DOI 10100214651858CD000521















Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 114 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 202 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 27 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 168 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 111 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 65 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 306 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 072 [ 051 100 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Berggren 1987 128 029 18 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 97 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 245 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 69 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 187 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 43 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 66 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 274 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 073 [ 047 112 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 128 029 05 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Couderc 1977 750 1250 125 058 [ 025 136 ]

Davis 1987 36259 31279 310 125 [ 080 196 ]

McKenzie 1984 1673 1775 174 097 [ 053 177 ]

Racle 1986 435 535 52 080 [ 023 273 ]

Valentin 1986 22281 33297 334 070 [ 042 118 ]

Total (95 CI) 726 765 1000 092 [ 071 121 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Davis 1987 44259 42279 396 113 [ 077 166 ]

McKenzie 1984 2073 2175 203 098 [ 058 165 ]

Valentin 1986 39281 42297 400 098 [ 066 147 ]

Total (95 CI) 613 651 1000 104 [ 081 133 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 2673 2575 324 107 [ 069 167 ]

Valentin 1986 54281 53297 676 108 [ 076 152 ]

Total (95 CI) 354 372 1000 107 [ 082 141 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 424 332 31 178 [ 044 721 ]

Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 12 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 105 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 186 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 25 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 155 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 103 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 60 040 [ 008 193 ]

Ungemach 1993 357 357 36 100 [ 021 475 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 281 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 882 935 1000 076 [ 056 104 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 28 3500 (1000) 29 3100 (1000) 519 400 [ -119 919 ]

Bigler 1985 20 6700 (3580) 20 5900 (4470) 22 800 [ -1710 3310 ]

Bredahl 1991 15 6000 (2290) 13 6500 (2200) 50 -500 [ -2165 1165 ]

Maurette 1988 18 8050 (1280) 15 7150 (2090) 95 900 [ -312 2112 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 8220 (2220) 75 7720 (2770) 215 500 [ -308 1308 ]

Racle 1986 35 12500 (3550) 35 11600 (590) 98 900 [ -292 2092 ]

Total (95 CI) 189 187 1000 482 [ 108 856 ]



-100 -50 0 50 100








Berggren 1987 1828 1329 104 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 162 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 524 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 76 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 53 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 08 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 73 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 131 [ 109 158 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 1828 1329 185 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 161 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 280 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 193 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 54 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 18 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 108 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 118 [ 087 160 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Bredahl 1991 15 19000 (18600) 13 32100 (43270) 188 -13100 [ -38435 12235 ]

Davis 1981 64 30400 (23200) 68 46800 (44530) 387 -16400 [ -28414 -4386 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 27770 (30840) 75 26170 (31780) 425 1600 [ -8489 11689 ]

Total (95 CI) 152 156 1000 -8124 [ -21601 5354 ]



- 10000 - 5000 0 5000 10000











Adams 1990 924 932 118 133 [ 063 284 ]

Bigler 1985 920 720 107 129 [ 060 277 ]

Davis 1981 4564 5268 774 092 [ 075 113 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 120 1000 101 [ 082 124 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Couderc 1977 50 110000 (40000) 50 100000 (30000) 322 10000 [ -3859 23859 ]

Maurette 1988 18 60000 (15000) 15 30000 (15000) 352 30000 [ 19722 40278 ]

Racle 1986 35 48860 (28280) 35 48000 (29280) 326 860 [ -12626 14346 ]

Total (95 CI) 103 100 1000 14069 [ -4033 32170 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000











Berggren 1987 1028 1429 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]

Total (95 CI) 28 29 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 73 3880 (5550) 75 4290 (6930) 61 -410 [ -2430 1610 ]

Racle 1986 35 2009 (1060) 35 2005 (1140) 939 004 [ -512 520 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 110 1000 -021 [ -521 478 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000














Davis 1981 064 168 155 035 [ 001 853 ]

Davis 1987 2259 1279 102 215 [ 020 2362 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 275 262 021 [ 001 421 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 396 422 520 063 [ 015 262 ]





Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 55 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Racle 1986 235 435 425 050 [ 010 256 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 50 49 480 076 [ 020 296 ]




Total (95 CI) 446 471 1000 070 [ 026 185 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Couderc 1977 250 250 237 100 [ 015 682 ]

Davis 1987 3259 0279 57 754 [ 039 14524 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 175 176 034 [ 001 827 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 178 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 417 439 648 122 [ 040 371 ]





Bigler 1985 020 120 178 033 [ 001 772 ]

Davis 1981 264 168 115 213 [ 020 2287 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 112 117 352 207 [ 053 806 ]




Total (95 CI) 529 556 1000 151 [ 064 357 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 224 232 136 133 [ 020 880 ]

Davis 1987 3259 3279 228 108 [ 022 529 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 41 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 298 325 405 134 [ 044 410 ]





Berggren 1987 228 029 39 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 129 120 94 069 [ 005 1039 ]

Davis 1981 264 568 384 043 [ 009 211 ]

Racle 1986 135 135 79 100 [ 007 1536 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 156 152 595 085 [ 030 240 ]




Total (95 CI) 454 477 1000 105 [ 049 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Davis 1987 1259 0279 112 323 [ 013 7895 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 349 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 294 314 461 104 [ 015 715 ]





Adams 1990 124 132 200 133 [ 009 2026 ]

Davis 1981 064 168 339 035 [ 001 853 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 88 100 539 072 [ 010 513 ]




Total (95 CI) 382 414 1000 086 [ 022 341 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 428 729 364 059 [ 019 180 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 53 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Racle 1986 535 1135 583 045 [ 018 117 ]

Total (95 CI) 83 84 1000 053 [ 027 107 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 528 629 596 086 [ 030 251 ]

Bigler 1985 520 420 404 125 [ 039 399 ]

Total (95 CI) 48 49 1000 102 [ 047 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100





Outcome 22 Vomiting



Bigler 1985 120 220 679 050 [ 005 508 ]

McLaren 1978 126 129 321 112 [ 007 1695 ]

Total (95 CI) 46 49 1000 070 [ 012 394 ]




001 01 1 10 100












McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]





Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]





Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]





S Y N O P S I S








B A C K G R O U N D














with aging















in place






































2001)























2000)

O B J E C T I V E S


















eral anaesthesia



Types of studies















this review



















second update)














update)




- pneumonia

















results





























































date of operation



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total (maximum 11)


0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 Adams 1990

1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 8 Berggren 1987

1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 7 Bigler 1985

1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 6 Bredahl 1991

1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 4 Brichant 1995

2 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 6 Brown 1994

1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 6 Davis 1981


2 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 6 Maurette 1988

1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 4 McLaren 1978

3 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 6 McKenzie 1984

2 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 7 Racle 1986

1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 Tasker 1983

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Ungemach 1993

1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 7 Valentin 1986







SIA

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total



NERVE BLOCKS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total


2 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 7 de Visme 2000

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 Eyrolle 1998


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total


1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 5 Spreadbury 1980








R E S U L T S
















Mortality






































(226) versus 78372 (210) RR 107 95 CI 082 to 141)

Other outcomes


Length of operation











Hypotension








































































thesia










































groups



this was manifested































in trial reports

Pneumonia





099 95 CI 062 to 159)







RR 070 95 CI 026 to 185)






151 95 CI 064 to 357)






049 to 223)

Renal failure





022 to 341)











95 CI 027 to 107)

Urine retention








RR 102 95 CI 047 to 223)





RR 070 95 CI 012 to 394)

























Pulmonary embolism



















Composite outcome












type of anaesthesia

Functional outcome







SIA











NERVE BLOCKS






















(539 versus 2440 RR 023 95 CI 010 to 050)








745mg)


















versus 145)



























D I S C U S S I O N
















trial






























bolic complications













N O T E S
















I N T E R E S T

None known












editorial review




Office UK







R E F E R E N C E S












66497-504 [MedLine 1987211148]









52 [MedLine 1991377412]









1994270545]







[MedLine 78185115]





1528-9






1988024611]















199815(6)656-63







Line 89075140]









7 [MedLine 1985280155]




Line 1984203273]





10-4 [MedLine 1978121768]







1986213298]









[MedLine 1980218116]





198365660









58284-91 [MedLine 1986131270]




1980351107-10 [MedLine 81083959]


Barna 1981




Hetilap 19811221135-8

Coleman 1988



thesia 19886043-7

Critchley 1995




Darling 1994




Dyson 1988




El-Zahaar 1995





199516(2)70-4

Favarel 1996




gesia 199682312-6

Maurette 1993




Owen 1982


198237301-4

Sinclair 1997




Sutcliffe 1994



Tonczar 1981







Ungemach 1987





91

Van Gessel 1989




68276-81

Wickstrom 1982





Wajima 1995



Japanese] Masui 199544(11)1489-97


Clarke 2000









Covert 1989



Dickersin 1994



Mansour 1993



Melton 1993



Modig 1983




Parker 1993






Software10100214651858CD001159

Rodgers 2000





Sorensen 1992



1095-104





Winnie 1974




Urwin 2000




T A B L E S


Study Adams 1990






Male 18



versus




Length of operation

Hypotension










Pneumonia (f)


Renal failure




Study Berggren 1987






Male 19




versus





Length of operation



Hypoxaemia


Pneumonia


Confusional state

Urine rention


Pulmonary embolism




presented






Mean age 79 years

Male 175








versus



Mortality - early



Fall in haemaglobin

Pneumonia



Confusional state

Urine rention


Pulmonary embolism


Mental function

HeadacheNotes


Study Bredahl 1991






Male 0



versus



Length of operation



Notes


Study Brichant 1995




Age not stated

Male not stated








versus




Pulmonary embolism





Study Brown 1994








versus


or temazepam


Hypotension

Oxygen saturation

Notes


Study Couderc 1977






Male 14



versus




Hypotension











Notes In French



Study Davis 1981






Male 15




versus



Mortality - 1 month



Hypotension


Fall in haematocrit

Pneumonia (f)





Cardiac arrthymias





fibrogen scanning


Study Davis 1987






Male 22



versus










Hypotension





Renal failure (f)






Study Eyrolle 1998






Male not stated



versus




Ease of insertion

Hypotension













Male 13








versus








Pneumonia (f)



ECG analysis





Study Maurette 1988






Male not stated



versus



Length of operation

Hypotension



Notes In French


Study McKenzie 1984





Male not stated



if required

versus










Length of operation


Pneumonia (f)










Study McLaren 1978





Mean age 76 years

Male not stated








Mortality - 1 month

Length of operation

Hypotension


Blood loss


Vomiting



Headache (none)




Study Racle 1986











Male 0



versus




Length of operation

Hypotension



Pneumonia



Renal failure (f)

Confused state

Pulmonary embolism

Notes In French








Male not stated



as required

versus












Notes







Study Tasker 1983





Mean age not stated

Male not stated





Mortality




Study Ungemach 1993






Male 16



versus



Mortality - 2 weeks






Study Valentin 1986






Male 20



versus










Length of operation



Notes


Study White 1980









versus


versus


included in review)


Mortality - 1 month


Pneumonia

Confusional state


Vomiting



Study de Visme 2000






Male 17



versus









Length of operation






Notes

























































G R A P H S


Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of




effects model)






month









transfusion



32171]

















effects model)



non fatal)



Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of



analgesia




pressure (mmHg)



(mg)





Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







(discharge home)


I N D E X T E R M S








MeSH check words

Human

C O V E R S H E E T













Date of most recent


04 July 2001








none found






includedexcluded

01 March 2001


section amended


DOI 10100214651858CD000521















Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 114 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 202 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 27 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 168 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 111 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 65 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 306 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 072 [ 051 100 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Berggren 1987 128 029 18 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 97 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 245 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 69 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 187 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 43 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 66 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 274 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 073 [ 047 112 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 128 029 05 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Couderc 1977 750 1250 125 058 [ 025 136 ]

Davis 1987 36259 31279 310 125 [ 080 196 ]

McKenzie 1984 1673 1775 174 097 [ 053 177 ]

Racle 1986 435 535 52 080 [ 023 273 ]

Valentin 1986 22281 33297 334 070 [ 042 118 ]

Total (95 CI) 726 765 1000 092 [ 071 121 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Davis 1987 44259 42279 396 113 [ 077 166 ]

McKenzie 1984 2073 2175 203 098 [ 058 165 ]

Valentin 1986 39281 42297 400 098 [ 066 147 ]

Total (95 CI) 613 651 1000 104 [ 081 133 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 2673 2575 324 107 [ 069 167 ]

Valentin 1986 54281 53297 676 108 [ 076 152 ]

Total (95 CI) 354 372 1000 107 [ 082 141 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 424 332 31 178 [ 044 721 ]

Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 12 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 105 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 186 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 25 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 155 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 103 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 60 040 [ 008 193 ]

Ungemach 1993 357 357 36 100 [ 021 475 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 281 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 882 935 1000 076 [ 056 104 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 28 3500 (1000) 29 3100 (1000) 519 400 [ -119 919 ]

Bigler 1985 20 6700 (3580) 20 5900 (4470) 22 800 [ -1710 3310 ]

Bredahl 1991 15 6000 (2290) 13 6500 (2200) 50 -500 [ -2165 1165 ]

Maurette 1988 18 8050 (1280) 15 7150 (2090) 95 900 [ -312 2112 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 8220 (2220) 75 7720 (2770) 215 500 [ -308 1308 ]

Racle 1986 35 12500 (3550) 35 11600 (590) 98 900 [ -292 2092 ]

Total (95 CI) 189 187 1000 482 [ 108 856 ]



-100 -50 0 50 100








Berggren 1987 1828 1329 104 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 162 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 524 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 76 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 53 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 08 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 73 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 131 [ 109 158 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 1828 1329 185 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 161 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 280 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 193 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 54 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 18 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 108 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 118 [ 087 160 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Bredahl 1991 15 19000 (18600) 13 32100 (43270) 188 -13100 [ -38435 12235 ]

Davis 1981 64 30400 (23200) 68 46800 (44530) 387 -16400 [ -28414 -4386 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 27770 (30840) 75 26170 (31780) 425 1600 [ -8489 11689 ]

Total (95 CI) 152 156 1000 -8124 [ -21601 5354 ]



- 10000 - 5000 0 5000 10000











Adams 1990 924 932 118 133 [ 063 284 ]

Bigler 1985 920 720 107 129 [ 060 277 ]

Davis 1981 4564 5268 774 092 [ 075 113 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 120 1000 101 [ 082 124 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Couderc 1977 50 110000 (40000) 50 100000 (30000) 322 10000 [ -3859 23859 ]

Maurette 1988 18 60000 (15000) 15 30000 (15000) 352 30000 [ 19722 40278 ]

Racle 1986 35 48860 (28280) 35 48000 (29280) 326 860 [ -12626 14346 ]

Total (95 CI) 103 100 1000 14069 [ -4033 32170 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000











Berggren 1987 1028 1429 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]

Total (95 CI) 28 29 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 73 3880 (5550) 75 4290 (6930) 61 -410 [ -2430 1610 ]

Racle 1986 35 2009 (1060) 35 2005 (1140) 939 004 [ -512 520 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 110 1000 -021 [ -521 478 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000














Davis 1981 064 168 155 035 [ 001 853 ]

Davis 1987 2259 1279 102 215 [ 020 2362 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 275 262 021 [ 001 421 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 396 422 520 063 [ 015 262 ]





Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 55 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Racle 1986 235 435 425 050 [ 010 256 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 50 49 480 076 [ 020 296 ]




Total (95 CI) 446 471 1000 070 [ 026 185 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Couderc 1977 250 250 237 100 [ 015 682 ]

Davis 1987 3259 0279 57 754 [ 039 14524 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 175 176 034 [ 001 827 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 178 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 417 439 648 122 [ 040 371 ]





Bigler 1985 020 120 178 033 [ 001 772 ]

Davis 1981 264 168 115 213 [ 020 2287 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 112 117 352 207 [ 053 806 ]




Total (95 CI) 529 556 1000 151 [ 064 357 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 224 232 136 133 [ 020 880 ]

Davis 1987 3259 3279 228 108 [ 022 529 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 41 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 298 325 405 134 [ 044 410 ]





Berggren 1987 228 029 39 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 129 120 94 069 [ 005 1039 ]

Davis 1981 264 568 384 043 [ 009 211 ]

Racle 1986 135 135 79 100 [ 007 1536 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 156 152 595 085 [ 030 240 ]




Total (95 CI) 454 477 1000 105 [ 049 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Davis 1987 1259 0279 112 323 [ 013 7895 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 349 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 294 314 461 104 [ 015 715 ]





Adams 1990 124 132 200 133 [ 009 2026 ]

Davis 1981 064 168 339 035 [ 001 853 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 88 100 539 072 [ 010 513 ]




Total (95 CI) 382 414 1000 086 [ 022 341 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 428 729 364 059 [ 019 180 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 53 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Racle 1986 535 1135 583 045 [ 018 117 ]

Total (95 CI) 83 84 1000 053 [ 027 107 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 528 629 596 086 [ 030 251 ]

Bigler 1985 520 420 404 125 [ 039 399 ]

Total (95 CI) 48 49 1000 102 [ 047 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100





Outcome 22 Vomiting



Bigler 1985 120 220 679 050 [ 005 508 ]

McLaren 1978 126 129 321 112 [ 007 1695 ]

Total (95 CI) 46 49 1000 070 [ 012 394 ]




001 01 1 10 100












McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]





Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]





Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]


















2000)

O B J E C T I V E S


















eral anaesthesia



Types of studies















this review



















second update)














update)




- pneumonia

















results





























































date of operation



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total (maximum 11)


0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 Adams 1990

1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 8 Berggren 1987

1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 7 Bigler 1985

1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 6 Bredahl 1991

1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 4 Brichant 1995

2 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 6 Brown 1994

1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 6 Davis 1981


2 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 6 Maurette 1988

1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 4 McLaren 1978

3 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 6 McKenzie 1984

2 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 7 Racle 1986

1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 Tasker 1983

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Ungemach 1993

1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 7 Valentin 1986







SIA

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total



NERVE BLOCKS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total


2 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 7 de Visme 2000

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 Eyrolle 1998


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total


1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 5 Spreadbury 1980








R E S U L T S
















Mortality






































(226) versus 78372 (210) RR 107 95 CI 082 to 141)

Other outcomes


Length of operation











Hypotension








































































thesia










































groups



this was manifested































in trial reports

Pneumonia





099 95 CI 062 to 159)







RR 070 95 CI 026 to 185)






151 95 CI 064 to 357)






049 to 223)

Renal failure





022 to 341)











95 CI 027 to 107)

Urine retention








RR 102 95 CI 047 to 223)





RR 070 95 CI 012 to 394)

























Pulmonary embolism



















Composite outcome












type of anaesthesia

Functional outcome







SIA











NERVE BLOCKS






















(539 versus 2440 RR 023 95 CI 010 to 050)








745mg)


















versus 145)



























D I S C U S S I O N
















trial






























bolic complications













N O T E S
















I N T E R E S T

None known












editorial review




Office UK







R E F E R E N C E S












66497-504 [MedLine 1987211148]









52 [MedLine 1991377412]









1994270545]







[MedLine 78185115]





1528-9






1988024611]















199815(6)656-63







Line 89075140]









7 [MedLine 1985280155]




Line 1984203273]





10-4 [MedLine 1978121768]







1986213298]









[MedLine 1980218116]





198365660









58284-91 [MedLine 1986131270]




1980351107-10 [MedLine 81083959]


Barna 1981




Hetilap 19811221135-8

Coleman 1988



thesia 19886043-7

Critchley 1995




Darling 1994




Dyson 1988




El-Zahaar 1995





199516(2)70-4

Favarel 1996




gesia 199682312-6

Maurette 1993




Owen 1982


198237301-4

Sinclair 1997




Sutcliffe 1994



Tonczar 1981







Ungemach 1987





91

Van Gessel 1989




68276-81

Wickstrom 1982





Wajima 1995



Japanese] Masui 199544(11)1489-97


Clarke 2000









Covert 1989



Dickersin 1994



Mansour 1993



Melton 1993



Modig 1983




Parker 1993






Software10100214651858CD001159

Rodgers 2000





Sorensen 1992



1095-104





Winnie 1974




Urwin 2000




T A B L E S


Study Adams 1990






Male 18



versus




Length of operation

Hypotension










Pneumonia (f)


Renal failure




Study Berggren 1987






Male 19




versus





Length of operation



Hypoxaemia


Pneumonia


Confusional state

Urine rention


Pulmonary embolism




presented






Mean age 79 years

Male 175








versus



Mortality - early



Fall in haemaglobin

Pneumonia



Confusional state

Urine rention


Pulmonary embolism


Mental function

HeadacheNotes


Study Bredahl 1991






Male 0



versus



Length of operation



Notes


Study Brichant 1995




Age not stated

Male not stated








versus




Pulmonary embolism





Study Brown 1994








versus


or temazepam


Hypotension

Oxygen saturation

Notes


Study Couderc 1977






Male 14



versus




Hypotension











Notes In French



Study Davis 1981






Male 15




versus



Mortality - 1 month



Hypotension


Fall in haematocrit

Pneumonia (f)





Cardiac arrthymias





fibrogen scanning


Study Davis 1987






Male 22



versus










Hypotension





Renal failure (f)






Study Eyrolle 1998






Male not stated



versus




Ease of insertion

Hypotension













Male 13








versus








Pneumonia (f)



ECG analysis





Study Maurette 1988






Male not stated



versus



Length of operation

Hypotension



Notes In French


Study McKenzie 1984





Male not stated



if required

versus










Length of operation


Pneumonia (f)










Study McLaren 1978





Mean age 76 years

Male not stated








Mortality - 1 month

Length of operation

Hypotension


Blood loss


Vomiting



Headache (none)




Study Racle 1986











Male 0



versus




Length of operation

Hypotension



Pneumonia



Renal failure (f)

Confused state

Pulmonary embolism

Notes In French








Male not stated



as required

versus












Notes







Study Tasker 1983





Mean age not stated

Male not stated





Mortality




Study Ungemach 1993






Male 16



versus



Mortality - 2 weeks






Study Valentin 1986






Male 20



versus










Length of operation



Notes


Study White 1980









versus


versus


included in review)


Mortality - 1 month


Pneumonia

Confusional state


Vomiting



Study de Visme 2000






Male 17



versus









Length of operation






Notes

























































G R A P H S


Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of




effects model)






month









transfusion



32171]

















effects model)



non fatal)



Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of



analgesia




pressure (mmHg)



(mg)





Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







(discharge home)


I N D E X T E R M S








MeSH check words

Human

C O V E R S H E E T













Date of most recent


04 July 2001








none found






includedexcluded

01 March 2001


section amended


DOI 10100214651858CD000521















Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 114 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 202 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 27 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 168 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 111 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 65 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 306 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 072 [ 051 100 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Berggren 1987 128 029 18 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 97 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 245 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 69 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 187 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 43 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 66 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 274 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 073 [ 047 112 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 128 029 05 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Couderc 1977 750 1250 125 058 [ 025 136 ]

Davis 1987 36259 31279 310 125 [ 080 196 ]

McKenzie 1984 1673 1775 174 097 [ 053 177 ]

Racle 1986 435 535 52 080 [ 023 273 ]

Valentin 1986 22281 33297 334 070 [ 042 118 ]

Total (95 CI) 726 765 1000 092 [ 071 121 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Davis 1987 44259 42279 396 113 [ 077 166 ]

McKenzie 1984 2073 2175 203 098 [ 058 165 ]

Valentin 1986 39281 42297 400 098 [ 066 147 ]

Total (95 CI) 613 651 1000 104 [ 081 133 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 2673 2575 324 107 [ 069 167 ]

Valentin 1986 54281 53297 676 108 [ 076 152 ]

Total (95 CI) 354 372 1000 107 [ 082 141 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 424 332 31 178 [ 044 721 ]

Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 12 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 105 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 186 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 25 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 155 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 103 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 60 040 [ 008 193 ]

Ungemach 1993 357 357 36 100 [ 021 475 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 281 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 882 935 1000 076 [ 056 104 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 28 3500 (1000) 29 3100 (1000) 519 400 [ -119 919 ]

Bigler 1985 20 6700 (3580) 20 5900 (4470) 22 800 [ -1710 3310 ]

Bredahl 1991 15 6000 (2290) 13 6500 (2200) 50 -500 [ -2165 1165 ]

Maurette 1988 18 8050 (1280) 15 7150 (2090) 95 900 [ -312 2112 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 8220 (2220) 75 7720 (2770) 215 500 [ -308 1308 ]

Racle 1986 35 12500 (3550) 35 11600 (590) 98 900 [ -292 2092 ]

Total (95 CI) 189 187 1000 482 [ 108 856 ]



-100 -50 0 50 100








Berggren 1987 1828 1329 104 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 162 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 524 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 76 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 53 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 08 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 73 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 131 [ 109 158 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 1828 1329 185 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 161 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 280 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 193 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 54 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 18 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 108 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 118 [ 087 160 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Bredahl 1991 15 19000 (18600) 13 32100 (43270) 188 -13100 [ -38435 12235 ]

Davis 1981 64 30400 (23200) 68 46800 (44530) 387 -16400 [ -28414 -4386 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 27770 (30840) 75 26170 (31780) 425 1600 [ -8489 11689 ]

Total (95 CI) 152 156 1000 -8124 [ -21601 5354 ]



- 10000 - 5000 0 5000 10000











Adams 1990 924 932 118 133 [ 063 284 ]

Bigler 1985 920 720 107 129 [ 060 277 ]

Davis 1981 4564 5268 774 092 [ 075 113 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 120 1000 101 [ 082 124 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Couderc 1977 50 110000 (40000) 50 100000 (30000) 322 10000 [ -3859 23859 ]

Maurette 1988 18 60000 (15000) 15 30000 (15000) 352 30000 [ 19722 40278 ]

Racle 1986 35 48860 (28280) 35 48000 (29280) 326 860 [ -12626 14346 ]

Total (95 CI) 103 100 1000 14069 [ -4033 32170 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000











Berggren 1987 1028 1429 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]

Total (95 CI) 28 29 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 73 3880 (5550) 75 4290 (6930) 61 -410 [ -2430 1610 ]

Racle 1986 35 2009 (1060) 35 2005 (1140) 939 004 [ -512 520 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 110 1000 -021 [ -521 478 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000














Davis 1981 064 168 155 035 [ 001 853 ]

Davis 1987 2259 1279 102 215 [ 020 2362 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 275 262 021 [ 001 421 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 396 422 520 063 [ 015 262 ]





Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 55 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Racle 1986 235 435 425 050 [ 010 256 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 50 49 480 076 [ 020 296 ]




Total (95 CI) 446 471 1000 070 [ 026 185 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Couderc 1977 250 250 237 100 [ 015 682 ]

Davis 1987 3259 0279 57 754 [ 039 14524 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 175 176 034 [ 001 827 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 178 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 417 439 648 122 [ 040 371 ]





Bigler 1985 020 120 178 033 [ 001 772 ]

Davis 1981 264 168 115 213 [ 020 2287 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 112 117 352 207 [ 053 806 ]




Total (95 CI) 529 556 1000 151 [ 064 357 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 224 232 136 133 [ 020 880 ]

Davis 1987 3259 3279 228 108 [ 022 529 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 41 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 298 325 405 134 [ 044 410 ]





Berggren 1987 228 029 39 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 129 120 94 069 [ 005 1039 ]

Davis 1981 264 568 384 043 [ 009 211 ]

Racle 1986 135 135 79 100 [ 007 1536 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 156 152 595 085 [ 030 240 ]




Total (95 CI) 454 477 1000 105 [ 049 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Davis 1987 1259 0279 112 323 [ 013 7895 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 349 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 294 314 461 104 [ 015 715 ]





Adams 1990 124 132 200 133 [ 009 2026 ]

Davis 1981 064 168 339 035 [ 001 853 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 88 100 539 072 [ 010 513 ]




Total (95 CI) 382 414 1000 086 [ 022 341 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 428 729 364 059 [ 019 180 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 53 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Racle 1986 535 1135 583 045 [ 018 117 ]

Total (95 CI) 83 84 1000 053 [ 027 107 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 528 629 596 086 [ 030 251 ]

Bigler 1985 520 420 404 125 [ 039 399 ]

Total (95 CI) 48 49 1000 102 [ 047 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100





Outcome 22 Vomiting



Bigler 1985 120 220 679 050 [ 005 508 ]

McLaren 1978 126 129 321 112 [ 007 1695 ]

Total (95 CI) 46 49 1000 070 [ 012 394 ]




001 01 1 10 100












McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]





Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]





Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

















results





























































date of operation



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total (maximum 11)


0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 Adams 1990

1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 8 Berggren 1987

1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 7 Bigler 1985

1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 6 Bredahl 1991

1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 4 Brichant 1995

2 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 6 Brown 1994

1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 6 Davis 1981


2 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 6 Maurette 1988

1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 4 McLaren 1978

3 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 6 McKenzie 1984

2 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 7 Racle 1986

1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 Tasker 1983

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Ungemach 1993

1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 7 Valentin 1986







SIA

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total



NERVE BLOCKS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total


2 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 7 de Visme 2000

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 Eyrolle 1998


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total


1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 5 Spreadbury 1980








R E S U L T S
















Mortality






































(226) versus 78372 (210) RR 107 95 CI 082 to 141)

Other outcomes


Length of operation











Hypotension








































































thesia










































groups



this was manifested































in trial reports

Pneumonia





099 95 CI 062 to 159)







RR 070 95 CI 026 to 185)






151 95 CI 064 to 357)






049 to 223)

Renal failure





022 to 341)











95 CI 027 to 107)

Urine retention








RR 102 95 CI 047 to 223)





RR 070 95 CI 012 to 394)

























Pulmonary embolism



















Composite outcome












type of anaesthesia

Functional outcome







SIA











NERVE BLOCKS






















(539 versus 2440 RR 023 95 CI 010 to 050)








745mg)


















versus 145)



























D I S C U S S I O N
















trial






























bolic complications













N O T E S
















I N T E R E S T

None known












editorial review




Office UK







R E F E R E N C E S












66497-504 [MedLine 1987211148]









52 [MedLine 1991377412]









1994270545]







[MedLine 78185115]





1528-9






1988024611]















199815(6)656-63







Line 89075140]









7 [MedLine 1985280155]




Line 1984203273]





10-4 [MedLine 1978121768]







1986213298]









[MedLine 1980218116]





198365660









58284-91 [MedLine 1986131270]




1980351107-10 [MedLine 81083959]


Barna 1981




Hetilap 19811221135-8

Coleman 1988



thesia 19886043-7

Critchley 1995




Darling 1994




Dyson 1988




El-Zahaar 1995





199516(2)70-4

Favarel 1996




gesia 199682312-6

Maurette 1993




Owen 1982


198237301-4

Sinclair 1997




Sutcliffe 1994



Tonczar 1981







Ungemach 1987





91

Van Gessel 1989




68276-81

Wickstrom 1982





Wajima 1995



Japanese] Masui 199544(11)1489-97


Clarke 2000









Covert 1989



Dickersin 1994



Mansour 1993



Melton 1993



Modig 1983




Parker 1993






Software10100214651858CD001159

Rodgers 2000





Sorensen 1992



1095-104





Winnie 1974




Urwin 2000




T A B L E S


Study Adams 1990






Male 18



versus




Length of operation

Hypotension










Pneumonia (f)


Renal failure




Study Berggren 1987






Male 19




versus





Length of operation



Hypoxaemia


Pneumonia


Confusional state

Urine rention


Pulmonary embolism




presented






Mean age 79 years

Male 175








versus



Mortality - early



Fall in haemaglobin

Pneumonia



Confusional state

Urine rention


Pulmonary embolism


Mental function

HeadacheNotes


Study Bredahl 1991






Male 0



versus



Length of operation



Notes


Study Brichant 1995




Age not stated

Male not stated








versus




Pulmonary embolism





Study Brown 1994








versus


or temazepam


Hypotension

Oxygen saturation

Notes


Study Couderc 1977






Male 14



versus




Hypotension











Notes In French



Study Davis 1981






Male 15




versus



Mortality - 1 month



Hypotension


Fall in haematocrit

Pneumonia (f)





Cardiac arrthymias





fibrogen scanning


Study Davis 1987






Male 22



versus










Hypotension





Renal failure (f)






Study Eyrolle 1998






Male not stated



versus




Ease of insertion

Hypotension













Male 13








versus








Pneumonia (f)



ECG analysis





Study Maurette 1988






Male not stated



versus



Length of operation

Hypotension



Notes In French


Study McKenzie 1984





Male not stated



if required

versus










Length of operation


Pneumonia (f)










Study McLaren 1978





Mean age 76 years

Male not stated








Mortality - 1 month

Length of operation

Hypotension


Blood loss


Vomiting



Headache (none)




Study Racle 1986











Male 0



versus




Length of operation

Hypotension



Pneumonia



Renal failure (f)

Confused state

Pulmonary embolism

Notes In French








Male not stated



as required

versus












Notes







Study Tasker 1983





Mean age not stated

Male not stated





Mortality




Study Ungemach 1993






Male 16



versus



Mortality - 2 weeks






Study Valentin 1986






Male 20



versus










Length of operation



Notes


Study White 1980









versus


versus


included in review)


Mortality - 1 month


Pneumonia

Confusional state


Vomiting



Study de Visme 2000






Male 17



versus









Length of operation






Notes

























































G R A P H S


Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of




effects model)






month









transfusion



32171]

















effects model)



non fatal)



Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of



analgesia




pressure (mmHg)



(mg)





Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







(discharge home)


I N D E X T E R M S








MeSH check words

Human

C O V E R S H E E T













Date of most recent


04 July 2001








none found






includedexcluded

01 March 2001


section amended


DOI 10100214651858CD000521















Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 114 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 202 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 27 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 168 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 111 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 65 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 306 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 072 [ 051 100 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Berggren 1987 128 029 18 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 97 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 245 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 69 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 187 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 43 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 66 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 274 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 073 [ 047 112 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 128 029 05 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Couderc 1977 750 1250 125 058 [ 025 136 ]

Davis 1987 36259 31279 310 125 [ 080 196 ]

McKenzie 1984 1673 1775 174 097 [ 053 177 ]

Racle 1986 435 535 52 080 [ 023 273 ]

Valentin 1986 22281 33297 334 070 [ 042 118 ]

Total (95 CI) 726 765 1000 092 [ 071 121 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Davis 1987 44259 42279 396 113 [ 077 166 ]

McKenzie 1984 2073 2175 203 098 [ 058 165 ]

Valentin 1986 39281 42297 400 098 [ 066 147 ]

Total (95 CI) 613 651 1000 104 [ 081 133 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 2673 2575 324 107 [ 069 167 ]

Valentin 1986 54281 53297 676 108 [ 076 152 ]

Total (95 CI) 354 372 1000 107 [ 082 141 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 424 332 31 178 [ 044 721 ]

Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 12 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 105 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 186 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 25 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 155 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 103 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 60 040 [ 008 193 ]

Ungemach 1993 357 357 36 100 [ 021 475 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 281 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 882 935 1000 076 [ 056 104 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 28 3500 (1000) 29 3100 (1000) 519 400 [ -119 919 ]

Bigler 1985 20 6700 (3580) 20 5900 (4470) 22 800 [ -1710 3310 ]

Bredahl 1991 15 6000 (2290) 13 6500 (2200) 50 -500 [ -2165 1165 ]

Maurette 1988 18 8050 (1280) 15 7150 (2090) 95 900 [ -312 2112 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 8220 (2220) 75 7720 (2770) 215 500 [ -308 1308 ]

Racle 1986 35 12500 (3550) 35 11600 (590) 98 900 [ -292 2092 ]

Total (95 CI) 189 187 1000 482 [ 108 856 ]



-100 -50 0 50 100








Berggren 1987 1828 1329 104 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 162 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 524 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 76 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 53 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 08 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 73 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 131 [ 109 158 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 1828 1329 185 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 161 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 280 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 193 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 54 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 18 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 108 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 118 [ 087 160 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Bredahl 1991 15 19000 (18600) 13 32100 (43270) 188 -13100 [ -38435 12235 ]

Davis 1981 64 30400 (23200) 68 46800 (44530) 387 -16400 [ -28414 -4386 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 27770 (30840) 75 26170 (31780) 425 1600 [ -8489 11689 ]

Total (95 CI) 152 156 1000 -8124 [ -21601 5354 ]



- 10000 - 5000 0 5000 10000











Adams 1990 924 932 118 133 [ 063 284 ]

Bigler 1985 920 720 107 129 [ 060 277 ]

Davis 1981 4564 5268 774 092 [ 075 113 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 120 1000 101 [ 082 124 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Couderc 1977 50 110000 (40000) 50 100000 (30000) 322 10000 [ -3859 23859 ]

Maurette 1988 18 60000 (15000) 15 30000 (15000) 352 30000 [ 19722 40278 ]

Racle 1986 35 48860 (28280) 35 48000 (29280) 326 860 [ -12626 14346 ]

Total (95 CI) 103 100 1000 14069 [ -4033 32170 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000











Berggren 1987 1028 1429 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]

Total (95 CI) 28 29 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 73 3880 (5550) 75 4290 (6930) 61 -410 [ -2430 1610 ]

Racle 1986 35 2009 (1060) 35 2005 (1140) 939 004 [ -512 520 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 110 1000 -021 [ -521 478 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000














Davis 1981 064 168 155 035 [ 001 853 ]

Davis 1987 2259 1279 102 215 [ 020 2362 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 275 262 021 [ 001 421 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 396 422 520 063 [ 015 262 ]





Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 55 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Racle 1986 235 435 425 050 [ 010 256 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 50 49 480 076 [ 020 296 ]




Total (95 CI) 446 471 1000 070 [ 026 185 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Couderc 1977 250 250 237 100 [ 015 682 ]

Davis 1987 3259 0279 57 754 [ 039 14524 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 175 176 034 [ 001 827 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 178 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 417 439 648 122 [ 040 371 ]





Bigler 1985 020 120 178 033 [ 001 772 ]

Davis 1981 264 168 115 213 [ 020 2287 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 112 117 352 207 [ 053 806 ]




Total (95 CI) 529 556 1000 151 [ 064 357 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 224 232 136 133 [ 020 880 ]

Davis 1987 3259 3279 228 108 [ 022 529 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 41 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 298 325 405 134 [ 044 410 ]





Berggren 1987 228 029 39 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 129 120 94 069 [ 005 1039 ]

Davis 1981 264 568 384 043 [ 009 211 ]

Racle 1986 135 135 79 100 [ 007 1536 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 156 152 595 085 [ 030 240 ]




Total (95 CI) 454 477 1000 105 [ 049 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Davis 1987 1259 0279 112 323 [ 013 7895 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 349 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 294 314 461 104 [ 015 715 ]





Adams 1990 124 132 200 133 [ 009 2026 ]

Davis 1981 064 168 339 035 [ 001 853 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 88 100 539 072 [ 010 513 ]




Total (95 CI) 382 414 1000 086 [ 022 341 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 428 729 364 059 [ 019 180 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 53 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Racle 1986 535 1135 583 045 [ 018 117 ]

Total (95 CI) 83 84 1000 053 [ 027 107 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 528 629 596 086 [ 030 251 ]

Bigler 1985 520 420 404 125 [ 039 399 ]

Total (95 CI) 48 49 1000 102 [ 047 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100





Outcome 22 Vomiting



Bigler 1985 120 220 679 050 [ 005 508 ]

McLaren 1978 126 129 321 112 [ 007 1695 ]

Total (95 CI) 46 49 1000 070 [ 012 394 ]




001 01 1 10 100












McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]





Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]





Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]







SIA

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total



NERVE BLOCKS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total


2 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 7 de Visme 2000

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 Eyrolle 1998


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total


1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 5 Spreadbury 1980








R E S U L T S
















Mortality






































(226) versus 78372 (210) RR 107 95 CI 082 to 141)

Other outcomes


Length of operation











Hypotension








































































thesia










































groups



this was manifested































in trial reports

Pneumonia





099 95 CI 062 to 159)







RR 070 95 CI 026 to 185)






151 95 CI 064 to 357)






049 to 223)

Renal failure





022 to 341)











95 CI 027 to 107)

Urine retention








RR 102 95 CI 047 to 223)





RR 070 95 CI 012 to 394)

























Pulmonary embolism



















Composite outcome












type of anaesthesia

Functional outcome







SIA











NERVE BLOCKS






















(539 versus 2440 RR 023 95 CI 010 to 050)








745mg)


















versus 145)



























D I S C U S S I O N
















trial






























bolic complications













N O T E S
















I N T E R E S T

None known












editorial review




Office UK







R E F E R E N C E S












66497-504 [MedLine 1987211148]









52 [MedLine 1991377412]









1994270545]







[MedLine 78185115]





1528-9






1988024611]















199815(6)656-63







Line 89075140]









7 [MedLine 1985280155]




Line 1984203273]





10-4 [MedLine 1978121768]







1986213298]









[MedLine 1980218116]





198365660









58284-91 [MedLine 1986131270]




1980351107-10 [MedLine 81083959]


Barna 1981




Hetilap 19811221135-8

Coleman 1988



thesia 19886043-7

Critchley 1995




Darling 1994




Dyson 1988




El-Zahaar 1995





199516(2)70-4

Favarel 1996




gesia 199682312-6

Maurette 1993




Owen 1982


198237301-4

Sinclair 1997




Sutcliffe 1994



Tonczar 1981







Ungemach 1987





91

Van Gessel 1989




68276-81

Wickstrom 1982





Wajima 1995



Japanese] Masui 199544(11)1489-97


Clarke 2000









Covert 1989



Dickersin 1994



Mansour 1993



Melton 1993



Modig 1983




Parker 1993






Software10100214651858CD001159

Rodgers 2000





Sorensen 1992



1095-104





Winnie 1974




Urwin 2000




T A B L E S


Study Adams 1990






Male 18



versus




Length of operation

Hypotension










Pneumonia (f)


Renal failure




Study Berggren 1987






Male 19




versus





Length of operation



Hypoxaemia


Pneumonia


Confusional state

Urine rention


Pulmonary embolism




presented






Mean age 79 years

Male 175








versus



Mortality - early



Fall in haemaglobin

Pneumonia



Confusional state

Urine rention


Pulmonary embolism


Mental function

HeadacheNotes


Study Bredahl 1991






Male 0



versus



Length of operation



Notes


Study Brichant 1995




Age not stated

Male not stated








versus




Pulmonary embolism





Study Brown 1994








versus


or temazepam


Hypotension

Oxygen saturation

Notes


Study Couderc 1977






Male 14



versus




Hypotension











Notes In French



Study Davis 1981






Male 15




versus



Mortality - 1 month



Hypotension


Fall in haematocrit

Pneumonia (f)





Cardiac arrthymias





fibrogen scanning


Study Davis 1987






Male 22



versus










Hypotension





Renal failure (f)






Study Eyrolle 1998






Male not stated



versus




Ease of insertion

Hypotension













Male 13








versus








Pneumonia (f)



ECG analysis





Study Maurette 1988






Male not stated



versus



Length of operation

Hypotension



Notes In French


Study McKenzie 1984





Male not stated



if required

versus










Length of operation


Pneumonia (f)










Study McLaren 1978





Mean age 76 years

Male not stated








Mortality - 1 month

Length of operation

Hypotension


Blood loss


Vomiting



Headache (none)




Study Racle 1986











Male 0



versus




Length of operation

Hypotension



Pneumonia



Renal failure (f)

Confused state

Pulmonary embolism

Notes In French








Male not stated



as required

versus












Notes







Study Tasker 1983





Mean age not stated

Male not stated





Mortality




Study Ungemach 1993






Male 16



versus



Mortality - 2 weeks






Study Valentin 1986






Male 20



versus










Length of operation



Notes


Study White 1980









versus


versus


included in review)


Mortality - 1 month


Pneumonia

Confusional state


Vomiting



Study de Visme 2000






Male 17



versus









Length of operation






Notes

























































G R A P H S


Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of




effects model)






month









transfusion



32171]

















effects model)



non fatal)



Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of



analgesia




pressure (mmHg)



(mg)





Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







(discharge home)


I N D E X T E R M S








MeSH check words

Human

C O V E R S H E E T













Date of most recent


04 July 2001








none found






includedexcluded

01 March 2001


section amended


DOI 10100214651858CD000521















Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 114 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 202 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 27 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 168 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 111 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 65 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 306 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 072 [ 051 100 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Berggren 1987 128 029 18 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 97 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 245 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 69 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 187 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 43 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 66 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 274 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 073 [ 047 112 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 128 029 05 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Couderc 1977 750 1250 125 058 [ 025 136 ]

Davis 1987 36259 31279 310 125 [ 080 196 ]

McKenzie 1984 1673 1775 174 097 [ 053 177 ]

Racle 1986 435 535 52 080 [ 023 273 ]

Valentin 1986 22281 33297 334 070 [ 042 118 ]

Total (95 CI) 726 765 1000 092 [ 071 121 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Davis 1987 44259 42279 396 113 [ 077 166 ]

McKenzie 1984 2073 2175 203 098 [ 058 165 ]

Valentin 1986 39281 42297 400 098 [ 066 147 ]

Total (95 CI) 613 651 1000 104 [ 081 133 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 2673 2575 324 107 [ 069 167 ]

Valentin 1986 54281 53297 676 108 [ 076 152 ]

Total (95 CI) 354 372 1000 107 [ 082 141 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 424 332 31 178 [ 044 721 ]

Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 12 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 105 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 186 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 25 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 155 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 103 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 60 040 [ 008 193 ]

Ungemach 1993 357 357 36 100 [ 021 475 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 281 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 882 935 1000 076 [ 056 104 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 28 3500 (1000) 29 3100 (1000) 519 400 [ -119 919 ]

Bigler 1985 20 6700 (3580) 20 5900 (4470) 22 800 [ -1710 3310 ]

Bredahl 1991 15 6000 (2290) 13 6500 (2200) 50 -500 [ -2165 1165 ]

Maurette 1988 18 8050 (1280) 15 7150 (2090) 95 900 [ -312 2112 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 8220 (2220) 75 7720 (2770) 215 500 [ -308 1308 ]

Racle 1986 35 12500 (3550) 35 11600 (590) 98 900 [ -292 2092 ]

Total (95 CI) 189 187 1000 482 [ 108 856 ]



-100 -50 0 50 100








Berggren 1987 1828 1329 104 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 162 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 524 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 76 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 53 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 08 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 73 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 131 [ 109 158 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 1828 1329 185 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 161 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 280 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 193 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 54 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 18 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 108 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 118 [ 087 160 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Bredahl 1991 15 19000 (18600) 13 32100 (43270) 188 -13100 [ -38435 12235 ]

Davis 1981 64 30400 (23200) 68 46800 (44530) 387 -16400 [ -28414 -4386 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 27770 (30840) 75 26170 (31780) 425 1600 [ -8489 11689 ]

Total (95 CI) 152 156 1000 -8124 [ -21601 5354 ]



- 10000 - 5000 0 5000 10000











Adams 1990 924 932 118 133 [ 063 284 ]

Bigler 1985 920 720 107 129 [ 060 277 ]

Davis 1981 4564 5268 774 092 [ 075 113 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 120 1000 101 [ 082 124 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Couderc 1977 50 110000 (40000) 50 100000 (30000) 322 10000 [ -3859 23859 ]

Maurette 1988 18 60000 (15000) 15 30000 (15000) 352 30000 [ 19722 40278 ]

Racle 1986 35 48860 (28280) 35 48000 (29280) 326 860 [ -12626 14346 ]

Total (95 CI) 103 100 1000 14069 [ -4033 32170 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000











Berggren 1987 1028 1429 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]

Total (95 CI) 28 29 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 73 3880 (5550) 75 4290 (6930) 61 -410 [ -2430 1610 ]

Racle 1986 35 2009 (1060) 35 2005 (1140) 939 004 [ -512 520 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 110 1000 -021 [ -521 478 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000














Davis 1981 064 168 155 035 [ 001 853 ]

Davis 1987 2259 1279 102 215 [ 020 2362 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 275 262 021 [ 001 421 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 396 422 520 063 [ 015 262 ]





Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 55 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Racle 1986 235 435 425 050 [ 010 256 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 50 49 480 076 [ 020 296 ]




Total (95 CI) 446 471 1000 070 [ 026 185 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Couderc 1977 250 250 237 100 [ 015 682 ]

Davis 1987 3259 0279 57 754 [ 039 14524 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 175 176 034 [ 001 827 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 178 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 417 439 648 122 [ 040 371 ]





Bigler 1985 020 120 178 033 [ 001 772 ]

Davis 1981 264 168 115 213 [ 020 2287 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 112 117 352 207 [ 053 806 ]




Total (95 CI) 529 556 1000 151 [ 064 357 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 224 232 136 133 [ 020 880 ]

Davis 1987 3259 3279 228 108 [ 022 529 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 41 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 298 325 405 134 [ 044 410 ]





Berggren 1987 228 029 39 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 129 120 94 069 [ 005 1039 ]

Davis 1981 264 568 384 043 [ 009 211 ]

Racle 1986 135 135 79 100 [ 007 1536 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 156 152 595 085 [ 030 240 ]




Total (95 CI) 454 477 1000 105 [ 049 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Davis 1987 1259 0279 112 323 [ 013 7895 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 349 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 294 314 461 104 [ 015 715 ]





Adams 1990 124 132 200 133 [ 009 2026 ]

Davis 1981 064 168 339 035 [ 001 853 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 88 100 539 072 [ 010 513 ]




Total (95 CI) 382 414 1000 086 [ 022 341 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 428 729 364 059 [ 019 180 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 53 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Racle 1986 535 1135 583 045 [ 018 117 ]

Total (95 CI) 83 84 1000 053 [ 027 107 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 528 629 596 086 [ 030 251 ]

Bigler 1985 520 420 404 125 [ 039 399 ]

Total (95 CI) 48 49 1000 102 [ 047 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100





Outcome 22 Vomiting



Bigler 1985 120 220 679 050 [ 005 508 ]

McLaren 1978 126 129 321 112 [ 007 1695 ]

Total (95 CI) 46 49 1000 070 [ 012 394 ]




001 01 1 10 100












McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]





Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]





Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]








































































thesia










































groups



this was manifested































in trial reports

Pneumonia





099 95 CI 062 to 159)







RR 070 95 CI 026 to 185)






151 95 CI 064 to 357)






049 to 223)

Renal failure





022 to 341)











95 CI 027 to 107)

Urine retention








RR 102 95 CI 047 to 223)





RR 070 95 CI 012 to 394)

























Pulmonary embolism



















Composite outcome












type of anaesthesia

Functional outcome







SIA











NERVE BLOCKS






















(539 versus 2440 RR 023 95 CI 010 to 050)








745mg)


















versus 145)



























D I S C U S S I O N
















trial






























bolic complications













N O T E S
















I N T E R E S T

None known












editorial review




Office UK







R E F E R E N C E S












66497-504 [MedLine 1987211148]









52 [MedLine 1991377412]









1994270545]







[MedLine 78185115]





1528-9






1988024611]















199815(6)656-63







Line 89075140]









7 [MedLine 1985280155]




Line 1984203273]





10-4 [MedLine 1978121768]







1986213298]









[MedLine 1980218116]





198365660









58284-91 [MedLine 1986131270]




1980351107-10 [MedLine 81083959]


Barna 1981




Hetilap 19811221135-8

Coleman 1988



thesia 19886043-7

Critchley 1995




Darling 1994




Dyson 1988




El-Zahaar 1995





199516(2)70-4

Favarel 1996




gesia 199682312-6

Maurette 1993




Owen 1982


198237301-4

Sinclair 1997




Sutcliffe 1994



Tonczar 1981







Ungemach 1987





91

Van Gessel 1989




68276-81

Wickstrom 1982





Wajima 1995



Japanese] Masui 199544(11)1489-97


Clarke 2000









Covert 1989



Dickersin 1994



Mansour 1993



Melton 1993



Modig 1983




Parker 1993






Software10100214651858CD001159

Rodgers 2000





Sorensen 1992



1095-104





Winnie 1974




Urwin 2000




T A B L E S


Study Adams 1990






Male 18



versus




Length of operation

Hypotension










Pneumonia (f)


Renal failure




Study Berggren 1987






Male 19




versus





Length of operation



Hypoxaemia


Pneumonia


Confusional state

Urine rention


Pulmonary embolism




presented






Mean age 79 years

Male 175








versus



Mortality - early



Fall in haemaglobin

Pneumonia



Confusional state

Urine rention


Pulmonary embolism


Mental function

HeadacheNotes


Study Bredahl 1991






Male 0



versus



Length of operation



Notes


Study Brichant 1995




Age not stated

Male not stated








versus




Pulmonary embolism





Study Brown 1994








versus


or temazepam


Hypotension

Oxygen saturation

Notes


Study Couderc 1977






Male 14



versus




Hypotension











Notes In French



Study Davis 1981






Male 15




versus



Mortality - 1 month



Hypotension


Fall in haematocrit

Pneumonia (f)





Cardiac arrthymias





fibrogen scanning


Study Davis 1987






Male 22



versus










Hypotension





Renal failure (f)






Study Eyrolle 1998






Male not stated



versus




Ease of insertion

Hypotension













Male 13








versus








Pneumonia (f)



ECG analysis





Study Maurette 1988






Male not stated



versus



Length of operation

Hypotension



Notes In French


Study McKenzie 1984





Male not stated



if required

versus










Length of operation


Pneumonia (f)










Study McLaren 1978





Mean age 76 years

Male not stated








Mortality - 1 month

Length of operation

Hypotension


Blood loss


Vomiting



Headache (none)




Study Racle 1986











Male 0



versus




Length of operation

Hypotension



Pneumonia



Renal failure (f)

Confused state

Pulmonary embolism

Notes In French








Male not stated



as required

versus












Notes







Study Tasker 1983





Mean age not stated

Male not stated





Mortality




Study Ungemach 1993






Male 16



versus



Mortality - 2 weeks






Study Valentin 1986






Male 20



versus










Length of operation



Notes


Study White 1980









versus


versus


included in review)


Mortality - 1 month


Pneumonia

Confusional state


Vomiting



Study de Visme 2000






Male 17



versus









Length of operation






Notes

























































G R A P H S


Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of




effects model)






month









transfusion



32171]

















effects model)



non fatal)



Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of



analgesia




pressure (mmHg)



(mg)





Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







(discharge home)


I N D E X T E R M S








MeSH check words

Human

C O V E R S H E E T













Date of most recent


04 July 2001








none found






includedexcluded

01 March 2001


section amended


DOI 10100214651858CD000521















Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 114 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 202 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 27 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 168 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 111 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 65 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 306 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 072 [ 051 100 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Berggren 1987 128 029 18 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 97 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 245 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 69 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 187 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 43 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 66 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 274 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 073 [ 047 112 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 128 029 05 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Couderc 1977 750 1250 125 058 [ 025 136 ]

Davis 1987 36259 31279 310 125 [ 080 196 ]

McKenzie 1984 1673 1775 174 097 [ 053 177 ]

Racle 1986 435 535 52 080 [ 023 273 ]

Valentin 1986 22281 33297 334 070 [ 042 118 ]

Total (95 CI) 726 765 1000 092 [ 071 121 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Davis 1987 44259 42279 396 113 [ 077 166 ]

McKenzie 1984 2073 2175 203 098 [ 058 165 ]

Valentin 1986 39281 42297 400 098 [ 066 147 ]

Total (95 CI) 613 651 1000 104 [ 081 133 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 2673 2575 324 107 [ 069 167 ]

Valentin 1986 54281 53297 676 108 [ 076 152 ]

Total (95 CI) 354 372 1000 107 [ 082 141 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 424 332 31 178 [ 044 721 ]

Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 12 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 105 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 186 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 25 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 155 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 103 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 60 040 [ 008 193 ]

Ungemach 1993 357 357 36 100 [ 021 475 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 281 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 882 935 1000 076 [ 056 104 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 28 3500 (1000) 29 3100 (1000) 519 400 [ -119 919 ]

Bigler 1985 20 6700 (3580) 20 5900 (4470) 22 800 [ -1710 3310 ]

Bredahl 1991 15 6000 (2290) 13 6500 (2200) 50 -500 [ -2165 1165 ]

Maurette 1988 18 8050 (1280) 15 7150 (2090) 95 900 [ -312 2112 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 8220 (2220) 75 7720 (2770) 215 500 [ -308 1308 ]

Racle 1986 35 12500 (3550) 35 11600 (590) 98 900 [ -292 2092 ]

Total (95 CI) 189 187 1000 482 [ 108 856 ]



-100 -50 0 50 100








Berggren 1987 1828 1329 104 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 162 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 524 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 76 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 53 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 08 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 73 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 131 [ 109 158 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 1828 1329 185 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 161 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 280 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 193 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 54 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 18 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 108 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 118 [ 087 160 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Bredahl 1991 15 19000 (18600) 13 32100 (43270) 188 -13100 [ -38435 12235 ]

Davis 1981 64 30400 (23200) 68 46800 (44530) 387 -16400 [ -28414 -4386 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 27770 (30840) 75 26170 (31780) 425 1600 [ -8489 11689 ]

Total (95 CI) 152 156 1000 -8124 [ -21601 5354 ]



- 10000 - 5000 0 5000 10000











Adams 1990 924 932 118 133 [ 063 284 ]

Bigler 1985 920 720 107 129 [ 060 277 ]

Davis 1981 4564 5268 774 092 [ 075 113 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 120 1000 101 [ 082 124 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Couderc 1977 50 110000 (40000) 50 100000 (30000) 322 10000 [ -3859 23859 ]

Maurette 1988 18 60000 (15000) 15 30000 (15000) 352 30000 [ 19722 40278 ]

Racle 1986 35 48860 (28280) 35 48000 (29280) 326 860 [ -12626 14346 ]

Total (95 CI) 103 100 1000 14069 [ -4033 32170 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000











Berggren 1987 1028 1429 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]

Total (95 CI) 28 29 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 73 3880 (5550) 75 4290 (6930) 61 -410 [ -2430 1610 ]

Racle 1986 35 2009 (1060) 35 2005 (1140) 939 004 [ -512 520 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 110 1000 -021 [ -521 478 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000














Davis 1981 064 168 155 035 [ 001 853 ]

Davis 1987 2259 1279 102 215 [ 020 2362 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 275 262 021 [ 001 421 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 396 422 520 063 [ 015 262 ]





Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 55 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Racle 1986 235 435 425 050 [ 010 256 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 50 49 480 076 [ 020 296 ]




Total (95 CI) 446 471 1000 070 [ 026 185 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Couderc 1977 250 250 237 100 [ 015 682 ]

Davis 1987 3259 0279 57 754 [ 039 14524 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 175 176 034 [ 001 827 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 178 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 417 439 648 122 [ 040 371 ]





Bigler 1985 020 120 178 033 [ 001 772 ]

Davis 1981 264 168 115 213 [ 020 2287 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 112 117 352 207 [ 053 806 ]




Total (95 CI) 529 556 1000 151 [ 064 357 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 224 232 136 133 [ 020 880 ]

Davis 1987 3259 3279 228 108 [ 022 529 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 41 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 298 325 405 134 [ 044 410 ]





Berggren 1987 228 029 39 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 129 120 94 069 [ 005 1039 ]

Davis 1981 264 568 384 043 [ 009 211 ]

Racle 1986 135 135 79 100 [ 007 1536 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 156 152 595 085 [ 030 240 ]




Total (95 CI) 454 477 1000 105 [ 049 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Davis 1987 1259 0279 112 323 [ 013 7895 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 349 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 294 314 461 104 [ 015 715 ]





Adams 1990 124 132 200 133 [ 009 2026 ]

Davis 1981 064 168 339 035 [ 001 853 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 88 100 539 072 [ 010 513 ]




Total (95 CI) 382 414 1000 086 [ 022 341 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 428 729 364 059 [ 019 180 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 53 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Racle 1986 535 1135 583 045 [ 018 117 ]

Total (95 CI) 83 84 1000 053 [ 027 107 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 528 629 596 086 [ 030 251 ]

Bigler 1985 520 420 404 125 [ 039 399 ]

Total (95 CI) 48 49 1000 102 [ 047 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100





Outcome 22 Vomiting



Bigler 1985 120 220 679 050 [ 005 508 ]

McLaren 1978 126 129 321 112 [ 007 1695 ]

Total (95 CI) 46 49 1000 070 [ 012 394 ]




001 01 1 10 100












McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]





Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]





Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]


















groups



this was manifested































in trial reports

Pneumonia





099 95 CI 062 to 159)







RR 070 95 CI 026 to 185)






151 95 CI 064 to 357)






049 to 223)

Renal failure





022 to 341)











95 CI 027 to 107)

Urine retention








RR 102 95 CI 047 to 223)





RR 070 95 CI 012 to 394)

























Pulmonary embolism



















Composite outcome












type of anaesthesia

Functional outcome







SIA











NERVE BLOCKS






















(539 versus 2440 RR 023 95 CI 010 to 050)








745mg)


















versus 145)



























D I S C U S S I O N
















trial






























bolic complications













N O T E S
















I N T E R E S T

None known












editorial review




Office UK







R E F E R E N C E S












66497-504 [MedLine 1987211148]









52 [MedLine 1991377412]









1994270545]







[MedLine 78185115]





1528-9






1988024611]















199815(6)656-63







Line 89075140]









7 [MedLine 1985280155]




Line 1984203273]





10-4 [MedLine 1978121768]







1986213298]









[MedLine 1980218116]





198365660









58284-91 [MedLine 1986131270]




1980351107-10 [MedLine 81083959]


Barna 1981




Hetilap 19811221135-8

Coleman 1988



thesia 19886043-7

Critchley 1995




Darling 1994




Dyson 1988




El-Zahaar 1995





199516(2)70-4

Favarel 1996




gesia 199682312-6

Maurette 1993




Owen 1982


198237301-4

Sinclair 1997




Sutcliffe 1994



Tonczar 1981







Ungemach 1987





91

Van Gessel 1989




68276-81

Wickstrom 1982





Wajima 1995



Japanese] Masui 199544(11)1489-97


Clarke 2000









Covert 1989



Dickersin 1994



Mansour 1993



Melton 1993



Modig 1983




Parker 1993






Software10100214651858CD001159

Rodgers 2000





Sorensen 1992



1095-104





Winnie 1974




Urwin 2000




T A B L E S


Study Adams 1990






Male 18



versus




Length of operation

Hypotension










Pneumonia (f)


Renal failure




Study Berggren 1987






Male 19




versus





Length of operation



Hypoxaemia


Pneumonia


Confusional state

Urine rention


Pulmonary embolism




presented






Mean age 79 years

Male 175








versus



Mortality - early



Fall in haemaglobin

Pneumonia



Confusional state

Urine rention


Pulmonary embolism


Mental function

HeadacheNotes


Study Bredahl 1991






Male 0



versus



Length of operation



Notes


Study Brichant 1995




Age not stated

Male not stated








versus




Pulmonary embolism





Study Brown 1994








versus


or temazepam


Hypotension

Oxygen saturation

Notes


Study Couderc 1977






Male 14



versus




Hypotension











Notes In French



Study Davis 1981






Male 15




versus



Mortality - 1 month



Hypotension


Fall in haematocrit

Pneumonia (f)





Cardiac arrthymias





fibrogen scanning


Study Davis 1987






Male 22



versus










Hypotension





Renal failure (f)






Study Eyrolle 1998






Male not stated



versus




Ease of insertion

Hypotension













Male 13








versus








Pneumonia (f)



ECG analysis





Study Maurette 1988






Male not stated



versus



Length of operation

Hypotension



Notes In French


Study McKenzie 1984





Male not stated



if required

versus










Length of operation


Pneumonia (f)










Study McLaren 1978





Mean age 76 years

Male not stated








Mortality - 1 month

Length of operation

Hypotension


Blood loss


Vomiting



Headache (none)




Study Racle 1986











Male 0



versus




Length of operation

Hypotension



Pneumonia



Renal failure (f)

Confused state

Pulmonary embolism

Notes In French








Male not stated



as required

versus












Notes







Study Tasker 1983





Mean age not stated

Male not stated





Mortality




Study Ungemach 1993






Male 16



versus



Mortality - 2 weeks






Study Valentin 1986






Male 20



versus










Length of operation



Notes


Study White 1980









versus


versus


included in review)


Mortality - 1 month


Pneumonia

Confusional state


Vomiting



Study de Visme 2000






Male 17



versus









Length of operation






Notes

























































G R A P H S


Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of




effects model)






month









transfusion



32171]

















effects model)



non fatal)



Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of



analgesia




pressure (mmHg)



(mg)





Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







(discharge home)


I N D E X T E R M S








MeSH check words

Human

C O V E R S H E E T













Date of most recent


04 July 2001








none found






includedexcluded

01 March 2001


section amended


DOI 10100214651858CD000521















Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 114 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 202 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 27 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 168 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 111 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 65 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 306 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 072 [ 051 100 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Berggren 1987 128 029 18 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 97 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 245 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 69 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 187 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 43 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 66 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 274 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 073 [ 047 112 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 128 029 05 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Couderc 1977 750 1250 125 058 [ 025 136 ]

Davis 1987 36259 31279 310 125 [ 080 196 ]

McKenzie 1984 1673 1775 174 097 [ 053 177 ]

Racle 1986 435 535 52 080 [ 023 273 ]

Valentin 1986 22281 33297 334 070 [ 042 118 ]

Total (95 CI) 726 765 1000 092 [ 071 121 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Davis 1987 44259 42279 396 113 [ 077 166 ]

McKenzie 1984 2073 2175 203 098 [ 058 165 ]

Valentin 1986 39281 42297 400 098 [ 066 147 ]

Total (95 CI) 613 651 1000 104 [ 081 133 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 2673 2575 324 107 [ 069 167 ]

Valentin 1986 54281 53297 676 108 [ 076 152 ]

Total (95 CI) 354 372 1000 107 [ 082 141 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 424 332 31 178 [ 044 721 ]

Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 12 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 105 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 186 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 25 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 155 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 103 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 60 040 [ 008 193 ]

Ungemach 1993 357 357 36 100 [ 021 475 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 281 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 882 935 1000 076 [ 056 104 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 28 3500 (1000) 29 3100 (1000) 519 400 [ -119 919 ]

Bigler 1985 20 6700 (3580) 20 5900 (4470) 22 800 [ -1710 3310 ]

Bredahl 1991 15 6000 (2290) 13 6500 (2200) 50 -500 [ -2165 1165 ]

Maurette 1988 18 8050 (1280) 15 7150 (2090) 95 900 [ -312 2112 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 8220 (2220) 75 7720 (2770) 215 500 [ -308 1308 ]

Racle 1986 35 12500 (3550) 35 11600 (590) 98 900 [ -292 2092 ]

Total (95 CI) 189 187 1000 482 [ 108 856 ]



-100 -50 0 50 100








Berggren 1987 1828 1329 104 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 162 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 524 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 76 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 53 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 08 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 73 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 131 [ 109 158 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 1828 1329 185 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 161 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 280 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 193 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 54 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 18 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 108 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 118 [ 087 160 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Bredahl 1991 15 19000 (18600) 13 32100 (43270) 188 -13100 [ -38435 12235 ]

Davis 1981 64 30400 (23200) 68 46800 (44530) 387 -16400 [ -28414 -4386 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 27770 (30840) 75 26170 (31780) 425 1600 [ -8489 11689 ]

Total (95 CI) 152 156 1000 -8124 [ -21601 5354 ]



- 10000 - 5000 0 5000 10000











Adams 1990 924 932 118 133 [ 063 284 ]

Bigler 1985 920 720 107 129 [ 060 277 ]

Davis 1981 4564 5268 774 092 [ 075 113 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 120 1000 101 [ 082 124 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Couderc 1977 50 110000 (40000) 50 100000 (30000) 322 10000 [ -3859 23859 ]

Maurette 1988 18 60000 (15000) 15 30000 (15000) 352 30000 [ 19722 40278 ]

Racle 1986 35 48860 (28280) 35 48000 (29280) 326 860 [ -12626 14346 ]

Total (95 CI) 103 100 1000 14069 [ -4033 32170 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000











Berggren 1987 1028 1429 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]

Total (95 CI) 28 29 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 73 3880 (5550) 75 4290 (6930) 61 -410 [ -2430 1610 ]

Racle 1986 35 2009 (1060) 35 2005 (1140) 939 004 [ -512 520 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 110 1000 -021 [ -521 478 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000














Davis 1981 064 168 155 035 [ 001 853 ]

Davis 1987 2259 1279 102 215 [ 020 2362 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 275 262 021 [ 001 421 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 396 422 520 063 [ 015 262 ]





Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 55 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Racle 1986 235 435 425 050 [ 010 256 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 50 49 480 076 [ 020 296 ]




Total (95 CI) 446 471 1000 070 [ 026 185 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Couderc 1977 250 250 237 100 [ 015 682 ]

Davis 1987 3259 0279 57 754 [ 039 14524 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 175 176 034 [ 001 827 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 178 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 417 439 648 122 [ 040 371 ]





Bigler 1985 020 120 178 033 [ 001 772 ]

Davis 1981 264 168 115 213 [ 020 2287 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 112 117 352 207 [ 053 806 ]




Total (95 CI) 529 556 1000 151 [ 064 357 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 224 232 136 133 [ 020 880 ]

Davis 1987 3259 3279 228 108 [ 022 529 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 41 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 298 325 405 134 [ 044 410 ]





Berggren 1987 228 029 39 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 129 120 94 069 [ 005 1039 ]

Davis 1981 264 568 384 043 [ 009 211 ]

Racle 1986 135 135 79 100 [ 007 1536 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 156 152 595 085 [ 030 240 ]




Total (95 CI) 454 477 1000 105 [ 049 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Davis 1987 1259 0279 112 323 [ 013 7895 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 349 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 294 314 461 104 [ 015 715 ]





Adams 1990 124 132 200 133 [ 009 2026 ]

Davis 1981 064 168 339 035 [ 001 853 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 88 100 539 072 [ 010 513 ]




Total (95 CI) 382 414 1000 086 [ 022 341 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 428 729 364 059 [ 019 180 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 53 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Racle 1986 535 1135 583 045 [ 018 117 ]

Total (95 CI) 83 84 1000 053 [ 027 107 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 528 629 596 086 [ 030 251 ]

Bigler 1985 520 420 404 125 [ 039 399 ]

Total (95 CI) 48 49 1000 102 [ 047 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100





Outcome 22 Vomiting



Bigler 1985 120 220 679 050 [ 005 508 ]

McLaren 1978 126 129 321 112 [ 007 1695 ]

Total (95 CI) 46 49 1000 070 [ 012 394 ]




001 01 1 10 100












McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]





Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]





Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]








RR 102 95 CI 047 to 223)





RR 070 95 CI 012 to 394)

























Pulmonary embolism



















Composite outcome












type of anaesthesia

Functional outcome







SIA











NERVE BLOCKS






















(539 versus 2440 RR 023 95 CI 010 to 050)








745mg)


















versus 145)



























D I S C U S S I O N
















trial






























bolic complications













N O T E S
















I N T E R E S T

None known












editorial review




Office UK







R E F E R E N C E S












66497-504 [MedLine 1987211148]









52 [MedLine 1991377412]









1994270545]







[MedLine 78185115]





1528-9






1988024611]















199815(6)656-63







Line 89075140]









7 [MedLine 1985280155]




Line 1984203273]





10-4 [MedLine 1978121768]







1986213298]









[MedLine 1980218116]





198365660









58284-91 [MedLine 1986131270]




1980351107-10 [MedLine 81083959]


Barna 1981




Hetilap 19811221135-8

Coleman 1988



thesia 19886043-7

Critchley 1995




Darling 1994




Dyson 1988




El-Zahaar 1995





199516(2)70-4

Favarel 1996




gesia 199682312-6

Maurette 1993




Owen 1982


198237301-4

Sinclair 1997




Sutcliffe 1994



Tonczar 1981







Ungemach 1987





91

Van Gessel 1989




68276-81

Wickstrom 1982





Wajima 1995



Japanese] Masui 199544(11)1489-97


Clarke 2000









Covert 1989



Dickersin 1994



Mansour 1993



Melton 1993



Modig 1983




Parker 1993






Software10100214651858CD001159

Rodgers 2000





Sorensen 1992



1095-104





Winnie 1974




Urwin 2000




T A B L E S


Study Adams 1990






Male 18



versus




Length of operation

Hypotension










Pneumonia (f)


Renal failure




Study Berggren 1987






Male 19




versus





Length of operation



Hypoxaemia


Pneumonia


Confusional state

Urine rention


Pulmonary embolism




presented






Mean age 79 years

Male 175








versus



Mortality - early



Fall in haemaglobin

Pneumonia



Confusional state

Urine rention


Pulmonary embolism


Mental function

HeadacheNotes


Study Bredahl 1991






Male 0



versus



Length of operation



Notes


Study Brichant 1995




Age not stated

Male not stated








versus




Pulmonary embolism





Study Brown 1994








versus


or temazepam


Hypotension

Oxygen saturation

Notes


Study Couderc 1977






Male 14



versus




Hypotension











Notes In French



Study Davis 1981






Male 15




versus



Mortality - 1 month



Hypotension


Fall in haematocrit

Pneumonia (f)





Cardiac arrthymias





fibrogen scanning


Study Davis 1987






Male 22



versus










Hypotension





Renal failure (f)






Study Eyrolle 1998






Male not stated



versus




Ease of insertion

Hypotension













Male 13








versus








Pneumonia (f)



ECG analysis





Study Maurette 1988






Male not stated



versus



Length of operation

Hypotension



Notes In French


Study McKenzie 1984





Male not stated



if required

versus










Length of operation


Pneumonia (f)










Study McLaren 1978





Mean age 76 years

Male not stated








Mortality - 1 month

Length of operation

Hypotension


Blood loss


Vomiting



Headache (none)




Study Racle 1986











Male 0



versus




Length of operation

Hypotension



Pneumonia



Renal failure (f)

Confused state

Pulmonary embolism

Notes In French








Male not stated



as required

versus












Notes







Study Tasker 1983





Mean age not stated

Male not stated





Mortality




Study Ungemach 1993






Male 16



versus



Mortality - 2 weeks






Study Valentin 1986






Male 20



versus










Length of operation



Notes


Study White 1980









versus


versus


included in review)


Mortality - 1 month


Pneumonia

Confusional state


Vomiting



Study de Visme 2000






Male 17



versus









Length of operation






Notes

























































G R A P H S


Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of




effects model)






month









transfusion



32171]

















effects model)



non fatal)



Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of



analgesia




pressure (mmHg)



(mg)





Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







(discharge home)


I N D E X T E R M S








MeSH check words

Human

C O V E R S H E E T













Date of most recent


04 July 2001








none found






includedexcluded

01 March 2001


section amended


DOI 10100214651858CD000521















Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 114 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 202 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 27 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 168 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 111 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 65 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 306 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 072 [ 051 100 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Berggren 1987 128 029 18 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 97 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 245 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 69 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 187 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 43 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 66 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 274 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 073 [ 047 112 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 128 029 05 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Couderc 1977 750 1250 125 058 [ 025 136 ]

Davis 1987 36259 31279 310 125 [ 080 196 ]

McKenzie 1984 1673 1775 174 097 [ 053 177 ]

Racle 1986 435 535 52 080 [ 023 273 ]

Valentin 1986 22281 33297 334 070 [ 042 118 ]

Total (95 CI) 726 765 1000 092 [ 071 121 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Davis 1987 44259 42279 396 113 [ 077 166 ]

McKenzie 1984 2073 2175 203 098 [ 058 165 ]

Valentin 1986 39281 42297 400 098 [ 066 147 ]

Total (95 CI) 613 651 1000 104 [ 081 133 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 2673 2575 324 107 [ 069 167 ]

Valentin 1986 54281 53297 676 108 [ 076 152 ]

Total (95 CI) 354 372 1000 107 [ 082 141 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 424 332 31 178 [ 044 721 ]

Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 12 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 105 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 186 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 25 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 155 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 103 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 60 040 [ 008 193 ]

Ungemach 1993 357 357 36 100 [ 021 475 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 281 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 882 935 1000 076 [ 056 104 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 28 3500 (1000) 29 3100 (1000) 519 400 [ -119 919 ]

Bigler 1985 20 6700 (3580) 20 5900 (4470) 22 800 [ -1710 3310 ]

Bredahl 1991 15 6000 (2290) 13 6500 (2200) 50 -500 [ -2165 1165 ]

Maurette 1988 18 8050 (1280) 15 7150 (2090) 95 900 [ -312 2112 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 8220 (2220) 75 7720 (2770) 215 500 [ -308 1308 ]

Racle 1986 35 12500 (3550) 35 11600 (590) 98 900 [ -292 2092 ]

Total (95 CI) 189 187 1000 482 [ 108 856 ]



-100 -50 0 50 100








Berggren 1987 1828 1329 104 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 162 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 524 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 76 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 53 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 08 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 73 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 131 [ 109 158 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 1828 1329 185 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 161 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 280 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 193 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 54 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 18 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 108 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 118 [ 087 160 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Bredahl 1991 15 19000 (18600) 13 32100 (43270) 188 -13100 [ -38435 12235 ]

Davis 1981 64 30400 (23200) 68 46800 (44530) 387 -16400 [ -28414 -4386 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 27770 (30840) 75 26170 (31780) 425 1600 [ -8489 11689 ]

Total (95 CI) 152 156 1000 -8124 [ -21601 5354 ]



- 10000 - 5000 0 5000 10000











Adams 1990 924 932 118 133 [ 063 284 ]

Bigler 1985 920 720 107 129 [ 060 277 ]

Davis 1981 4564 5268 774 092 [ 075 113 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 120 1000 101 [ 082 124 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Couderc 1977 50 110000 (40000) 50 100000 (30000) 322 10000 [ -3859 23859 ]

Maurette 1988 18 60000 (15000) 15 30000 (15000) 352 30000 [ 19722 40278 ]

Racle 1986 35 48860 (28280) 35 48000 (29280) 326 860 [ -12626 14346 ]

Total (95 CI) 103 100 1000 14069 [ -4033 32170 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000











Berggren 1987 1028 1429 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]

Total (95 CI) 28 29 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 73 3880 (5550) 75 4290 (6930) 61 -410 [ -2430 1610 ]

Racle 1986 35 2009 (1060) 35 2005 (1140) 939 004 [ -512 520 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 110 1000 -021 [ -521 478 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000














Davis 1981 064 168 155 035 [ 001 853 ]

Davis 1987 2259 1279 102 215 [ 020 2362 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 275 262 021 [ 001 421 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 396 422 520 063 [ 015 262 ]





Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 55 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Racle 1986 235 435 425 050 [ 010 256 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 50 49 480 076 [ 020 296 ]




Total (95 CI) 446 471 1000 070 [ 026 185 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Couderc 1977 250 250 237 100 [ 015 682 ]

Davis 1987 3259 0279 57 754 [ 039 14524 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 175 176 034 [ 001 827 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 178 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 417 439 648 122 [ 040 371 ]





Bigler 1985 020 120 178 033 [ 001 772 ]

Davis 1981 264 168 115 213 [ 020 2287 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 112 117 352 207 [ 053 806 ]




Total (95 CI) 529 556 1000 151 [ 064 357 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 224 232 136 133 [ 020 880 ]

Davis 1987 3259 3279 228 108 [ 022 529 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 41 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 298 325 405 134 [ 044 410 ]





Berggren 1987 228 029 39 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 129 120 94 069 [ 005 1039 ]

Davis 1981 264 568 384 043 [ 009 211 ]

Racle 1986 135 135 79 100 [ 007 1536 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 156 152 595 085 [ 030 240 ]




Total (95 CI) 454 477 1000 105 [ 049 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Davis 1987 1259 0279 112 323 [ 013 7895 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 349 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 294 314 461 104 [ 015 715 ]





Adams 1990 124 132 200 133 [ 009 2026 ]

Davis 1981 064 168 339 035 [ 001 853 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 88 100 539 072 [ 010 513 ]




Total (95 CI) 382 414 1000 086 [ 022 341 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 428 729 364 059 [ 019 180 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 53 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Racle 1986 535 1135 583 045 [ 018 117 ]

Total (95 CI) 83 84 1000 053 [ 027 107 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 528 629 596 086 [ 030 251 ]

Bigler 1985 520 420 404 125 [ 039 399 ]

Total (95 CI) 48 49 1000 102 [ 047 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100





Outcome 22 Vomiting



Bigler 1985 120 220 679 050 [ 005 508 ]

McLaren 1978 126 129 321 112 [ 007 1695 ]

Total (95 CI) 46 49 1000 070 [ 012 394 ]




001 01 1 10 100












McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]





Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]





Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]














(539 versus 2440 RR 023 95 CI 010 to 050)








745mg)


















versus 145)



























D I S C U S S I O N
















trial






























bolic complications













N O T E S
















I N T E R E S T

None known












editorial review




Office UK







R E F E R E N C E S












66497-504 [MedLine 1987211148]









52 [MedLine 1991377412]









1994270545]







[MedLine 78185115]





1528-9






1988024611]















199815(6)656-63







Line 89075140]









7 [MedLine 1985280155]




Line 1984203273]





10-4 [MedLine 1978121768]







1986213298]









[MedLine 1980218116]





198365660









58284-91 [MedLine 1986131270]




1980351107-10 [MedLine 81083959]


Barna 1981




Hetilap 19811221135-8

Coleman 1988



thesia 19886043-7

Critchley 1995




Darling 1994




Dyson 1988




El-Zahaar 1995





199516(2)70-4

Favarel 1996




gesia 199682312-6

Maurette 1993




Owen 1982


198237301-4

Sinclair 1997




Sutcliffe 1994



Tonczar 1981







Ungemach 1987





91

Van Gessel 1989




68276-81

Wickstrom 1982





Wajima 1995



Japanese] Masui 199544(11)1489-97


Clarke 2000









Covert 1989



Dickersin 1994



Mansour 1993



Melton 1993



Modig 1983




Parker 1993






Software10100214651858CD001159

Rodgers 2000





Sorensen 1992



1095-104





Winnie 1974




Urwin 2000




T A B L E S


Study Adams 1990






Male 18



versus




Length of operation

Hypotension










Pneumonia (f)


Renal failure




Study Berggren 1987






Male 19




versus





Length of operation



Hypoxaemia


Pneumonia


Confusional state

Urine rention


Pulmonary embolism




presented






Mean age 79 years

Male 175








versus



Mortality - early



Fall in haemaglobin

Pneumonia



Confusional state

Urine rention


Pulmonary embolism


Mental function

HeadacheNotes


Study Bredahl 1991






Male 0



versus



Length of operation



Notes


Study Brichant 1995




Age not stated

Male not stated








versus




Pulmonary embolism





Study Brown 1994








versus


or temazepam


Hypotension

Oxygen saturation

Notes


Study Couderc 1977






Male 14



versus




Hypotension











Notes In French



Study Davis 1981






Male 15




versus



Mortality - 1 month



Hypotension


Fall in haematocrit

Pneumonia (f)





Cardiac arrthymias





fibrogen scanning


Study Davis 1987






Male 22



versus










Hypotension





Renal failure (f)






Study Eyrolle 1998






Male not stated



versus




Ease of insertion

Hypotension













Male 13








versus








Pneumonia (f)



ECG analysis





Study Maurette 1988






Male not stated



versus



Length of operation

Hypotension



Notes In French


Study McKenzie 1984





Male not stated



if required

versus










Length of operation


Pneumonia (f)










Study McLaren 1978





Mean age 76 years

Male not stated








Mortality - 1 month

Length of operation

Hypotension


Blood loss


Vomiting



Headache (none)




Study Racle 1986











Male 0



versus




Length of operation

Hypotension



Pneumonia



Renal failure (f)

Confused state

Pulmonary embolism

Notes In French








Male not stated



as required

versus












Notes







Study Tasker 1983





Mean age not stated

Male not stated





Mortality




Study Ungemach 1993






Male 16



versus



Mortality - 2 weeks






Study Valentin 1986






Male 20



versus










Length of operation



Notes


Study White 1980









versus


versus


included in review)


Mortality - 1 month


Pneumonia

Confusional state


Vomiting



Study de Visme 2000






Male 17



versus









Length of operation






Notes

























































G R A P H S


Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of




effects model)






month









transfusion



32171]

















effects model)



non fatal)



Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of



analgesia




pressure (mmHg)



(mg)





Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







(discharge home)


I N D E X T E R M S








MeSH check words

Human

C O V E R S H E E T













Date of most recent


04 July 2001








none found






includedexcluded

01 March 2001


section amended


DOI 10100214651858CD000521















Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 114 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 202 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 27 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 168 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 111 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 65 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 306 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 072 [ 051 100 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Berggren 1987 128 029 18 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 97 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 245 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 69 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 187 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 43 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 66 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 274 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 073 [ 047 112 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 128 029 05 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Couderc 1977 750 1250 125 058 [ 025 136 ]

Davis 1987 36259 31279 310 125 [ 080 196 ]

McKenzie 1984 1673 1775 174 097 [ 053 177 ]

Racle 1986 435 535 52 080 [ 023 273 ]

Valentin 1986 22281 33297 334 070 [ 042 118 ]

Total (95 CI) 726 765 1000 092 [ 071 121 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Davis 1987 44259 42279 396 113 [ 077 166 ]

McKenzie 1984 2073 2175 203 098 [ 058 165 ]

Valentin 1986 39281 42297 400 098 [ 066 147 ]

Total (95 CI) 613 651 1000 104 [ 081 133 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 2673 2575 324 107 [ 069 167 ]

Valentin 1986 54281 53297 676 108 [ 076 152 ]

Total (95 CI) 354 372 1000 107 [ 082 141 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 424 332 31 178 [ 044 721 ]

Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 12 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 105 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 186 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 25 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 155 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 103 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 60 040 [ 008 193 ]

Ungemach 1993 357 357 36 100 [ 021 475 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 281 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 882 935 1000 076 [ 056 104 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 28 3500 (1000) 29 3100 (1000) 519 400 [ -119 919 ]

Bigler 1985 20 6700 (3580) 20 5900 (4470) 22 800 [ -1710 3310 ]

Bredahl 1991 15 6000 (2290) 13 6500 (2200) 50 -500 [ -2165 1165 ]

Maurette 1988 18 8050 (1280) 15 7150 (2090) 95 900 [ -312 2112 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 8220 (2220) 75 7720 (2770) 215 500 [ -308 1308 ]

Racle 1986 35 12500 (3550) 35 11600 (590) 98 900 [ -292 2092 ]

Total (95 CI) 189 187 1000 482 [ 108 856 ]



-100 -50 0 50 100








Berggren 1987 1828 1329 104 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 162 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 524 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 76 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 53 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 08 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 73 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 131 [ 109 158 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 1828 1329 185 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 161 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 280 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 193 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 54 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 18 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 108 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 118 [ 087 160 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Bredahl 1991 15 19000 (18600) 13 32100 (43270) 188 -13100 [ -38435 12235 ]

Davis 1981 64 30400 (23200) 68 46800 (44530) 387 -16400 [ -28414 -4386 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 27770 (30840) 75 26170 (31780) 425 1600 [ -8489 11689 ]

Total (95 CI) 152 156 1000 -8124 [ -21601 5354 ]



- 10000 - 5000 0 5000 10000











Adams 1990 924 932 118 133 [ 063 284 ]

Bigler 1985 920 720 107 129 [ 060 277 ]

Davis 1981 4564 5268 774 092 [ 075 113 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 120 1000 101 [ 082 124 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Couderc 1977 50 110000 (40000) 50 100000 (30000) 322 10000 [ -3859 23859 ]

Maurette 1988 18 60000 (15000) 15 30000 (15000) 352 30000 [ 19722 40278 ]

Racle 1986 35 48860 (28280) 35 48000 (29280) 326 860 [ -12626 14346 ]

Total (95 CI) 103 100 1000 14069 [ -4033 32170 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000











Berggren 1987 1028 1429 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]

Total (95 CI) 28 29 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 73 3880 (5550) 75 4290 (6930) 61 -410 [ -2430 1610 ]

Racle 1986 35 2009 (1060) 35 2005 (1140) 939 004 [ -512 520 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 110 1000 -021 [ -521 478 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000














Davis 1981 064 168 155 035 [ 001 853 ]

Davis 1987 2259 1279 102 215 [ 020 2362 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 275 262 021 [ 001 421 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 396 422 520 063 [ 015 262 ]





Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 55 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Racle 1986 235 435 425 050 [ 010 256 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 50 49 480 076 [ 020 296 ]




Total (95 CI) 446 471 1000 070 [ 026 185 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Couderc 1977 250 250 237 100 [ 015 682 ]

Davis 1987 3259 0279 57 754 [ 039 14524 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 175 176 034 [ 001 827 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 178 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 417 439 648 122 [ 040 371 ]





Bigler 1985 020 120 178 033 [ 001 772 ]

Davis 1981 264 168 115 213 [ 020 2287 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 112 117 352 207 [ 053 806 ]




Total (95 CI) 529 556 1000 151 [ 064 357 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 224 232 136 133 [ 020 880 ]

Davis 1987 3259 3279 228 108 [ 022 529 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 41 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 298 325 405 134 [ 044 410 ]





Berggren 1987 228 029 39 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 129 120 94 069 [ 005 1039 ]

Davis 1981 264 568 384 043 [ 009 211 ]

Racle 1986 135 135 79 100 [ 007 1536 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 156 152 595 085 [ 030 240 ]




Total (95 CI) 454 477 1000 105 [ 049 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Davis 1987 1259 0279 112 323 [ 013 7895 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 349 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 294 314 461 104 [ 015 715 ]





Adams 1990 124 132 200 133 [ 009 2026 ]

Davis 1981 064 168 339 035 [ 001 853 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 88 100 539 072 [ 010 513 ]




Total (95 CI) 382 414 1000 086 [ 022 341 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 428 729 364 059 [ 019 180 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 53 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Racle 1986 535 1135 583 045 [ 018 117 ]

Total (95 CI) 83 84 1000 053 [ 027 107 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 528 629 596 086 [ 030 251 ]

Bigler 1985 520 420 404 125 [ 039 399 ]

Total (95 CI) 48 49 1000 102 [ 047 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100





Outcome 22 Vomiting



Bigler 1985 120 220 679 050 [ 005 508 ]

McLaren 1978 126 129 321 112 [ 007 1695 ]

Total (95 CI) 46 49 1000 070 [ 012 394 ]




001 01 1 10 100












McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]





Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]





Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]



















bolic complications













N O T E S
















I N T E R E S T

None known












editorial review




Office UK







R E F E R E N C E S












66497-504 [MedLine 1987211148]









52 [MedLine 1991377412]









1994270545]







[MedLine 78185115]





1528-9






1988024611]















199815(6)656-63







Line 89075140]









7 [MedLine 1985280155]




Line 1984203273]





10-4 [MedLine 1978121768]







1986213298]









[MedLine 1980218116]





198365660









58284-91 [MedLine 1986131270]




1980351107-10 [MedLine 81083959]


Barna 1981




Hetilap 19811221135-8

Coleman 1988



thesia 19886043-7

Critchley 1995




Darling 1994




Dyson 1988




El-Zahaar 1995





199516(2)70-4

Favarel 1996




gesia 199682312-6

Maurette 1993




Owen 1982


198237301-4

Sinclair 1997




Sutcliffe 1994



Tonczar 1981







Ungemach 1987





91

Van Gessel 1989




68276-81

Wickstrom 1982





Wajima 1995



Japanese] Masui 199544(11)1489-97


Clarke 2000









Covert 1989



Dickersin 1994



Mansour 1993



Melton 1993



Modig 1983




Parker 1993






Software10100214651858CD001159

Rodgers 2000





Sorensen 1992



1095-104





Winnie 1974




Urwin 2000




T A B L E S


Study Adams 1990






Male 18



versus




Length of operation

Hypotension










Pneumonia (f)


Renal failure




Study Berggren 1987






Male 19




versus





Length of operation



Hypoxaemia


Pneumonia


Confusional state

Urine rention


Pulmonary embolism




presented






Mean age 79 years

Male 175








versus



Mortality - early



Fall in haemaglobin

Pneumonia



Confusional state

Urine rention


Pulmonary embolism


Mental function

HeadacheNotes


Study Bredahl 1991






Male 0



versus



Length of operation



Notes


Study Brichant 1995




Age not stated

Male not stated








versus




Pulmonary embolism





Study Brown 1994








versus


or temazepam


Hypotension

Oxygen saturation

Notes


Study Couderc 1977






Male 14



versus




Hypotension











Notes In French



Study Davis 1981






Male 15




versus



Mortality - 1 month



Hypotension


Fall in haematocrit

Pneumonia (f)





Cardiac arrthymias





fibrogen scanning


Study Davis 1987






Male 22



versus










Hypotension





Renal failure (f)






Study Eyrolle 1998






Male not stated



versus




Ease of insertion

Hypotension













Male 13








versus








Pneumonia (f)



ECG analysis





Study Maurette 1988






Male not stated



versus



Length of operation

Hypotension



Notes In French


Study McKenzie 1984





Male not stated



if required

versus










Length of operation


Pneumonia (f)










Study McLaren 1978





Mean age 76 years

Male not stated








Mortality - 1 month

Length of operation

Hypotension


Blood loss


Vomiting



Headache (none)




Study Racle 1986











Male 0



versus




Length of operation

Hypotension



Pneumonia



Renal failure (f)

Confused state

Pulmonary embolism

Notes In French








Male not stated



as required

versus












Notes







Study Tasker 1983





Mean age not stated

Male not stated





Mortality




Study Ungemach 1993






Male 16



versus



Mortality - 2 weeks






Study Valentin 1986






Male 20



versus










Length of operation



Notes


Study White 1980









versus


versus


included in review)


Mortality - 1 month


Pneumonia

Confusional state


Vomiting



Study de Visme 2000






Male 17



versus









Length of operation






Notes

























































G R A P H S


Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of




effects model)






month









transfusion



32171]

















effects model)



non fatal)



Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of



analgesia




pressure (mmHg)



(mg)





Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







(discharge home)


I N D E X T E R M S








MeSH check words

Human

C O V E R S H E E T













Date of most recent


04 July 2001








none found






includedexcluded

01 March 2001


section amended


DOI 10100214651858CD000521















Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 114 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 202 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 27 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 168 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 111 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 65 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 306 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 072 [ 051 100 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Berggren 1987 128 029 18 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 97 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 245 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 69 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 187 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 43 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 66 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 274 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 073 [ 047 112 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 128 029 05 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Couderc 1977 750 1250 125 058 [ 025 136 ]

Davis 1987 36259 31279 310 125 [ 080 196 ]

McKenzie 1984 1673 1775 174 097 [ 053 177 ]

Racle 1986 435 535 52 080 [ 023 273 ]

Valentin 1986 22281 33297 334 070 [ 042 118 ]

Total (95 CI) 726 765 1000 092 [ 071 121 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Davis 1987 44259 42279 396 113 [ 077 166 ]

McKenzie 1984 2073 2175 203 098 [ 058 165 ]

Valentin 1986 39281 42297 400 098 [ 066 147 ]

Total (95 CI) 613 651 1000 104 [ 081 133 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 2673 2575 324 107 [ 069 167 ]

Valentin 1986 54281 53297 676 108 [ 076 152 ]

Total (95 CI) 354 372 1000 107 [ 082 141 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 424 332 31 178 [ 044 721 ]

Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 12 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 105 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 186 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 25 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 155 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 103 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 60 040 [ 008 193 ]

Ungemach 1993 357 357 36 100 [ 021 475 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 281 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 882 935 1000 076 [ 056 104 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 28 3500 (1000) 29 3100 (1000) 519 400 [ -119 919 ]

Bigler 1985 20 6700 (3580) 20 5900 (4470) 22 800 [ -1710 3310 ]

Bredahl 1991 15 6000 (2290) 13 6500 (2200) 50 -500 [ -2165 1165 ]

Maurette 1988 18 8050 (1280) 15 7150 (2090) 95 900 [ -312 2112 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 8220 (2220) 75 7720 (2770) 215 500 [ -308 1308 ]

Racle 1986 35 12500 (3550) 35 11600 (590) 98 900 [ -292 2092 ]

Total (95 CI) 189 187 1000 482 [ 108 856 ]



-100 -50 0 50 100








Berggren 1987 1828 1329 104 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 162 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 524 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 76 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 53 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 08 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 73 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 131 [ 109 158 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 1828 1329 185 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 161 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 280 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 193 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 54 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 18 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 108 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 118 [ 087 160 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Bredahl 1991 15 19000 (18600) 13 32100 (43270) 188 -13100 [ -38435 12235 ]

Davis 1981 64 30400 (23200) 68 46800 (44530) 387 -16400 [ -28414 -4386 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 27770 (30840) 75 26170 (31780) 425 1600 [ -8489 11689 ]

Total (95 CI) 152 156 1000 -8124 [ -21601 5354 ]



- 10000 - 5000 0 5000 10000











Adams 1990 924 932 118 133 [ 063 284 ]

Bigler 1985 920 720 107 129 [ 060 277 ]

Davis 1981 4564 5268 774 092 [ 075 113 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 120 1000 101 [ 082 124 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Couderc 1977 50 110000 (40000) 50 100000 (30000) 322 10000 [ -3859 23859 ]

Maurette 1988 18 60000 (15000) 15 30000 (15000) 352 30000 [ 19722 40278 ]

Racle 1986 35 48860 (28280) 35 48000 (29280) 326 860 [ -12626 14346 ]

Total (95 CI) 103 100 1000 14069 [ -4033 32170 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000











Berggren 1987 1028 1429 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]

Total (95 CI) 28 29 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 73 3880 (5550) 75 4290 (6930) 61 -410 [ -2430 1610 ]

Racle 1986 35 2009 (1060) 35 2005 (1140) 939 004 [ -512 520 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 110 1000 -021 [ -521 478 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000














Davis 1981 064 168 155 035 [ 001 853 ]

Davis 1987 2259 1279 102 215 [ 020 2362 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 275 262 021 [ 001 421 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 396 422 520 063 [ 015 262 ]





Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 55 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Racle 1986 235 435 425 050 [ 010 256 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 50 49 480 076 [ 020 296 ]




Total (95 CI) 446 471 1000 070 [ 026 185 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Couderc 1977 250 250 237 100 [ 015 682 ]

Davis 1987 3259 0279 57 754 [ 039 14524 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 175 176 034 [ 001 827 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 178 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 417 439 648 122 [ 040 371 ]





Bigler 1985 020 120 178 033 [ 001 772 ]

Davis 1981 264 168 115 213 [ 020 2287 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 112 117 352 207 [ 053 806 ]




Total (95 CI) 529 556 1000 151 [ 064 357 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 224 232 136 133 [ 020 880 ]

Davis 1987 3259 3279 228 108 [ 022 529 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 41 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 298 325 405 134 [ 044 410 ]





Berggren 1987 228 029 39 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 129 120 94 069 [ 005 1039 ]

Davis 1981 264 568 384 043 [ 009 211 ]

Racle 1986 135 135 79 100 [ 007 1536 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 156 152 595 085 [ 030 240 ]




Total (95 CI) 454 477 1000 105 [ 049 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Davis 1987 1259 0279 112 323 [ 013 7895 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 349 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 294 314 461 104 [ 015 715 ]





Adams 1990 124 132 200 133 [ 009 2026 ]

Davis 1981 064 168 339 035 [ 001 853 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 88 100 539 072 [ 010 513 ]




Total (95 CI) 382 414 1000 086 [ 022 341 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 428 729 364 059 [ 019 180 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 53 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Racle 1986 535 1135 583 045 [ 018 117 ]

Total (95 CI) 83 84 1000 053 [ 027 107 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 528 629 596 086 [ 030 251 ]

Bigler 1985 520 420 404 125 [ 039 399 ]

Total (95 CI) 48 49 1000 102 [ 047 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100





Outcome 22 Vomiting



Bigler 1985 120 220 679 050 [ 005 508 ]

McLaren 1978 126 129 321 112 [ 007 1695 ]

Total (95 CI) 46 49 1000 070 [ 012 394 ]




001 01 1 10 100












McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]





Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]





Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]





R E F E R E N C E S












66497-504 [MedLine 1987211148]









52 [MedLine 1991377412]









1994270545]







[MedLine 78185115]





1528-9






1988024611]















199815(6)656-63







Line 89075140]









7 [MedLine 1985280155]




Line 1984203273]





10-4 [MedLine 1978121768]







1986213298]









[MedLine 1980218116]





198365660









58284-91 [MedLine 1986131270]




1980351107-10 [MedLine 81083959]


Barna 1981




Hetilap 19811221135-8

Coleman 1988



thesia 19886043-7

Critchley 1995




Darling 1994




Dyson 1988




El-Zahaar 1995





199516(2)70-4

Favarel 1996




gesia 199682312-6

Maurette 1993




Owen 1982


198237301-4

Sinclair 1997




Sutcliffe 1994



Tonczar 1981







Ungemach 1987





91

Van Gessel 1989




68276-81

Wickstrom 1982





Wajima 1995



Japanese] Masui 199544(11)1489-97


Clarke 2000









Covert 1989



Dickersin 1994



Mansour 1993



Melton 1993



Modig 1983




Parker 1993






Software10100214651858CD001159

Rodgers 2000





Sorensen 1992



1095-104





Winnie 1974




Urwin 2000




T A B L E S


Study Adams 1990






Male 18



versus




Length of operation

Hypotension










Pneumonia (f)


Renal failure




Study Berggren 1987






Male 19




versus





Length of operation



Hypoxaemia


Pneumonia


Confusional state

Urine rention


Pulmonary embolism




presented






Mean age 79 years

Male 175








versus



Mortality - early



Fall in haemaglobin

Pneumonia



Confusional state

Urine rention


Pulmonary embolism


Mental function

HeadacheNotes


Study Bredahl 1991






Male 0



versus



Length of operation



Notes


Study Brichant 1995




Age not stated

Male not stated








versus




Pulmonary embolism





Study Brown 1994








versus


or temazepam


Hypotension

Oxygen saturation

Notes


Study Couderc 1977






Male 14



versus




Hypotension











Notes In French



Study Davis 1981






Male 15




versus



Mortality - 1 month



Hypotension


Fall in haematocrit

Pneumonia (f)





Cardiac arrthymias





fibrogen scanning


Study Davis 1987






Male 22



versus










Hypotension





Renal failure (f)






Study Eyrolle 1998






Male not stated



versus




Ease of insertion

Hypotension













Male 13








versus








Pneumonia (f)



ECG analysis





Study Maurette 1988






Male not stated



versus



Length of operation

Hypotension



Notes In French


Study McKenzie 1984





Male not stated



if required

versus










Length of operation


Pneumonia (f)










Study McLaren 1978





Mean age 76 years

Male not stated








Mortality - 1 month

Length of operation

Hypotension


Blood loss


Vomiting



Headache (none)




Study Racle 1986











Male 0



versus




Length of operation

Hypotension



Pneumonia



Renal failure (f)

Confused state

Pulmonary embolism

Notes In French








Male not stated



as required

versus












Notes







Study Tasker 1983





Mean age not stated

Male not stated





Mortality




Study Ungemach 1993






Male 16



versus



Mortality - 2 weeks






Study Valentin 1986






Male 20



versus










Length of operation



Notes


Study White 1980









versus


versus


included in review)


Mortality - 1 month


Pneumonia

Confusional state


Vomiting



Study de Visme 2000






Male 17



versus









Length of operation






Notes

























































G R A P H S


Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of




effects model)






month









transfusion



32171]

















effects model)



non fatal)



Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of



analgesia




pressure (mmHg)



(mg)





Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







(discharge home)


I N D E X T E R M S








MeSH check words

Human

C O V E R S H E E T













Date of most recent


04 July 2001








none found






includedexcluded

01 March 2001


section amended


DOI 10100214651858CD000521















Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 114 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 202 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 27 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 168 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 111 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 65 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 306 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 072 [ 051 100 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Berggren 1987 128 029 18 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 97 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 245 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 69 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 187 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 43 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 66 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 274 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 073 [ 047 112 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 128 029 05 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Couderc 1977 750 1250 125 058 [ 025 136 ]

Davis 1987 36259 31279 310 125 [ 080 196 ]

McKenzie 1984 1673 1775 174 097 [ 053 177 ]

Racle 1986 435 535 52 080 [ 023 273 ]

Valentin 1986 22281 33297 334 070 [ 042 118 ]

Total (95 CI) 726 765 1000 092 [ 071 121 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Davis 1987 44259 42279 396 113 [ 077 166 ]

McKenzie 1984 2073 2175 203 098 [ 058 165 ]

Valentin 1986 39281 42297 400 098 [ 066 147 ]

Total (95 CI) 613 651 1000 104 [ 081 133 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 2673 2575 324 107 [ 069 167 ]

Valentin 1986 54281 53297 676 108 [ 076 152 ]

Total (95 CI) 354 372 1000 107 [ 082 141 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 424 332 31 178 [ 044 721 ]

Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 12 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 105 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 186 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 25 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 155 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 103 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 60 040 [ 008 193 ]

Ungemach 1993 357 357 36 100 [ 021 475 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 281 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 882 935 1000 076 [ 056 104 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 28 3500 (1000) 29 3100 (1000) 519 400 [ -119 919 ]

Bigler 1985 20 6700 (3580) 20 5900 (4470) 22 800 [ -1710 3310 ]

Bredahl 1991 15 6000 (2290) 13 6500 (2200) 50 -500 [ -2165 1165 ]

Maurette 1988 18 8050 (1280) 15 7150 (2090) 95 900 [ -312 2112 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 8220 (2220) 75 7720 (2770) 215 500 [ -308 1308 ]

Racle 1986 35 12500 (3550) 35 11600 (590) 98 900 [ -292 2092 ]

Total (95 CI) 189 187 1000 482 [ 108 856 ]



-100 -50 0 50 100








Berggren 1987 1828 1329 104 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 162 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 524 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 76 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 53 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 08 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 73 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 131 [ 109 158 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 1828 1329 185 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 161 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 280 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 193 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 54 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 18 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 108 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 118 [ 087 160 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Bredahl 1991 15 19000 (18600) 13 32100 (43270) 188 -13100 [ -38435 12235 ]

Davis 1981 64 30400 (23200) 68 46800 (44530) 387 -16400 [ -28414 -4386 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 27770 (30840) 75 26170 (31780) 425 1600 [ -8489 11689 ]

Total (95 CI) 152 156 1000 -8124 [ -21601 5354 ]



- 10000 - 5000 0 5000 10000











Adams 1990 924 932 118 133 [ 063 284 ]

Bigler 1985 920 720 107 129 [ 060 277 ]

Davis 1981 4564 5268 774 092 [ 075 113 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 120 1000 101 [ 082 124 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Couderc 1977 50 110000 (40000) 50 100000 (30000) 322 10000 [ -3859 23859 ]

Maurette 1988 18 60000 (15000) 15 30000 (15000) 352 30000 [ 19722 40278 ]

Racle 1986 35 48860 (28280) 35 48000 (29280) 326 860 [ -12626 14346 ]

Total (95 CI) 103 100 1000 14069 [ -4033 32170 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000











Berggren 1987 1028 1429 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]

Total (95 CI) 28 29 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 73 3880 (5550) 75 4290 (6930) 61 -410 [ -2430 1610 ]

Racle 1986 35 2009 (1060) 35 2005 (1140) 939 004 [ -512 520 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 110 1000 -021 [ -521 478 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000














Davis 1981 064 168 155 035 [ 001 853 ]

Davis 1987 2259 1279 102 215 [ 020 2362 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 275 262 021 [ 001 421 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 396 422 520 063 [ 015 262 ]





Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 55 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Racle 1986 235 435 425 050 [ 010 256 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 50 49 480 076 [ 020 296 ]




Total (95 CI) 446 471 1000 070 [ 026 185 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Couderc 1977 250 250 237 100 [ 015 682 ]

Davis 1987 3259 0279 57 754 [ 039 14524 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 175 176 034 [ 001 827 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 178 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 417 439 648 122 [ 040 371 ]





Bigler 1985 020 120 178 033 [ 001 772 ]

Davis 1981 264 168 115 213 [ 020 2287 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 112 117 352 207 [ 053 806 ]




Total (95 CI) 529 556 1000 151 [ 064 357 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 224 232 136 133 [ 020 880 ]

Davis 1987 3259 3279 228 108 [ 022 529 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 41 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 298 325 405 134 [ 044 410 ]





Berggren 1987 228 029 39 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 129 120 94 069 [ 005 1039 ]

Davis 1981 264 568 384 043 [ 009 211 ]

Racle 1986 135 135 79 100 [ 007 1536 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 156 152 595 085 [ 030 240 ]




Total (95 CI) 454 477 1000 105 [ 049 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Davis 1987 1259 0279 112 323 [ 013 7895 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 349 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 294 314 461 104 [ 015 715 ]





Adams 1990 124 132 200 133 [ 009 2026 ]

Davis 1981 064 168 339 035 [ 001 853 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 88 100 539 072 [ 010 513 ]




Total (95 CI) 382 414 1000 086 [ 022 341 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 428 729 364 059 [ 019 180 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 53 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Racle 1986 535 1135 583 045 [ 018 117 ]

Total (95 CI) 83 84 1000 053 [ 027 107 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 528 629 596 086 [ 030 251 ]

Bigler 1985 520 420 404 125 [ 039 399 ]

Total (95 CI) 48 49 1000 102 [ 047 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100





Outcome 22 Vomiting



Bigler 1985 120 220 679 050 [ 005 508 ]

McLaren 1978 126 129 321 112 [ 007 1695 ]

Total (95 CI) 46 49 1000 070 [ 012 394 ]




001 01 1 10 100












McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]





Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]





Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]









[MedLine 1980218116]





198365660









58284-91 [MedLine 1986131270]




1980351107-10 [MedLine 81083959]


Barna 1981




Hetilap 19811221135-8

Coleman 1988



thesia 19886043-7

Critchley 1995




Darling 1994




Dyson 1988




El-Zahaar 1995





199516(2)70-4

Favarel 1996




gesia 199682312-6

Maurette 1993




Owen 1982


198237301-4

Sinclair 1997




Sutcliffe 1994



Tonczar 1981







Ungemach 1987





91

Van Gessel 1989




68276-81

Wickstrom 1982





Wajima 1995



Japanese] Masui 199544(11)1489-97


Clarke 2000









Covert 1989



Dickersin 1994



Mansour 1993



Melton 1993



Modig 1983




Parker 1993






Software10100214651858CD001159

Rodgers 2000





Sorensen 1992



1095-104





Winnie 1974




Urwin 2000




T A B L E S


Study Adams 1990






Male 18



versus




Length of operation

Hypotension










Pneumonia (f)


Renal failure




Study Berggren 1987






Male 19




versus





Length of operation



Hypoxaemia


Pneumonia


Confusional state

Urine rention


Pulmonary embolism




presented






Mean age 79 years

Male 175








versus



Mortality - early



Fall in haemaglobin

Pneumonia



Confusional state

Urine rention


Pulmonary embolism


Mental function

HeadacheNotes


Study Bredahl 1991






Male 0



versus



Length of operation



Notes


Study Brichant 1995




Age not stated

Male not stated








versus




Pulmonary embolism





Study Brown 1994








versus


or temazepam


Hypotension

Oxygen saturation

Notes


Study Couderc 1977






Male 14



versus




Hypotension











Notes In French



Study Davis 1981






Male 15




versus



Mortality - 1 month



Hypotension


Fall in haematocrit

Pneumonia (f)





Cardiac arrthymias





fibrogen scanning


Study Davis 1987






Male 22



versus










Hypotension





Renal failure (f)






Study Eyrolle 1998






Male not stated



versus




Ease of insertion

Hypotension













Male 13








versus








Pneumonia (f)



ECG analysis





Study Maurette 1988






Male not stated



versus



Length of operation

Hypotension



Notes In French


Study McKenzie 1984





Male not stated



if required

versus










Length of operation


Pneumonia (f)










Study McLaren 1978





Mean age 76 years

Male not stated








Mortality - 1 month

Length of operation

Hypotension


Blood loss


Vomiting



Headache (none)




Study Racle 1986











Male 0



versus




Length of operation

Hypotension



Pneumonia



Renal failure (f)

Confused state

Pulmonary embolism

Notes In French








Male not stated



as required

versus












Notes







Study Tasker 1983





Mean age not stated

Male not stated





Mortality




Study Ungemach 1993






Male 16



versus



Mortality - 2 weeks






Study Valentin 1986






Male 20



versus










Length of operation



Notes


Study White 1980









versus


versus


included in review)


Mortality - 1 month


Pneumonia

Confusional state


Vomiting



Study de Visme 2000






Male 17



versus









Length of operation






Notes

























































G R A P H S


Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of




effects model)






month









transfusion



32171]

















effects model)



non fatal)



Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of



analgesia




pressure (mmHg)



(mg)





Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







(discharge home)


I N D E X T E R M S








MeSH check words

Human

C O V E R S H E E T













Date of most recent


04 July 2001








none found






includedexcluded

01 March 2001


section amended


DOI 10100214651858CD000521















Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 114 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 202 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 27 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 168 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 111 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 65 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 306 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 072 [ 051 100 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Berggren 1987 128 029 18 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 97 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 245 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 69 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 187 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 43 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 66 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 274 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 073 [ 047 112 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 128 029 05 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Couderc 1977 750 1250 125 058 [ 025 136 ]

Davis 1987 36259 31279 310 125 [ 080 196 ]

McKenzie 1984 1673 1775 174 097 [ 053 177 ]

Racle 1986 435 535 52 080 [ 023 273 ]

Valentin 1986 22281 33297 334 070 [ 042 118 ]

Total (95 CI) 726 765 1000 092 [ 071 121 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Davis 1987 44259 42279 396 113 [ 077 166 ]

McKenzie 1984 2073 2175 203 098 [ 058 165 ]

Valentin 1986 39281 42297 400 098 [ 066 147 ]

Total (95 CI) 613 651 1000 104 [ 081 133 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 2673 2575 324 107 [ 069 167 ]

Valentin 1986 54281 53297 676 108 [ 076 152 ]

Total (95 CI) 354 372 1000 107 [ 082 141 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 424 332 31 178 [ 044 721 ]

Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 12 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 105 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 186 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 25 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 155 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 103 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 60 040 [ 008 193 ]

Ungemach 1993 357 357 36 100 [ 021 475 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 281 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 882 935 1000 076 [ 056 104 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 28 3500 (1000) 29 3100 (1000) 519 400 [ -119 919 ]

Bigler 1985 20 6700 (3580) 20 5900 (4470) 22 800 [ -1710 3310 ]

Bredahl 1991 15 6000 (2290) 13 6500 (2200) 50 -500 [ -2165 1165 ]

Maurette 1988 18 8050 (1280) 15 7150 (2090) 95 900 [ -312 2112 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 8220 (2220) 75 7720 (2770) 215 500 [ -308 1308 ]

Racle 1986 35 12500 (3550) 35 11600 (590) 98 900 [ -292 2092 ]

Total (95 CI) 189 187 1000 482 [ 108 856 ]



-100 -50 0 50 100








Berggren 1987 1828 1329 104 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 162 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 524 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 76 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 53 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 08 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 73 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 131 [ 109 158 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 1828 1329 185 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 161 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 280 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 193 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 54 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 18 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 108 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 118 [ 087 160 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Bredahl 1991 15 19000 (18600) 13 32100 (43270) 188 -13100 [ -38435 12235 ]

Davis 1981 64 30400 (23200) 68 46800 (44530) 387 -16400 [ -28414 -4386 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 27770 (30840) 75 26170 (31780) 425 1600 [ -8489 11689 ]

Total (95 CI) 152 156 1000 -8124 [ -21601 5354 ]



- 10000 - 5000 0 5000 10000











Adams 1990 924 932 118 133 [ 063 284 ]

Bigler 1985 920 720 107 129 [ 060 277 ]

Davis 1981 4564 5268 774 092 [ 075 113 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 120 1000 101 [ 082 124 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Couderc 1977 50 110000 (40000) 50 100000 (30000) 322 10000 [ -3859 23859 ]

Maurette 1988 18 60000 (15000) 15 30000 (15000) 352 30000 [ 19722 40278 ]

Racle 1986 35 48860 (28280) 35 48000 (29280) 326 860 [ -12626 14346 ]

Total (95 CI) 103 100 1000 14069 [ -4033 32170 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000











Berggren 1987 1028 1429 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]

Total (95 CI) 28 29 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 73 3880 (5550) 75 4290 (6930) 61 -410 [ -2430 1610 ]

Racle 1986 35 2009 (1060) 35 2005 (1140) 939 004 [ -512 520 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 110 1000 -021 [ -521 478 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000














Davis 1981 064 168 155 035 [ 001 853 ]

Davis 1987 2259 1279 102 215 [ 020 2362 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 275 262 021 [ 001 421 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 396 422 520 063 [ 015 262 ]





Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 55 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Racle 1986 235 435 425 050 [ 010 256 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 50 49 480 076 [ 020 296 ]




Total (95 CI) 446 471 1000 070 [ 026 185 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Couderc 1977 250 250 237 100 [ 015 682 ]

Davis 1987 3259 0279 57 754 [ 039 14524 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 175 176 034 [ 001 827 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 178 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 417 439 648 122 [ 040 371 ]





Bigler 1985 020 120 178 033 [ 001 772 ]

Davis 1981 264 168 115 213 [ 020 2287 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 112 117 352 207 [ 053 806 ]




Total (95 CI) 529 556 1000 151 [ 064 357 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 224 232 136 133 [ 020 880 ]

Davis 1987 3259 3279 228 108 [ 022 529 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 41 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 298 325 405 134 [ 044 410 ]





Berggren 1987 228 029 39 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 129 120 94 069 [ 005 1039 ]

Davis 1981 264 568 384 043 [ 009 211 ]

Racle 1986 135 135 79 100 [ 007 1536 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 156 152 595 085 [ 030 240 ]




Total (95 CI) 454 477 1000 105 [ 049 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Davis 1987 1259 0279 112 323 [ 013 7895 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 349 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 294 314 461 104 [ 015 715 ]





Adams 1990 124 132 200 133 [ 009 2026 ]

Davis 1981 064 168 339 035 [ 001 853 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 88 100 539 072 [ 010 513 ]




Total (95 CI) 382 414 1000 086 [ 022 341 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 428 729 364 059 [ 019 180 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 53 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Racle 1986 535 1135 583 045 [ 018 117 ]

Total (95 CI) 83 84 1000 053 [ 027 107 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 528 629 596 086 [ 030 251 ]

Bigler 1985 520 420 404 125 [ 039 399 ]

Total (95 CI) 48 49 1000 102 [ 047 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100





Outcome 22 Vomiting



Bigler 1985 120 220 679 050 [ 005 508 ]

McLaren 1978 126 129 321 112 [ 007 1695 ]

Total (95 CI) 46 49 1000 070 [ 012 394 ]




001 01 1 10 100












McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]





Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]





Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]





Covert 1989



Dickersin 1994



Mansour 1993



Melton 1993



Modig 1983




Parker 1993






Software10100214651858CD001159

Rodgers 2000





Sorensen 1992



1095-104





Winnie 1974




Urwin 2000




T A B L E S


Study Adams 1990






Male 18



versus




Length of operation

Hypotension










Pneumonia (f)


Renal failure




Study Berggren 1987






Male 19




versus





Length of operation



Hypoxaemia


Pneumonia


Confusional state

Urine rention


Pulmonary embolism




presented






Mean age 79 years

Male 175








versus



Mortality - early



Fall in haemaglobin

Pneumonia



Confusional state

Urine rention


Pulmonary embolism


Mental function

HeadacheNotes


Study Bredahl 1991






Male 0



versus



Length of operation



Notes


Study Brichant 1995




Age not stated

Male not stated








versus




Pulmonary embolism





Study Brown 1994








versus


or temazepam


Hypotension

Oxygen saturation

Notes


Study Couderc 1977






Male 14



versus




Hypotension











Notes In French



Study Davis 1981






Male 15




versus



Mortality - 1 month



Hypotension


Fall in haematocrit

Pneumonia (f)





Cardiac arrthymias





fibrogen scanning


Study Davis 1987






Male 22



versus










Hypotension





Renal failure (f)






Study Eyrolle 1998






Male not stated



versus




Ease of insertion

Hypotension













Male 13








versus








Pneumonia (f)



ECG analysis





Study Maurette 1988






Male not stated



versus



Length of operation

Hypotension



Notes In French


Study McKenzie 1984





Male not stated



if required

versus










Length of operation


Pneumonia (f)










Study McLaren 1978





Mean age 76 years

Male not stated








Mortality - 1 month

Length of operation

Hypotension


Blood loss


Vomiting



Headache (none)




Study Racle 1986











Male 0



versus




Length of operation

Hypotension



Pneumonia



Renal failure (f)

Confused state

Pulmonary embolism

Notes In French








Male not stated



as required

versus












Notes







Study Tasker 1983





Mean age not stated

Male not stated





Mortality




Study Ungemach 1993






Male 16



versus



Mortality - 2 weeks






Study Valentin 1986






Male 20



versus










Length of operation



Notes


Study White 1980









versus


versus


included in review)


Mortality - 1 month


Pneumonia

Confusional state


Vomiting



Study de Visme 2000






Male 17



versus









Length of operation






Notes

























































G R A P H S


Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of




effects model)






month









transfusion



32171]

















effects model)



non fatal)



Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of



analgesia




pressure (mmHg)



(mg)





Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







(discharge home)


I N D E X T E R M S








MeSH check words

Human

C O V E R S H E E T













Date of most recent


04 July 2001








none found






includedexcluded

01 March 2001


section amended


DOI 10100214651858CD000521















Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 114 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 202 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 27 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 168 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 111 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 65 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 306 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 072 [ 051 100 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Berggren 1987 128 029 18 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 97 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 245 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 69 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 187 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 43 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 66 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 274 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 073 [ 047 112 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 128 029 05 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Couderc 1977 750 1250 125 058 [ 025 136 ]

Davis 1987 36259 31279 310 125 [ 080 196 ]

McKenzie 1984 1673 1775 174 097 [ 053 177 ]

Racle 1986 435 535 52 080 [ 023 273 ]

Valentin 1986 22281 33297 334 070 [ 042 118 ]

Total (95 CI) 726 765 1000 092 [ 071 121 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Davis 1987 44259 42279 396 113 [ 077 166 ]

McKenzie 1984 2073 2175 203 098 [ 058 165 ]

Valentin 1986 39281 42297 400 098 [ 066 147 ]

Total (95 CI) 613 651 1000 104 [ 081 133 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 2673 2575 324 107 [ 069 167 ]

Valentin 1986 54281 53297 676 108 [ 076 152 ]

Total (95 CI) 354 372 1000 107 [ 082 141 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 424 332 31 178 [ 044 721 ]

Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 12 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 105 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 186 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 25 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 155 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 103 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 60 040 [ 008 193 ]

Ungemach 1993 357 357 36 100 [ 021 475 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 281 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 882 935 1000 076 [ 056 104 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 28 3500 (1000) 29 3100 (1000) 519 400 [ -119 919 ]

Bigler 1985 20 6700 (3580) 20 5900 (4470) 22 800 [ -1710 3310 ]

Bredahl 1991 15 6000 (2290) 13 6500 (2200) 50 -500 [ -2165 1165 ]

Maurette 1988 18 8050 (1280) 15 7150 (2090) 95 900 [ -312 2112 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 8220 (2220) 75 7720 (2770) 215 500 [ -308 1308 ]

Racle 1986 35 12500 (3550) 35 11600 (590) 98 900 [ -292 2092 ]

Total (95 CI) 189 187 1000 482 [ 108 856 ]



-100 -50 0 50 100








Berggren 1987 1828 1329 104 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 162 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 524 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 76 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 53 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 08 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 73 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 131 [ 109 158 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 1828 1329 185 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 161 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 280 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 193 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 54 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 18 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 108 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 118 [ 087 160 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Bredahl 1991 15 19000 (18600) 13 32100 (43270) 188 -13100 [ -38435 12235 ]

Davis 1981 64 30400 (23200) 68 46800 (44530) 387 -16400 [ -28414 -4386 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 27770 (30840) 75 26170 (31780) 425 1600 [ -8489 11689 ]

Total (95 CI) 152 156 1000 -8124 [ -21601 5354 ]



- 10000 - 5000 0 5000 10000











Adams 1990 924 932 118 133 [ 063 284 ]

Bigler 1985 920 720 107 129 [ 060 277 ]

Davis 1981 4564 5268 774 092 [ 075 113 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 120 1000 101 [ 082 124 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Couderc 1977 50 110000 (40000) 50 100000 (30000) 322 10000 [ -3859 23859 ]

Maurette 1988 18 60000 (15000) 15 30000 (15000) 352 30000 [ 19722 40278 ]

Racle 1986 35 48860 (28280) 35 48000 (29280) 326 860 [ -12626 14346 ]

Total (95 CI) 103 100 1000 14069 [ -4033 32170 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000











Berggren 1987 1028 1429 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]

Total (95 CI) 28 29 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 73 3880 (5550) 75 4290 (6930) 61 -410 [ -2430 1610 ]

Racle 1986 35 2009 (1060) 35 2005 (1140) 939 004 [ -512 520 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 110 1000 -021 [ -521 478 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000














Davis 1981 064 168 155 035 [ 001 853 ]

Davis 1987 2259 1279 102 215 [ 020 2362 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 275 262 021 [ 001 421 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 396 422 520 063 [ 015 262 ]





Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 55 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Racle 1986 235 435 425 050 [ 010 256 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 50 49 480 076 [ 020 296 ]




Total (95 CI) 446 471 1000 070 [ 026 185 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Couderc 1977 250 250 237 100 [ 015 682 ]

Davis 1987 3259 0279 57 754 [ 039 14524 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 175 176 034 [ 001 827 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 178 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 417 439 648 122 [ 040 371 ]





Bigler 1985 020 120 178 033 [ 001 772 ]

Davis 1981 264 168 115 213 [ 020 2287 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 112 117 352 207 [ 053 806 ]




Total (95 CI) 529 556 1000 151 [ 064 357 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 224 232 136 133 [ 020 880 ]

Davis 1987 3259 3279 228 108 [ 022 529 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 41 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 298 325 405 134 [ 044 410 ]





Berggren 1987 228 029 39 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 129 120 94 069 [ 005 1039 ]

Davis 1981 264 568 384 043 [ 009 211 ]

Racle 1986 135 135 79 100 [ 007 1536 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 156 152 595 085 [ 030 240 ]




Total (95 CI) 454 477 1000 105 [ 049 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Davis 1987 1259 0279 112 323 [ 013 7895 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 349 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 294 314 461 104 [ 015 715 ]





Adams 1990 124 132 200 133 [ 009 2026 ]

Davis 1981 064 168 339 035 [ 001 853 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 88 100 539 072 [ 010 513 ]




Total (95 CI) 382 414 1000 086 [ 022 341 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 428 729 364 059 [ 019 180 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 53 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Racle 1986 535 1135 583 045 [ 018 117 ]

Total (95 CI) 83 84 1000 053 [ 027 107 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 528 629 596 086 [ 030 251 ]

Bigler 1985 520 420 404 125 [ 039 399 ]

Total (95 CI) 48 49 1000 102 [ 047 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100





Outcome 22 Vomiting



Bigler 1985 120 220 679 050 [ 005 508 ]

McLaren 1978 126 129 321 112 [ 007 1695 ]

Total (95 CI) 46 49 1000 070 [ 012 394 ]




001 01 1 10 100












McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]





Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]





Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]






Pneumonia (f)


Renal failure




Study Berggren 1987






Male 19




versus





Length of operation



Hypoxaemia


Pneumonia


Confusional state

Urine rention


Pulmonary embolism




presented






Mean age 79 years

Male 175








versus



Mortality - early



Fall in haemaglobin

Pneumonia



Confusional state

Urine rention


Pulmonary embolism


Mental function

HeadacheNotes


Study Bredahl 1991






Male 0



versus



Length of operation



Notes


Study Brichant 1995




Age not stated

Male not stated








versus




Pulmonary embolism





Study Brown 1994








versus


or temazepam


Hypotension

Oxygen saturation

Notes


Study Couderc 1977






Male 14



versus




Hypotension











Notes In French



Study Davis 1981






Male 15




versus



Mortality - 1 month



Hypotension


Fall in haematocrit

Pneumonia (f)





Cardiac arrthymias





fibrogen scanning


Study Davis 1987






Male 22



versus










Hypotension





Renal failure (f)






Study Eyrolle 1998






Male not stated



versus




Ease of insertion

Hypotension













Male 13








versus








Pneumonia (f)



ECG analysis





Study Maurette 1988






Male not stated



versus



Length of operation

Hypotension



Notes In French


Study McKenzie 1984





Male not stated



if required

versus










Length of operation


Pneumonia (f)










Study McLaren 1978





Mean age 76 years

Male not stated








Mortality - 1 month

Length of operation

Hypotension


Blood loss


Vomiting



Headache (none)




Study Racle 1986











Male 0



versus




Length of operation

Hypotension



Pneumonia



Renal failure (f)

Confused state

Pulmonary embolism

Notes In French








Male not stated



as required

versus












Notes







Study Tasker 1983





Mean age not stated

Male not stated





Mortality




Study Ungemach 1993






Male 16



versus



Mortality - 2 weeks






Study Valentin 1986






Male 20



versus










Length of operation



Notes


Study White 1980









versus


versus


included in review)


Mortality - 1 month


Pneumonia

Confusional state


Vomiting



Study de Visme 2000






Male 17



versus









Length of operation






Notes

























































G R A P H S


Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of




effects model)






month









transfusion



32171]

















effects model)



non fatal)



Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of



analgesia




pressure (mmHg)



(mg)





Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







(discharge home)


I N D E X T E R M S








MeSH check words

Human

C O V E R S H E E T













Date of most recent


04 July 2001








none found






includedexcluded

01 March 2001


section amended


DOI 10100214651858CD000521















Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 114 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 202 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 27 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 168 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 111 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 65 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 306 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 072 [ 051 100 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Berggren 1987 128 029 18 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 97 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 245 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 69 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 187 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 43 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 66 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 274 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 073 [ 047 112 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 128 029 05 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Couderc 1977 750 1250 125 058 [ 025 136 ]

Davis 1987 36259 31279 310 125 [ 080 196 ]

McKenzie 1984 1673 1775 174 097 [ 053 177 ]

Racle 1986 435 535 52 080 [ 023 273 ]

Valentin 1986 22281 33297 334 070 [ 042 118 ]

Total (95 CI) 726 765 1000 092 [ 071 121 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Davis 1987 44259 42279 396 113 [ 077 166 ]

McKenzie 1984 2073 2175 203 098 [ 058 165 ]

Valentin 1986 39281 42297 400 098 [ 066 147 ]

Total (95 CI) 613 651 1000 104 [ 081 133 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 2673 2575 324 107 [ 069 167 ]

Valentin 1986 54281 53297 676 108 [ 076 152 ]

Total (95 CI) 354 372 1000 107 [ 082 141 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 424 332 31 178 [ 044 721 ]

Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 12 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 105 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 186 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 25 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 155 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 103 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 60 040 [ 008 193 ]

Ungemach 1993 357 357 36 100 [ 021 475 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 281 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 882 935 1000 076 [ 056 104 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 28 3500 (1000) 29 3100 (1000) 519 400 [ -119 919 ]

Bigler 1985 20 6700 (3580) 20 5900 (4470) 22 800 [ -1710 3310 ]

Bredahl 1991 15 6000 (2290) 13 6500 (2200) 50 -500 [ -2165 1165 ]

Maurette 1988 18 8050 (1280) 15 7150 (2090) 95 900 [ -312 2112 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 8220 (2220) 75 7720 (2770) 215 500 [ -308 1308 ]

Racle 1986 35 12500 (3550) 35 11600 (590) 98 900 [ -292 2092 ]

Total (95 CI) 189 187 1000 482 [ 108 856 ]



-100 -50 0 50 100








Berggren 1987 1828 1329 104 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 162 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 524 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 76 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 53 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 08 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 73 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 131 [ 109 158 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 1828 1329 185 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 161 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 280 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 193 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 54 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 18 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 108 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 118 [ 087 160 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Bredahl 1991 15 19000 (18600) 13 32100 (43270) 188 -13100 [ -38435 12235 ]

Davis 1981 64 30400 (23200) 68 46800 (44530) 387 -16400 [ -28414 -4386 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 27770 (30840) 75 26170 (31780) 425 1600 [ -8489 11689 ]

Total (95 CI) 152 156 1000 -8124 [ -21601 5354 ]



- 10000 - 5000 0 5000 10000











Adams 1990 924 932 118 133 [ 063 284 ]

Bigler 1985 920 720 107 129 [ 060 277 ]

Davis 1981 4564 5268 774 092 [ 075 113 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 120 1000 101 [ 082 124 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Couderc 1977 50 110000 (40000) 50 100000 (30000) 322 10000 [ -3859 23859 ]

Maurette 1988 18 60000 (15000) 15 30000 (15000) 352 30000 [ 19722 40278 ]

Racle 1986 35 48860 (28280) 35 48000 (29280) 326 860 [ -12626 14346 ]

Total (95 CI) 103 100 1000 14069 [ -4033 32170 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000











Berggren 1987 1028 1429 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]

Total (95 CI) 28 29 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 73 3880 (5550) 75 4290 (6930) 61 -410 [ -2430 1610 ]

Racle 1986 35 2009 (1060) 35 2005 (1140) 939 004 [ -512 520 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 110 1000 -021 [ -521 478 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000














Davis 1981 064 168 155 035 [ 001 853 ]

Davis 1987 2259 1279 102 215 [ 020 2362 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 275 262 021 [ 001 421 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 396 422 520 063 [ 015 262 ]





Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 55 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Racle 1986 235 435 425 050 [ 010 256 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 50 49 480 076 [ 020 296 ]




Total (95 CI) 446 471 1000 070 [ 026 185 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Couderc 1977 250 250 237 100 [ 015 682 ]

Davis 1987 3259 0279 57 754 [ 039 14524 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 175 176 034 [ 001 827 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 178 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 417 439 648 122 [ 040 371 ]





Bigler 1985 020 120 178 033 [ 001 772 ]

Davis 1981 264 168 115 213 [ 020 2287 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 112 117 352 207 [ 053 806 ]




Total (95 CI) 529 556 1000 151 [ 064 357 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 224 232 136 133 [ 020 880 ]

Davis 1987 3259 3279 228 108 [ 022 529 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 41 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 298 325 405 134 [ 044 410 ]





Berggren 1987 228 029 39 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 129 120 94 069 [ 005 1039 ]

Davis 1981 264 568 384 043 [ 009 211 ]

Racle 1986 135 135 79 100 [ 007 1536 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 156 152 595 085 [ 030 240 ]




Total (95 CI) 454 477 1000 105 [ 049 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Davis 1987 1259 0279 112 323 [ 013 7895 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 349 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 294 314 461 104 [ 015 715 ]





Adams 1990 124 132 200 133 [ 009 2026 ]

Davis 1981 064 168 339 035 [ 001 853 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 88 100 539 072 [ 010 513 ]




Total (95 CI) 382 414 1000 086 [ 022 341 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 428 729 364 059 [ 019 180 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 53 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Racle 1986 535 1135 583 045 [ 018 117 ]

Total (95 CI) 83 84 1000 053 [ 027 107 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 528 629 596 086 [ 030 251 ]

Bigler 1985 520 420 404 125 [ 039 399 ]

Total (95 CI) 48 49 1000 102 [ 047 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100





Outcome 22 Vomiting



Bigler 1985 120 220 679 050 [ 005 508 ]

McLaren 1978 126 129 321 112 [ 007 1695 ]

Total (95 CI) 46 49 1000 070 [ 012 394 ]




001 01 1 10 100












McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]





Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]





Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]







versus



Mortality - early



Fall in haemaglobin

Pneumonia



Confusional state

Urine rention


Pulmonary embolism


Mental function

HeadacheNotes


Study Bredahl 1991






Male 0



versus



Length of operation



Notes


Study Brichant 1995




Age not stated

Male not stated








versus




Pulmonary embolism





Study Brown 1994








versus


or temazepam


Hypotension

Oxygen saturation

Notes


Study Couderc 1977






Male 14



versus




Hypotension











Notes In French



Study Davis 1981






Male 15




versus



Mortality - 1 month



Hypotension


Fall in haematocrit

Pneumonia (f)





Cardiac arrthymias





fibrogen scanning


Study Davis 1987






Male 22



versus










Hypotension





Renal failure (f)






Study Eyrolle 1998






Male not stated



versus




Ease of insertion

Hypotension













Male 13








versus








Pneumonia (f)



ECG analysis





Study Maurette 1988






Male not stated



versus



Length of operation

Hypotension



Notes In French


Study McKenzie 1984





Male not stated



if required

versus










Length of operation


Pneumonia (f)










Study McLaren 1978





Mean age 76 years

Male not stated








Mortality - 1 month

Length of operation

Hypotension


Blood loss


Vomiting



Headache (none)




Study Racle 1986











Male 0



versus




Length of operation

Hypotension



Pneumonia



Renal failure (f)

Confused state

Pulmonary embolism

Notes In French








Male not stated



as required

versus












Notes







Study Tasker 1983





Mean age not stated

Male not stated





Mortality




Study Ungemach 1993






Male 16



versus



Mortality - 2 weeks






Study Valentin 1986






Male 20



versus










Length of operation



Notes


Study White 1980









versus


versus


included in review)


Mortality - 1 month


Pneumonia

Confusional state


Vomiting



Study de Visme 2000






Male 17



versus









Length of operation






Notes

























































G R A P H S


Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of




effects model)






month









transfusion



32171]

















effects model)



non fatal)



Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of



analgesia




pressure (mmHg)



(mg)





Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







(discharge home)


I N D E X T E R M S








MeSH check words

Human

C O V E R S H E E T













Date of most recent


04 July 2001








none found






includedexcluded

01 March 2001


section amended


DOI 10100214651858CD000521















Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 114 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 202 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 27 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 168 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 111 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 65 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 306 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 072 [ 051 100 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Berggren 1987 128 029 18 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 97 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 245 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 69 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 187 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 43 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 66 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 274 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 073 [ 047 112 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 128 029 05 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Couderc 1977 750 1250 125 058 [ 025 136 ]

Davis 1987 36259 31279 310 125 [ 080 196 ]

McKenzie 1984 1673 1775 174 097 [ 053 177 ]

Racle 1986 435 535 52 080 [ 023 273 ]

Valentin 1986 22281 33297 334 070 [ 042 118 ]

Total (95 CI) 726 765 1000 092 [ 071 121 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Davis 1987 44259 42279 396 113 [ 077 166 ]

McKenzie 1984 2073 2175 203 098 [ 058 165 ]

Valentin 1986 39281 42297 400 098 [ 066 147 ]

Total (95 CI) 613 651 1000 104 [ 081 133 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 2673 2575 324 107 [ 069 167 ]

Valentin 1986 54281 53297 676 108 [ 076 152 ]

Total (95 CI) 354 372 1000 107 [ 082 141 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 424 332 31 178 [ 044 721 ]

Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 12 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 105 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 186 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 25 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 155 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 103 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 60 040 [ 008 193 ]

Ungemach 1993 357 357 36 100 [ 021 475 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 281 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 882 935 1000 076 [ 056 104 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 28 3500 (1000) 29 3100 (1000) 519 400 [ -119 919 ]

Bigler 1985 20 6700 (3580) 20 5900 (4470) 22 800 [ -1710 3310 ]

Bredahl 1991 15 6000 (2290) 13 6500 (2200) 50 -500 [ -2165 1165 ]

Maurette 1988 18 8050 (1280) 15 7150 (2090) 95 900 [ -312 2112 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 8220 (2220) 75 7720 (2770) 215 500 [ -308 1308 ]

Racle 1986 35 12500 (3550) 35 11600 (590) 98 900 [ -292 2092 ]

Total (95 CI) 189 187 1000 482 [ 108 856 ]



-100 -50 0 50 100








Berggren 1987 1828 1329 104 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 162 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 524 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 76 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 53 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 08 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 73 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 131 [ 109 158 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 1828 1329 185 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 161 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 280 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 193 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 54 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 18 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 108 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 118 [ 087 160 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Bredahl 1991 15 19000 (18600) 13 32100 (43270) 188 -13100 [ -38435 12235 ]

Davis 1981 64 30400 (23200) 68 46800 (44530) 387 -16400 [ -28414 -4386 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 27770 (30840) 75 26170 (31780) 425 1600 [ -8489 11689 ]

Total (95 CI) 152 156 1000 -8124 [ -21601 5354 ]



- 10000 - 5000 0 5000 10000











Adams 1990 924 932 118 133 [ 063 284 ]

Bigler 1985 920 720 107 129 [ 060 277 ]

Davis 1981 4564 5268 774 092 [ 075 113 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 120 1000 101 [ 082 124 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Couderc 1977 50 110000 (40000) 50 100000 (30000) 322 10000 [ -3859 23859 ]

Maurette 1988 18 60000 (15000) 15 30000 (15000) 352 30000 [ 19722 40278 ]

Racle 1986 35 48860 (28280) 35 48000 (29280) 326 860 [ -12626 14346 ]

Total (95 CI) 103 100 1000 14069 [ -4033 32170 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000











Berggren 1987 1028 1429 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]

Total (95 CI) 28 29 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 73 3880 (5550) 75 4290 (6930) 61 -410 [ -2430 1610 ]

Racle 1986 35 2009 (1060) 35 2005 (1140) 939 004 [ -512 520 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 110 1000 -021 [ -521 478 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000














Davis 1981 064 168 155 035 [ 001 853 ]

Davis 1987 2259 1279 102 215 [ 020 2362 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 275 262 021 [ 001 421 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 396 422 520 063 [ 015 262 ]





Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 55 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Racle 1986 235 435 425 050 [ 010 256 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 50 49 480 076 [ 020 296 ]




Total (95 CI) 446 471 1000 070 [ 026 185 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Couderc 1977 250 250 237 100 [ 015 682 ]

Davis 1987 3259 0279 57 754 [ 039 14524 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 175 176 034 [ 001 827 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 178 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 417 439 648 122 [ 040 371 ]





Bigler 1985 020 120 178 033 [ 001 772 ]

Davis 1981 264 168 115 213 [ 020 2287 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 112 117 352 207 [ 053 806 ]




Total (95 CI) 529 556 1000 151 [ 064 357 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 224 232 136 133 [ 020 880 ]

Davis 1987 3259 3279 228 108 [ 022 529 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 41 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 298 325 405 134 [ 044 410 ]





Berggren 1987 228 029 39 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 129 120 94 069 [ 005 1039 ]

Davis 1981 264 568 384 043 [ 009 211 ]

Racle 1986 135 135 79 100 [ 007 1536 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 156 152 595 085 [ 030 240 ]




Total (95 CI) 454 477 1000 105 [ 049 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Davis 1987 1259 0279 112 323 [ 013 7895 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 349 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 294 314 461 104 [ 015 715 ]





Adams 1990 124 132 200 133 [ 009 2026 ]

Davis 1981 064 168 339 035 [ 001 853 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 88 100 539 072 [ 010 513 ]




Total (95 CI) 382 414 1000 086 [ 022 341 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 428 729 364 059 [ 019 180 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 53 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Racle 1986 535 1135 583 045 [ 018 117 ]

Total (95 CI) 83 84 1000 053 [ 027 107 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 528 629 596 086 [ 030 251 ]

Bigler 1985 520 420 404 125 [ 039 399 ]

Total (95 CI) 48 49 1000 102 [ 047 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100





Outcome 22 Vomiting



Bigler 1985 120 220 679 050 [ 005 508 ]

McLaren 1978 126 129 321 112 [ 007 1695 ]

Total (95 CI) 46 49 1000 070 [ 012 394 ]




001 01 1 10 100












McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]





Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]





Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]






versus




Pulmonary embolism





Study Brown 1994








versus


or temazepam


Hypotension

Oxygen saturation

Notes


Study Couderc 1977






Male 14



versus




Hypotension











Notes In French



Study Davis 1981






Male 15




versus



Mortality - 1 month



Hypotension


Fall in haematocrit

Pneumonia (f)





Cardiac arrthymias





fibrogen scanning


Study Davis 1987






Male 22



versus










Hypotension





Renal failure (f)






Study Eyrolle 1998






Male not stated



versus




Ease of insertion

Hypotension













Male 13








versus








Pneumonia (f)



ECG analysis





Study Maurette 1988






Male not stated



versus



Length of operation

Hypotension



Notes In French


Study McKenzie 1984





Male not stated



if required

versus










Length of operation


Pneumonia (f)










Study McLaren 1978





Mean age 76 years

Male not stated








Mortality - 1 month

Length of operation

Hypotension


Blood loss


Vomiting



Headache (none)




Study Racle 1986











Male 0



versus




Length of operation

Hypotension



Pneumonia



Renal failure (f)

Confused state

Pulmonary embolism

Notes In French








Male not stated



as required

versus












Notes







Study Tasker 1983





Mean age not stated

Male not stated





Mortality




Study Ungemach 1993






Male 16



versus



Mortality - 2 weeks






Study Valentin 1986






Male 20



versus










Length of operation



Notes


Study White 1980









versus


versus


included in review)


Mortality - 1 month


Pneumonia

Confusional state


Vomiting



Study de Visme 2000






Male 17



versus









Length of operation






Notes

























































G R A P H S


Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of




effects model)






month









transfusion



32171]

















effects model)



non fatal)



Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of



analgesia




pressure (mmHg)



(mg)





Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







(discharge home)


I N D E X T E R M S








MeSH check words

Human

C O V E R S H E E T













Date of most recent


04 July 2001








none found






includedexcluded

01 March 2001


section amended


DOI 10100214651858CD000521















Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 114 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 202 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 27 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 168 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 111 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 65 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 306 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 072 [ 051 100 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Berggren 1987 128 029 18 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 97 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 245 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 69 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 187 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 43 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 66 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 274 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 073 [ 047 112 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 128 029 05 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Couderc 1977 750 1250 125 058 [ 025 136 ]

Davis 1987 36259 31279 310 125 [ 080 196 ]

McKenzie 1984 1673 1775 174 097 [ 053 177 ]

Racle 1986 435 535 52 080 [ 023 273 ]

Valentin 1986 22281 33297 334 070 [ 042 118 ]

Total (95 CI) 726 765 1000 092 [ 071 121 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Davis 1987 44259 42279 396 113 [ 077 166 ]

McKenzie 1984 2073 2175 203 098 [ 058 165 ]

Valentin 1986 39281 42297 400 098 [ 066 147 ]

Total (95 CI) 613 651 1000 104 [ 081 133 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 2673 2575 324 107 [ 069 167 ]

Valentin 1986 54281 53297 676 108 [ 076 152 ]

Total (95 CI) 354 372 1000 107 [ 082 141 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 424 332 31 178 [ 044 721 ]

Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 12 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 105 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 186 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 25 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 155 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 103 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 60 040 [ 008 193 ]

Ungemach 1993 357 357 36 100 [ 021 475 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 281 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 882 935 1000 076 [ 056 104 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 28 3500 (1000) 29 3100 (1000) 519 400 [ -119 919 ]

Bigler 1985 20 6700 (3580) 20 5900 (4470) 22 800 [ -1710 3310 ]

Bredahl 1991 15 6000 (2290) 13 6500 (2200) 50 -500 [ -2165 1165 ]

Maurette 1988 18 8050 (1280) 15 7150 (2090) 95 900 [ -312 2112 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 8220 (2220) 75 7720 (2770) 215 500 [ -308 1308 ]

Racle 1986 35 12500 (3550) 35 11600 (590) 98 900 [ -292 2092 ]

Total (95 CI) 189 187 1000 482 [ 108 856 ]



-100 -50 0 50 100








Berggren 1987 1828 1329 104 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 162 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 524 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 76 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 53 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 08 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 73 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 131 [ 109 158 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 1828 1329 185 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 161 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 280 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 193 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 54 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 18 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 108 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 118 [ 087 160 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Bredahl 1991 15 19000 (18600) 13 32100 (43270) 188 -13100 [ -38435 12235 ]

Davis 1981 64 30400 (23200) 68 46800 (44530) 387 -16400 [ -28414 -4386 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 27770 (30840) 75 26170 (31780) 425 1600 [ -8489 11689 ]

Total (95 CI) 152 156 1000 -8124 [ -21601 5354 ]



- 10000 - 5000 0 5000 10000











Adams 1990 924 932 118 133 [ 063 284 ]

Bigler 1985 920 720 107 129 [ 060 277 ]

Davis 1981 4564 5268 774 092 [ 075 113 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 120 1000 101 [ 082 124 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Couderc 1977 50 110000 (40000) 50 100000 (30000) 322 10000 [ -3859 23859 ]

Maurette 1988 18 60000 (15000) 15 30000 (15000) 352 30000 [ 19722 40278 ]

Racle 1986 35 48860 (28280) 35 48000 (29280) 326 860 [ -12626 14346 ]

Total (95 CI) 103 100 1000 14069 [ -4033 32170 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000











Berggren 1987 1028 1429 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]

Total (95 CI) 28 29 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 73 3880 (5550) 75 4290 (6930) 61 -410 [ -2430 1610 ]

Racle 1986 35 2009 (1060) 35 2005 (1140) 939 004 [ -512 520 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 110 1000 -021 [ -521 478 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000














Davis 1981 064 168 155 035 [ 001 853 ]

Davis 1987 2259 1279 102 215 [ 020 2362 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 275 262 021 [ 001 421 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 396 422 520 063 [ 015 262 ]





Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 55 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Racle 1986 235 435 425 050 [ 010 256 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 50 49 480 076 [ 020 296 ]




Total (95 CI) 446 471 1000 070 [ 026 185 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Couderc 1977 250 250 237 100 [ 015 682 ]

Davis 1987 3259 0279 57 754 [ 039 14524 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 175 176 034 [ 001 827 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 178 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 417 439 648 122 [ 040 371 ]





Bigler 1985 020 120 178 033 [ 001 772 ]

Davis 1981 264 168 115 213 [ 020 2287 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 112 117 352 207 [ 053 806 ]




Total (95 CI) 529 556 1000 151 [ 064 357 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 224 232 136 133 [ 020 880 ]

Davis 1987 3259 3279 228 108 [ 022 529 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 41 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 298 325 405 134 [ 044 410 ]





Berggren 1987 228 029 39 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 129 120 94 069 [ 005 1039 ]

Davis 1981 264 568 384 043 [ 009 211 ]

Racle 1986 135 135 79 100 [ 007 1536 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 156 152 595 085 [ 030 240 ]




Total (95 CI) 454 477 1000 105 [ 049 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Davis 1987 1259 0279 112 323 [ 013 7895 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 349 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 294 314 461 104 [ 015 715 ]





Adams 1990 124 132 200 133 [ 009 2026 ]

Davis 1981 064 168 339 035 [ 001 853 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 88 100 539 072 [ 010 513 ]




Total (95 CI) 382 414 1000 086 [ 022 341 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 428 729 364 059 [ 019 180 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 53 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Racle 1986 535 1135 583 045 [ 018 117 ]

Total (95 CI) 83 84 1000 053 [ 027 107 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 528 629 596 086 [ 030 251 ]

Bigler 1985 520 420 404 125 [ 039 399 ]

Total (95 CI) 48 49 1000 102 [ 047 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100





Outcome 22 Vomiting



Bigler 1985 120 220 679 050 [ 005 508 ]

McLaren 1978 126 129 321 112 [ 007 1695 ]

Total (95 CI) 46 49 1000 070 [ 012 394 ]




001 01 1 10 100












McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]





Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]





Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]







Notes In French



Study Davis 1981






Male 15




versus



Mortality - 1 month



Hypotension


Fall in haematocrit

Pneumonia (f)





Cardiac arrthymias





fibrogen scanning


Study Davis 1987






Male 22



versus










Hypotension





Renal failure (f)






Study Eyrolle 1998






Male not stated



versus




Ease of insertion

Hypotension













Male 13








versus








Pneumonia (f)



ECG analysis





Study Maurette 1988






Male not stated



versus



Length of operation

Hypotension



Notes In French


Study McKenzie 1984





Male not stated



if required

versus










Length of operation


Pneumonia (f)










Study McLaren 1978





Mean age 76 years

Male not stated








Mortality - 1 month

Length of operation

Hypotension


Blood loss


Vomiting



Headache (none)




Study Racle 1986











Male 0



versus




Length of operation

Hypotension



Pneumonia



Renal failure (f)

Confused state

Pulmonary embolism

Notes In French








Male not stated



as required

versus












Notes







Study Tasker 1983





Mean age not stated

Male not stated





Mortality




Study Ungemach 1993






Male 16



versus



Mortality - 2 weeks






Study Valentin 1986






Male 20



versus










Length of operation



Notes


Study White 1980









versus


versus


included in review)


Mortality - 1 month


Pneumonia

Confusional state


Vomiting



Study de Visme 2000






Male 17



versus









Length of operation






Notes

























































G R A P H S


Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of




effects model)






month









transfusion



32171]

















effects model)



non fatal)



Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of



analgesia




pressure (mmHg)



(mg)





Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







(discharge home)


I N D E X T E R M S








MeSH check words

Human

C O V E R S H E E T













Date of most recent


04 July 2001








none found






includedexcluded

01 March 2001


section amended


DOI 10100214651858CD000521















Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 114 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 202 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 27 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 168 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 111 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 65 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 306 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 072 [ 051 100 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Berggren 1987 128 029 18 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 97 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 245 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 69 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 187 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 43 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 66 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 274 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 073 [ 047 112 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 128 029 05 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Couderc 1977 750 1250 125 058 [ 025 136 ]

Davis 1987 36259 31279 310 125 [ 080 196 ]

McKenzie 1984 1673 1775 174 097 [ 053 177 ]

Racle 1986 435 535 52 080 [ 023 273 ]

Valentin 1986 22281 33297 334 070 [ 042 118 ]

Total (95 CI) 726 765 1000 092 [ 071 121 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Davis 1987 44259 42279 396 113 [ 077 166 ]

McKenzie 1984 2073 2175 203 098 [ 058 165 ]

Valentin 1986 39281 42297 400 098 [ 066 147 ]

Total (95 CI) 613 651 1000 104 [ 081 133 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 2673 2575 324 107 [ 069 167 ]

Valentin 1986 54281 53297 676 108 [ 076 152 ]

Total (95 CI) 354 372 1000 107 [ 082 141 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 424 332 31 178 [ 044 721 ]

Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 12 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 105 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 186 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 25 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 155 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 103 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 60 040 [ 008 193 ]

Ungemach 1993 357 357 36 100 [ 021 475 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 281 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 882 935 1000 076 [ 056 104 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 28 3500 (1000) 29 3100 (1000) 519 400 [ -119 919 ]

Bigler 1985 20 6700 (3580) 20 5900 (4470) 22 800 [ -1710 3310 ]

Bredahl 1991 15 6000 (2290) 13 6500 (2200) 50 -500 [ -2165 1165 ]

Maurette 1988 18 8050 (1280) 15 7150 (2090) 95 900 [ -312 2112 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 8220 (2220) 75 7720 (2770) 215 500 [ -308 1308 ]

Racle 1986 35 12500 (3550) 35 11600 (590) 98 900 [ -292 2092 ]

Total (95 CI) 189 187 1000 482 [ 108 856 ]



-100 -50 0 50 100








Berggren 1987 1828 1329 104 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 162 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 524 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 76 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 53 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 08 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 73 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 131 [ 109 158 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 1828 1329 185 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 161 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 280 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 193 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 54 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 18 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 108 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 118 [ 087 160 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Bredahl 1991 15 19000 (18600) 13 32100 (43270) 188 -13100 [ -38435 12235 ]

Davis 1981 64 30400 (23200) 68 46800 (44530) 387 -16400 [ -28414 -4386 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 27770 (30840) 75 26170 (31780) 425 1600 [ -8489 11689 ]

Total (95 CI) 152 156 1000 -8124 [ -21601 5354 ]



- 10000 - 5000 0 5000 10000











Adams 1990 924 932 118 133 [ 063 284 ]

Bigler 1985 920 720 107 129 [ 060 277 ]

Davis 1981 4564 5268 774 092 [ 075 113 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 120 1000 101 [ 082 124 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Couderc 1977 50 110000 (40000) 50 100000 (30000) 322 10000 [ -3859 23859 ]

Maurette 1988 18 60000 (15000) 15 30000 (15000) 352 30000 [ 19722 40278 ]

Racle 1986 35 48860 (28280) 35 48000 (29280) 326 860 [ -12626 14346 ]

Total (95 CI) 103 100 1000 14069 [ -4033 32170 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000











Berggren 1987 1028 1429 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]

Total (95 CI) 28 29 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 73 3880 (5550) 75 4290 (6930) 61 -410 [ -2430 1610 ]

Racle 1986 35 2009 (1060) 35 2005 (1140) 939 004 [ -512 520 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 110 1000 -021 [ -521 478 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000














Davis 1981 064 168 155 035 [ 001 853 ]

Davis 1987 2259 1279 102 215 [ 020 2362 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 275 262 021 [ 001 421 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 396 422 520 063 [ 015 262 ]





Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 55 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Racle 1986 235 435 425 050 [ 010 256 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 50 49 480 076 [ 020 296 ]




Total (95 CI) 446 471 1000 070 [ 026 185 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Couderc 1977 250 250 237 100 [ 015 682 ]

Davis 1987 3259 0279 57 754 [ 039 14524 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 175 176 034 [ 001 827 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 178 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 417 439 648 122 [ 040 371 ]





Bigler 1985 020 120 178 033 [ 001 772 ]

Davis 1981 264 168 115 213 [ 020 2287 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 112 117 352 207 [ 053 806 ]




Total (95 CI) 529 556 1000 151 [ 064 357 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 224 232 136 133 [ 020 880 ]

Davis 1987 3259 3279 228 108 [ 022 529 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 41 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 298 325 405 134 [ 044 410 ]





Berggren 1987 228 029 39 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 129 120 94 069 [ 005 1039 ]

Davis 1981 264 568 384 043 [ 009 211 ]

Racle 1986 135 135 79 100 [ 007 1536 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 156 152 595 085 [ 030 240 ]




Total (95 CI) 454 477 1000 105 [ 049 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Davis 1987 1259 0279 112 323 [ 013 7895 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 349 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 294 314 461 104 [ 015 715 ]





Adams 1990 124 132 200 133 [ 009 2026 ]

Davis 1981 064 168 339 035 [ 001 853 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 88 100 539 072 [ 010 513 ]




Total (95 CI) 382 414 1000 086 [ 022 341 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 428 729 364 059 [ 019 180 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 53 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Racle 1986 535 1135 583 045 [ 018 117 ]

Total (95 CI) 83 84 1000 053 [ 027 107 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 528 629 596 086 [ 030 251 ]

Bigler 1985 520 420 404 125 [ 039 399 ]

Total (95 CI) 48 49 1000 102 [ 047 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100





Outcome 22 Vomiting



Bigler 1985 120 220 679 050 [ 005 508 ]

McLaren 1978 126 129 321 112 [ 007 1695 ]

Total (95 CI) 46 49 1000 070 [ 012 394 ]




001 01 1 10 100












McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]





Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]





Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]










Hypotension





Renal failure (f)






Study Eyrolle 1998






Male not stated



versus




Ease of insertion

Hypotension













Male 13








versus








Pneumonia (f)



ECG analysis





Study Maurette 1988






Male not stated



versus



Length of operation

Hypotension



Notes In French


Study McKenzie 1984





Male not stated



if required

versus










Length of operation


Pneumonia (f)










Study McLaren 1978





Mean age 76 years

Male not stated








Mortality - 1 month

Length of operation

Hypotension


Blood loss


Vomiting



Headache (none)




Study Racle 1986











Male 0



versus




Length of operation

Hypotension



Pneumonia



Renal failure (f)

Confused state

Pulmonary embolism

Notes In French








Male not stated



as required

versus












Notes







Study Tasker 1983





Mean age not stated

Male not stated





Mortality




Study Ungemach 1993






Male 16



versus



Mortality - 2 weeks






Study Valentin 1986






Male 20



versus










Length of operation



Notes


Study White 1980









versus


versus


included in review)


Mortality - 1 month


Pneumonia

Confusional state


Vomiting



Study de Visme 2000






Male 17



versus









Length of operation






Notes

























































G R A P H S


Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of




effects model)






month









transfusion



32171]

















effects model)



non fatal)



Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of



analgesia




pressure (mmHg)



(mg)





Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







(discharge home)


I N D E X T E R M S








MeSH check words

Human

C O V E R S H E E T













Date of most recent


04 July 2001








none found






includedexcluded

01 March 2001


section amended


DOI 10100214651858CD000521















Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 114 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 202 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 27 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 168 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 111 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 65 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 306 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 072 [ 051 100 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Berggren 1987 128 029 18 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 97 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 245 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 69 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 187 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 43 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 66 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 274 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 073 [ 047 112 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 128 029 05 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Couderc 1977 750 1250 125 058 [ 025 136 ]

Davis 1987 36259 31279 310 125 [ 080 196 ]

McKenzie 1984 1673 1775 174 097 [ 053 177 ]

Racle 1986 435 535 52 080 [ 023 273 ]

Valentin 1986 22281 33297 334 070 [ 042 118 ]

Total (95 CI) 726 765 1000 092 [ 071 121 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Davis 1987 44259 42279 396 113 [ 077 166 ]

McKenzie 1984 2073 2175 203 098 [ 058 165 ]

Valentin 1986 39281 42297 400 098 [ 066 147 ]

Total (95 CI) 613 651 1000 104 [ 081 133 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 2673 2575 324 107 [ 069 167 ]

Valentin 1986 54281 53297 676 108 [ 076 152 ]

Total (95 CI) 354 372 1000 107 [ 082 141 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 424 332 31 178 [ 044 721 ]

Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 12 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 105 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 186 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 25 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 155 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 103 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 60 040 [ 008 193 ]

Ungemach 1993 357 357 36 100 [ 021 475 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 281 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 882 935 1000 076 [ 056 104 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 28 3500 (1000) 29 3100 (1000) 519 400 [ -119 919 ]

Bigler 1985 20 6700 (3580) 20 5900 (4470) 22 800 [ -1710 3310 ]

Bredahl 1991 15 6000 (2290) 13 6500 (2200) 50 -500 [ -2165 1165 ]

Maurette 1988 18 8050 (1280) 15 7150 (2090) 95 900 [ -312 2112 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 8220 (2220) 75 7720 (2770) 215 500 [ -308 1308 ]

Racle 1986 35 12500 (3550) 35 11600 (590) 98 900 [ -292 2092 ]

Total (95 CI) 189 187 1000 482 [ 108 856 ]



-100 -50 0 50 100








Berggren 1987 1828 1329 104 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 162 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 524 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 76 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 53 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 08 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 73 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 131 [ 109 158 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 1828 1329 185 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 161 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 280 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 193 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 54 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 18 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 108 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 118 [ 087 160 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Bredahl 1991 15 19000 (18600) 13 32100 (43270) 188 -13100 [ -38435 12235 ]

Davis 1981 64 30400 (23200) 68 46800 (44530) 387 -16400 [ -28414 -4386 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 27770 (30840) 75 26170 (31780) 425 1600 [ -8489 11689 ]

Total (95 CI) 152 156 1000 -8124 [ -21601 5354 ]



- 10000 - 5000 0 5000 10000











Adams 1990 924 932 118 133 [ 063 284 ]

Bigler 1985 920 720 107 129 [ 060 277 ]

Davis 1981 4564 5268 774 092 [ 075 113 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 120 1000 101 [ 082 124 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Couderc 1977 50 110000 (40000) 50 100000 (30000) 322 10000 [ -3859 23859 ]

Maurette 1988 18 60000 (15000) 15 30000 (15000) 352 30000 [ 19722 40278 ]

Racle 1986 35 48860 (28280) 35 48000 (29280) 326 860 [ -12626 14346 ]

Total (95 CI) 103 100 1000 14069 [ -4033 32170 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000











Berggren 1987 1028 1429 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]

Total (95 CI) 28 29 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 73 3880 (5550) 75 4290 (6930) 61 -410 [ -2430 1610 ]

Racle 1986 35 2009 (1060) 35 2005 (1140) 939 004 [ -512 520 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 110 1000 -021 [ -521 478 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000














Davis 1981 064 168 155 035 [ 001 853 ]

Davis 1987 2259 1279 102 215 [ 020 2362 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 275 262 021 [ 001 421 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 396 422 520 063 [ 015 262 ]





Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 55 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Racle 1986 235 435 425 050 [ 010 256 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 50 49 480 076 [ 020 296 ]




Total (95 CI) 446 471 1000 070 [ 026 185 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Couderc 1977 250 250 237 100 [ 015 682 ]

Davis 1987 3259 0279 57 754 [ 039 14524 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 175 176 034 [ 001 827 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 178 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 417 439 648 122 [ 040 371 ]





Bigler 1985 020 120 178 033 [ 001 772 ]

Davis 1981 264 168 115 213 [ 020 2287 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 112 117 352 207 [ 053 806 ]




Total (95 CI) 529 556 1000 151 [ 064 357 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 224 232 136 133 [ 020 880 ]

Davis 1987 3259 3279 228 108 [ 022 529 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 41 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 298 325 405 134 [ 044 410 ]





Berggren 1987 228 029 39 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 129 120 94 069 [ 005 1039 ]

Davis 1981 264 568 384 043 [ 009 211 ]

Racle 1986 135 135 79 100 [ 007 1536 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 156 152 595 085 [ 030 240 ]




Total (95 CI) 454 477 1000 105 [ 049 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Davis 1987 1259 0279 112 323 [ 013 7895 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 349 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 294 314 461 104 [ 015 715 ]





Adams 1990 124 132 200 133 [ 009 2026 ]

Davis 1981 064 168 339 035 [ 001 853 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 88 100 539 072 [ 010 513 ]




Total (95 CI) 382 414 1000 086 [ 022 341 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 428 729 364 059 [ 019 180 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 53 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Racle 1986 535 1135 583 045 [ 018 117 ]

Total (95 CI) 83 84 1000 053 [ 027 107 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 528 629 596 086 [ 030 251 ]

Bigler 1985 520 420 404 125 [ 039 399 ]

Total (95 CI) 48 49 1000 102 [ 047 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100





Outcome 22 Vomiting



Bigler 1985 120 220 679 050 [ 005 508 ]

McLaren 1978 126 129 321 112 [ 007 1695 ]

Total (95 CI) 46 49 1000 070 [ 012 394 ]




001 01 1 10 100












McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]





Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]





Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]







versus








Pneumonia (f)



ECG analysis





Study Maurette 1988






Male not stated



versus



Length of operation

Hypotension



Notes In French


Study McKenzie 1984





Male not stated



if required

versus










Length of operation


Pneumonia (f)










Study McLaren 1978





Mean age 76 years

Male not stated








Mortality - 1 month

Length of operation

Hypotension


Blood loss


Vomiting



Headache (none)




Study Racle 1986











Male 0



versus




Length of operation

Hypotension



Pneumonia



Renal failure (f)

Confused state

Pulmonary embolism

Notes In French








Male not stated



as required

versus












Notes







Study Tasker 1983





Mean age not stated

Male not stated





Mortality




Study Ungemach 1993






Male 16



versus



Mortality - 2 weeks






Study Valentin 1986






Male 20



versus










Length of operation



Notes


Study White 1980









versus


versus


included in review)


Mortality - 1 month


Pneumonia

Confusional state


Vomiting



Study de Visme 2000






Male 17



versus









Length of operation






Notes

























































G R A P H S


Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of




effects model)






month









transfusion



32171]

















effects model)



non fatal)



Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of



analgesia




pressure (mmHg)



(mg)





Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







(discharge home)


I N D E X T E R M S








MeSH check words

Human

C O V E R S H E E T













Date of most recent


04 July 2001








none found






includedexcluded

01 March 2001


section amended


DOI 10100214651858CD000521















Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 114 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 202 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 27 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 168 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 111 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 65 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 306 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 072 [ 051 100 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Berggren 1987 128 029 18 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 97 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 245 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 69 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 187 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 43 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 66 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 274 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 073 [ 047 112 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 128 029 05 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Couderc 1977 750 1250 125 058 [ 025 136 ]

Davis 1987 36259 31279 310 125 [ 080 196 ]

McKenzie 1984 1673 1775 174 097 [ 053 177 ]

Racle 1986 435 535 52 080 [ 023 273 ]

Valentin 1986 22281 33297 334 070 [ 042 118 ]

Total (95 CI) 726 765 1000 092 [ 071 121 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Davis 1987 44259 42279 396 113 [ 077 166 ]

McKenzie 1984 2073 2175 203 098 [ 058 165 ]

Valentin 1986 39281 42297 400 098 [ 066 147 ]

Total (95 CI) 613 651 1000 104 [ 081 133 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 2673 2575 324 107 [ 069 167 ]

Valentin 1986 54281 53297 676 108 [ 076 152 ]

Total (95 CI) 354 372 1000 107 [ 082 141 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 424 332 31 178 [ 044 721 ]

Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 12 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 105 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 186 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 25 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 155 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 103 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 60 040 [ 008 193 ]

Ungemach 1993 357 357 36 100 [ 021 475 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 281 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 882 935 1000 076 [ 056 104 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 28 3500 (1000) 29 3100 (1000) 519 400 [ -119 919 ]

Bigler 1985 20 6700 (3580) 20 5900 (4470) 22 800 [ -1710 3310 ]

Bredahl 1991 15 6000 (2290) 13 6500 (2200) 50 -500 [ -2165 1165 ]

Maurette 1988 18 8050 (1280) 15 7150 (2090) 95 900 [ -312 2112 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 8220 (2220) 75 7720 (2770) 215 500 [ -308 1308 ]

Racle 1986 35 12500 (3550) 35 11600 (590) 98 900 [ -292 2092 ]

Total (95 CI) 189 187 1000 482 [ 108 856 ]



-100 -50 0 50 100








Berggren 1987 1828 1329 104 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 162 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 524 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 76 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 53 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 08 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 73 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 131 [ 109 158 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 1828 1329 185 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 161 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 280 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 193 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 54 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 18 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 108 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 118 [ 087 160 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Bredahl 1991 15 19000 (18600) 13 32100 (43270) 188 -13100 [ -38435 12235 ]

Davis 1981 64 30400 (23200) 68 46800 (44530) 387 -16400 [ -28414 -4386 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 27770 (30840) 75 26170 (31780) 425 1600 [ -8489 11689 ]

Total (95 CI) 152 156 1000 -8124 [ -21601 5354 ]



- 10000 - 5000 0 5000 10000











Adams 1990 924 932 118 133 [ 063 284 ]

Bigler 1985 920 720 107 129 [ 060 277 ]

Davis 1981 4564 5268 774 092 [ 075 113 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 120 1000 101 [ 082 124 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Couderc 1977 50 110000 (40000) 50 100000 (30000) 322 10000 [ -3859 23859 ]

Maurette 1988 18 60000 (15000) 15 30000 (15000) 352 30000 [ 19722 40278 ]

Racle 1986 35 48860 (28280) 35 48000 (29280) 326 860 [ -12626 14346 ]

Total (95 CI) 103 100 1000 14069 [ -4033 32170 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000











Berggren 1987 1028 1429 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]

Total (95 CI) 28 29 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 73 3880 (5550) 75 4290 (6930) 61 -410 [ -2430 1610 ]

Racle 1986 35 2009 (1060) 35 2005 (1140) 939 004 [ -512 520 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 110 1000 -021 [ -521 478 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000














Davis 1981 064 168 155 035 [ 001 853 ]

Davis 1987 2259 1279 102 215 [ 020 2362 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 275 262 021 [ 001 421 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 396 422 520 063 [ 015 262 ]





Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 55 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Racle 1986 235 435 425 050 [ 010 256 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 50 49 480 076 [ 020 296 ]




Total (95 CI) 446 471 1000 070 [ 026 185 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Couderc 1977 250 250 237 100 [ 015 682 ]

Davis 1987 3259 0279 57 754 [ 039 14524 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 175 176 034 [ 001 827 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 178 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 417 439 648 122 [ 040 371 ]





Bigler 1985 020 120 178 033 [ 001 772 ]

Davis 1981 264 168 115 213 [ 020 2287 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 112 117 352 207 [ 053 806 ]




Total (95 CI) 529 556 1000 151 [ 064 357 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 224 232 136 133 [ 020 880 ]

Davis 1987 3259 3279 228 108 [ 022 529 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 41 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 298 325 405 134 [ 044 410 ]





Berggren 1987 228 029 39 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 129 120 94 069 [ 005 1039 ]

Davis 1981 264 568 384 043 [ 009 211 ]

Racle 1986 135 135 79 100 [ 007 1536 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 156 152 595 085 [ 030 240 ]




Total (95 CI) 454 477 1000 105 [ 049 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Davis 1987 1259 0279 112 323 [ 013 7895 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 349 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 294 314 461 104 [ 015 715 ]





Adams 1990 124 132 200 133 [ 009 2026 ]

Davis 1981 064 168 339 035 [ 001 853 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 88 100 539 072 [ 010 513 ]




Total (95 CI) 382 414 1000 086 [ 022 341 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 428 729 364 059 [ 019 180 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 53 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Racle 1986 535 1135 583 045 [ 018 117 ]

Total (95 CI) 83 84 1000 053 [ 027 107 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 528 629 596 086 [ 030 251 ]

Bigler 1985 520 420 404 125 [ 039 399 ]

Total (95 CI) 48 49 1000 102 [ 047 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100





Outcome 22 Vomiting



Bigler 1985 120 220 679 050 [ 005 508 ]

McLaren 1978 126 129 321 112 [ 007 1695 ]

Total (95 CI) 46 49 1000 070 [ 012 394 ]




001 01 1 10 100












McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]





Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]





Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]










Length of operation


Pneumonia (f)










Study McLaren 1978





Mean age 76 years

Male not stated








Mortality - 1 month

Length of operation

Hypotension


Blood loss


Vomiting



Headache (none)




Study Racle 1986











Male 0



versus




Length of operation

Hypotension



Pneumonia



Renal failure (f)

Confused state

Pulmonary embolism

Notes In French








Male not stated



as required

versus












Notes







Study Tasker 1983





Mean age not stated

Male not stated





Mortality




Study Ungemach 1993






Male 16



versus



Mortality - 2 weeks






Study Valentin 1986






Male 20



versus










Length of operation



Notes


Study White 1980









versus


versus


included in review)


Mortality - 1 month


Pneumonia

Confusional state


Vomiting



Study de Visme 2000






Male 17



versus









Length of operation






Notes

























































G R A P H S


Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of




effects model)






month









transfusion



32171]

















effects model)



non fatal)



Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of



analgesia




pressure (mmHg)



(mg)





Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







(discharge home)


I N D E X T E R M S








MeSH check words

Human

C O V E R S H E E T













Date of most recent


04 July 2001








none found






includedexcluded

01 March 2001


section amended


DOI 10100214651858CD000521















Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 114 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 202 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 27 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 168 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 111 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 65 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 306 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 072 [ 051 100 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Berggren 1987 128 029 18 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 97 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 245 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 69 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 187 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 43 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 66 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 274 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 073 [ 047 112 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 128 029 05 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Couderc 1977 750 1250 125 058 [ 025 136 ]

Davis 1987 36259 31279 310 125 [ 080 196 ]

McKenzie 1984 1673 1775 174 097 [ 053 177 ]

Racle 1986 435 535 52 080 [ 023 273 ]

Valentin 1986 22281 33297 334 070 [ 042 118 ]

Total (95 CI) 726 765 1000 092 [ 071 121 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Davis 1987 44259 42279 396 113 [ 077 166 ]

McKenzie 1984 2073 2175 203 098 [ 058 165 ]

Valentin 1986 39281 42297 400 098 [ 066 147 ]

Total (95 CI) 613 651 1000 104 [ 081 133 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 2673 2575 324 107 [ 069 167 ]

Valentin 1986 54281 53297 676 108 [ 076 152 ]

Total (95 CI) 354 372 1000 107 [ 082 141 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 424 332 31 178 [ 044 721 ]

Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 12 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 105 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 186 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 25 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 155 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 103 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 60 040 [ 008 193 ]

Ungemach 1993 357 357 36 100 [ 021 475 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 281 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 882 935 1000 076 [ 056 104 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 28 3500 (1000) 29 3100 (1000) 519 400 [ -119 919 ]

Bigler 1985 20 6700 (3580) 20 5900 (4470) 22 800 [ -1710 3310 ]

Bredahl 1991 15 6000 (2290) 13 6500 (2200) 50 -500 [ -2165 1165 ]

Maurette 1988 18 8050 (1280) 15 7150 (2090) 95 900 [ -312 2112 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 8220 (2220) 75 7720 (2770) 215 500 [ -308 1308 ]

Racle 1986 35 12500 (3550) 35 11600 (590) 98 900 [ -292 2092 ]

Total (95 CI) 189 187 1000 482 [ 108 856 ]



-100 -50 0 50 100








Berggren 1987 1828 1329 104 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 162 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 524 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 76 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 53 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 08 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 73 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 131 [ 109 158 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 1828 1329 185 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 161 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 280 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 193 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 54 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 18 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 108 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 118 [ 087 160 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Bredahl 1991 15 19000 (18600) 13 32100 (43270) 188 -13100 [ -38435 12235 ]

Davis 1981 64 30400 (23200) 68 46800 (44530) 387 -16400 [ -28414 -4386 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 27770 (30840) 75 26170 (31780) 425 1600 [ -8489 11689 ]

Total (95 CI) 152 156 1000 -8124 [ -21601 5354 ]



- 10000 - 5000 0 5000 10000











Adams 1990 924 932 118 133 [ 063 284 ]

Bigler 1985 920 720 107 129 [ 060 277 ]

Davis 1981 4564 5268 774 092 [ 075 113 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 120 1000 101 [ 082 124 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Couderc 1977 50 110000 (40000) 50 100000 (30000) 322 10000 [ -3859 23859 ]

Maurette 1988 18 60000 (15000) 15 30000 (15000) 352 30000 [ 19722 40278 ]

Racle 1986 35 48860 (28280) 35 48000 (29280) 326 860 [ -12626 14346 ]

Total (95 CI) 103 100 1000 14069 [ -4033 32170 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000











Berggren 1987 1028 1429 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]

Total (95 CI) 28 29 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 73 3880 (5550) 75 4290 (6930) 61 -410 [ -2430 1610 ]

Racle 1986 35 2009 (1060) 35 2005 (1140) 939 004 [ -512 520 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 110 1000 -021 [ -521 478 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000














Davis 1981 064 168 155 035 [ 001 853 ]

Davis 1987 2259 1279 102 215 [ 020 2362 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 275 262 021 [ 001 421 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 396 422 520 063 [ 015 262 ]





Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 55 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Racle 1986 235 435 425 050 [ 010 256 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 50 49 480 076 [ 020 296 ]




Total (95 CI) 446 471 1000 070 [ 026 185 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Couderc 1977 250 250 237 100 [ 015 682 ]

Davis 1987 3259 0279 57 754 [ 039 14524 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 175 176 034 [ 001 827 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 178 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 417 439 648 122 [ 040 371 ]





Bigler 1985 020 120 178 033 [ 001 772 ]

Davis 1981 264 168 115 213 [ 020 2287 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 112 117 352 207 [ 053 806 ]




Total (95 CI) 529 556 1000 151 [ 064 357 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 224 232 136 133 [ 020 880 ]

Davis 1987 3259 3279 228 108 [ 022 529 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 41 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 298 325 405 134 [ 044 410 ]





Berggren 1987 228 029 39 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 129 120 94 069 [ 005 1039 ]

Davis 1981 264 568 384 043 [ 009 211 ]

Racle 1986 135 135 79 100 [ 007 1536 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 156 152 595 085 [ 030 240 ]




Total (95 CI) 454 477 1000 105 [ 049 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Davis 1987 1259 0279 112 323 [ 013 7895 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 349 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 294 314 461 104 [ 015 715 ]





Adams 1990 124 132 200 133 [ 009 2026 ]

Davis 1981 064 168 339 035 [ 001 853 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 88 100 539 072 [ 010 513 ]




Total (95 CI) 382 414 1000 086 [ 022 341 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 428 729 364 059 [ 019 180 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 53 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Racle 1986 535 1135 583 045 [ 018 117 ]

Total (95 CI) 83 84 1000 053 [ 027 107 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 528 629 596 086 [ 030 251 ]

Bigler 1985 520 420 404 125 [ 039 399 ]

Total (95 CI) 48 49 1000 102 [ 047 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100





Outcome 22 Vomiting



Bigler 1985 120 220 679 050 [ 005 508 ]

McLaren 1978 126 129 321 112 [ 007 1695 ]

Total (95 CI) 46 49 1000 070 [ 012 394 ]




001 01 1 10 100












McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]





Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]





Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]










Male 0



versus




Length of operation

Hypotension



Pneumonia



Renal failure (f)

Confused state

Pulmonary embolism

Notes In French








Male not stated



as required

versus












Notes







Study Tasker 1983





Mean age not stated

Male not stated





Mortality




Study Ungemach 1993






Male 16



versus



Mortality - 2 weeks






Study Valentin 1986






Male 20



versus










Length of operation



Notes


Study White 1980









versus


versus


included in review)


Mortality - 1 month


Pneumonia

Confusional state


Vomiting



Study de Visme 2000






Male 17



versus









Length of operation






Notes

























































G R A P H S


Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of




effects model)






month









transfusion



32171]

















effects model)



non fatal)



Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of



analgesia




pressure (mmHg)



(mg)





Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







(discharge home)


I N D E X T E R M S








MeSH check words

Human

C O V E R S H E E T













Date of most recent


04 July 2001








none found






includedexcluded

01 March 2001


section amended


DOI 10100214651858CD000521















Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 114 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 202 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 27 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 168 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 111 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 65 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 306 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 072 [ 051 100 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Berggren 1987 128 029 18 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 97 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 245 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 69 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 187 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 43 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 66 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 274 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 073 [ 047 112 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 128 029 05 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Couderc 1977 750 1250 125 058 [ 025 136 ]

Davis 1987 36259 31279 310 125 [ 080 196 ]

McKenzie 1984 1673 1775 174 097 [ 053 177 ]

Racle 1986 435 535 52 080 [ 023 273 ]

Valentin 1986 22281 33297 334 070 [ 042 118 ]

Total (95 CI) 726 765 1000 092 [ 071 121 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Davis 1987 44259 42279 396 113 [ 077 166 ]

McKenzie 1984 2073 2175 203 098 [ 058 165 ]

Valentin 1986 39281 42297 400 098 [ 066 147 ]

Total (95 CI) 613 651 1000 104 [ 081 133 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 2673 2575 324 107 [ 069 167 ]

Valentin 1986 54281 53297 676 108 [ 076 152 ]

Total (95 CI) 354 372 1000 107 [ 082 141 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 424 332 31 178 [ 044 721 ]

Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 12 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 105 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 186 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 25 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 155 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 103 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 60 040 [ 008 193 ]

Ungemach 1993 357 357 36 100 [ 021 475 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 281 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 882 935 1000 076 [ 056 104 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 28 3500 (1000) 29 3100 (1000) 519 400 [ -119 919 ]

Bigler 1985 20 6700 (3580) 20 5900 (4470) 22 800 [ -1710 3310 ]

Bredahl 1991 15 6000 (2290) 13 6500 (2200) 50 -500 [ -2165 1165 ]

Maurette 1988 18 8050 (1280) 15 7150 (2090) 95 900 [ -312 2112 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 8220 (2220) 75 7720 (2770) 215 500 [ -308 1308 ]

Racle 1986 35 12500 (3550) 35 11600 (590) 98 900 [ -292 2092 ]

Total (95 CI) 189 187 1000 482 [ 108 856 ]



-100 -50 0 50 100








Berggren 1987 1828 1329 104 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 162 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 524 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 76 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 53 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 08 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 73 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 131 [ 109 158 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 1828 1329 185 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 161 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 280 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 193 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 54 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 18 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 108 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 118 [ 087 160 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Bredahl 1991 15 19000 (18600) 13 32100 (43270) 188 -13100 [ -38435 12235 ]

Davis 1981 64 30400 (23200) 68 46800 (44530) 387 -16400 [ -28414 -4386 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 27770 (30840) 75 26170 (31780) 425 1600 [ -8489 11689 ]

Total (95 CI) 152 156 1000 -8124 [ -21601 5354 ]



- 10000 - 5000 0 5000 10000











Adams 1990 924 932 118 133 [ 063 284 ]

Bigler 1985 920 720 107 129 [ 060 277 ]

Davis 1981 4564 5268 774 092 [ 075 113 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 120 1000 101 [ 082 124 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Couderc 1977 50 110000 (40000) 50 100000 (30000) 322 10000 [ -3859 23859 ]

Maurette 1988 18 60000 (15000) 15 30000 (15000) 352 30000 [ 19722 40278 ]

Racle 1986 35 48860 (28280) 35 48000 (29280) 326 860 [ -12626 14346 ]

Total (95 CI) 103 100 1000 14069 [ -4033 32170 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000











Berggren 1987 1028 1429 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]

Total (95 CI) 28 29 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 73 3880 (5550) 75 4290 (6930) 61 -410 [ -2430 1610 ]

Racle 1986 35 2009 (1060) 35 2005 (1140) 939 004 [ -512 520 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 110 1000 -021 [ -521 478 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000














Davis 1981 064 168 155 035 [ 001 853 ]

Davis 1987 2259 1279 102 215 [ 020 2362 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 275 262 021 [ 001 421 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 396 422 520 063 [ 015 262 ]





Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 55 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Racle 1986 235 435 425 050 [ 010 256 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 50 49 480 076 [ 020 296 ]




Total (95 CI) 446 471 1000 070 [ 026 185 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Couderc 1977 250 250 237 100 [ 015 682 ]

Davis 1987 3259 0279 57 754 [ 039 14524 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 175 176 034 [ 001 827 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 178 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 417 439 648 122 [ 040 371 ]





Bigler 1985 020 120 178 033 [ 001 772 ]

Davis 1981 264 168 115 213 [ 020 2287 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 112 117 352 207 [ 053 806 ]




Total (95 CI) 529 556 1000 151 [ 064 357 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 224 232 136 133 [ 020 880 ]

Davis 1987 3259 3279 228 108 [ 022 529 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 41 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 298 325 405 134 [ 044 410 ]





Berggren 1987 228 029 39 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 129 120 94 069 [ 005 1039 ]

Davis 1981 264 568 384 043 [ 009 211 ]

Racle 1986 135 135 79 100 [ 007 1536 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 156 152 595 085 [ 030 240 ]




Total (95 CI) 454 477 1000 105 [ 049 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Davis 1987 1259 0279 112 323 [ 013 7895 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 349 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 294 314 461 104 [ 015 715 ]





Adams 1990 124 132 200 133 [ 009 2026 ]

Davis 1981 064 168 339 035 [ 001 853 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 88 100 539 072 [ 010 513 ]




Total (95 CI) 382 414 1000 086 [ 022 341 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 428 729 364 059 [ 019 180 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 53 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Racle 1986 535 1135 583 045 [ 018 117 ]

Total (95 CI) 83 84 1000 053 [ 027 107 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 528 629 596 086 [ 030 251 ]

Bigler 1985 520 420 404 125 [ 039 399 ]

Total (95 CI) 48 49 1000 102 [ 047 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100





Outcome 22 Vomiting



Bigler 1985 120 220 679 050 [ 005 508 ]

McLaren 1978 126 129 321 112 [ 007 1695 ]

Total (95 CI) 46 49 1000 070 [ 012 394 ]




001 01 1 10 100












McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]





Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]





Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]







Study Tasker 1983





Mean age not stated

Male not stated





Mortality




Study Ungemach 1993






Male 16



versus



Mortality - 2 weeks






Study Valentin 1986






Male 20



versus










Length of operation



Notes


Study White 1980









versus


versus


included in review)


Mortality - 1 month


Pneumonia

Confusional state


Vomiting



Study de Visme 2000






Male 17



versus









Length of operation






Notes

























































G R A P H S


Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of




effects model)






month









transfusion



32171]

















effects model)



non fatal)



Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of



analgesia




pressure (mmHg)



(mg)





Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







(discharge home)


I N D E X T E R M S








MeSH check words

Human

C O V E R S H E E T













Date of most recent


04 July 2001








none found






includedexcluded

01 March 2001


section amended


DOI 10100214651858CD000521















Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 114 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 202 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 27 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 168 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 111 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 65 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 306 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 072 [ 051 100 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Berggren 1987 128 029 18 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 97 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 245 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 69 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 187 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 43 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 66 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 274 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 073 [ 047 112 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 128 029 05 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Couderc 1977 750 1250 125 058 [ 025 136 ]

Davis 1987 36259 31279 310 125 [ 080 196 ]

McKenzie 1984 1673 1775 174 097 [ 053 177 ]

Racle 1986 435 535 52 080 [ 023 273 ]

Valentin 1986 22281 33297 334 070 [ 042 118 ]

Total (95 CI) 726 765 1000 092 [ 071 121 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Davis 1987 44259 42279 396 113 [ 077 166 ]

McKenzie 1984 2073 2175 203 098 [ 058 165 ]

Valentin 1986 39281 42297 400 098 [ 066 147 ]

Total (95 CI) 613 651 1000 104 [ 081 133 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 2673 2575 324 107 [ 069 167 ]

Valentin 1986 54281 53297 676 108 [ 076 152 ]

Total (95 CI) 354 372 1000 107 [ 082 141 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 424 332 31 178 [ 044 721 ]

Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 12 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 105 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 186 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 25 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 155 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 103 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 60 040 [ 008 193 ]

Ungemach 1993 357 357 36 100 [ 021 475 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 281 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 882 935 1000 076 [ 056 104 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 28 3500 (1000) 29 3100 (1000) 519 400 [ -119 919 ]

Bigler 1985 20 6700 (3580) 20 5900 (4470) 22 800 [ -1710 3310 ]

Bredahl 1991 15 6000 (2290) 13 6500 (2200) 50 -500 [ -2165 1165 ]

Maurette 1988 18 8050 (1280) 15 7150 (2090) 95 900 [ -312 2112 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 8220 (2220) 75 7720 (2770) 215 500 [ -308 1308 ]

Racle 1986 35 12500 (3550) 35 11600 (590) 98 900 [ -292 2092 ]

Total (95 CI) 189 187 1000 482 [ 108 856 ]



-100 -50 0 50 100








Berggren 1987 1828 1329 104 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 162 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 524 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 76 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 53 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 08 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 73 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 131 [ 109 158 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 1828 1329 185 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 161 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 280 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 193 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 54 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 18 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 108 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 118 [ 087 160 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Bredahl 1991 15 19000 (18600) 13 32100 (43270) 188 -13100 [ -38435 12235 ]

Davis 1981 64 30400 (23200) 68 46800 (44530) 387 -16400 [ -28414 -4386 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 27770 (30840) 75 26170 (31780) 425 1600 [ -8489 11689 ]

Total (95 CI) 152 156 1000 -8124 [ -21601 5354 ]



- 10000 - 5000 0 5000 10000











Adams 1990 924 932 118 133 [ 063 284 ]

Bigler 1985 920 720 107 129 [ 060 277 ]

Davis 1981 4564 5268 774 092 [ 075 113 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 120 1000 101 [ 082 124 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Couderc 1977 50 110000 (40000) 50 100000 (30000) 322 10000 [ -3859 23859 ]

Maurette 1988 18 60000 (15000) 15 30000 (15000) 352 30000 [ 19722 40278 ]

Racle 1986 35 48860 (28280) 35 48000 (29280) 326 860 [ -12626 14346 ]

Total (95 CI) 103 100 1000 14069 [ -4033 32170 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000











Berggren 1987 1028 1429 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]

Total (95 CI) 28 29 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 73 3880 (5550) 75 4290 (6930) 61 -410 [ -2430 1610 ]

Racle 1986 35 2009 (1060) 35 2005 (1140) 939 004 [ -512 520 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 110 1000 -021 [ -521 478 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000














Davis 1981 064 168 155 035 [ 001 853 ]

Davis 1987 2259 1279 102 215 [ 020 2362 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 275 262 021 [ 001 421 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 396 422 520 063 [ 015 262 ]





Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 55 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Racle 1986 235 435 425 050 [ 010 256 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 50 49 480 076 [ 020 296 ]




Total (95 CI) 446 471 1000 070 [ 026 185 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Couderc 1977 250 250 237 100 [ 015 682 ]

Davis 1987 3259 0279 57 754 [ 039 14524 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 175 176 034 [ 001 827 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 178 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 417 439 648 122 [ 040 371 ]





Bigler 1985 020 120 178 033 [ 001 772 ]

Davis 1981 264 168 115 213 [ 020 2287 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 112 117 352 207 [ 053 806 ]




Total (95 CI) 529 556 1000 151 [ 064 357 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 224 232 136 133 [ 020 880 ]

Davis 1987 3259 3279 228 108 [ 022 529 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 41 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 298 325 405 134 [ 044 410 ]





Berggren 1987 228 029 39 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 129 120 94 069 [ 005 1039 ]

Davis 1981 264 568 384 043 [ 009 211 ]

Racle 1986 135 135 79 100 [ 007 1536 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 156 152 595 085 [ 030 240 ]




Total (95 CI) 454 477 1000 105 [ 049 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Davis 1987 1259 0279 112 323 [ 013 7895 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 349 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 294 314 461 104 [ 015 715 ]





Adams 1990 124 132 200 133 [ 009 2026 ]

Davis 1981 064 168 339 035 [ 001 853 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 88 100 539 072 [ 010 513 ]




Total (95 CI) 382 414 1000 086 [ 022 341 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 428 729 364 059 [ 019 180 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 53 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Racle 1986 535 1135 583 045 [ 018 117 ]

Total (95 CI) 83 84 1000 053 [ 027 107 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 528 629 596 086 [ 030 251 ]

Bigler 1985 520 420 404 125 [ 039 399 ]

Total (95 CI) 48 49 1000 102 [ 047 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100





Outcome 22 Vomiting



Bigler 1985 120 220 679 050 [ 005 508 ]

McLaren 1978 126 129 321 112 [ 007 1695 ]

Total (95 CI) 46 49 1000 070 [ 012 394 ]




001 01 1 10 100












McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]





Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]





Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]










Length of operation



Notes


Study White 1980









versus


versus


included in review)


Mortality - 1 month


Pneumonia

Confusional state


Vomiting



Study de Visme 2000






Male 17



versus









Length of operation






Notes

























































G R A P H S


Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of




effects model)






month









transfusion



32171]

















effects model)



non fatal)



Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of



analgesia




pressure (mmHg)



(mg)





Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







(discharge home)


I N D E X T E R M S








MeSH check words

Human

C O V E R S H E E T













Date of most recent


04 July 2001








none found






includedexcluded

01 March 2001


section amended


DOI 10100214651858CD000521















Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 114 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 202 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 27 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 168 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 111 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 65 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 306 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 072 [ 051 100 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Berggren 1987 128 029 18 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 97 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 245 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 69 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 187 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 43 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 66 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 274 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 073 [ 047 112 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 128 029 05 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Couderc 1977 750 1250 125 058 [ 025 136 ]

Davis 1987 36259 31279 310 125 [ 080 196 ]

McKenzie 1984 1673 1775 174 097 [ 053 177 ]

Racle 1986 435 535 52 080 [ 023 273 ]

Valentin 1986 22281 33297 334 070 [ 042 118 ]

Total (95 CI) 726 765 1000 092 [ 071 121 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Davis 1987 44259 42279 396 113 [ 077 166 ]

McKenzie 1984 2073 2175 203 098 [ 058 165 ]

Valentin 1986 39281 42297 400 098 [ 066 147 ]

Total (95 CI) 613 651 1000 104 [ 081 133 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 2673 2575 324 107 [ 069 167 ]

Valentin 1986 54281 53297 676 108 [ 076 152 ]

Total (95 CI) 354 372 1000 107 [ 082 141 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 424 332 31 178 [ 044 721 ]

Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 12 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 105 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 186 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 25 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 155 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 103 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 60 040 [ 008 193 ]

Ungemach 1993 357 357 36 100 [ 021 475 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 281 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 882 935 1000 076 [ 056 104 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 28 3500 (1000) 29 3100 (1000) 519 400 [ -119 919 ]

Bigler 1985 20 6700 (3580) 20 5900 (4470) 22 800 [ -1710 3310 ]

Bredahl 1991 15 6000 (2290) 13 6500 (2200) 50 -500 [ -2165 1165 ]

Maurette 1988 18 8050 (1280) 15 7150 (2090) 95 900 [ -312 2112 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 8220 (2220) 75 7720 (2770) 215 500 [ -308 1308 ]

Racle 1986 35 12500 (3550) 35 11600 (590) 98 900 [ -292 2092 ]

Total (95 CI) 189 187 1000 482 [ 108 856 ]



-100 -50 0 50 100








Berggren 1987 1828 1329 104 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 162 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 524 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 76 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 53 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 08 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 73 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 131 [ 109 158 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 1828 1329 185 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 161 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 280 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 193 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 54 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 18 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 108 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 118 [ 087 160 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Bredahl 1991 15 19000 (18600) 13 32100 (43270) 188 -13100 [ -38435 12235 ]

Davis 1981 64 30400 (23200) 68 46800 (44530) 387 -16400 [ -28414 -4386 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 27770 (30840) 75 26170 (31780) 425 1600 [ -8489 11689 ]

Total (95 CI) 152 156 1000 -8124 [ -21601 5354 ]



- 10000 - 5000 0 5000 10000











Adams 1990 924 932 118 133 [ 063 284 ]

Bigler 1985 920 720 107 129 [ 060 277 ]

Davis 1981 4564 5268 774 092 [ 075 113 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 120 1000 101 [ 082 124 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Couderc 1977 50 110000 (40000) 50 100000 (30000) 322 10000 [ -3859 23859 ]

Maurette 1988 18 60000 (15000) 15 30000 (15000) 352 30000 [ 19722 40278 ]

Racle 1986 35 48860 (28280) 35 48000 (29280) 326 860 [ -12626 14346 ]

Total (95 CI) 103 100 1000 14069 [ -4033 32170 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000











Berggren 1987 1028 1429 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]

Total (95 CI) 28 29 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 73 3880 (5550) 75 4290 (6930) 61 -410 [ -2430 1610 ]

Racle 1986 35 2009 (1060) 35 2005 (1140) 939 004 [ -512 520 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 110 1000 -021 [ -521 478 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000














Davis 1981 064 168 155 035 [ 001 853 ]

Davis 1987 2259 1279 102 215 [ 020 2362 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 275 262 021 [ 001 421 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 396 422 520 063 [ 015 262 ]





Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 55 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Racle 1986 235 435 425 050 [ 010 256 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 50 49 480 076 [ 020 296 ]




Total (95 CI) 446 471 1000 070 [ 026 185 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Couderc 1977 250 250 237 100 [ 015 682 ]

Davis 1987 3259 0279 57 754 [ 039 14524 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 175 176 034 [ 001 827 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 178 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 417 439 648 122 [ 040 371 ]





Bigler 1985 020 120 178 033 [ 001 772 ]

Davis 1981 264 168 115 213 [ 020 2287 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 112 117 352 207 [ 053 806 ]




Total (95 CI) 529 556 1000 151 [ 064 357 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 224 232 136 133 [ 020 880 ]

Davis 1987 3259 3279 228 108 [ 022 529 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 41 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 298 325 405 134 [ 044 410 ]





Berggren 1987 228 029 39 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 129 120 94 069 [ 005 1039 ]

Davis 1981 264 568 384 043 [ 009 211 ]

Racle 1986 135 135 79 100 [ 007 1536 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 156 152 595 085 [ 030 240 ]




Total (95 CI) 454 477 1000 105 [ 049 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Davis 1987 1259 0279 112 323 [ 013 7895 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 349 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 294 314 461 104 [ 015 715 ]





Adams 1990 124 132 200 133 [ 009 2026 ]

Davis 1981 064 168 339 035 [ 001 853 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 88 100 539 072 [ 010 513 ]




Total (95 CI) 382 414 1000 086 [ 022 341 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 428 729 364 059 [ 019 180 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 53 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Racle 1986 535 1135 583 045 [ 018 117 ]

Total (95 CI) 83 84 1000 053 [ 027 107 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 528 629 596 086 [ 030 251 ]

Bigler 1985 520 420 404 125 [ 039 399 ]

Total (95 CI) 48 49 1000 102 [ 047 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100





Outcome 22 Vomiting



Bigler 1985 120 220 679 050 [ 005 508 ]

McLaren 1978 126 129 321 112 [ 007 1695 ]

Total (95 CI) 46 49 1000 070 [ 012 394 ]




001 01 1 10 100












McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]





Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]





Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]









Length of operation






Notes

























































G R A P H S


Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of




effects model)






month









transfusion



32171]

















effects model)



non fatal)



Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of



analgesia




pressure (mmHg)



(mg)





Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







(discharge home)


I N D E X T E R M S








MeSH check words

Human

C O V E R S H E E T













Date of most recent


04 July 2001








none found






includedexcluded

01 March 2001


section amended


DOI 10100214651858CD000521















Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 114 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 202 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 27 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 168 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 111 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 65 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 306 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 072 [ 051 100 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Berggren 1987 128 029 18 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 97 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 245 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 69 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 187 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 43 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 66 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 274 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 073 [ 047 112 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 128 029 05 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Couderc 1977 750 1250 125 058 [ 025 136 ]

Davis 1987 36259 31279 310 125 [ 080 196 ]

McKenzie 1984 1673 1775 174 097 [ 053 177 ]

Racle 1986 435 535 52 080 [ 023 273 ]

Valentin 1986 22281 33297 334 070 [ 042 118 ]

Total (95 CI) 726 765 1000 092 [ 071 121 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Davis 1987 44259 42279 396 113 [ 077 166 ]

McKenzie 1984 2073 2175 203 098 [ 058 165 ]

Valentin 1986 39281 42297 400 098 [ 066 147 ]

Total (95 CI) 613 651 1000 104 [ 081 133 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 2673 2575 324 107 [ 069 167 ]

Valentin 1986 54281 53297 676 108 [ 076 152 ]

Total (95 CI) 354 372 1000 107 [ 082 141 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 424 332 31 178 [ 044 721 ]

Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 12 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 105 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 186 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 25 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 155 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 103 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 60 040 [ 008 193 ]

Ungemach 1993 357 357 36 100 [ 021 475 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 281 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 882 935 1000 076 [ 056 104 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 28 3500 (1000) 29 3100 (1000) 519 400 [ -119 919 ]

Bigler 1985 20 6700 (3580) 20 5900 (4470) 22 800 [ -1710 3310 ]

Bredahl 1991 15 6000 (2290) 13 6500 (2200) 50 -500 [ -2165 1165 ]

Maurette 1988 18 8050 (1280) 15 7150 (2090) 95 900 [ -312 2112 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 8220 (2220) 75 7720 (2770) 215 500 [ -308 1308 ]

Racle 1986 35 12500 (3550) 35 11600 (590) 98 900 [ -292 2092 ]

Total (95 CI) 189 187 1000 482 [ 108 856 ]



-100 -50 0 50 100








Berggren 1987 1828 1329 104 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 162 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 524 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 76 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 53 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 08 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 73 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 131 [ 109 158 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 1828 1329 185 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 161 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 280 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 193 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 54 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 18 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 108 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 118 [ 087 160 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Bredahl 1991 15 19000 (18600) 13 32100 (43270) 188 -13100 [ -38435 12235 ]

Davis 1981 64 30400 (23200) 68 46800 (44530) 387 -16400 [ -28414 -4386 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 27770 (30840) 75 26170 (31780) 425 1600 [ -8489 11689 ]

Total (95 CI) 152 156 1000 -8124 [ -21601 5354 ]



- 10000 - 5000 0 5000 10000











Adams 1990 924 932 118 133 [ 063 284 ]

Bigler 1985 920 720 107 129 [ 060 277 ]

Davis 1981 4564 5268 774 092 [ 075 113 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 120 1000 101 [ 082 124 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Couderc 1977 50 110000 (40000) 50 100000 (30000) 322 10000 [ -3859 23859 ]

Maurette 1988 18 60000 (15000) 15 30000 (15000) 352 30000 [ 19722 40278 ]

Racle 1986 35 48860 (28280) 35 48000 (29280) 326 860 [ -12626 14346 ]

Total (95 CI) 103 100 1000 14069 [ -4033 32170 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000











Berggren 1987 1028 1429 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]

Total (95 CI) 28 29 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 73 3880 (5550) 75 4290 (6930) 61 -410 [ -2430 1610 ]

Racle 1986 35 2009 (1060) 35 2005 (1140) 939 004 [ -512 520 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 110 1000 -021 [ -521 478 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000














Davis 1981 064 168 155 035 [ 001 853 ]

Davis 1987 2259 1279 102 215 [ 020 2362 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 275 262 021 [ 001 421 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 396 422 520 063 [ 015 262 ]





Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 55 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Racle 1986 235 435 425 050 [ 010 256 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 50 49 480 076 [ 020 296 ]




Total (95 CI) 446 471 1000 070 [ 026 185 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Couderc 1977 250 250 237 100 [ 015 682 ]

Davis 1987 3259 0279 57 754 [ 039 14524 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 175 176 034 [ 001 827 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 178 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 417 439 648 122 [ 040 371 ]





Bigler 1985 020 120 178 033 [ 001 772 ]

Davis 1981 264 168 115 213 [ 020 2287 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 112 117 352 207 [ 053 806 ]




Total (95 CI) 529 556 1000 151 [ 064 357 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 224 232 136 133 [ 020 880 ]

Davis 1987 3259 3279 228 108 [ 022 529 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 41 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 298 325 405 134 [ 044 410 ]





Berggren 1987 228 029 39 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 129 120 94 069 [ 005 1039 ]

Davis 1981 264 568 384 043 [ 009 211 ]

Racle 1986 135 135 79 100 [ 007 1536 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 156 152 595 085 [ 030 240 ]




Total (95 CI) 454 477 1000 105 [ 049 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Davis 1987 1259 0279 112 323 [ 013 7895 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 349 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 294 314 461 104 [ 015 715 ]





Adams 1990 124 132 200 133 [ 009 2026 ]

Davis 1981 064 168 339 035 [ 001 853 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 88 100 539 072 [ 010 513 ]




Total (95 CI) 382 414 1000 086 [ 022 341 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 428 729 364 059 [ 019 180 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 53 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Racle 1986 535 1135 583 045 [ 018 117 ]

Total (95 CI) 83 84 1000 053 [ 027 107 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 528 629 596 086 [ 030 251 ]

Bigler 1985 520 420 404 125 [ 039 399 ]

Total (95 CI) 48 49 1000 102 [ 047 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100





Outcome 22 Vomiting



Bigler 1985 120 220 679 050 [ 005 508 ]

McLaren 1978 126 129 321 112 [ 007 1695 ]

Total (95 CI) 46 49 1000 070 [ 012 394 ]




001 01 1 10 100












McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]





Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]





Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]


























G R A P H S


Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of




effects model)






month









transfusion



32171]

















effects model)



non fatal)



Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of



analgesia




pressure (mmHg)



(mg)





Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







(discharge home)


I N D E X T E R M S








MeSH check words

Human

C O V E R S H E E T













Date of most recent


04 July 2001








none found






includedexcluded

01 March 2001


section amended


DOI 10100214651858CD000521















Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 114 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 202 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 27 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 168 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 111 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 65 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 306 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 072 [ 051 100 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Berggren 1987 128 029 18 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 97 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 245 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 69 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 187 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 43 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 66 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 274 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 073 [ 047 112 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 128 029 05 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Couderc 1977 750 1250 125 058 [ 025 136 ]

Davis 1987 36259 31279 310 125 [ 080 196 ]

McKenzie 1984 1673 1775 174 097 [ 053 177 ]

Racle 1986 435 535 52 080 [ 023 273 ]

Valentin 1986 22281 33297 334 070 [ 042 118 ]

Total (95 CI) 726 765 1000 092 [ 071 121 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Davis 1987 44259 42279 396 113 [ 077 166 ]

McKenzie 1984 2073 2175 203 098 [ 058 165 ]

Valentin 1986 39281 42297 400 098 [ 066 147 ]

Total (95 CI) 613 651 1000 104 [ 081 133 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 2673 2575 324 107 [ 069 167 ]

Valentin 1986 54281 53297 676 108 [ 076 152 ]

Total (95 CI) 354 372 1000 107 [ 082 141 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 424 332 31 178 [ 044 721 ]

Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 12 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 105 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 186 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 25 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 155 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 103 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 60 040 [ 008 193 ]

Ungemach 1993 357 357 36 100 [ 021 475 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 281 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 882 935 1000 076 [ 056 104 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 28 3500 (1000) 29 3100 (1000) 519 400 [ -119 919 ]

Bigler 1985 20 6700 (3580) 20 5900 (4470) 22 800 [ -1710 3310 ]

Bredahl 1991 15 6000 (2290) 13 6500 (2200) 50 -500 [ -2165 1165 ]

Maurette 1988 18 8050 (1280) 15 7150 (2090) 95 900 [ -312 2112 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 8220 (2220) 75 7720 (2770) 215 500 [ -308 1308 ]

Racle 1986 35 12500 (3550) 35 11600 (590) 98 900 [ -292 2092 ]

Total (95 CI) 189 187 1000 482 [ 108 856 ]



-100 -50 0 50 100








Berggren 1987 1828 1329 104 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 162 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 524 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 76 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 53 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 08 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 73 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 131 [ 109 158 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 1828 1329 185 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 161 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 280 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 193 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 54 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 18 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 108 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 118 [ 087 160 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Bredahl 1991 15 19000 (18600) 13 32100 (43270) 188 -13100 [ -38435 12235 ]

Davis 1981 64 30400 (23200) 68 46800 (44530) 387 -16400 [ -28414 -4386 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 27770 (30840) 75 26170 (31780) 425 1600 [ -8489 11689 ]

Total (95 CI) 152 156 1000 -8124 [ -21601 5354 ]



- 10000 - 5000 0 5000 10000











Adams 1990 924 932 118 133 [ 063 284 ]

Bigler 1985 920 720 107 129 [ 060 277 ]

Davis 1981 4564 5268 774 092 [ 075 113 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 120 1000 101 [ 082 124 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Couderc 1977 50 110000 (40000) 50 100000 (30000) 322 10000 [ -3859 23859 ]

Maurette 1988 18 60000 (15000) 15 30000 (15000) 352 30000 [ 19722 40278 ]

Racle 1986 35 48860 (28280) 35 48000 (29280) 326 860 [ -12626 14346 ]

Total (95 CI) 103 100 1000 14069 [ -4033 32170 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000











Berggren 1987 1028 1429 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]

Total (95 CI) 28 29 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 73 3880 (5550) 75 4290 (6930) 61 -410 [ -2430 1610 ]

Racle 1986 35 2009 (1060) 35 2005 (1140) 939 004 [ -512 520 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 110 1000 -021 [ -521 478 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000














Davis 1981 064 168 155 035 [ 001 853 ]

Davis 1987 2259 1279 102 215 [ 020 2362 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 275 262 021 [ 001 421 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 396 422 520 063 [ 015 262 ]





Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 55 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Racle 1986 235 435 425 050 [ 010 256 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 50 49 480 076 [ 020 296 ]




Total (95 CI) 446 471 1000 070 [ 026 185 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Couderc 1977 250 250 237 100 [ 015 682 ]

Davis 1987 3259 0279 57 754 [ 039 14524 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 175 176 034 [ 001 827 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 178 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 417 439 648 122 [ 040 371 ]





Bigler 1985 020 120 178 033 [ 001 772 ]

Davis 1981 264 168 115 213 [ 020 2287 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 112 117 352 207 [ 053 806 ]




Total (95 CI) 529 556 1000 151 [ 064 357 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 224 232 136 133 [ 020 880 ]

Davis 1987 3259 3279 228 108 [ 022 529 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 41 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 298 325 405 134 [ 044 410 ]





Berggren 1987 228 029 39 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 129 120 94 069 [ 005 1039 ]

Davis 1981 264 568 384 043 [ 009 211 ]

Racle 1986 135 135 79 100 [ 007 1536 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 156 152 595 085 [ 030 240 ]




Total (95 CI) 454 477 1000 105 [ 049 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Davis 1987 1259 0279 112 323 [ 013 7895 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 349 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 294 314 461 104 [ 015 715 ]





Adams 1990 124 132 200 133 [ 009 2026 ]

Davis 1981 064 168 339 035 [ 001 853 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 88 100 539 072 [ 010 513 ]




Total (95 CI) 382 414 1000 086 [ 022 341 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 428 729 364 059 [ 019 180 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 53 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Racle 1986 535 1135 583 045 [ 018 117 ]

Total (95 CI) 83 84 1000 053 [ 027 107 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 528 629 596 086 [ 030 251 ]

Bigler 1985 520 420 404 125 [ 039 399 ]

Total (95 CI) 48 49 1000 102 [ 047 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100





Outcome 22 Vomiting



Bigler 1985 120 220 679 050 [ 005 508 ]

McLaren 1978 126 129 321 112 [ 007 1695 ]

Total (95 CI) 46 49 1000 070 [ 012 394 ]




001 01 1 10 100












McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]





Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]





Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]













effects model)



non fatal)



Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of



analgesia




pressure (mmHg)



(mg)





Outcome titleNo of

studies

No of







(discharge home)


I N D E X T E R M S








MeSH check words

Human

C O V E R S H E E T













Date of most recent


04 July 2001








none found






includedexcluded

01 March 2001


section amended


DOI 10100214651858CD000521















Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 114 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 202 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 27 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 168 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 111 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 65 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 306 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 072 [ 051 100 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Berggren 1987 128 029 18 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 97 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 245 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 69 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 187 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 43 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 66 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 274 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 073 [ 047 112 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 128 029 05 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Couderc 1977 750 1250 125 058 [ 025 136 ]

Davis 1987 36259 31279 310 125 [ 080 196 ]

McKenzie 1984 1673 1775 174 097 [ 053 177 ]

Racle 1986 435 535 52 080 [ 023 273 ]

Valentin 1986 22281 33297 334 070 [ 042 118 ]

Total (95 CI) 726 765 1000 092 [ 071 121 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Davis 1987 44259 42279 396 113 [ 077 166 ]

McKenzie 1984 2073 2175 203 098 [ 058 165 ]

Valentin 1986 39281 42297 400 098 [ 066 147 ]

Total (95 CI) 613 651 1000 104 [ 081 133 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 2673 2575 324 107 [ 069 167 ]

Valentin 1986 54281 53297 676 108 [ 076 152 ]

Total (95 CI) 354 372 1000 107 [ 082 141 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 424 332 31 178 [ 044 721 ]

Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 12 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 105 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 186 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 25 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 155 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 103 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 60 040 [ 008 193 ]

Ungemach 1993 357 357 36 100 [ 021 475 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 281 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 882 935 1000 076 [ 056 104 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 28 3500 (1000) 29 3100 (1000) 519 400 [ -119 919 ]

Bigler 1985 20 6700 (3580) 20 5900 (4470) 22 800 [ -1710 3310 ]

Bredahl 1991 15 6000 (2290) 13 6500 (2200) 50 -500 [ -2165 1165 ]

Maurette 1988 18 8050 (1280) 15 7150 (2090) 95 900 [ -312 2112 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 8220 (2220) 75 7720 (2770) 215 500 [ -308 1308 ]

Racle 1986 35 12500 (3550) 35 11600 (590) 98 900 [ -292 2092 ]

Total (95 CI) 189 187 1000 482 [ 108 856 ]



-100 -50 0 50 100








Berggren 1987 1828 1329 104 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 162 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 524 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 76 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 53 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 08 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 73 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 131 [ 109 158 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 1828 1329 185 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 161 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 280 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 193 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 54 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 18 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 108 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 118 [ 087 160 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Bredahl 1991 15 19000 (18600) 13 32100 (43270) 188 -13100 [ -38435 12235 ]

Davis 1981 64 30400 (23200) 68 46800 (44530) 387 -16400 [ -28414 -4386 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 27770 (30840) 75 26170 (31780) 425 1600 [ -8489 11689 ]

Total (95 CI) 152 156 1000 -8124 [ -21601 5354 ]



- 10000 - 5000 0 5000 10000











Adams 1990 924 932 118 133 [ 063 284 ]

Bigler 1985 920 720 107 129 [ 060 277 ]

Davis 1981 4564 5268 774 092 [ 075 113 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 120 1000 101 [ 082 124 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Couderc 1977 50 110000 (40000) 50 100000 (30000) 322 10000 [ -3859 23859 ]

Maurette 1988 18 60000 (15000) 15 30000 (15000) 352 30000 [ 19722 40278 ]

Racle 1986 35 48860 (28280) 35 48000 (29280) 326 860 [ -12626 14346 ]

Total (95 CI) 103 100 1000 14069 [ -4033 32170 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000











Berggren 1987 1028 1429 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]

Total (95 CI) 28 29 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 73 3880 (5550) 75 4290 (6930) 61 -410 [ -2430 1610 ]

Racle 1986 35 2009 (1060) 35 2005 (1140) 939 004 [ -512 520 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 110 1000 -021 [ -521 478 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000














Davis 1981 064 168 155 035 [ 001 853 ]

Davis 1987 2259 1279 102 215 [ 020 2362 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 275 262 021 [ 001 421 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 396 422 520 063 [ 015 262 ]





Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 55 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Racle 1986 235 435 425 050 [ 010 256 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 50 49 480 076 [ 020 296 ]




Total (95 CI) 446 471 1000 070 [ 026 185 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Couderc 1977 250 250 237 100 [ 015 682 ]

Davis 1987 3259 0279 57 754 [ 039 14524 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 175 176 034 [ 001 827 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 178 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 417 439 648 122 [ 040 371 ]





Bigler 1985 020 120 178 033 [ 001 772 ]

Davis 1981 264 168 115 213 [ 020 2287 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 112 117 352 207 [ 053 806 ]




Total (95 CI) 529 556 1000 151 [ 064 357 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 224 232 136 133 [ 020 880 ]

Davis 1987 3259 3279 228 108 [ 022 529 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 41 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 298 325 405 134 [ 044 410 ]





Berggren 1987 228 029 39 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 129 120 94 069 [ 005 1039 ]

Davis 1981 264 568 384 043 [ 009 211 ]

Racle 1986 135 135 79 100 [ 007 1536 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 156 152 595 085 [ 030 240 ]




Total (95 CI) 454 477 1000 105 [ 049 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Davis 1987 1259 0279 112 323 [ 013 7895 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 349 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 294 314 461 104 [ 015 715 ]





Adams 1990 124 132 200 133 [ 009 2026 ]

Davis 1981 064 168 339 035 [ 001 853 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 88 100 539 072 [ 010 513 ]




Total (95 CI) 382 414 1000 086 [ 022 341 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 428 729 364 059 [ 019 180 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 53 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Racle 1986 535 1135 583 045 [ 018 117 ]

Total (95 CI) 83 84 1000 053 [ 027 107 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 528 629 596 086 [ 030 251 ]

Bigler 1985 520 420 404 125 [ 039 399 ]

Total (95 CI) 48 49 1000 102 [ 047 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100





Outcome 22 Vomiting



Bigler 1985 120 220 679 050 [ 005 508 ]

McLaren 1978 126 129 321 112 [ 007 1695 ]

Total (95 CI) 46 49 1000 070 [ 012 394 ]




001 01 1 10 100












McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]





Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]





Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]





MeSH check words

Human

C O V E R S H E E T













Date of most recent


04 July 2001








none found






includedexcluded

01 March 2001


section amended


DOI 10100214651858CD000521















Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 114 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 202 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 27 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 168 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 111 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 65 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 306 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 072 [ 051 100 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Berggren 1987 128 029 18 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 97 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 245 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 69 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 187 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 43 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 66 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 274 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 073 [ 047 112 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 128 029 05 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Couderc 1977 750 1250 125 058 [ 025 136 ]

Davis 1987 36259 31279 310 125 [ 080 196 ]

McKenzie 1984 1673 1775 174 097 [ 053 177 ]

Racle 1986 435 535 52 080 [ 023 273 ]

Valentin 1986 22281 33297 334 070 [ 042 118 ]

Total (95 CI) 726 765 1000 092 [ 071 121 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Davis 1987 44259 42279 396 113 [ 077 166 ]

McKenzie 1984 2073 2175 203 098 [ 058 165 ]

Valentin 1986 39281 42297 400 098 [ 066 147 ]

Total (95 CI) 613 651 1000 104 [ 081 133 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 2673 2575 324 107 [ 069 167 ]

Valentin 1986 54281 53297 676 108 [ 076 152 ]

Total (95 CI) 354 372 1000 107 [ 082 141 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 424 332 31 178 [ 044 721 ]

Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 12 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 105 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 186 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 25 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 155 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 103 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 60 040 [ 008 193 ]

Ungemach 1993 357 357 36 100 [ 021 475 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 281 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 882 935 1000 076 [ 056 104 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 28 3500 (1000) 29 3100 (1000) 519 400 [ -119 919 ]

Bigler 1985 20 6700 (3580) 20 5900 (4470) 22 800 [ -1710 3310 ]

Bredahl 1991 15 6000 (2290) 13 6500 (2200) 50 -500 [ -2165 1165 ]

Maurette 1988 18 8050 (1280) 15 7150 (2090) 95 900 [ -312 2112 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 8220 (2220) 75 7720 (2770) 215 500 [ -308 1308 ]

Racle 1986 35 12500 (3550) 35 11600 (590) 98 900 [ -292 2092 ]

Total (95 CI) 189 187 1000 482 [ 108 856 ]



-100 -50 0 50 100








Berggren 1987 1828 1329 104 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 162 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 524 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 76 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 53 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 08 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 73 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 131 [ 109 158 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 1828 1329 185 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 161 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 280 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 193 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 54 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 18 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 108 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 118 [ 087 160 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Bredahl 1991 15 19000 (18600) 13 32100 (43270) 188 -13100 [ -38435 12235 ]

Davis 1981 64 30400 (23200) 68 46800 (44530) 387 -16400 [ -28414 -4386 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 27770 (30840) 75 26170 (31780) 425 1600 [ -8489 11689 ]

Total (95 CI) 152 156 1000 -8124 [ -21601 5354 ]



- 10000 - 5000 0 5000 10000











Adams 1990 924 932 118 133 [ 063 284 ]

Bigler 1985 920 720 107 129 [ 060 277 ]

Davis 1981 4564 5268 774 092 [ 075 113 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 120 1000 101 [ 082 124 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Couderc 1977 50 110000 (40000) 50 100000 (30000) 322 10000 [ -3859 23859 ]

Maurette 1988 18 60000 (15000) 15 30000 (15000) 352 30000 [ 19722 40278 ]

Racle 1986 35 48860 (28280) 35 48000 (29280) 326 860 [ -12626 14346 ]

Total (95 CI) 103 100 1000 14069 [ -4033 32170 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000











Berggren 1987 1028 1429 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]

Total (95 CI) 28 29 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 73 3880 (5550) 75 4290 (6930) 61 -410 [ -2430 1610 ]

Racle 1986 35 2009 (1060) 35 2005 (1140) 939 004 [ -512 520 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 110 1000 -021 [ -521 478 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000














Davis 1981 064 168 155 035 [ 001 853 ]

Davis 1987 2259 1279 102 215 [ 020 2362 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 275 262 021 [ 001 421 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 396 422 520 063 [ 015 262 ]





Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 55 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Racle 1986 235 435 425 050 [ 010 256 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 50 49 480 076 [ 020 296 ]




Total (95 CI) 446 471 1000 070 [ 026 185 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Couderc 1977 250 250 237 100 [ 015 682 ]

Davis 1987 3259 0279 57 754 [ 039 14524 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 175 176 034 [ 001 827 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 178 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 417 439 648 122 [ 040 371 ]





Bigler 1985 020 120 178 033 [ 001 772 ]

Davis 1981 264 168 115 213 [ 020 2287 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 112 117 352 207 [ 053 806 ]




Total (95 CI) 529 556 1000 151 [ 064 357 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 224 232 136 133 [ 020 880 ]

Davis 1987 3259 3279 228 108 [ 022 529 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 41 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 298 325 405 134 [ 044 410 ]





Berggren 1987 228 029 39 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 129 120 94 069 [ 005 1039 ]

Davis 1981 264 568 384 043 [ 009 211 ]

Racle 1986 135 135 79 100 [ 007 1536 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 156 152 595 085 [ 030 240 ]




Total (95 CI) 454 477 1000 105 [ 049 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Davis 1987 1259 0279 112 323 [ 013 7895 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 349 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 294 314 461 104 [ 015 715 ]





Adams 1990 124 132 200 133 [ 009 2026 ]

Davis 1981 064 168 339 035 [ 001 853 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 88 100 539 072 [ 010 513 ]




Total (95 CI) 382 414 1000 086 [ 022 341 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 428 729 364 059 [ 019 180 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 53 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Racle 1986 535 1135 583 045 [ 018 117 ]

Total (95 CI) 83 84 1000 053 [ 027 107 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 528 629 596 086 [ 030 251 ]

Bigler 1985 520 420 404 125 [ 039 399 ]

Total (95 CI) 48 49 1000 102 [ 047 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100





Outcome 22 Vomiting



Bigler 1985 120 220 679 050 [ 005 508 ]

McLaren 1978 126 129 321 112 [ 007 1695 ]

Total (95 CI) 46 49 1000 070 [ 012 394 ]




001 01 1 10 100












McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]





Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]





Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]












Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 114 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 202 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 27 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 168 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 111 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 65 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 306 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 072 [ 051 100 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Berggren 1987 128 029 18 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 97 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 245 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 69 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 187 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 43 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 66 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 274 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 073 [ 047 112 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 128 029 05 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Couderc 1977 750 1250 125 058 [ 025 136 ]

Davis 1987 36259 31279 310 125 [ 080 196 ]

McKenzie 1984 1673 1775 174 097 [ 053 177 ]

Racle 1986 435 535 52 080 [ 023 273 ]

Valentin 1986 22281 33297 334 070 [ 042 118 ]

Total (95 CI) 726 765 1000 092 [ 071 121 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Davis 1987 44259 42279 396 113 [ 077 166 ]

McKenzie 1984 2073 2175 203 098 [ 058 165 ]

Valentin 1986 39281 42297 400 098 [ 066 147 ]

Total (95 CI) 613 651 1000 104 [ 081 133 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 2673 2575 324 107 [ 069 167 ]

Valentin 1986 54281 53297 676 108 [ 076 152 ]

Total (95 CI) 354 372 1000 107 [ 082 141 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 424 332 31 178 [ 044 721 ]

Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 12 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 105 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 186 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 25 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 155 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 103 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 60 040 [ 008 193 ]

Ungemach 1993 357 357 36 100 [ 021 475 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 281 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 882 935 1000 076 [ 056 104 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 28 3500 (1000) 29 3100 (1000) 519 400 [ -119 919 ]

Bigler 1985 20 6700 (3580) 20 5900 (4470) 22 800 [ -1710 3310 ]

Bredahl 1991 15 6000 (2290) 13 6500 (2200) 50 -500 [ -2165 1165 ]

Maurette 1988 18 8050 (1280) 15 7150 (2090) 95 900 [ -312 2112 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 8220 (2220) 75 7720 (2770) 215 500 [ -308 1308 ]

Racle 1986 35 12500 (3550) 35 11600 (590) 98 900 [ -292 2092 ]

Total (95 CI) 189 187 1000 482 [ 108 856 ]



-100 -50 0 50 100








Berggren 1987 1828 1329 104 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 162 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 524 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 76 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 53 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 08 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 73 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 131 [ 109 158 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 1828 1329 185 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 161 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 280 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 193 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 54 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 18 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 108 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 118 [ 087 160 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Bredahl 1991 15 19000 (18600) 13 32100 (43270) 188 -13100 [ -38435 12235 ]

Davis 1981 64 30400 (23200) 68 46800 (44530) 387 -16400 [ -28414 -4386 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 27770 (30840) 75 26170 (31780) 425 1600 [ -8489 11689 ]

Total (95 CI) 152 156 1000 -8124 [ -21601 5354 ]



- 10000 - 5000 0 5000 10000











Adams 1990 924 932 118 133 [ 063 284 ]

Bigler 1985 920 720 107 129 [ 060 277 ]

Davis 1981 4564 5268 774 092 [ 075 113 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 120 1000 101 [ 082 124 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Couderc 1977 50 110000 (40000) 50 100000 (30000) 322 10000 [ -3859 23859 ]

Maurette 1988 18 60000 (15000) 15 30000 (15000) 352 30000 [ 19722 40278 ]

Racle 1986 35 48860 (28280) 35 48000 (29280) 326 860 [ -12626 14346 ]

Total (95 CI) 103 100 1000 14069 [ -4033 32170 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000











Berggren 1987 1028 1429 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]

Total (95 CI) 28 29 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 73 3880 (5550) 75 4290 (6930) 61 -410 [ -2430 1610 ]

Racle 1986 35 2009 (1060) 35 2005 (1140) 939 004 [ -512 520 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 110 1000 -021 [ -521 478 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000














Davis 1981 064 168 155 035 [ 001 853 ]

Davis 1987 2259 1279 102 215 [ 020 2362 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 275 262 021 [ 001 421 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 396 422 520 063 [ 015 262 ]





Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 55 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Racle 1986 235 435 425 050 [ 010 256 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 50 49 480 076 [ 020 296 ]




Total (95 CI) 446 471 1000 070 [ 026 185 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Couderc 1977 250 250 237 100 [ 015 682 ]

Davis 1987 3259 0279 57 754 [ 039 14524 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 175 176 034 [ 001 827 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 178 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 417 439 648 122 [ 040 371 ]





Bigler 1985 020 120 178 033 [ 001 772 ]

Davis 1981 264 168 115 213 [ 020 2287 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 112 117 352 207 [ 053 806 ]




Total (95 CI) 529 556 1000 151 [ 064 357 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 224 232 136 133 [ 020 880 ]

Davis 1987 3259 3279 228 108 [ 022 529 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 41 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 298 325 405 134 [ 044 410 ]





Berggren 1987 228 029 39 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 129 120 94 069 [ 005 1039 ]

Davis 1981 264 568 384 043 [ 009 211 ]

Racle 1986 135 135 79 100 [ 007 1536 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 156 152 595 085 [ 030 240 ]




Total (95 CI) 454 477 1000 105 [ 049 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Davis 1987 1259 0279 112 323 [ 013 7895 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 349 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 294 314 461 104 [ 015 715 ]





Adams 1990 124 132 200 133 [ 009 2026 ]

Davis 1981 064 168 339 035 [ 001 853 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 88 100 539 072 [ 010 513 ]




Total (95 CI) 382 414 1000 086 [ 022 341 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 428 729 364 059 [ 019 180 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 53 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Racle 1986 535 1135 583 045 [ 018 117 ]

Total (95 CI) 83 84 1000 053 [ 027 107 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 528 629 596 086 [ 030 251 ]

Bigler 1985 520 420 404 125 [ 039 399 ]

Total (95 CI) 48 49 1000 102 [ 047 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100





Outcome 22 Vomiting



Bigler 1985 120 220 679 050 [ 005 508 ]

McLaren 1978 126 129 321 112 [ 007 1695 ]

Total (95 CI) 46 49 1000 070 [ 012 394 ]




001 01 1 10 100












McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]





Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]





Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]











Berggren 1987 128 029 18 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 97 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 245 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 69 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 187 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 43 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 66 040 [ 008 193 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 274 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 781 826 1000 073 [ 047 112 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 128 029 05 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Couderc 1977 750 1250 125 058 [ 025 136 ]

Davis 1987 36259 31279 310 125 [ 080 196 ]

McKenzie 1984 1673 1775 174 097 [ 053 177 ]

Racle 1986 435 535 52 080 [ 023 273 ]

Valentin 1986 22281 33297 334 070 [ 042 118 ]

Total (95 CI) 726 765 1000 092 [ 071 121 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Davis 1987 44259 42279 396 113 [ 077 166 ]

McKenzie 1984 2073 2175 203 098 [ 058 165 ]

Valentin 1986 39281 42297 400 098 [ 066 147 ]

Total (95 CI) 613 651 1000 104 [ 081 133 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 2673 2575 324 107 [ 069 167 ]

Valentin 1986 54281 53297 676 108 [ 076 152 ]

Total (95 CI) 354 372 1000 107 [ 082 141 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 424 332 31 178 [ 044 721 ]

Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 12 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 105 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 186 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 25 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 155 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 103 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 60 040 [ 008 193 ]

Ungemach 1993 357 357 36 100 [ 021 475 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 281 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 882 935 1000 076 [ 056 104 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 28 3500 (1000) 29 3100 (1000) 519 400 [ -119 919 ]

Bigler 1985 20 6700 (3580) 20 5900 (4470) 22 800 [ -1710 3310 ]

Bredahl 1991 15 6000 (2290) 13 6500 (2200) 50 -500 [ -2165 1165 ]

Maurette 1988 18 8050 (1280) 15 7150 (2090) 95 900 [ -312 2112 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 8220 (2220) 75 7720 (2770) 215 500 [ -308 1308 ]

Racle 1986 35 12500 (3550) 35 11600 (590) 98 900 [ -292 2092 ]

Total (95 CI) 189 187 1000 482 [ 108 856 ]



-100 -50 0 50 100








Berggren 1987 1828 1329 104 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 162 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 524 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 76 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 53 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 08 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 73 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 131 [ 109 158 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 1828 1329 185 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 161 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 280 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 193 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 54 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 18 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 108 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 118 [ 087 160 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Bredahl 1991 15 19000 (18600) 13 32100 (43270) 188 -13100 [ -38435 12235 ]

Davis 1981 64 30400 (23200) 68 46800 (44530) 387 -16400 [ -28414 -4386 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 27770 (30840) 75 26170 (31780) 425 1600 [ -8489 11689 ]

Total (95 CI) 152 156 1000 -8124 [ -21601 5354 ]



- 10000 - 5000 0 5000 10000











Adams 1990 924 932 118 133 [ 063 284 ]

Bigler 1985 920 720 107 129 [ 060 277 ]

Davis 1981 4564 5268 774 092 [ 075 113 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 120 1000 101 [ 082 124 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Couderc 1977 50 110000 (40000) 50 100000 (30000) 322 10000 [ -3859 23859 ]

Maurette 1988 18 60000 (15000) 15 30000 (15000) 352 30000 [ 19722 40278 ]

Racle 1986 35 48860 (28280) 35 48000 (29280) 326 860 [ -12626 14346 ]

Total (95 CI) 103 100 1000 14069 [ -4033 32170 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000











Berggren 1987 1028 1429 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]

Total (95 CI) 28 29 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 73 3880 (5550) 75 4290 (6930) 61 -410 [ -2430 1610 ]

Racle 1986 35 2009 (1060) 35 2005 (1140) 939 004 [ -512 520 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 110 1000 -021 [ -521 478 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000














Davis 1981 064 168 155 035 [ 001 853 ]

Davis 1987 2259 1279 102 215 [ 020 2362 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 275 262 021 [ 001 421 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 396 422 520 063 [ 015 262 ]





Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 55 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Racle 1986 235 435 425 050 [ 010 256 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 50 49 480 076 [ 020 296 ]




Total (95 CI) 446 471 1000 070 [ 026 185 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Couderc 1977 250 250 237 100 [ 015 682 ]

Davis 1987 3259 0279 57 754 [ 039 14524 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 175 176 034 [ 001 827 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 178 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 417 439 648 122 [ 040 371 ]





Bigler 1985 020 120 178 033 [ 001 772 ]

Davis 1981 264 168 115 213 [ 020 2287 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 112 117 352 207 [ 053 806 ]




Total (95 CI) 529 556 1000 151 [ 064 357 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 224 232 136 133 [ 020 880 ]

Davis 1987 3259 3279 228 108 [ 022 529 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 41 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 298 325 405 134 [ 044 410 ]





Berggren 1987 228 029 39 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 129 120 94 069 [ 005 1039 ]

Davis 1981 264 568 384 043 [ 009 211 ]

Racle 1986 135 135 79 100 [ 007 1536 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 156 152 595 085 [ 030 240 ]




Total (95 CI) 454 477 1000 105 [ 049 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Davis 1987 1259 0279 112 323 [ 013 7895 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 349 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 294 314 461 104 [ 015 715 ]





Adams 1990 124 132 200 133 [ 009 2026 ]

Davis 1981 064 168 339 035 [ 001 853 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 88 100 539 072 [ 010 513 ]




Total (95 CI) 382 414 1000 086 [ 022 341 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 428 729 364 059 [ 019 180 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 53 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Racle 1986 535 1135 583 045 [ 018 117 ]

Total (95 CI) 83 84 1000 053 [ 027 107 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 528 629 596 086 [ 030 251 ]

Bigler 1985 520 420 404 125 [ 039 399 ]

Total (95 CI) 48 49 1000 102 [ 047 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100





Outcome 22 Vomiting



Bigler 1985 120 220 679 050 [ 005 508 ]

McLaren 1978 126 129 321 112 [ 007 1695 ]

Total (95 CI) 46 49 1000 070 [ 012 394 ]




001 01 1 10 100












McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]





Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]





Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]










Davis 1987 44259 42279 396 113 [ 077 166 ]

McKenzie 1984 2073 2175 203 098 [ 058 165 ]

Valentin 1986 39281 42297 400 098 [ 066 147 ]

Total (95 CI) 613 651 1000 104 [ 081 133 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 2673 2575 324 107 [ 069 167 ]

Valentin 1986 54281 53297 676 108 [ 076 152 ]

Total (95 CI) 354 372 1000 107 [ 082 141 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 424 332 31 178 [ 044 721 ]

Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 12 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 105 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 186 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 25 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 155 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 103 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 60 040 [ 008 193 ]

Ungemach 1993 357 357 36 100 [ 021 475 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 281 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 882 935 1000 076 [ 056 104 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 28 3500 (1000) 29 3100 (1000) 519 400 [ -119 919 ]

Bigler 1985 20 6700 (3580) 20 5900 (4470) 22 800 [ -1710 3310 ]

Bredahl 1991 15 6000 (2290) 13 6500 (2200) 50 -500 [ -2165 1165 ]

Maurette 1988 18 8050 (1280) 15 7150 (2090) 95 900 [ -312 2112 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 8220 (2220) 75 7720 (2770) 215 500 [ -308 1308 ]

Racle 1986 35 12500 (3550) 35 11600 (590) 98 900 [ -292 2092 ]

Total (95 CI) 189 187 1000 482 [ 108 856 ]



-100 -50 0 50 100








Berggren 1987 1828 1329 104 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 162 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 524 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 76 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 53 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 08 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 73 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 131 [ 109 158 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 1828 1329 185 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 161 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 280 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 193 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 54 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 18 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 108 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 118 [ 087 160 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Bredahl 1991 15 19000 (18600) 13 32100 (43270) 188 -13100 [ -38435 12235 ]

Davis 1981 64 30400 (23200) 68 46800 (44530) 387 -16400 [ -28414 -4386 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 27770 (30840) 75 26170 (31780) 425 1600 [ -8489 11689 ]

Total (95 CI) 152 156 1000 -8124 [ -21601 5354 ]



- 10000 - 5000 0 5000 10000











Adams 1990 924 932 118 133 [ 063 284 ]

Bigler 1985 920 720 107 129 [ 060 277 ]

Davis 1981 4564 5268 774 092 [ 075 113 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 120 1000 101 [ 082 124 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Couderc 1977 50 110000 (40000) 50 100000 (30000) 322 10000 [ -3859 23859 ]

Maurette 1988 18 60000 (15000) 15 30000 (15000) 352 30000 [ 19722 40278 ]

Racle 1986 35 48860 (28280) 35 48000 (29280) 326 860 [ -12626 14346 ]

Total (95 CI) 103 100 1000 14069 [ -4033 32170 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000











Berggren 1987 1028 1429 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]

Total (95 CI) 28 29 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 73 3880 (5550) 75 4290 (6930) 61 -410 [ -2430 1610 ]

Racle 1986 35 2009 (1060) 35 2005 (1140) 939 004 [ -512 520 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 110 1000 -021 [ -521 478 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000














Davis 1981 064 168 155 035 [ 001 853 ]

Davis 1987 2259 1279 102 215 [ 020 2362 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 275 262 021 [ 001 421 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 396 422 520 063 [ 015 262 ]





Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 55 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Racle 1986 235 435 425 050 [ 010 256 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 50 49 480 076 [ 020 296 ]




Total (95 CI) 446 471 1000 070 [ 026 185 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Couderc 1977 250 250 237 100 [ 015 682 ]

Davis 1987 3259 0279 57 754 [ 039 14524 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 175 176 034 [ 001 827 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 178 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 417 439 648 122 [ 040 371 ]





Bigler 1985 020 120 178 033 [ 001 772 ]

Davis 1981 264 168 115 213 [ 020 2287 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 112 117 352 207 [ 053 806 ]




Total (95 CI) 529 556 1000 151 [ 064 357 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 224 232 136 133 [ 020 880 ]

Davis 1987 3259 3279 228 108 [ 022 529 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 41 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 298 325 405 134 [ 044 410 ]





Berggren 1987 228 029 39 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 129 120 94 069 [ 005 1039 ]

Davis 1981 264 568 384 043 [ 009 211 ]

Racle 1986 135 135 79 100 [ 007 1536 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 156 152 595 085 [ 030 240 ]




Total (95 CI) 454 477 1000 105 [ 049 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Davis 1987 1259 0279 112 323 [ 013 7895 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 349 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 294 314 461 104 [ 015 715 ]





Adams 1990 124 132 200 133 [ 009 2026 ]

Davis 1981 064 168 339 035 [ 001 853 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 88 100 539 072 [ 010 513 ]




Total (95 CI) 382 414 1000 086 [ 022 341 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 428 729 364 059 [ 019 180 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 53 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Racle 1986 535 1135 583 045 [ 018 117 ]

Total (95 CI) 83 84 1000 053 [ 027 107 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 528 629 596 086 [ 030 251 ]

Bigler 1985 520 420 404 125 [ 039 399 ]

Total (95 CI) 48 49 1000 102 [ 047 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100





Outcome 22 Vomiting



Bigler 1985 120 220 679 050 [ 005 508 ]

McLaren 1978 126 129 321 112 [ 007 1695 ]

Total (95 CI) 46 49 1000 070 [ 012 394 ]




001 01 1 10 100












McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]





Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]





Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]










Adams 1990 424 332 31 178 [ 044 721 ]

Berggren 1987 128 029 06 310 [ 013 7312 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 12 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Davis 1981 364 968 105 035 [ 010 125 ]

Davis 1987 17259 16279 186 114 [ 059 222 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 415 214 25 187 [ 040 865 ]

McKenzie 1984 873 1375 155 063 [ 028 144 ]

McLaren 1978 126 929 103 012 [ 002 091 ]

Racle 1986 235 535 60 040 [ 008 193 ]

Ungemach 1993 357 357 36 100 [ 021 475 ]

Valentin 1986 17281 24297 281 075 [ 041 136 ]

Total (95 CI) 882 935 1000 076 [ 056 104 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 28 3500 (1000) 29 3100 (1000) 519 400 [ -119 919 ]

Bigler 1985 20 6700 (3580) 20 5900 (4470) 22 800 [ -1710 3310 ]

Bredahl 1991 15 6000 (2290) 13 6500 (2200) 50 -500 [ -2165 1165 ]

Maurette 1988 18 8050 (1280) 15 7150 (2090) 95 900 [ -312 2112 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 8220 (2220) 75 7720 (2770) 215 500 [ -308 1308 ]

Racle 1986 35 12500 (3550) 35 11600 (590) 98 900 [ -292 2092 ]

Total (95 CI) 189 187 1000 482 [ 108 856 ]



-100 -50 0 50 100








Berggren 1987 1828 1329 104 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 162 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 524 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 76 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 53 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 08 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 73 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 131 [ 109 158 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 1828 1329 185 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 161 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 280 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 193 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 54 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 18 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 108 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 118 [ 087 160 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Bredahl 1991 15 19000 (18600) 13 32100 (43270) 188 -13100 [ -38435 12235 ]

Davis 1981 64 30400 (23200) 68 46800 (44530) 387 -16400 [ -28414 -4386 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 27770 (30840) 75 26170 (31780) 425 1600 [ -8489 11689 ]

Total (95 CI) 152 156 1000 -8124 [ -21601 5354 ]



- 10000 - 5000 0 5000 10000











Adams 1990 924 932 118 133 [ 063 284 ]

Bigler 1985 920 720 107 129 [ 060 277 ]

Davis 1981 4564 5268 774 092 [ 075 113 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 120 1000 101 [ 082 124 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Couderc 1977 50 110000 (40000) 50 100000 (30000) 322 10000 [ -3859 23859 ]

Maurette 1988 18 60000 (15000) 15 30000 (15000) 352 30000 [ 19722 40278 ]

Racle 1986 35 48860 (28280) 35 48000 (29280) 326 860 [ -12626 14346 ]

Total (95 CI) 103 100 1000 14069 [ -4033 32170 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000











Berggren 1987 1028 1429 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]

Total (95 CI) 28 29 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 73 3880 (5550) 75 4290 (6930) 61 -410 [ -2430 1610 ]

Racle 1986 35 2009 (1060) 35 2005 (1140) 939 004 [ -512 520 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 110 1000 -021 [ -521 478 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000














Davis 1981 064 168 155 035 [ 001 853 ]

Davis 1987 2259 1279 102 215 [ 020 2362 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 275 262 021 [ 001 421 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 396 422 520 063 [ 015 262 ]





Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 55 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Racle 1986 235 435 425 050 [ 010 256 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 50 49 480 076 [ 020 296 ]




Total (95 CI) 446 471 1000 070 [ 026 185 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Couderc 1977 250 250 237 100 [ 015 682 ]

Davis 1987 3259 0279 57 754 [ 039 14524 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 175 176 034 [ 001 827 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 178 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 417 439 648 122 [ 040 371 ]





Bigler 1985 020 120 178 033 [ 001 772 ]

Davis 1981 264 168 115 213 [ 020 2287 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 112 117 352 207 [ 053 806 ]




Total (95 CI) 529 556 1000 151 [ 064 357 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 224 232 136 133 [ 020 880 ]

Davis 1987 3259 3279 228 108 [ 022 529 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 41 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 298 325 405 134 [ 044 410 ]





Berggren 1987 228 029 39 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 129 120 94 069 [ 005 1039 ]

Davis 1981 264 568 384 043 [ 009 211 ]

Racle 1986 135 135 79 100 [ 007 1536 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 156 152 595 085 [ 030 240 ]




Total (95 CI) 454 477 1000 105 [ 049 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Davis 1987 1259 0279 112 323 [ 013 7895 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 349 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 294 314 461 104 [ 015 715 ]





Adams 1990 124 132 200 133 [ 009 2026 ]

Davis 1981 064 168 339 035 [ 001 853 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 88 100 539 072 [ 010 513 ]




Total (95 CI) 382 414 1000 086 [ 022 341 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 428 729 364 059 [ 019 180 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 53 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Racle 1986 535 1135 583 045 [ 018 117 ]

Total (95 CI) 83 84 1000 053 [ 027 107 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 528 629 596 086 [ 030 251 ]

Bigler 1985 520 420 404 125 [ 039 399 ]

Total (95 CI) 48 49 1000 102 [ 047 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100





Outcome 22 Vomiting



Bigler 1985 120 220 679 050 [ 005 508 ]

McLaren 1978 126 129 321 112 [ 007 1695 ]

Total (95 CI) 46 49 1000 070 [ 012 394 ]




001 01 1 10 100












McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]





Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]





Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]










Berggren 1987 28 3500 (1000) 29 3100 (1000) 519 400 [ -119 919 ]

Bigler 1985 20 6700 (3580) 20 5900 (4470) 22 800 [ -1710 3310 ]

Bredahl 1991 15 6000 (2290) 13 6500 (2200) 50 -500 [ -2165 1165 ]

Maurette 1988 18 8050 (1280) 15 7150 (2090) 95 900 [ -312 2112 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 8220 (2220) 75 7720 (2770) 215 500 [ -308 1308 ]

Racle 1986 35 12500 (3550) 35 11600 (590) 98 900 [ -292 2092 ]

Total (95 CI) 189 187 1000 482 [ 108 856 ]



-100 -50 0 50 100








Berggren 1987 1828 1329 104 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 162 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 524 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 76 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 53 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 08 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 73 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 131 [ 109 158 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 1828 1329 185 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 161 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 280 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 193 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 54 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 18 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 108 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 118 [ 087 160 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Bredahl 1991 15 19000 (18600) 13 32100 (43270) 188 -13100 [ -38435 12235 ]

Davis 1981 64 30400 (23200) 68 46800 (44530) 387 -16400 [ -28414 -4386 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 27770 (30840) 75 26170 (31780) 425 1600 [ -8489 11689 ]

Total (95 CI) 152 156 1000 -8124 [ -21601 5354 ]



- 10000 - 5000 0 5000 10000











Adams 1990 924 932 118 133 [ 063 284 ]

Bigler 1985 920 720 107 129 [ 060 277 ]

Davis 1981 4564 5268 774 092 [ 075 113 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 120 1000 101 [ 082 124 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Couderc 1977 50 110000 (40000) 50 100000 (30000) 322 10000 [ -3859 23859 ]

Maurette 1988 18 60000 (15000) 15 30000 (15000) 352 30000 [ 19722 40278 ]

Racle 1986 35 48860 (28280) 35 48000 (29280) 326 860 [ -12626 14346 ]

Total (95 CI) 103 100 1000 14069 [ -4033 32170 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000











Berggren 1987 1028 1429 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]

Total (95 CI) 28 29 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 73 3880 (5550) 75 4290 (6930) 61 -410 [ -2430 1610 ]

Racle 1986 35 2009 (1060) 35 2005 (1140) 939 004 [ -512 520 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 110 1000 -021 [ -521 478 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000














Davis 1981 064 168 155 035 [ 001 853 ]

Davis 1987 2259 1279 102 215 [ 020 2362 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 275 262 021 [ 001 421 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 396 422 520 063 [ 015 262 ]





Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 55 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Racle 1986 235 435 425 050 [ 010 256 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 50 49 480 076 [ 020 296 ]




Total (95 CI) 446 471 1000 070 [ 026 185 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Couderc 1977 250 250 237 100 [ 015 682 ]

Davis 1987 3259 0279 57 754 [ 039 14524 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 175 176 034 [ 001 827 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 178 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 417 439 648 122 [ 040 371 ]





Bigler 1985 020 120 178 033 [ 001 772 ]

Davis 1981 264 168 115 213 [ 020 2287 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 112 117 352 207 [ 053 806 ]




Total (95 CI) 529 556 1000 151 [ 064 357 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 224 232 136 133 [ 020 880 ]

Davis 1987 3259 3279 228 108 [ 022 529 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 41 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 298 325 405 134 [ 044 410 ]





Berggren 1987 228 029 39 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 129 120 94 069 [ 005 1039 ]

Davis 1981 264 568 384 043 [ 009 211 ]

Racle 1986 135 135 79 100 [ 007 1536 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 156 152 595 085 [ 030 240 ]




Total (95 CI) 454 477 1000 105 [ 049 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Davis 1987 1259 0279 112 323 [ 013 7895 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 349 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 294 314 461 104 [ 015 715 ]





Adams 1990 124 132 200 133 [ 009 2026 ]

Davis 1981 064 168 339 035 [ 001 853 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 88 100 539 072 [ 010 513 ]




Total (95 CI) 382 414 1000 086 [ 022 341 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 428 729 364 059 [ 019 180 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 53 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Racle 1986 535 1135 583 045 [ 018 117 ]

Total (95 CI) 83 84 1000 053 [ 027 107 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 528 629 596 086 [ 030 251 ]

Bigler 1985 520 420 404 125 [ 039 399 ]

Total (95 CI) 48 49 1000 102 [ 047 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100





Outcome 22 Vomiting



Bigler 1985 120 220 679 050 [ 005 508 ]

McLaren 1978 126 129 321 112 [ 007 1695 ]

Total (95 CI) 46 49 1000 070 [ 012 394 ]




001 01 1 10 100












McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]





Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]





Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]










Berggren 1987 1828 1329 185 143 [ 088 234 ]


Couderc 1977 1450 2050 161 070 [ 040 122 ]

Davis 1987 98259 67279 280 158 [ 121 204 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 1215 914 193 124 [ 078 198 ]

Maurette 1988 318 615 54 042 [ 012 139 ]

McLaren 1978 326 129 18 335 [ 037 3021 ]

Racle 1986 1035 935 108 111 [ 051 240 ]

Total (95 CI) 441 461 1000 118 [ 087 160 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Bredahl 1991 15 19000 (18600) 13 32100 (43270) 188 -13100 [ -38435 12235 ]

Davis 1981 64 30400 (23200) 68 46800 (44530) 387 -16400 [ -28414 -4386 ]

McKenzie 1984 73 27770 (30840) 75 26170 (31780) 425 1600 [ -8489 11689 ]

Total (95 CI) 152 156 1000 -8124 [ -21601 5354 ]



- 10000 - 5000 0 5000 10000











Adams 1990 924 932 118 133 [ 063 284 ]

Bigler 1985 920 720 107 129 [ 060 277 ]

Davis 1981 4564 5268 774 092 [ 075 113 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 120 1000 101 [ 082 124 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Couderc 1977 50 110000 (40000) 50 100000 (30000) 322 10000 [ -3859 23859 ]

Maurette 1988 18 60000 (15000) 15 30000 (15000) 352 30000 [ 19722 40278 ]

Racle 1986 35 48860 (28280) 35 48000 (29280) 326 860 [ -12626 14346 ]

Total (95 CI) 103 100 1000 14069 [ -4033 32170 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000











Berggren 1987 1028 1429 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]

Total (95 CI) 28 29 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 73 3880 (5550) 75 4290 (6930) 61 -410 [ -2430 1610 ]

Racle 1986 35 2009 (1060) 35 2005 (1140) 939 004 [ -512 520 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 110 1000 -021 [ -521 478 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000














Davis 1981 064 168 155 035 [ 001 853 ]

Davis 1987 2259 1279 102 215 [ 020 2362 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 275 262 021 [ 001 421 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 396 422 520 063 [ 015 262 ]





Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 55 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Racle 1986 235 435 425 050 [ 010 256 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 50 49 480 076 [ 020 296 ]




Total (95 CI) 446 471 1000 070 [ 026 185 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Couderc 1977 250 250 237 100 [ 015 682 ]

Davis 1987 3259 0279 57 754 [ 039 14524 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 175 176 034 [ 001 827 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 178 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 417 439 648 122 [ 040 371 ]





Bigler 1985 020 120 178 033 [ 001 772 ]

Davis 1981 264 168 115 213 [ 020 2287 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 112 117 352 207 [ 053 806 ]




Total (95 CI) 529 556 1000 151 [ 064 357 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 224 232 136 133 [ 020 880 ]

Davis 1987 3259 3279 228 108 [ 022 529 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 41 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 298 325 405 134 [ 044 410 ]





Berggren 1987 228 029 39 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 129 120 94 069 [ 005 1039 ]

Davis 1981 264 568 384 043 [ 009 211 ]

Racle 1986 135 135 79 100 [ 007 1536 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 156 152 595 085 [ 030 240 ]




Total (95 CI) 454 477 1000 105 [ 049 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Davis 1987 1259 0279 112 323 [ 013 7895 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 349 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 294 314 461 104 [ 015 715 ]





Adams 1990 124 132 200 133 [ 009 2026 ]

Davis 1981 064 168 339 035 [ 001 853 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 88 100 539 072 [ 010 513 ]




Total (95 CI) 382 414 1000 086 [ 022 341 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 428 729 364 059 [ 019 180 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 53 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Racle 1986 535 1135 583 045 [ 018 117 ]

Total (95 CI) 83 84 1000 053 [ 027 107 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 528 629 596 086 [ 030 251 ]

Bigler 1985 520 420 404 125 [ 039 399 ]

Total (95 CI) 48 49 1000 102 [ 047 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100





Outcome 22 Vomiting



Bigler 1985 120 220 679 050 [ 005 508 ]

McLaren 1978 126 129 321 112 [ 007 1695 ]

Total (95 CI) 46 49 1000 070 [ 012 394 ]




001 01 1 10 100












McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]





Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]





Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]










Adams 1990 924 932 118 133 [ 063 284 ]

Bigler 1985 920 720 107 129 [ 060 277 ]

Davis 1981 4564 5268 774 092 [ 075 113 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 120 1000 101 [ 082 124 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Couderc 1977 50 110000 (40000) 50 100000 (30000) 322 10000 [ -3859 23859 ]

Maurette 1988 18 60000 (15000) 15 30000 (15000) 352 30000 [ 19722 40278 ]

Racle 1986 35 48860 (28280) 35 48000 (29280) 326 860 [ -12626 14346 ]

Total (95 CI) 103 100 1000 14069 [ -4033 32170 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000











Berggren 1987 1028 1429 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]

Total (95 CI) 28 29 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 73 3880 (5550) 75 4290 (6930) 61 -410 [ -2430 1610 ]

Racle 1986 35 2009 (1060) 35 2005 (1140) 939 004 [ -512 520 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 110 1000 -021 [ -521 478 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000














Davis 1981 064 168 155 035 [ 001 853 ]

Davis 1987 2259 1279 102 215 [ 020 2362 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 275 262 021 [ 001 421 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 396 422 520 063 [ 015 262 ]





Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 55 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Racle 1986 235 435 425 050 [ 010 256 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 50 49 480 076 [ 020 296 ]




Total (95 CI) 446 471 1000 070 [ 026 185 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Couderc 1977 250 250 237 100 [ 015 682 ]

Davis 1987 3259 0279 57 754 [ 039 14524 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 175 176 034 [ 001 827 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 178 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 417 439 648 122 [ 040 371 ]





Bigler 1985 020 120 178 033 [ 001 772 ]

Davis 1981 264 168 115 213 [ 020 2287 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 112 117 352 207 [ 053 806 ]




Total (95 CI) 529 556 1000 151 [ 064 357 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 224 232 136 133 [ 020 880 ]

Davis 1987 3259 3279 228 108 [ 022 529 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 41 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 298 325 405 134 [ 044 410 ]





Berggren 1987 228 029 39 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 129 120 94 069 [ 005 1039 ]

Davis 1981 264 568 384 043 [ 009 211 ]

Racle 1986 135 135 79 100 [ 007 1536 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 156 152 595 085 [ 030 240 ]




Total (95 CI) 454 477 1000 105 [ 049 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Davis 1987 1259 0279 112 323 [ 013 7895 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 349 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 294 314 461 104 [ 015 715 ]





Adams 1990 124 132 200 133 [ 009 2026 ]

Davis 1981 064 168 339 035 [ 001 853 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 88 100 539 072 [ 010 513 ]




Total (95 CI) 382 414 1000 086 [ 022 341 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 428 729 364 059 [ 019 180 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 53 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Racle 1986 535 1135 583 045 [ 018 117 ]

Total (95 CI) 83 84 1000 053 [ 027 107 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 528 629 596 086 [ 030 251 ]

Bigler 1985 520 420 404 125 [ 039 399 ]

Total (95 CI) 48 49 1000 102 [ 047 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100





Outcome 22 Vomiting



Bigler 1985 120 220 679 050 [ 005 508 ]

McLaren 1978 126 129 321 112 [ 007 1695 ]

Total (95 CI) 46 49 1000 070 [ 012 394 ]




001 01 1 10 100












McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]





Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]





Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]










Berggren 1987 1028 1429 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]

Total (95 CI) 28 29 1000 074 [ 040 138 ]




001 01 1 10 100








McKenzie 1984 73 3880 (5550) 75 4290 (6930) 61 -410 [ -2430 1610 ]

Racle 1986 35 2009 (1060) 35 2005 (1140) 939 004 [ -512 520 ]

Total (95 CI) 108 110 1000 -021 [ -521 478 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000














Davis 1981 064 168 155 035 [ 001 853 ]

Davis 1987 2259 1279 102 215 [ 020 2362 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 275 262 021 [ 001 421 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 396 422 520 063 [ 015 262 ]





Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 55 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Racle 1986 235 435 425 050 [ 010 256 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 50 49 480 076 [ 020 296 ]




Total (95 CI) 446 471 1000 070 [ 026 185 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Couderc 1977 250 250 237 100 [ 015 682 ]

Davis 1987 3259 0279 57 754 [ 039 14524 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 175 176 034 [ 001 827 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 178 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 417 439 648 122 [ 040 371 ]





Bigler 1985 020 120 178 033 [ 001 772 ]

Davis 1981 264 168 115 213 [ 020 2287 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 112 117 352 207 [ 053 806 ]




Total (95 CI) 529 556 1000 151 [ 064 357 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 224 232 136 133 [ 020 880 ]

Davis 1987 3259 3279 228 108 [ 022 529 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 41 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 298 325 405 134 [ 044 410 ]





Berggren 1987 228 029 39 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 129 120 94 069 [ 005 1039 ]

Davis 1981 264 568 384 043 [ 009 211 ]

Racle 1986 135 135 79 100 [ 007 1536 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 156 152 595 085 [ 030 240 ]




Total (95 CI) 454 477 1000 105 [ 049 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Davis 1987 1259 0279 112 323 [ 013 7895 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 349 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 294 314 461 104 [ 015 715 ]





Adams 1990 124 132 200 133 [ 009 2026 ]

Davis 1981 064 168 339 035 [ 001 853 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 88 100 539 072 [ 010 513 ]




Total (95 CI) 382 414 1000 086 [ 022 341 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 428 729 364 059 [ 019 180 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 53 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Racle 1986 535 1135 583 045 [ 018 117 ]

Total (95 CI) 83 84 1000 053 [ 027 107 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 528 629 596 086 [ 030 251 ]

Bigler 1985 520 420 404 125 [ 039 399 ]

Total (95 CI) 48 49 1000 102 [ 047 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100





Outcome 22 Vomiting



Bigler 1985 120 220 679 050 [ 005 508 ]

McLaren 1978 126 129 321 112 [ 007 1695 ]

Total (95 CI) 46 49 1000 070 [ 012 394 ]




001 01 1 10 100












McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]





Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]





Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]













Davis 1981 064 168 155 035 [ 001 853 ]

Davis 1987 2259 1279 102 215 [ 020 2362 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 275 262 021 [ 001 421 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 396 422 520 063 [ 015 262 ]





Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 55 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Racle 1986 235 435 425 050 [ 010 256 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 50 49 480 076 [ 020 296 ]




Total (95 CI) 446 471 1000 070 [ 026 185 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Couderc 1977 250 250 237 100 [ 015 682 ]

Davis 1987 3259 0279 57 754 [ 039 14524 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 175 176 034 [ 001 827 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 178 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 417 439 648 122 [ 040 371 ]





Bigler 1985 020 120 178 033 [ 001 772 ]

Davis 1981 264 168 115 213 [ 020 2287 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 112 117 352 207 [ 053 806 ]




Total (95 CI) 529 556 1000 151 [ 064 357 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 224 232 136 133 [ 020 880 ]

Davis 1987 3259 3279 228 108 [ 022 529 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 41 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 298 325 405 134 [ 044 410 ]





Berggren 1987 228 029 39 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 129 120 94 069 [ 005 1039 ]

Davis 1981 264 568 384 043 [ 009 211 ]

Racle 1986 135 135 79 100 [ 007 1536 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 156 152 595 085 [ 030 240 ]




Total (95 CI) 454 477 1000 105 [ 049 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Davis 1987 1259 0279 112 323 [ 013 7895 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 349 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 294 314 461 104 [ 015 715 ]





Adams 1990 124 132 200 133 [ 009 2026 ]

Davis 1981 064 168 339 035 [ 001 853 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 88 100 539 072 [ 010 513 ]




Total (95 CI) 382 414 1000 086 [ 022 341 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 428 729 364 059 [ 019 180 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 53 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Racle 1986 535 1135 583 045 [ 018 117 ]

Total (95 CI) 83 84 1000 053 [ 027 107 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 528 629 596 086 [ 030 251 ]

Bigler 1985 520 420 404 125 [ 039 399 ]

Total (95 CI) 48 49 1000 102 [ 047 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100





Outcome 22 Vomiting



Bigler 1985 120 220 679 050 [ 005 508 ]

McLaren 1978 126 129 321 112 [ 007 1695 ]

Total (95 CI) 46 49 1000 070 [ 012 394 ]




001 01 1 10 100












McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]





Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]





Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]












Couderc 1977 250 250 237 100 [ 015 682 ]

Davis 1987 3259 0279 57 754 [ 039 14524 ]

McKenzie 1984 073 175 176 034 [ 001 827 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 178 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 417 439 648 122 [ 040 371 ]





Bigler 1985 020 120 178 033 [ 001 772 ]

Davis 1981 264 168 115 213 [ 020 2287 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 112 117 352 207 [ 053 806 ]




Total (95 CI) 529 556 1000 151 [ 064 357 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 224 232 136 133 [ 020 880 ]

Davis 1987 3259 3279 228 108 [ 022 529 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 41 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 298 325 405 134 [ 044 410 ]





Berggren 1987 228 029 39 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 129 120 94 069 [ 005 1039 ]

Davis 1981 264 568 384 043 [ 009 211 ]

Racle 1986 135 135 79 100 [ 007 1536 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 156 152 595 085 [ 030 240 ]




Total (95 CI) 454 477 1000 105 [ 049 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Davis 1987 1259 0279 112 323 [ 013 7895 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 349 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 294 314 461 104 [ 015 715 ]





Adams 1990 124 132 200 133 [ 009 2026 ]

Davis 1981 064 168 339 035 [ 001 853 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 88 100 539 072 [ 010 513 ]




Total (95 CI) 382 414 1000 086 [ 022 341 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 428 729 364 059 [ 019 180 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 53 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Racle 1986 535 1135 583 045 [ 018 117 ]

Total (95 CI) 83 84 1000 053 [ 027 107 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 528 629 596 086 [ 030 251 ]

Bigler 1985 520 420 404 125 [ 039 399 ]

Total (95 CI) 48 49 1000 102 [ 047 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100





Outcome 22 Vomiting



Bigler 1985 120 220 679 050 [ 005 508 ]

McLaren 1978 126 129 321 112 [ 007 1695 ]

Total (95 CI) 46 49 1000 070 [ 012 394 ]




001 01 1 10 100












McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]





Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]





Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]











Adams 1990 224 232 136 133 [ 020 880 ]

Davis 1987 3259 3279 228 108 [ 022 529 ]

Juelsgaard 1998 115 014 41 281 [ 012 6383 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 298 325 405 134 [ 044 410 ]





Berggren 1987 228 029 39 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 129 120 94 069 [ 005 1039 ]

Davis 1981 264 568 384 043 [ 009 211 ]

Racle 1986 135 135 79 100 [ 007 1536 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 156 152 595 085 [ 030 240 ]




Total (95 CI) 454 477 1000 105 [ 049 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Davis 1987 1259 0279 112 323 [ 013 7895 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 349 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 294 314 461 104 [ 015 715 ]





Adams 1990 124 132 200 133 [ 009 2026 ]

Davis 1981 064 168 339 035 [ 001 853 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 88 100 539 072 [ 010 513 ]




Total (95 CI) 382 414 1000 086 [ 022 341 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 428 729 364 059 [ 019 180 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 53 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Racle 1986 535 1135 583 045 [ 018 117 ]

Total (95 CI) 83 84 1000 053 [ 027 107 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 528 629 596 086 [ 030 251 ]

Bigler 1985 520 420 404 125 [ 039 399 ]

Total (95 CI) 48 49 1000 102 [ 047 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100





Outcome 22 Vomiting



Bigler 1985 120 220 679 050 [ 005 508 ]

McLaren 1978 126 129 321 112 [ 007 1695 ]

Total (95 CI) 46 49 1000 070 [ 012 394 ]




001 01 1 10 100












McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]





Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]





Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]











Davis 1987 1259 0279 112 323 [ 013 7895 ]

Racle 1986 035 135 349 033 [ 001 791 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 294 314 461 104 [ 015 715 ]





Adams 1990 124 132 200 133 [ 009 2026 ]

Davis 1981 064 168 339 035 [ 001 853 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 88 100 539 072 [ 010 513 ]




Total (95 CI) 382 414 1000 086 [ 022 341 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Berggren 1987 428 729 364 059 [ 019 180 ]

Bigler 1985 120 120 53 100 [ 007 1490 ]

Racle 1986 535 1135 583 045 [ 018 117 ]

Total (95 CI) 83 84 1000 053 [ 027 107 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Berggren 1987 528 629 596 086 [ 030 251 ]

Bigler 1985 520 420 404 125 [ 039 399 ]

Total (95 CI) 48 49 1000 102 [ 047 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100





Outcome 22 Vomiting



Bigler 1985 120 220 679 050 [ 005 508 ]

McLaren 1978 126 129 321 112 [ 007 1695 ]

Total (95 CI) 46 49 1000 070 [ 012 394 ]




001 01 1 10 100












McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]





Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]





Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]










Berggren 1987 528 629 596 086 [ 030 251 ]

Bigler 1985 520 420 404 125 [ 039 399 ]

Total (95 CI) 48 49 1000 102 [ 047 223 ]




001 01 1 10 100





Outcome 22 Vomiting



Bigler 1985 120 220 679 050 [ 005 508 ]

McLaren 1978 126 129 321 112 [ 007 1695 ]

Total (95 CI) 46 49 1000 070 [ 012 394 ]




001 01 1 10 100












McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]





Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]





Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]











McLaren 1978 026 229 39 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 26 29 39 022 [ 001 443 ]





Brichant 1995 1446 1342 222 098 [ 052 184 ]

McKenzie 1984 820 1620 262 050 [ 028 089 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 66 62 484 072 [ 047 111 ]





Davis 1981 1737 3039 478 060 [ 040 088 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 37 39 478 060 [ 040 088 ]




Total (95 CI) 129 130 1000 064 [ 048 086 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]










Adams 1990 124 032 32 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 36 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 37 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 38 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 321 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 106 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 218 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 174 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 37 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 090 [ 042 194 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]











Adams 1990 124 032 96 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Berggren 1987 228 029 106 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 220 020 108 500 [ 026 9800 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 95 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 113 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 94 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 186 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 107 022 [ 001 443 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 95 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Total (95 CI) 575 609 1000 098 [ 037 264 ]




001 01 1 10 100













Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]












Adams 1990 124 032 36 396 [ 017 9317 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 41 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Davis 1981 064 468 362 012 [ 001 215 ]

Davis 1987 0259 1279 120 036 [ 001 877 ]

McKenzie 1984 173 375 245 034 [ 004 322 ]

McLaren 1978 026 229 196 022 [ 001 443 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 466 503 1000 048 [ 018 128 ]




02 Non fatal

Berggren 1987 228 029 244 517 [ 026 10318 ]

Bigler 1985 120 020 248 300 [ 013 6952 ]

Brichant 1995 146 042 259 274 [ 011 6559 ]

Racle 1986 135 035 248 300 [ 013 7122 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 129 126 1000 346 [ 074 1629 ]




001 01 1 10 100
















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]















001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 20 5800 (2300) 20 5800 (2500) 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 000 [ -1489 1489 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000








White 1980 420 520 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 080 [ 025 255 ]




001 01 1 10 100











White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]










White 1980 320 320 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 100 [ 023 437 ]




001 01 1 10 100








White 1980 020 120 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]

Total (95 CI) 20 20 1000 033 [ 001 772 ]




001 01 1 10 100












Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]











Eyrolle 1998 525 1925 781 026 [ 012 059 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 781 026 [ 012 059 ]





de Visme 2000 014 515 219 010 [ 001 161 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 219 010 [ 001 161 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 023 [ 010 050 ]




0001 001 01 1 10 100 1000








Eyrolle 1998 1825 325 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]

Total (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 202 1783 ]




001 01 1 10 100












de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]











de Visme 2000 14 4600 (2200) 15 3000 (1800) 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 1600 [ 131 3069 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000









Eyrolle 1998 25 700 (280) 25 120 (270) 963 580 [ 428 732 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 963 580 [ 428 732 ]



de Visme 2000 14 1300 (1400) 15 300 (500) 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 14 15 37 1000 [ 224 1776 ]



Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 596 [ 446 745 ]



-1000 -500 0 500 1000












Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]











Eyrolle 1998 625 125 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]

Subtotal (95 CI) 25 25 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]









Total (95 CI) 39 40 1000 600 [ 078 4629 ]




001 01 1 10 100








de Visme 2000 514 615 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]

Total (95 CI) 14 15 1000 089 [ 035 228 ]



001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]










Spreadbury 1980 930 930 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 100 [ 046 217 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 130 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 033 [ 001 787 ]




001 01 1 10 100











Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]










Spreadbury 1980 030 230 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 020 [ 001 400 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 030 330 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]

Total (95 CI) 30 30 1000 014 [ 001 265 ]




001 01 1 10 100








Spreadbury 1980 19 3600 (1200) 20 2400 (800) 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]

Total (95 CI) 19 20 1000 1200 [ 557 1843 ]



anaesthesia for hip fracture surgery in adults cochrane 2004

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