an toan khi thuc hien treo day

AN TON KHI THC HIN TREO DY

Khi qut v an ton

1. Gio trnh kiu m-un ny cung cp cho hc vin cc thng tin lin quan n vic la chn thit b treo dy, k thut thc hin treo dy, phng php thc hin an ton khi vn hnh cu thp.

2. Ch tho lun l t th ca ngi thc hin treo dy, la chn phng php thc hin treo dy, la chn thit b treo dy v thit b ph tr, s an ton khi thc hin treo dy, vic thc hin treo dy v vn hnh an ton.

1. Hiu v t th ca ngi thao tc vn hnh cu thp. 2. Hiu v phng php x l u ni cp, kha dy cp, vng ni cp,

kp cp. 3. Hiu v nhng lu khi thc hin treo dy. 4. Hiu v an ton khi thc hin treo dy.

Mc ch ca m-un

Mc ch ca vic hc

Chng 1

Khi qut v vic thc hin treo dyNhng iu cn ghi nh

4

Chng 2

Thit b treo dy v thit b ph trNhng iu cn ghi nh

15

Chng 3

An ton khi thc hin treo dyNhng iu cn ghi nh

30

Chng 4

Thc hin treo dy v vn hnh an tonNhng iu cn ghi nh

38

Vn luyn tp theo m-un 49


Khi qut v an ton

4

Khi qut v vic thc hin treo dy

Hiu v t th ca ngi thc hin khi vn hnh cu thp.

Vic thc hin treo dy l g?

L mt lot nhng thc hin vn chuyn nh thc hin treo mc cu vo hng ha v tho ra, thc hin di chuyn theo chiu ngang dc di chuyn ti ch n bng cch s dng cp dy thp, thit b h tr treo nh dy xch khi vn chuyn hng ha bng cu thp nh cu trc, cn cu hnh thp. V vic thc hin rt nguy him nn cn

c tnh nng cao do chng ta cn tin hnh sau khi b tr ngi ph trch an ton hoc ngi ch huy thao tc.

Phi xem xt c tnh ca hng ha quyt nh h s an ton v h s an ton ti thiu ca thit b h tr treo nh cp dy thp l trn 5.

Chng 1

01

Vic thc hin treo dy rt nguy him nn cn c tnh nng cao v vn hnh sau khi b tr ngi ph trch an

ton hoc ngi ch huy vn hnh.

Chng 1_Khi qut v vic thc hin treo dy

Khi qutv an ton5

T th ca ngi thc hin treo dy

(1) Trang phc

Vic thc hin treo dy l lao ng c bp s dng ton thn, nhiu trng hp phi thc hin trn cao. Do d qun o nh nhng cng tt nhng cn bo v c th trnh khi cc tai nn do vic t trn cao ri xung, bo v chn trnh b thng do va chm vi cc vt c trng lng ln nn chng ta cn la chn, s dng trang phc ph hp vi ni dung cng vic. c hc tp k nng thc hin treo

dy t nhng ngi nhiu kinh nghim.

Cn eo dy ca m bo h ng cch.

Nu s dng cp dy thp khi thc hin treo dy cn eo gng tay da gim thiu vic b thng tay do dy b ct.

i giy bo h. Cn eo bao chn bo v phn xung quanh c chn hoc eo giy bo h cao c.

Cn mc o bo h c ng tay di bo v chn hay c tay.

(2) Xc nhn ni dung v phng php thc hin Xc nhn ni dung thc hin v vic phn cng cng vic, c bit nu nhiu ngi cng thc hin cn thc hin theo ng ni dung v th t thc hin khng gy ra tai nn. Xc nhn ni dung v th t thc hin trc khi tin hnh. Khi cn thit c th

hp u gi v cng tc an ton trc khi cho cng nhn bt u lm vic hoc tin hnh d bo nguy him.

Tn hiu phi ging nhau tt c nhng ni lm vic v ch s dng tn hiu nh sn. Ngi pht tn hiu cn eo bng tay nhng ngi thc hin d dng nhn ra.

02

Hnh v 1-1 Trang phc ca ngi thc hin



Khi qut v an ton

6

Chng 1

(3) T th c bn khi thc hin Nu cm thy bt an hay nghi ng v vn an ton khi thc hin treo

dy, chng ta cn chnh sa v xc nhn v vn an ton ri tip tc thc hin. Cho d trong trng hp no cng khng c t dng c hoc i ln hng ha

s nng. Tuyt i khng i vo phn di hng ha c nng. i vi nhng hay ri vi cn gi buc li ri mi treo ln dy.

Ngi thc hin cu trc

Ngi thc hin treo dy

Ngi pht tn hiu

Hnh v 1-2 Hp u gi v cng tc an ton

La chn phng php thc hin treo dy

(1) Treo trn 1 hng dy Theo nguyn tc l cm p dng v treo trn 1 hng dy rt yu do lun tn ti

nguy him khi xoay hng ha v phn ni dy c th tung ra do vic xoay hng ha. Nu treo trn 1 hng dy chng ta s khng cho cp dy thp vo l cp c, treo

trn 2 hng dy vic nng hng ha s an ton hn.

03


Khi qutv an ton7

Hnh v 1-3 Phng php treo trn 1 hng dy

Hnh v 1-4 Phng php vn chuyn dc nh vn chuyn ng

(2) Treo trn 2 hng dy S dng khi thc hin treo dy nh treo thp trn trn di.


(3) Treo trn 3 hng dy Ph hp khi to hnh ch U hay ch T.

Khong cch phi m bo v tr trng tm ca 3 im l phn trng tm ca khi lng ging nh trng hp hnh tr.



Khi qut v an ton

8

Chng 1


(4) Treo hnh ch thp (+) Ph hp vi vic to thnh hnh thang. i vi vic treo dy hnh ch thp khong cch gia cc dy phi ging nh.

Hnh v 1-7 Phng php treo hnh ch thp

(5) Treo dy i vi nhng hng ha c trng tm b lch duy tr b ngang ca hng ha th chiu di ca dy chnh v dy ph phi khc

nhau. mc ci ln trn trng tm ca khi lng.

Ch v cng ca dy bn tri v bn phi.

Tut

Ri


Khi qutv an ton9

Hnh 1-8 Dy treo hng ha c trng tm b lch

Lu khi thc hin dy treo

(1) Xc nhn ti trng nh mc v ti trng nng hng ha

Ti trng nh mc c gn vo cu trc th hin kh nng ti a ca cu trc, chng ta cng khng cn ni thm v vic khng c vn chuyn hng ha vt qu kh nng nhng v ti trng nh mc hay tng ti trng nh mc thay i theo gc nghing ca tay cn trc hay bn knh thc hin nn ngi thao tc cu trc v ngi thc hin treo dy cn hp tc cht ch khi cng thc hin.

04

Dy chnh Dy ph

Gc

c

a d

y

Gc

c

a d

y ph

Trng lng Trng tm

Cho d qu 0.5 cng khng vn g.

Ny, ti trng nh mc c gn

vo cu trc th hin kh nng ti a ca cu trc, nu qu

ti trng nh mc s xy ra

tai nn u!



Khi qut v an ton

10

Chng 1

(2) D on trng lng (khi lng) hng ha v v tr trng tm o c khi lng bng mt hay d on v tr trng tm l vic cn c kinh nghim hay khi nim c tnh nguyn tc, vic d on sai khng ch lm gim nng sut lm vic m cn c th tr thnh nguyn nhn gy ra tai nn nng. Vic d on khi lng hay trng tm cho d l ngi c nhiu kinh nghim cng gp nhiu kh khn do chng ta cn phi hi ngi c lin quan hoc phi biu th gi tr o c. D on khi lng

a. Vic d on nh hn khi lng thc t rt nguy him nn chng ta cn d on tng thm khong 20% so vi khi lng c o bng mt.

b. o c thc t nhng g o c bng mt xc nhn sai s v to thi quen nng cao chnh xc ca vic o c bng mt.

Hnh v 1-9 D on khi lng ca hng ha

Ti trng nh mc (Rated load): L ti trng sau khi tr i ti trng tng ng vi trng lng ca dng c treo nh mc, ti trong ti trng nng hng ca cu trc. Tuy nhin y l loi cu trc c tay cn trc nn kh nng ti hng ha cng khc nhau ty theo v tr ca gc nghing do ti trng nh mc chnh l ti trng sau khi tr i trng lng ca dng c treo trong ti trng nng hng ha ti v tr .

Ti trng nng (Hoisting load): L ti trng ti a c th nng hng ha ty theo cht liu v cu trc ca cu trc, trong ti trng ny bao gm trng lng ca dng c treo nng ti trng nh gu mc (bucket), nam chm in dng nng (magnet), thng (tung).

Anh lm vic ny mt hai ln y ? Nhn l

bit, chnh xc ch khong 2t.

Anh khng bit vic o

c bng mt l nguyn nhn

gy ra tai nn ?

Anh ngay lp tc hi nhng ngi

c lin quan xem biu th gi tr o c hay cha?


Khi qutv an ton11

c. S dng phng php hu hiu nhm nng cao nhy cm v khi lng nh to m hnh dng n gin th hin khi lng thng qua vic gi nh bng tm thp hoc gn bng ghi r khi lng vo ni d nhn trn mi mt vt liu chun hay trn mi vt liu.

D on trng tm a. Nu chng ta khng nm bt c v tr trng tm i vi mi phng hng

th chng ta khng th thc hin vic treo dy mt cch an ton. c bit khi thc hin i chiu chng ta cn phi nm bt v tr trng tm ca 3 hng.

b. Do trng tm ca hng ha c nng cn di ng nm dc ca mc cp nn bng cch biu th ng trng tm trn hng ha c nng 1 ln th cho d ai nhn vo cng c th nhn ra rng khi nng hng ha tip theo nng sut lm vic s cao hn nh th no.

(3) Trng hp treo hng ha Xem xt trng tm v v tr treo, gc treo hay s phn b ti trng xc nhn

xem cng v chiu di ca dng c treo dy c ph hp hay khng. Nguyn tc n nh hng ha l phi treo phn cao hn v tr trng tm ca

hng ha. Trng hp treo phn thp hn trng tm hng ha cn n nh hng ha bng cch buc li bng cp dy thp.

Nu treo hng ha lch sang 1 bn bng cch cho trng tm hng ha lch sang 1 bn th vic xoay hng ha rt nguy him nn chng ta cn ht sc lu . c bit, trng hp trng tm ca khi lng cao, cp dy thp n c th trn nn cn p dng phng php chng trn.

di hng ha kiu thp trn trn di nn cp dy thp dng treo theo phng php cun li hoc b li c th b trn nn cn p dng phng php chng trn.

Vic phn tn lc khc nhau ty theo gc treo nn hng ha treo c th b hng do cn xc nhn cng va .

Xc nhn xem tht nt ti phn cp dy thp xuyn qua phn pha di hng ha cha.

i vi hng ha c gc cnh chng ta cn bo v hng ha v cp dy thp dng treo bng cc dng c bo v.



Khi qut v an ton

12

Chng 1

4) Trng hp treo vo mc Thc hin treo dy bng cch cho mc vo v tr sao cho t th lm vic v ch

chn m bo an ton khi lm vic v d dng thc hin vic treo dy. Khng cn chnh cho mc nm trn ng dc ca trng tm hng ha ngay t lc

u. Theo nguyn tc gc treo l di 60o v gc ln nht l di 90o. Xc nhn tnh nng ca dng c chng tut mc cp. Cho d c thit b chng

tut mc cp nhng chng ta vn cn ch v cp dy thp c th tut khi mc.

Xc nhn tnh nng ca thit b chng tut mc Gc treo di 60o

ng theo th t tnh t cp dy thp bn trong ca mc

Hnh v 1-10 Trng hp treo vo mc

Chng1

Nhng iu cn ghi nh trong chng ny

1. Thc hin treo dy L mt lot nhng thc hin vn chuyn nh thc hin treo mc cu vo hng ha v tho ra, thc hin di chuyn theo chiu ngang dc di chuyn ti ch n bng cch s dng cp dy thp, thit b h tr treo nh dy xch khi vn chuyn hng ha bng cu thp nh cu trc, cn cu hnh thp.

2. T th ca ngi thc hin treo dy

(1) Trang phc Vic thc hin treo dy l lao ng c bp s dng ton thn, nhiu trng hp phi thc hin trn cao. Do d qun o nh nhng cng tt nhng cn bo v c th trnh khi cc tai nn do vic t trn cao ri xung, bo v chn trnh b thng do va chm vi cc vt c trng lng ln nn chng ta cn la chn, s dng trang phc ph hp vi ni dung cng vic.

(2) Xc nhn ni dung thc hin

Xc nhn ni dung thc hin v vic phn cng cng vic, c bit nu nhiu ngi cng thc hin cn thc hin theo ng ni dung v th t thc hin khng gy ra tai nn.

(3) T th ca ngi thao tc Nu cm thy bt an hay nghi ng v vn an ton khi thc hin treo dy,

chng ta cn chnh sa v xc nhn v vn an ton ri tip tc thc hin. Cho d trong trng hp no cng khng c t dng c hoc i ln

hng ha s nng. Tuyt i khng i vo phn di hng ha c nng. i vi nhng hay ri vi cn gi buc li ri mi treo ln dy.


Chng1


Khi qut v an ton

14

3. La chn phng php thc hin treo dy

(1) Treo trn 1 hng dy

Theo nguyn tc l cm p dng v treo trn 1 hng dy rt yu do lun tn ti nguy him khi xoay hng ha v phn ni dy c th tung ra do vic xoay hng ha.

Nu treo trn 1 hng dy chng ta s khng cho cp dy thp vo l cp c, treo trn 2 hng dy vic nng hng ha s an ton hn.

(2) Treo trn 2 hng dy

S dng khi thc hin treo dy nh treo thp trn trn di. (3) Treo trn 3 hng dy

Ph hp khi to hnh ch U hay ch T. Khong cch phi m bo v tr trng tm ca 3 im l phn trng tm

ca khi lng ging nh trng hp hnh tr. (4) Treo hnh ch thp (+) Ph hp vi vic to thnh hnh thang. i vi vic treo dy hnh ch thp khong cch gia cc dy phi ging

nhau.

Chng 2_Dng c treo v dng c h tr treo

Khi qutv an ton15

Dng c treo v dng c h tr treo

Hiu v phng php x l u ni cp, kha cp dy thp, vng ni cp, kp cp.

Dng c treo

V vic la chn dng c treo chng ta cn xc nhn khi lng, trng tm, hnh dng, v tr nng hng, dm nng hng ha v kim tra trc vn bo v hng ha i vi phng php treo la chn dng c v dng c h tr treo (dng c bo v) ti u nht.

Hnh v 2-1 Dng c v dng c h tr treo

Chng 2

01



Chng 2

Khi qut v an ton

16

Dng c treo c s dng nhiu nht trong cc thit b nng h hng ha nh cu trc l cp dy thp v y ngi ta ni hoc buc mc cp(Hook) v l cp(Eye) li s dng v c phn ra thnh 5 loi theo dng c buc

L cp Hnh dng Hiu sut L cp

Vng ni cp

Ci nm

Nt ni dy

Kp

Hnh v 2-2 Hiu sut ty theo dng c buc

Bng 2-1 La chn dng c treo ty theo loi hng ha vn chuyn

Mng

Hng ha vn chuyn Khi lng Trng tm Kch c Cht lng S lng c tnh - Vt c nhit

cao - Dng nc - Cht nguy hi - Cht lm cng - Hng d b tn

hi

Phng php s dng dng c (Phng php treo)

Phng php treo dy- Phng php buc- Phng php cunV tr treo Gc treo Phn b ti trngS ln va chm ca dng cHng o chiu- Bin v trng tm- V tr S trn trt ca dng c

Cu trc s dngDung lng (chnh, ph)Dm nng Gii hn s dng

La chn dng c(Dng c treo)

Chng loi, hnh thcDung lng Kch c Chiu di S lng

( bo h)Bo h hng ha Bo h dng c

(Dng c h tr)Tr Kch c S lng Cng Dy ko

Dng c treo Cp dy thp Dy ai bng si Dy xch Rng rc xch Kp Mc Kha cp Bulng vng Tr i trng

Phng php vn chuyn, ni vn chuyn

Chng ngi vt Ni xung Ni nhn


Khi qutv an ton17

(1) Cp dy thp (Wire rope) Hnh dng

a. Thng thng cp dy thp c to thnh t cc si dy c lm bng rut cp dy thp (Core), dy cp (Strand), b cp (Strand).

b. Cht liu ca si dy c lm bng thp cc bon cht lng tt, c cng ko khong 150~180kgf/mm2.

Thp cc bon

Thp ccbon

Si cp Cp dy thp B cp

Si cp

Li cp B cp

Hnh 2-3 Hnh dng cp dy thp

Hnh v 2-4 Tn gi ca cp dy thp

Cu to cp dy thp Thng thng cp dy thp c cu to gm hn 6 b dy v cho d cp dy thp c kch c ging nhau th loi cp dy thp cng thanh v s lng dy cng nhiu th cng mm.

B cp B cp ca dy pha trong

B cp ca dy pha ngoi Hng bn si cp

ng knh ca b dy Chiu di bn cp dy thp

Li dy B cp ca dy chnh Thp cc bon Hng bn b cp ng knh cp dy thp Chiu di cp dy thp



Chng 2

Khi qut v an ton

18

Hnh v 2-5 Phng php biu th cp dy thp

Phng php bn cp a. Phng php bn cp thng thng

Lm cho chiu di tip xc bn ngoi ca si cp ngn li bng cch lm cho hng bn ca b cp to thnh cp dy thp v hng bn ca si cp to thnh b cp ngc nhau. Phng php ny c s dng ch yu trong cc lnh vc my mc, xy dng, tu thuyn, thy sn.

b. Phng php bn cp song song Phng php bn cp lm cho chiu di tip xc bn ngoi ca si cp di hn bng cch to cho hng bn ca b cp to thnh cp dy thp v hng bn ca si cp to thnh b cp ging nhau.

(Phng php bn cp thng thng) (Phng php bn cp song song)

Hnh 2-6 Phng php bn cp thng thng v phng php bn cp song song

S: Kiu b cp W: Kiu Warrington Fi: Kiu pillar Ws: Kiu Warrington Seal

Cu to b cp (S lng si cp)Chng loi thp cc bon

Phn theo loi (Cng ko ca si cp

Cu to dy cp (S lng b cp)

ng knh dy Loi B


Khi qutv an ton19

Phng php tnh ton h s an ton ca cp dy thp a. Cng thc tnh h s an ton ca cp dy thp

: H s an ton : Ti trng ph hy : S lng hng cp dy thp : Hiu sut ca t hp rng rc : Ti trng nng (ton)

b. Ti trng treo trn 1 hng cp dy thp ca thit b nng 30 tn

Ti trng treo trn rng rng c mc 30 tn c tnh bng cch thm 0.8 tn khi lng ring ca mc thnh 30.8 tn.

c. Ti trng ph hy cn thit ca cp dy thp

H s an ton ca cp dy thp ca thit b nng : Trn 5

: Ti trng treo ln 1 hng cp dy thp

d. La chn cp dy thp cn thit

ng knh ca dy i vi ti trng ph hy cp dy thp 21,85 tn trng hp s 6 (6x37) KSD3514 nh sau:

ng knh cp

dy thp Loi A 20mm 21.2 tn

22.4mm 28.4 tn25mm 33.2 tn

Do chng ta la chn ng knh cp dy thp l 22.4mm

e. H s an ton tnh ton i vi cp dy thp

H s an ton ca cp dy thp

=ti trng ph hy ca cp dy thp la chn (tn)

(tn)

(tn)



Chng 2

Khi qut v an ton

20

Tiu chun v h s an ton ca cp dy thp Chng loi cp dy thp H s an ton

Cp dy thp dng nng hng ha Cp dy thp v dy cp dng cho cn cu hnh thpCp dy thp dng cho vic vn hnh cu trc

5.0

Cp dy thp dng cu trc Dy cp ph tr v cp dy thp dng c nh 4.0

Dy cp chnh dng cho cn cu dy cp Dy cp kiu ray 2.7

Dy cp dng cho vic nng hng ha nh phng vn hnh 9.0

(2) Dy xch (Chain) Chng n mn v chng nhit tt. Gn nh khng thay i hnh dng. D thc hin khi treo vt c nhit cao. S dng b dy treo bng cch gn mc hoc vng treo. Gc treo nh hn 60o. Ch dy khng ri hay xon vn.

Bc l

rng (Bn tri)

DIA(ng knh dy)

Hnh v 2-7 Cu to dy xch (Chain)

(3) ai si (Fiber belt) c trng

a. Gim chn tt b. Mm do c. Cng yu Ch khi s dng

a. Cm s dng nhit cao b. S dng bo v ti cc gc nhn c. Khng c ma st d. Cn ch v cng gim gp ti nhng

ch b try xc nh


Khi qutv an ton21

Hnh 2-1 ai si (Fiber belt)

Dng c h tr

(1) u ni cp (Socket)

Tho b cp ca cp dy thp v cho vo u ni cp sau khi tho tt c cc si dy ca b cp ri cho kim loi nng chy vo gia cng. S dng ch yu nhng ni c ti trng treo ln nh cu treo Hiu sut 100% nu gia cng chnh xc u ni cp c loi m v loi ng

Kh nng c nh ca u ni cp b nh hng ty theo chng loi ca vt liu v chiu di rt kim loi nu chy nhng cng thc tnh ton mt cch n gin nh sau:

F(kgf) v kh nng c nh = .d.L.B.N d: ng knh si cp (mm) B: Kh nng bm dnh ca kim loi nng chy (thng thng 0.87Kgf/mm2) L: Chiu di bm dnh ca kim loi nng chy (mm), bng chiu di u ni cp N: S si cp ca dy cp

02



Chng 2

Khi qut v an ton

22

u ni cp kiu m (Closed socket)

u ni cp kiu ng (Opened socket)

u ni cp kiu cu (Bridge socket)

Hnh 2-8 V d v gia cng u ni cp (socket)

(2) Vng ni cp (Thimble) L vic treo dy ngn chn s bin dng ca dy cp, s tht nt v ma st

nn n l sn phm cn thit cho nt ni dy (Eye splice) ca dy cp. Thng thng sn phm c lm bng thp(steel), gang, inox c bn ch v nu khng c vng ni vi nt ni dy ca dy cp th khng c gi l dng c ni dy.

Hnh 2-9 Hnh dng vng ni cp y l phng php kt ni ton b dy cp m khng lm hng tnh cht ca

dy cp do tc dng ma st bng cch cho dy cp vo ng bc ngoi ca hp kim nhm hay thp cn kiu ng v nn li ng bc ngoi dnh vo b mt dy cp. N c hiu qu gn ging vi ti trng ph hoi ca dy cp v ch yu c s dng cho dy cp dng treo.

Khung dy Khung chun Khung mng A=6 B= 4 dy phn di = 0.4 im: = Rope dia


Khi qutv an ton23

Dy cp

Vng ni cp

ng bc ngoi

Hnh v 2-10 V d v gia cng vng ni cp

(3) Ci nm (Wedge)

Phng php qun dy cp vo mt loi nm ri y vo hp ni li. L phng php gia cng c th thc hin n gin v c th p dng mt cch d

dng ti hin trng. Lu hng dy cp b ko cng phi to thnh ng thng. Trng hp ci nm nh hn so vi ng knh ca dy cp th hnh dng dy cp

s b bin dng v s lm gim hiu qu.

u ni cp kiu nm (wedge socket) Dng c kp (Clamp Fitting) nm(wedge socket)

Phng php ng Phng php sai

Hnh 2-11 V d v gia cng nm (Wedge)



Chng 2

Khi qut v an ton

24

(4) Nt ni dy (Eye splice) Vic gia cng nt ni dy l phng php gia cng u ni cp theo dng vng, ch yu c s dng cho dy cp dng treo. Phng php gia cng

a. Qun dy L phng php bn b cp phn cui theo hng bn dy cp, bn ngoi c hnh dng ging vi dy cp

b. Bn dy L phng php y b cp phn cui theo hng ngc li vi hng bn dy cp, b mt da cng c hnh dng bn ging vi ci gi.

B: 20 ln ng knh ca dy cp C: 5 ln ng knh ca dy cp

E: Di 50mm ~ 40 ln ng knh dy cp Trn 50mm ~ 50 ln ng knh dy cp

D: Khong 18 ln ng knh dy cp

D: Khong 20 ln ng knh dy cp

Hnh 2-12 V d v gia cng nt ni dy (Eye splice)

(5) Vng kp (Clip) Chng ta cn quan tm n nhng hng mc cn ch nh sau khi s dng phng php ni vng kp l phng php c s dng nhiu nht. ai ca vng kp nm pha treo nng hn ca dy cp. S lng v khong cch ca vng kp l hn 6 ln ng knh ca dy cp,

s lng ti thiu l hn 4 ci. Trc v sau khi treo ti trng chng ta cn sit cht li cho chc chn.


Khi qutv an ton25

Gn vng ni cp (Thimble). Buc (sezing) phn cn li li. Phn ni tip ca vng ni cp khng b tch ra.

Hnh 2-13 V d v vic ni vng kp

Hnh 2-14 Thay i cng khi ni vng kp

(6) Kha dy cp (Shackle) Dng c h tr kha dy cp dng cho dy cp treo l dng c h tr c dng nhiu cho cng tc vn chuyn m khng cn phn bit loi hnh v ngnh ngh kinh doanh. Kha dy cp c loi kha un (Bow shackle) v kha thng (Straight shackle).

Ni tm thi vng kp 1 ln

Ni vng kp pha vng ni cp

Ni vng kp ln 2, ln 3 vo pha vng ni cp

Vng ni cp

Giai on 1

Giai on 2

Giai on 3



Chng 2

Khi qut v an ton

26

Chng loi v hnh thc kha dy cp

Chng loiK hiu

trn thn kha dy

cp

Bulong hay cht K hiu hnh thc

Phng php c nh bulong hay cht Hnh dng K hiu

Kha un B

Cht c m phng A BA Phch cm trn (S dng cht phn chia) Bulong 6 cnh B BB ai c (S dng cht phn chia) Bulong vng C BC Kiu lp inh vt Bulong vng D BD Kiu lp inh vt

Kha thng S

Cht c m phng A SA Phch cm trn (S dng cht phn chia) Bulong 6 cnh B SB ai c (S dng cht phn chia) Bulong vng C SC Kiu lp inh vt Bulong vng D SD Kiu lp inh vt

Hnh 2-15 Hnh dng kha dy cp (Shackle)

Trng hp mun s dng kha dy cp treo cn phi kim tra trc v cc im kim tra nh sau. Ti trng nng cho php ca kha dy cp Trng thi ca inh vt (Screw) v cht (Pin)


Khi qutv an ton27

(7) Mt xch dy cp v vng treo khng c u ni

Mt xch dy cp W Vng treo W

Mt xch cui cng W Mt xch hp kim W

Hnh 2-16 Vng treo khng c u ni

Chng2


1. Dng c treo

(1) Dy cp

Thng thng cp dy thp c to thnh t cc si dy c lm bng rut cp dy thp (Core), si cp (Strand), b cp (Strand).

Cht liu ca si dy c lm bng thp cc bon cht lng tt, c cng ko khong 150~180kgf/mm2.

Thng thng cp dy thp c cu to gm hn 6 b dy v cho d cp dy thp c kch c ging nhau th loi cp dy thp cng thanh v s lng dy cng nhiu th cng mm.

(2) Dy xch(Chain)

Chng n mn v chng nhit tt. Gn nh khng thay i hnh dng. D thc hin khi treo vt c nhit cao. S dng b dy treo bng cch gn mc hoc vng treo. Gc treo nh hn 60o. Ch dy khng ri hay xon vn.

(3) ai si (Fiber belt) c trng

a. Gim chn tt b. Mm do c. Cng yu Ch khi s dng

a. Cm s dng nhit cao b. S dng bo v ti cc gc nhn c. Khng c ma st d. Cn ch v cng gim gp ti

nhng ch b try xc nh

Chng2


2. Dng c h tr

(1) u ni cp (socket) S dng ch yu nhng ni c ti trng treo ln nh cu treo Hiu sut 100% nu gia cng chnh xc Cc loi u ni cp c loi m v loi ng

(2) Vng ni cp (Thimble) L vic treo dy ngn chn s bin dng ca dy cp, s tht nt v ma st nn n l sn phm cn thit cho nt ni dy (Eye splice) ca dy cp.

(3) Ci nm (Wedge)

L phng php gia cng c th thc hin n gin v p dng mt cch d dng ti hin trng

Lu hng dy cp b ko cng to thnh ng thng Trng hp ci nm nh hn so vi ng knh ca dy cp th hnh dng

dy cp b bin dng v s lm gim hiu qu. (4) Nt ni dy (Eye splice)

Vic gia cng nt ni dy l phng php gia cng u ni cp theo dng vng, ch yu c s dng cho dy cp dng treo.

(5) Vng kp (Clip) ai ca vng kp nm pha treo nng hn ca dy cp. S lng v khong cch ca vng kp l hn 6 ln ng knh ca dy

cp, s lng ti thiu l hn 4 ci. Trc v sau khi treo ti trng chng ta cn sit cht li cho chc chn. Buc (sezing) phn cn li li. Phn ni tip ca vng ni cp khng b tch ra.

(6) Kha dy cp (shackle)

Dng c h tr kha dy cp l dng c h tr c dng nhiu cho cng tc vn chuyn m khng cn phn bit loi hnh v ngnh ngh kinh doanh.

An ton khi thc hin treo dy

Khi qut v an ton

30


Hiu bit v nhng iu cn ch khi thc hin treo dy

Nm bt v tr trng tm ca hng ha c nng

Nm bt chnh xc v tr trng tm ca hng ha c nng. Xc nh ng knh ca dy cp theo trng lng ca hng ha. Chn s lng hng dy cp (sling) s s dng. La chn phng php treo dy.

(a) Nng (b) Su

Hnh 3-1 V d v phng php mc dy v treo dy

Chng 3

01

Chng 3_An ton khi thc hin treo dy

Khi qutv an ton31

Xc nhn xem lc treo trn dy cp i xng hay khng i xng

Hnh 3-2 Phng php treo

Lu v s thay i cng theo gc treo trn dy cp Bng h s cng theo gc treo trn dy cp

02

03

Trng tm

Treo i xng Treo khng i xng Dy chnh Dy ph

Ti trng treo trn dy chnh dy hng ha Ti trng treo ln dy ph

Trng tm

Trng tm Trng

tm



Khi qut v an ton

32

Chng 3

Ti trng v s thay i gc theo vic treo trn 2 hng dy (V d) Cng ca T1 nh th no khi treo ti trng theo gc ging nh hnh v?

Thay i cng ca 1 hng dy cp c chiu di v gc dy cp khc nhau y l hin tng xy ra nhiu khi nng hng ha trong trng hp trng tm hng ha khng i xng.

Cng thc p dng

Gc Gi tr Gc Gi tr


Khi qutv an ton33

(V d) Ti trng W = 100 tn Sin = 20o Khi Sin = 15o, ti trng ko treo trn F1 v F2 l bao nhiu? Trc tin chng ta tm gi tr Sin , trong bng hm lng gic thay vo cng thc p dng

Ngha l, ti trng ko treo trn F1 l 5.69 tn, ti trng trn F2 l 4.31 tn nn ta nhn vi h s an ton ri chn pha treo nhiu ti trng ko hn la chn dy cp.

Thay i ti trng khi treo dy cp trn mc p dng cng thc n gin sau y bit c ti trng an ton treo trn mc cp.

Ti trng an ton

Trong W =tf B=cm H=cm a=cm

Hnh 3-3 Mt ct ti trng mc treo cc hng Nguyn tc l dy cp phn trng tm trn mc cp nhng cho d c treo ging nh hnh v nhng n cng gy nh hng n s thay i ti trng ca mc treo do iu kin v mi trng treo.

tn

tn



Khi qut v an ton

34

Chng 3

Hnh 3-4 Thay i ti trng theo v tr mc treo

ng knh ca thanh (bar) dng mc (hooking) dng cho vic thc hin treo dy ln hn 6 ln ng knh dy cp.

Hnh 3-5 Quan h gia thanh dng mc (hooking bar) v ng knh dy cp

Ngi c o to v an ton khi thc hin vn chuyn nh k thut thc hin t treo dy ca ngi thc hin treo dy cn tin hnh thao tc.

04

05


Khi qutv an ton35

D on khi chnh xc ca hng ha mun vn chuyn v nng h

Thng thng trng lng ca vt nng c d on da trn s tnh ton bng mt nhng s c s khc nhau nh do gn thm l, gi nn chng ta thng xuyn phi o c. Phng php o c bng mt

T trng: Biu th trng lng chun mi 1m3 ca vt th: Nc 1 tn, thp 7.8 tn, ng 8.9 tn

Phng thc tnh ton trng lng - Trng lng = Th tch x t trng - n v Biu th tn.

Chun b y cc dng c h tr treo cn thit cho vic thc hin treo dy

06

07

Nu thiu dng c h tr treo dy nh

kha dy cp, kp cp s gy tr ngi cho vic thc hin nn chng ta cn chun

b cho y .


Khi qut v an ton

36

Chng3


1. 7 iu an ton khi thc hin treo dy (1) Nm bt v tr trng tm ca hng ha s nng (1 im).

Nm bt chnh xc v tr trng tm ca hng ha s nng. Xc nh ng knh ca dy cp theo trng lng ca hng ha. Chn s lng hng dy cp (sling) s s dng. La chn phng php treo dy.

(2) Xc nhn xem lc treo trn dy cp i xng hay khng i xng(2 im)

(a) Nng (b) Su

Trng tm

Treo i xng Treo khng i xng

Dy chnh Dy ph Ti trng treo trn dy chnhdy hng haTi trng treo ln dy ph

Trng tm

Trng tm

Trng tm

Chng3


(3) Lu s thay i cng theo gc treo trn dy cp (3 im). (4) ng knh ca thanh (bar) dng mc (hooking) dng cho thc hin treo

dy ln hn 6 ln ng knh dy cp (4 im). (5) Ngi c o to v an ton khi thc hin vn chuyn nh k thut thc

hin t treo dy ca ngi thc hin treo dy cn phi tin hnh thao tc (5 im).

(6) D on khi chnh xc ca hng ha mun vn chuyn v nng h (6 im). Thng thng trng lng ca vt nng c d on da trn s tnh ton bng mt nhng s c s khc nhau nh do gn thm l, gi nn chng ta thng xuyn phi o c.

(7) Chun b y cc dng c h tr treo cn thit cho thc hin treo dy (7 im).

AN TON KHI THC HIN TREO DY hin treo dy

Khi qut v an ton

38

Thc hin treo dy v vic vn hnh an ton

Hiu bit v an ton khi thc hin treo dy.

Nng hng 1 on ngn v tm ngng trc khi tip t

(1) V tr ca ngi thc hin Tn hiu cn c th hin ti v tr ngi vn hnh cu trc c th nhn thy r C th xy ra dao ng hng ha trong thi gian ngn khi tip t nn ngi thc

hin khng c ng hay i vo ni nh hp. phng trnh vic dao ng hng ha chng ta khng c y hoc ko hng ha bng sc ngi.

Khi c hn 2 ngi thc hin treo dy cn gy ra ting ku qua li nhau. c bit ngi pht tn hiu khng c t phn on pht tn hiu.

Dy cp khng qun bng tay m c qun ging nh y bng lng bn tay. Nu c dng c h tr nh mc cp cn s dng tch cc dng c ny.

Chng 4

01

Chng 4_Thc hin treo dy v vic vn hnh an ton

Khi qutv an ton39

Hnh 4-1 V tr ca ngi thc hin treo dy

(2) Xc nhn, sa cha trng thi treo dy Nu dy cp dng treo b ko cng, trc tin chng ta cn dng vic treo dy

kim tra nhng hng mc nhm xc nhn trng thi treo dy. - Sc cng trn dy cp dng treo c cn bng hay khng, sc cng c ph hp

hay khng, dy c b ko cng hay khng, dy c b cng qu khng? - C hng ha no b gy nt hay khng? - C dy cp no b trn khng v c bo v b tut ra khng?

Sa cho hng ha treo nm ngang.

Khi c hn 2 ngi thc hin cn phi to ra

ting ku

Phi lm nh vy chng ta c

th xc nhn v tr ca nhau v phng chng vic xy

ra tai nn.

Ngi pht tn hiu

phi thc hin ti v tr an ton m ngi vn hnh cu trc c th nhn

thy r.

Ti ni my ln l khi tin hnh treo dy khng c nm dy cp

bng tay ri c m.



Khi qut v an ton

40

Chng 4

Hnh 4-2 Trng tm ca hng ha

Nng hng ha qung ng ngn v tm ngng sau khi hng ha tip t

Nu hng ha c treo gn tip t chng ta cn xc nhn li trng thi treo v s n nh ca hng ha c treo, cao nng hng c v tr cng thp cng tt (Xc nhn, sa trng thi treo dy cao di 20cm). (1) Xc nhn xem hng ha c treo c n nh hay khng, liu c ri trong khi di

chuyn khng. (2) Xc nhn xem trng thi treo dng c treo, trng thi bo v dng c hay hng ha tt

hay khng, khng nng cng vi hng ha khng cn thit nh thanh ging ngang (3) Khi hng ha lung lay th sau khi nng hng cn tm ngng trc khi di chuyn.

Hnh 4-3 Xc nhn ln 1 khi treo

02

Anh hy sa li

cho n nm ngang i.

Vng

Khi ln u tin xc nhn trng thi treo dy v

s n nh ca hng ha c treo, trng thi treo dy thp trong phm vi 20cm

l tt nht.


Khi qutv an ton41

Di chuyn khi treo

Xc nhn xem c tr ngi g trong khi treo khng. Ngi thc hin treo dy cn phi ng xa so vi hng ha trong phm vi c th.

(1) Cn phi xem xt ni di chuyn v phng hng treo to cao an ton ph hp vi tnh hung.

(2) Trng hp c ngi thc hin hay c cc chng ngi vt trn ng vn chuyn, nguyn tc l cn treo ti a cao trn 2m.

(3) Trng hp s dng cu trc kiu thao tc trn mt t, trng hp s dng nam chm nng chuyn hay thit b nng kiu chn khng hoc khng c tr ngi g khi di chuyn qung ng ngn th chng ta nn nng hng ha ti v tr thp nht nu c th.

03



Khi qut v an ton

42

Chng 4

Nhng iu cn lu khi treo hng ha trn mc cp (1) Xc nhn tnh nng ca thit b nh mc (2)Treo ng th t t dy cp bn trong mc (3) Gc treo nh hn 60o

Hng dn a hng ha ti ch n Ngi thc hin cn ni an ton v sao cho ngi vn hnh d nhn thy, hng dn hng ha ti ch n v qun l c nhng ngi qua li khc theo s cn thit. (1) V tr ca ngi thc hin treo dy Ngi thc hin cn ng v tr khng qu hp so vi hng ha c treo hay

c a xung hoc khng va chm vi hng ha c treo cho d cu trc di chuyn bt ng.

Xc nhn tnh nng ca

dng c nh mc ...

04

05

Treo ng th t ca dy cp bn trong

mc ...

Gc treo nhhn 60o.


Khi qutv an ton43

- i vi cu trc cu chy, cn cu cng v tr l 45o theo hng vn hnh, hng nm ngang - i vi cn trc xoay v tr l l 45o theo hng xoay, ln xung ngoi bn knh thao tc.

Hnh 4-4 V tr ca ngi thc hin treo dy

(2) V tr v thao tc ca ngi pht tn hiu

Ngi pht tn hiu cn hng dn t pha trc ca hng ha c treo ti ch n, ch nh v tr a hng xung t. i vi nhng hng ha c chiu di di hoc hng ha ln cn xoay trong khi di

chuyn, nhng hng ha c kh nng va chm vi hng ha khc cn buc dy cp chng no hng dn.

Ty theo ni thc hin v loi hng ha treo m chng ta buc nhiu dy cp chng no hng dn.

Cn ch v c th dy cp chng no c th mc vo sn phm khc trong khi cu trc di chuyn.

Tm ngng trc khi nng h, tip t

Cn xc nhn xem c tr ngi g trong khi nng h hng ha khng, hng dn cho hng ha xung. Khng c h hng ha mt cch tm thi,cn tm ngng ti v tr thanh ging ngang trc khi tip t xc nhn s an ton sau khi tip t. (1) Khng c nng h hng ha trong trng thi lc l, cn nng h sau khi x l

vic hng ha lc l. (2) Ngi pht tn hiu, ngi thc hin cn ng ni an ton, tuyt i khng i vo

phn pha di hng ha c nng do chun b tip t.

06

Hng vn chuyn

(nguy him mt trc)

Hng nm ngang (nguy

him mt trc)

Phm vi thao tc

Hng ln xung



Khi qut v an ton

44

Chng 4

(3) Khng c t hng ha trc tip trn nn t, cn s dng thanh ging ngang. Thanh ging ngang rt quan trng i vi cht lng v s n nh ca hng ha nhng n cng c vai tr bo v chn ca ngi thao tc.

(4) Xc nhn v tr xung hng v v tr thanh ging ngang ( nm ngang, kh nng chu lc), b tr thanh ging ngang vi s lng cn thit v kch c ph hp.

(5) Sa v tr hng ha c treo, thanh ging ngang. sa v tr xung hng, khng c y hoc ko hng ha. c bit vic ko hng ha rt nguy him.

Nng hng qung ng ngn v tm ngng sau khi tip t

Khi hng ha tip t cn tm ngng trong trng thi dy cp ang nhn c lc ko cng v tin hnh xc nhn an ton sau tin hnh nng h hng. (1) Th lng dy cp n v tr c th xc nhn an ton ca hng ha. V dng c

bo v hng ha c treo c th b ri nn khng c th lng dy cp qu nhiu mt ln.

(2) Xc nhn trng thi thanh ging. (3) Vt hnh trn s dng ci nm phng chng vic qun li.

Tm ngng trc khi tip t xc nhn s an ton ca

hng ha ri tin hnh nng h


Khi qutv an ton45

Nng h mc, phn loi dng c treo

Nng h mc n v tr d phn loi dng c treo. Khi ny, khng c nng h nu khng cn thit. Phng php phn loi dng c treo gm c phng php phn loi pha mc v phng php phn loi pha hng ha, ty theo tnh hung m la chn phng php an ton v d dng phn loi. (1) Trng hp phn loi pha mc treo cn hng dn phn loi mc treo ti v tr

thp nht c th. (2) V dy cp c ng knh ln gy xon dy v rung lc nn cn quan st k xem c

pha no b lc l hay khng ri quyt nh v tr thao tc, khi c trn 3 ngi thc hin cn thc hin phi hp vi nhau.

(3) Khng c dng cu trc ko dy cp ra. (4) Trng hp rt dy cp loi to ra bng cu trc do vic rt ra bng tay gp kh khn

chng ta cn pht tn hiu t t v tin hnh mt cch thn trng (C trng hp dy ko bng lc ko cng t nhin xoay vng khin cho hng ha b lt p).

08



Khi qut v an ton

46

Chng 4

Kt thc thao tc, chnh n sp xp

Sau khi chnh l sp xp dy treo th thc hin xem nh hon tt. (1) Gi tn hiu kt thc cho ngi vn hnh. (2) Dy cp treo, dng c h tr cn c bo qun ti ni c xc nh.

09

thc hin cng vic tip theo chng ta cn bo qun dy

cp treo v dng c h tr ti ni c xc nh

Chng4


1. An ton khi thc hin treo dy

(1) T th ca ngi thc hin treo dy Mc qun o gn gng, mang theo dng c bo v an ton. Am hiu r ni dung thc hin v phng php thao tc.

(2) Xc nhn ti trng nh mc v ti trng lm vic Trc khi tin hnh cng vic cn xc nhn ti trng nh mc v ti trng lm vic.

(3) Phn on trng lng ca vt nng bng mt v xc nhn v tr trng tm (4) La chn dng c v dng c h tr treo dy Xc nhn khi lng, trng tm, hnh dng, v tr nng, dm nng hng ha. Xem xt vic bo v hng ha kim tra phng php treo dy v la

chn dng c, dng c h tr treo dy ti u. (5) K thut treo hng ha Xem xt v tr trng tm khi lng dy cp treo khng b trn. C gng gi cho hng ha khng b ri do trn, hng ha c gc cnh cn

s dng dng c bo v. (6) Ch khi treo trn mc cp

Xc nhn tnh nng ca thit b nh mc v kt ni ng theo th t t dy cp bn trong mc cp.

Gc treo phi nh hn 60o. (7) Nng qung ng ngn, tm ngng trc khi tip t (Giai on cn ht

sc thn trng) Xc nhn v tr, t th, hnh ng ca ngi thao tc, xc nhn v sa trng thi treo dy.

(8) Nng qung ng ngn, tm ngng sau khi tip t Nu hng ha c treo xung gn ti mt t cn xc nhn li v chnh sa trng thi treo v an ton ca hng ha c treo.


Khi qut v an ton

48

Chng4


(9) Di chuyn nng hng Xc nhn xem c chng ngi no khi di chuyn nng hng khng ri tin hnh di chuyn.

(10) Nng h hng qung ng ngn, tm ngng sau khi tip t Xc nhn trng thi thanh ging Vt hnh trn s dng ci nm phng chng vic qun li.

(11) Nng h mc, phn loi dng c treo Khng c ko ri rt dy treo bng cu trc.

(12) Kt thc thao tc, chnh l sp xp Gi tn hiu kt thc ngay cho ngi vn hnh.

Bo qun dy treo, dng c h tr ti ni c xc nh.

Cu hi luyn tp

Khi qutv an ton49

1. Thng thng phng php treo dy khng an ton nht trong s cc phng php sau l g?

Treo 1 hng dy Treo 2 hng dy Treo 3 hng dy Treo hnh ch thp (+)

2. iu khng ph hp i vi phng php treo dy hng ha b lch tm l g? Chiu di ca dy chnh v dy ph khc nhau to cho vt nm ngang Mc treo nm ngay trn trng tm khi lng Ch v s khc nhau gia dy bn tri v dy bn phi V hng ha hon ton khng b xoay khi nng nn chng ta c th an tm thc hin

treo dy. 3. Sau khi o c khi lng bng mt cn thm vo trng lng thc t bao nhiu phn on tr nn chnh xc hn? 10% 20% 30% 40%

4. Trng hp thc hin treo dy trn mc cp th gc mc cn di bao nhiu ? Trong phm vi 30o Trong phm vi 45o Trong phm vi 60o Trong phm vi 75o

5. Bn hy gii thch v dng c treo. 6. Bn hy gii thch v dng c h tr treo. 7. Bn hy gii thch v vng ni cp.(Thimble). 8. Bn hy gii thch v kha dy cp (Shackle). 9. Khi nng hng ha bng cn trc cu chy thc hin di chuyn, cao ca hng ha

thuc khong no th tt? 10. Bn hy gii thch v phng php tnh trng lng thp tm v thp trn.

Cu hi luyn tp

Vic sao chp, ti bn, ct b mt phn hay ton b gio trnh ny m khng c s ng ca Cng on an ton cng nghip Hn

Quc th c xem nh l xm phm quyn tc gi.


Tc gi: Cheon Won Woo (Cng on An ton cng nghip & Y t Hn Quc) Bin tp: Phng d liu o to Ngy pht hnh: Thng 09 nm 2007 Ngy pht hnh li: Thng 10 nm 2011 Ngi pht hnh: Baek Heon Kee Ni pht hnh: Cng on An ton cng nghip & Y t Hn

Quc S 478 Munemiro, Bupyeonggu, TP. Incheon

an toan khi thuc hien treo day

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