an overview of uas capabilities and...
TRANSCRIPT
An Overview of UAS Capabilities and
Challenges Reece Clothier
Senior Research Fellow Australian Research Centre for Aerospace Automation
Queensland University of Technology [email protected]
Overview of Presentation
� A quick history lesson
� Snapshot of current systems and recent operations
� Potential civil and commercial applications
� When it makes sense to use them
� Discussion on autonomy
� General challenges
� Enabling research
Copyright © 2012 R. Clothier. All rights reserved.
What are Unmanned Aircraft Systems?
� “An aircraft and its associated elements which are operated with no pilot on board” (ICAO, Circular 328)
� Remotely Piloted Aircraft � “Fully Autonomous UAS”
� Unmanned Aircraft System � Can comprise of one or more unmanned aircraft � Remote pilot station � Communications � Launch and recovery � The remote pilot crew!
Copyright © 2012 R. Clothier. All rights reserved.
A New Technology?
“Queen Bee” - "Radio Controls Robot Plane On Pilotless Flight." Popular Mechanics, October 1935, p.551
350 BC Archytas’ “Pigeon” 1849 Austrian balloon bombs 1916 Hewitt-Sperry
Automatic Airplane
1935 Tiger Moth DH.82 “Queen Bee” 1944/46 B-17 Conversions 1955 Ryan Firebee for
Reconnaissance … Modern day systems
Hewitt-Sperry Automatic Airplane aka “The Flying Bomb” Photo: General Motors Institute
Copyright © 2012 R. Clothier. All rights reserved.
Australian History – A Snapshot � c1910 A.J Roberts’ Aerial Torpedo
� 1952 Jindivik – aerial target
� ~1996 Nulka – active missile decoy
� ~1997 MQM-107E Kalkara
� 1998 Aerosonde crosses the North Atlantic
Miessner, BF (1916) “Radiodynamics, the wireless control of torpedoes and other mechanisms”
© Aerosonde, Pty Ltd.
Jindivik. Image: Commonwealth Government of Australia, RAN
Website Copyright © 2012 R. Clothier. All rights reserved.
Australian Unmanned Aircraft Industry
Kingfisher II BAE Systems Australia, VIC
ScanEagle Insitu Pacific Ltd, QLD
Flamingo – Silvertone, NSW CyberEye II – Cyber Technology, WA Medium Airship Airship Solutions, NSW
cyberQuad Cyber Technology, WA
Copyright © 2012 R. Clothier. All rights reserved.
Australian Unmanned Aircraft Industry
Aerosonde Mark 4.7 AAI, Aersonde VIC
Kestral Automated Target Detection Software,
Sentient, VIC CM160 Gimbaled
Camera UAV Vision, NSW
Phoenix Jet Aerial Targets Air Affairs Australia, NSW
T2000UAV-L, Mode 3/A Transponder Microair, QLD
i-Flight 650 Flight Vision, NSW
ARCAA Rotor-Wing UAS ARCAA, QLD
Copyright © 2012 R. Clothier. All rights reserved.
ADF Trials, Operational Platforms & Procurement
� 2001 Global Hawk (Demonstration)
� 2005 - Skylark I
� 2006 Mariner (Demonstration)
� 2007 ScanEagle (Contracted Service)
� 2009 Heron (Contracted Service)
� 2010/2011 Shadow 200B TUAS
� 2013 – 2015 Small “Tier 1” UAS (Skylark replacement)
� 2020? ADF HALE Multi-mission UAS (AIR-7000-1B)
Photos courtesy of the Australian Department of Defence and USAF Copyright © 2012 R. Clothier. All rights reserved.
Fire front mapping - WA 2010 – Photo: Channel 10 QLD Floods 2011 – Photo: Lyndon Mechielsen, Jono Searle
Sharks off South Stradbroke Island – Photo: Sarah Marshall ARCAA automated marine mammal detection from an aircraft
Civil and Commercial Opportunities
Copyright © 2012 R. Clothier. All rights reserved.
Civil and Commercial Opportunities
ARCAA Helicopter UAS performing crop phenotyping
Automated inspection of power lines. Photo taken from a UAS with automated power line detection
algorithm (ARCAA and CRC-SI) Damage to Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant – photo
taken from a UAS. (AP Photo/Air Photo Service)
Copyright © 2012 R. Clothier. All rights reserved.
When it Makes Sense to Use Them
� Not just cost (in some cases UAS can be MORE expensive)
� For any application considered too: � Dull (e.g., persistent communications relay) � Dirty (e.g., Fukushima power plant, ash clouds) � Dangerous (e.g., low altitude, poor weather conditions) � Demanding (e.g., too fast or too long for a pilot)
� UAS are not a panacea to all problems � They are not without their disadvantages � They cannot replace piloted aircraft in many
applications
Copyright © 2012 R. Clothier. All rights reserved.
Why Remove the Human? � Smaller, faster, longer, stronger… but are they safer??
� Pilots account for 60-70% of accidents… � What we don’t typically consider is how often the pilot saves the day
� E.g., the Gimili Glider
� New safety paradigm emerges: � Dealing with a system instead of just an aircraft � Impact on all aspects of design, manufacture, maintenance, and
operation � New hazards are created and the significance of existing or “known”
hazards changes � New public attitude towards the risks � Diverse range of unmanned aircraft equally diverse risk profile � New design philosophy - commercial commodity, potentially
disposable Copyright © 2012 R. Clothier. All rights reserved.
How Far Removed?
Sheridan, T.B. and Verplank, W., “Human and Computer Control of Undersea Teleoperators.” Cambridge, MA: Man-Machine Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIT. 1978.
Copyright © 2012 R. Clothier. All rights reserved.
Challenge 1 – Understanding the Role of The Human
� Human is just as critical to the safe operation of UAS as it is to conventionally piloted aviation
� New “human factors” emerge across all aspects of the design, manufacture, maintenance and operation of UAS: � The absence of a “shared fate” between the pilot and the aircraft
leading to a propensity for more risk taking behaviour � Physical - parallax, spatial disorientation, glare � Situational awareness - changes in the information available to the
pilot and the manner in which it is presented � Tone of the engine, smell of smoke or the “feel” of icing?
� Operator trust in the system and knowledge of its “correct” behaviour � Complacency and reduced pilot proficiency due to a reliance on
automation � Maintenance i.e., the “model aircraft attitude”
Copyright © 2012 R. Clothier. All rights reserved.
Challenge 2 - Social Concerns � Social perception
� Weapons of war � Lack of knowledge � Perception of the risks
� Increasingly risk averse society
� Who’s to blame?
� Broader social issues � Privacy � Noise � Job losses?
� Difference between model aircraft and UAS
Droning on The Times, London. Jan 6, 2012.
“…in Gaza the sound of drones buzzing overhead is known as zenana, the slang for a persistently nagging wife.”
Copyright © 2012 R. Clothier. All rights reserved.
Challenge 3 – Managing the Risks
� Developing and promulgating appropriate regulations � UAS are expected to demonstrate a minimum of an equivalent
level of safety to manned aviation, in relation to: � Risks to other airspace users
� Risks to people on the ground over-flown by UAS
� Absence of prescriptive regulations � UAS operations are currently managed on a case-by-case basis � Approval often includes significant restrictions on where and
how they can be operated � Significant effort to progress regulations to permit greater
freedom in the operation for UAS
Copyright © 2012 R. Clothier. All rights reserved.
Managing the Risk to People on the Ground
Image taken from: Unmanned Systems Integrated Roadmap FY2009-2034, US Department of Defence Copyright © 2012 R. Clothier. All rights reserved.
Managing the Risks to People on the Ground
� Higher degree of system airworthiness is needed to operate over populous areas
� Difficulty in demonstrating reliability � The required level has not been defined � Limited operational data, quality aviation components, data on
components to make safety assessments � No person on-board - potential tradeoffs in airworthiness
� Mitigations: � Constrain operations to unpopulated regions � Automated Emergency Landing Systems � Automated Recovery Systems (pre-programmed) � Flight Termination Systems (e.g., parachute) � Frangible systems
Copyright © 2012 R. Clothier. All rights reserved.
Managing the Risk to Other Airspace Users
� Not like it was in the early 20th century
� UAS must: � Demonstrate an Equivalent Level
of Safety to conventionally piloted aircraft operations
Photo: SUAS News
� Seamlessly operate alongside other airspace users (same rules of the air) � Appear to ATC as no different to any other aircraft
� Routine UAS operations require technologies to � mitigate the risk of a midair collision
� operate alongside manned aviation (i.e., radio calls, coordination) in the absence of a communications link to the remote pilot station
Copyright © 2012 R. Clothier. All rights reserved.
Addressing the Challenges… Enabling Technologies
Copyright © 2012 R. Clothier. All rights reserved.
Automated Emergency Landing Systems
Safe landing of aircraft
High altitude continuous mapping.
High level landing site identification
Site selection, dynamic path planning, guidance and control down to final decision point
Low altitude site characterisation, dynamic path planning, guidance and control.
Engine Failure
Copyright © 2012 R. Clothier. All rights reserved.
Research – Automated Emergency Landing System Algorithm Developed by
D.L Fitzgerald
Copyright © 2012 R. Clothier. All rights reserved.
Automated Midair Collision Avoidance System
Copyright © 2012 R. Clothier. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2012 R. Clothier. All rights reserved.
Regulation Development � 2005/2006 – ARCAA UAS Workshops
� 2007 UAS Australia formed
� 2009 Australia Aerospace Industry Forum, Certification & Regulation Working Group for UAS formed � Recommendations to CASA
� 2009 Aviation White Paper
� June 2011 – CASA project to review CASR 101
� Nov 2012 – CASA SCC Formed
Copyright © 2012 R. Clothier. All rights reserved.
Australia a Leader in Civil UAS? � Unique “pull” for technology � End users with unique applications � Limited budget to provide services to a distributed
country (e.g., SAR, environmental management, infrastructure management, etc.)
� Unique environment for their operation � Airspace and unpopulated regions
� Unique combination of skills to overcome challenges � Cooperative industry and proactive safety regulator � Indigenous research and industry capabilities � Operational experience in civil UAS operations
Copyright © 2012 R. Clothier. All rights reserved.
Summary � UAS are not a new technology but they have recently
matured to a point where many civil & commercial applications are becoming viable
� There is greater awareness of their capability in end user groups
� However, UAS are not without their challenges � Not a replacement for piloted aircraft � Not as simple as just “removing the pilot” � Restrictions on their operation over populous areas and
in non-segregated airspace � There are public concerns
� Research to overcome these challenges
Copyright © 2012 R. Clothier. All rights reserved.
QUESTIONS
Reece Clothier
Australian Research Centre for Aerospace Automation
www.arcaa.aero
Copyright © 2012 R. Clothier. All rights reserved.