an overview of the family life project lynne vernon-feagans martha cox
TRANSCRIPT
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An Overview of the An Overview of the Family Life ProjectFamily Life Project
Lynne Vernon-FeagansLynne Vernon-FeagansMartha CoxMartha Cox
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The Family Life Project Community MeetingApril 27th, 2006 Goldsboro, NC
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Research InvestigatorsResearch Investigators Lynne Vernon-FeagansLynne Vernon-Feagans PI PI Martha Cox Co-PIMartha Cox Co-PI
Patricia Garrett-PetersPatricia Garrett-Peters Research Director Research Director Roger Mills-KoonceRoger Mills-Koonce Research Director Research Director
Nan CrouterNan Crouter PI of Penn State Core PI of Penn State Core Peg BurchinalPeg Burchinal Data management and Data management and Statistical coreStatistical core Clancy BlairClancy Blair Project 1: Emotion Regulation Project 1: Emotion Regulation ( Mark Greenberg) and Temperament( Mark Greenberg) and Temperament Lynne Vernon-Feagans Lynne Vernon-Feagans Project 2: Competence and Project 2: Competence and
Pre-Readiness Skills Pre-Readiness Skills Martha Cox Martha Cox Project 3: Family Processes Project 3: Family Processes Nan CrouterNan Crouter Project 4: Work and Family Project 4: Work and Family Linda Burton Project 5: Community and Linda Burton Project 5: Community and (Debra Skinner)(Debra Skinner) Family Ethnography Family Ethnography
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RationaleRationale Most of the research about children is based on studies Most of the research about children is based on studies
of urban childrenof urban children
Nearly half of all children live in non-urban (rural) settingsNearly half of all children live in non-urban (rural) settings
Children in non-urban areas are on average poorer than Children in non-urban areas are on average poorer than children in urban areaschildren in urban areas
There is some evidence that there may be different risk There is some evidence that there may be different risk and protective factors in urban versus rural areas and protective factors in urban versus rural areas
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Poverty Rates in Urban and Rural Poverty Rates in Urban and Rural AreasAreas
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Percent of Children living in Percent of Children living in Poverty by metro/nonmetroPoverty by metro/nonmetro
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Risk Factors Associated with Risk Factors Associated with Non-Urban LifeNon-Urban Life
More maternal depressionMore maternal depression More tobacco useMore tobacco use More alcohol and prescription drug abuseMore alcohol and prescription drug abuse Less access to health and mental health servicesLess access to health and mental health services Less access and availability to childcareLess access and availability to childcare Longer distances to work and childcareLonger distances to work and childcare Less access to public transportationLess access to public transportation Fewer good jobs Fewer good jobs
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Protective Factors Associated Protective Factors Associated with Non-Urban Lifewith Non-Urban Life
Less exposure to random violent crimeLess exposure to random violent crime More single family homes More single family homes More homes and land owned by familiesMore homes and land owned by families More access to extended familyMore access to extended family Stronger connections to religious institutionsStronger connections to religious institutions Greater sense of communityGreater sense of community
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The Family Life ProjectThe Family Life Project
Recruit every baby born to a mother Recruit every baby born to a mother who resided in three non-urban who resided in three non-urban counties in Pennsylvania and three counties in Pennsylvania and three non-urban counties in North Carolina non-urban counties in North Carolina between September 2003 and between September 2003 and September 2004.September 2004.
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Recruitment – Overall SummaryRecruitment – Overall Summary
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Contact rate Agreementrate
Enrollmentrate
NCPAStudy
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Study SampleStudy Sample
We recruited 1292 families in North We recruited 1292 families in North Carolina and Pennsylvania in 6 Carolina and Pennsylvania in 6 countiescounties
Families were representative of all Families were representative of all babies born to mothers in these babies born to mothers in these counties.counties.
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North Carolina
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PennsylvaniaPennsylvania
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The Context of AppalachiaThe Context of Appalachia
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Steel Mills in Johnstown , Pennsylvania20 Years Ago
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Empty Steel Mills in Johnstown, Pennsylvania (2003)
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Dairy and Vegetable Farms in Blair County
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The Context of the SouthThe Context of the South
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The three counties in North Carolina werepart of a handful of counties in the country that produced the most tobacco in the U.S.
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Tobacco is cheap to produce, pest resistant,not dependent on rich soil, and yields large profits
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Shift Work
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Poultry Farms
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Hog Farms have begun to replace tobacco
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Highly skilled jobs
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Housing is diverseAnd affordable
In both Pa and NC
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Schedule of Data Schedule of Data CollectionCollection
Birth 2 months
Hospital Home Visit
6 months
2 Home Visits Phone Call 1 Home Visit
15 months
Child CareVisit
Child CareVisit
Phone Call 2 Home Visits Phone Calls 2 Home Visits
24 months 36 months
Child CareVisit
Child CareVisit
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3131
Family Configuration for 1292 Family Configuration for 1292 familiesfamilies
0
15
30
45
60
Singleparent
Single +G'prt
Dualparent
Dual +G'prt
Other
%
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Life of Families in North Life of Families in North CarolinaCarolina
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While many of the parents in our study While many of the parents in our study were born and raised in NC, about 25% were born and raised in NC, about 25% come from other parts of the country.come from other parts of the country.
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Poverty DefinitionPoverty Definition Federal Poverty level for a family of 4 in Federal Poverty level for a family of 4 in
2004 is $18,850.2004 is $18,850. We placed families who made less than We placed families who made less than
twice the Federal poverty level ($37,700) twice the Federal poverty level ($37,700) as poor because most poverty programs as poor because most poverty programs allow families to be eligible up to $185% of allow families to be eligible up to $185% of the federal poverty level. the federal poverty level.
The Non-Poor made more than two times The Non-Poor made more than two times the poverty level. the poverty level.
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EducationEducation
0
25
50
Lessthan HS
HS SomeCollege
Collegedegree
Poor
Not-Poor
0
25
50
2 months 6 months
Poor mothers are more likely to have a high Poor mothers are more likely to have a high school degree or less, while not poor mothers school degree or less, while not poor mothers are likely to have at least some college.are likely to have at least some college.
About ¼ or our poor mothers are currently in About ¼ or our poor mothers are currently in school or some type of training course.school or some type of training course.
Educational background (%) % mothers currently in school or training program
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3636
EmploymentEmployment
0
50
100
6 months2 months
PoorNot-Poor
0
50
100
Days Nights Shifts
Fewer poor mothers are working at 2 and 6 Fewer poor mothers are working at 2 and 6 monthsmonths
Poor mothers are, however, more often work Poor mothers are, however, more often work night jobs and shift work than non-poor mothersnight jobs and shift work than non-poor mothers
% of mothers working % in day, night, and shift work
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3737
ChildcareChildcare
0
50
100
2 months 6 months
0
50
2 months 6 months
Poor Not-Poor
At 2 months, roughly 50% of the sample reported some At 2 months, roughly 50% of the sample reported some type of childcare arrangement outside of the hometype of childcare arrangement outside of the home
By 6 months, use of childcare had risen to over 75%By 6 months, use of childcare had risen to over 75%
Over 1/3 of childcare arrangements use center-based careOver 1/3 of childcare arrangements use center-based care
The average child spends over 30 hours per week in some The average child spends over 30 hours per week in some form of childcareform of childcare
% in some form of childcare % of center-based childcare
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AssetsAssets
0
50
100
Owns home Rents home Lives withextended family
Car in household
Poor Not-Poor
Most non-poor families own their home, while Most non-poor families own their home, while most poor families rent.most poor families rent.
25% of poor families do not have an automobile 25% of poor families do not have an automobile in the householdin the household
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3939
Health InsuranceHealth Insurance
0
25
50
75
100
Mothers Children
% of mothers and children with health coverage
Poor Not-Poor
Although almost all children have some Although almost all children have some sort of health insurance, only 75% of poor sort of health insurance, only 75% of poor mothers have health coverage.mothers have health coverage.
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4040
HealthHealth
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
% Smoked Preg
% LBW (2500g)
% Ever breastfed
• Most mothers did not smoke during pregnancy and less than half ever tried breastfeeding. About 15% were low birthweight babies
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Early NutritionEarly Nutrition
0
50
100
2 monhts 6 months
Poor
Not-Poor
0
25
50
2 months 6 months
Poor mothers are less likely to breastfeed their Poor mothers are less likely to breastfeed their children at early ages, as well as less likely to children at early ages, as well as less likely to continue.continue.
By 6 months of age, 25% of children are consuming By 6 months of age, 25% of children are consuming some type of fast food on a weekly basis.some type of fast food on a weekly basis.
% of mothers breastfeeding % of children eating fast food
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Early Service ProvisionEarly Service Provision
0
25
50
Pregnancy home visit Breastfeeding services Early Head Start
% of families participating in local services
Poor Not-Poor
While poor mothers are more likely to participate While poor mothers are more likely to participate in pregnancy home visits and early Head Start, in pregnancy home visits and early Head Start, they are less likely to participate in breastfeeding they are less likely to participate in breastfeeding servicesservices
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Residential InstabilityResidential Instability
0
10
20
Moved once Moved twice or more
% of famlies that move in the first 6 months
Poor Not-Poor
During the first 6 months, over 12% of During the first 6 months, over 12% of poor families move at least once.poor families move at least once.
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The Constant TelevisionThe Constant Television
0
25
50
75
100
% with TV on 7+ hours per day
Poor Not-Poor
64% of poor families have the television 64% of poor families have the television on for at least 7 hours each dayon for at least 7 hours each day
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SummarySummary Education is linked to being poorEducation is linked to being poor Owning a home is linked to not being poorOwning a home is linked to not being poor One quarter of poor families don’t have a carOne quarter of poor families don’t have a car Most mothers are back at work by 6 monthsMost mothers are back at work by 6 months Poor mothers have more irregular work schedulesPoor mothers have more irregular work schedules
Babies are generally healthyBabies are generally healthy All babies have health insuranceAll babies have health insurance Most babies are in childcare by 6 months of ageMost babies are in childcare by 6 months of age
Less than half the mothers breastfeed their babies and Less than half the mothers breastfeed their babies and those that do generally don’t continue for longthose that do generally don’t continue for long
One quarter of children are eating fast food once a week by One quarter of children are eating fast food once a week by 6 months of age6 months of age
Most families have the TV on most of the day. Most families have the TV on most of the day.
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Getting the Job Getting the Job DoneDone
Collecting Data on 773 Collecting Data on 773 North Carolina FamiliesNorth Carolina Families
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RecruitmenRecruitmentt
August 2002-August 2003: FLP communications with August 2002-August 2003: FLP communications with pediatricians, ob/gyn, nurses, county health departments, pediatricians, ob/gyn, nurses, county health departments, and hospitals; Distribution of pamphletsand hospitals; Distribution of pamphlets
August 2003-September 2004: Recruitment at Wayne August 2003-September 2004: Recruitment at Wayne Memorial Hospital, Wilson Medical Center, and Sampson Memorial Hospital, Wilson Medical Center, and Sampson Regional Medical CenterRegional Medical Center
Nurses and other staff helped FLP recruiters identify Nurses and other staff helped FLP recruiters identify 31273127 new mothers; many mothers had already heard about the new mothers; many mothers had already heard about the project through the county agenciesproject through the county agencies
Eligibility: agree to participate, live in target counties, Eligibility: agree to participate, live in target counties, English speaking, and no plans to move for 3 yrsEnglish speaking, and no plans to move for 3 yrs
773 families enrolled across tri-county area773 families enrolled across tri-county area
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Data CollectionData Collection
1 home visit when child is 2 and15 1 home visit when child is 2 and15 months; 2 home visits when child months; 2 home visits when child is 6, 24, and 36 monthsis 6, 24, and 36 months
Childcare visits (except 2mo)Childcare visits (except 2mo)
Phone calls between visits at 10.5, Phone calls between visits at 10.5, 19.5, 27, and 31 months19.5, 27, and 31 months
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Families are visited by 2 home Families are visited by 2 home visitorsvisitors
Each home visit lasts Each home visit lasts approximately 2 to 2 ½ hours.approximately 2 to 2 ½ hours.
Childcare visits last Childcare visits last approximately 1 to 1 ½ hours.approximately 1 to 1 ½ hours.
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The Family Life Project StaffGoldsboro, NC
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FLP Home VisitorsFLP Home Visitors 14-18 highly trained research assistants14-18 highly trained research assistants
Rigorous training on all research protocolsRigorous training on all research protocols
Attend 2 day trainings with staff at Penn State Attend 2 day trainings with staff at Penn State before each new assessment pointbefore each new assessment point
For all tasks: Read training manuals, watch For all tasks: Read training manuals, watch training videos, practice with local families, submit training videos, practice with local families, submit videotapes for official certification, observed by videotapes for official certification, observed by Project Directors while conducting visits w/familiesProject Directors while conducting visits w/families
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What happens on a home visit?What happens on a home visit?
Videotaped interactions of child Videotaped interactions of child and caregiversand caregivers
Videotaped child behaviors during Videotaped child behaviors during challengechallenge
Computerized interview with many, Computerized interview with many, many questions for primary many questions for primary (mother) and secondary (father or (mother) and secondary (father or grandmother) caregiversgrandmother) caregivers
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Biological data collection including heart Biological data collection including heart rate and mother and child salivarate and mother and child saliva
Child assessmentsChild assessments LanguageLanguage MemoryMemory AttentionAttention
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5454
Parent-Child Picture Book TaskParent-Child Picture Book Task
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5555
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5656
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5757
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5858
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Heart Rate Collection
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Child Challenge TasksChild Challenge Tasks
Remove toy Remove toy MasksMasks Arm restraintArm restraint
Cortisol = Stress Hormone in Saliva
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To date, we’ve completed: To date, we’ve completed:
3550 home visits ($177,500)3550 home visits ($177,500)
790 childcare visits ($31,600)790 childcare visits ($31,600)
1485 phone calls 1485 phone calls
Currently midway through 24mo Currently midway through 24mo visitsvisits
Beginning 36mo visits in AugustBeginning 36mo visits in August
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New Research and New Research and Innovations in the Study of Innovations in the Study of
Children and FamiliesChildren and Families
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Biohealth ResearchBiohealth Research
CortisolCortisol
αα-Amylase -Amylase
Cotinine Cotinine
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Defining “Rural”Defining “Rural”
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Early Cognitive Early Cognitive DevelopmentDevelopment
Standardizing a Standardizing a new assessment new assessment of early executive of early executive functioningfunctioning AttentionAttention MemoryMemory Self-controlSelf-control
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Nutrition and HealthNutrition and Health
Early childhood Early childhood obesity and healthobesity and health
BreastfeedingBreastfeeding
Early growth and Early growth and cognitive cognitive developmentdevelopment
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ChildcareChildcare
TypeType RelativeRelative Home-basedHome-based Center-basedCenter-based
QualityQuality
QuanitityQuanitity
AvailabilityAvailability
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Family FunctioningFamily Functioning
Early Parent-Child RelationshipsEarly Parent-Child Relationships
Parent Language Parent Language InputInput
Family Work Family Work ScheduleSchedule
Multi-Generation Multi-Generation HouseholdsHouseholds
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Our sincerest appreciation to the Our sincerest appreciation to the families participating in this study and families participating in this study and to the counties and communities who to the counties and communities who
have supported this work over the past have supported this work over the past four years.four years.