an overview of status of drinking water and sanitation in ... · personal hygiene materials water,...

An overview of status of drinking water and sanitation in schools in India

unite for children

Maharashtra

Karnataka

Tamil Nadu

Andhra Pradesh

Rajasthan

Gujarat

Uttar Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh

Jharkhand

Orissa

Chhattisgarh

Bihar

Assam

West Bengal

Punjab

Haryana

Kerala

Uttarakhand

Jammu & Kashmir

Himachal Pradesh

Arunachal Pradesh

Sikkim

Meghalaya

Tripura Mizoram

Manipur

Nagaland

Goa

Andaman & Nicobar Islands

Lakshadweep

40 per cent of the global population – some 2.65 billion people – live without access to proper toilet facilities, and 883 million don’t have access to safe water. More than 4,000 children under age five die from diarrhoea every day. This is a global crisis, and WASH in Schools can help. WASH in and through schools is one of the best routes to reach entire communities. Direct engagement with students can lead to community adoption of good WASH behaviors and technologies as well as improved health. Because children are agents of change, education for good hygiene practices in schools links students, families and communities.

44% 42%

39% 36%

23%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

Handwashing Hygiene Water Quality Sanitation Water Supply

Per

cen

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red

uct

ion

in m

orb

idit

y fr

om

d

iarr

ho

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WASH interventions critical for child survival

Findings from statistical data analyzed by Cairncross (2008) reveal that improved water supply & sanitation can contribute to 23% and 36% decreased morbidity due to diarrhoea. Moreover, finding from the meta-analysis by Fewtrell & Colford using handwashing and hygiene promotion data reveal that handwashing & hygiene promotion alone contribute to 44% and 42% reduction in morbidity due to diarrhoea, implying that handwashing at critical times can prove vital. Source: Meta-analysis by Fewtrell and Colford, 2004; Hand washing data by Curtis & Cairncross, 2003; Updated sanitation data by Cairncross, 2008

Access to sufficient quantities of safe water for Drinking Handwashing, cooking and personal hygiene

Sufficient water for Cleaning flushing toilets, school farms etc. when appropriate.

Toilet facilities that are Sufficient, adequate and Child –friendly, gender specific, culturally appropriate,

separate and well maintained toilet facilities for boys and girls. Personal hygiene materials Water, soap, sanitary pads etc. Safe disposal of solid and liquid waste

Hygiene education Curriculum, wall paintings, competitions, child cabinets etc.

Control measures to reduce transmission and morbidity of WASH related illnesses. Approach to control vector borne disease De-worming campaigns, nutritional supplements

46 47

0

20

40

60

80

100

2008 2009

Percentage of schools with drinking water facilities – 34 countries

37 42

38 43

0

20

40

60

80

100

2008 2009

Percentage of schools with sanitation facilities – 28 countries

Girls Boys

What is WASH in Schools?

Global WASH-in-Schools scenario

Source: Data from UNICEF Country Office Annual Reports 2008 & 2009. Water data from 34 countries, Sanitation data from 28 countries.

Drinking water and sanitation facilities in schools still remain a challenge in most countries

Children’s health improves with WASH in Schools

Schools with quality WASH programmes can effectively reduce the transmission of diseases. More than 40 per cent of diarrhoea cases in schoolchildren result from transmission in schools rather than homes

Education and health are inseparable. Nutrition deficiencies, diarrhoea and worm infestations are all related to poor WASH – and all affect school participation and learning. WASH in Schools is a first step towards ensuring a healthy physical learning environment. Schools with quality WASH programmes can effectively increase attendance and learning outcomes

WASH in Schools increases attendance and cognitive development

Students are agents of change in their communities

Globally, around 2.65 billion people live without access to proper toilet facilities, and 883 million don’t have access to safe water. WASH in Schools can help mitigate the risks and overcome the challenges. Children are generally more receptive to new ideas and can more easily change their behaviour and promote improved practices within their families and among their communities

WASH in Schools fosters social inclusion and individual self-respect by offering an alternative to stigma and marginalization. Girls in developing countries, for example, often report that issues related to managing menstrual hygiene cause them to be absent from school, frequently a first step towards dropping out altogether.

WASH in Schools promotes gender equality

Improving WASH in Schools is achievable

Every school can be equipped with quality WASH programmes. Students, teachers, communities, local and national governments, civil society and private companies all need to work together. Media and public opinion around the world can influence political leaders to act now

Impressive coverage of drinking water facilities in schools from 2005-06 to 2009-10

Separate toilets for girls need to become a priority

Number of schools having drinking water facility has increased from nearly 0.9 million (~83%) in 2005-06 to 1.30 million (93%) in 2010-11.

Drinking water facilities in rural schools increased from nearly 0.7 million schools (82%) in 2005-06 to nearly 0.85 million schools (93%) in 2009-10.*

In all, 181 million children in schools have access to drinking water facilities.*

[Source: DISE, NUEPA, New Delhi]

Number of schools having toilet facility has increased from 0.6 million (~52%) in 2005-06 to ~1.14 million (84%) in 2010-11.

In rural schools, toilet facility increased from 0.4 million schools (49%) in 2005-06 to 0.7 million schools (79%) in 2009-10, where they have at least one toilet facility.*

In all, more than 160 million children in schools have access to toilet facilities.*

Number of schools having separate toilet facility for girls increased from ~0.4 million (~37%) in 2005-06 to ~0.8 million (~60%) in 2009-10.*

However over 0.5 million (~40%) schools do not have this facility.*

[Source: DISE, NUEPA, New Delhi]

Water and sanitation facilities in schools in India

Urban schools face similar challenges of drinking water & toilet facilities

The situation in urban schools is also similar to those in rural areas. [Source: DISE 2009-10, NUEPA, New Delhi]

93

79

97 89

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

drinking water facility toilet facility

Per

cen

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of

sch

oo

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Rural Urban

Total Sanitation Campaign accelerated provision of toilets in rural government schools

The Total Sanitation Campaign supports the School Sanitation & Hygiene Education programme. Launched in the year 2004-05, nearly 1.22 million toilets have been constructed in rural government schools under the program. [Source: http://tsc.gov.in, Ministry of Drinking Water & Sanitation, Government of India

* Calculated on basis of DISE disaggregated data (2009-10). To be updated for 2010-11, when disaggregated data 2010-11 is available.

83 85

87 88

93 93

70

75

80

85

90

95

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 2010-2011

Total no. of schools - 13,62,324

No. of schools with drinking water facility Perentage of schools with drinking water facility

52 58

63 67

80 84

37 43

51 54

60 60

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

700,000

800,000

900,000

1,000,000

1,100,000

2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-2011

Per

cen

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Co

vera

ge

Total no. of schools - 13,62,324 Total no. of girls & Co-ed schools - 13,42,843

No. of schools with toilets No. of schools with separate girls' toilets%age of schools with toilets %age of schools with separate girls' toilet

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 2010-2011 2011-2012

230,926

362,468

598,727

851,731

996,211 1,101,720

1,224,191

Cumulative number of of toilets constructed under Total Sanitation Campaign

The functionality disparity

One in ten rural schools are without toilet facilities. Where toilets exist, only one in two is usable. [Source: Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2010

Independent assessment of WASH facilities in schools show a similar trend in functionality

Functionality of water and toilet facilities continues to remain as a major gap to be plugged

Though 93% schools have drinking water facility, only 82 % schools have improved drinking water facility, while it is functional in only 79% schools (as against availability).

Functional drinking water facility is less than 60% in Nagaland, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh and Manipur.

Only Six out of 10 schools have functioning toilet facilities. Out of the ~2.7 million toilets, over 2 million (~76%) are functional.

In 3 states ( AP, Nagaland and Meghalaya) less than 50% of the toilets are functional.

[Source: DISE 2009-10, NUEPA, New Delhi]

March 2012

State-wise functionality of drinking water facilities in

schools* State-wise functionality of toilets in schools*

Functionality of drinking water in schools is below the national average in 8 states (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Jammu & Kashmir, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Tripura.

Functionality of toilet facility in schools is less than the national average in 13 states, which implies that a lot has to be done in ensuring safe sanitation to children in schools.


Rajasthan 80.5

Tripura 66.2 Mizoram 69.2

Manipur 56.9

Nagaland 38.6

Arunachal Pradesh 53.3

Sikkim 81.1

Jammu & Kashmir 62.9

Uttar Pradesh 82.5

West Bengal 81.7

Delhi 97.9 Haryana 86.8 Uttarakhand 69.3

Chandigarh 99.4 Punjab 96.0

Himachal Pradesh 90.7

Bihar 67.2

Dadra & Nagar Haveli 92.3

Puducherry 98.7

Tamil Nadu 91.7 Kerala 92.6

Lakshadweep 97.7

Goa 88.8 Karnataka 88.2

Meghalaya 46.7

Maharashtra 85.5

Assam 77.6

Daman & Diu 97.2

Gujarat 85.1 Madhya Pradesh 79.6

Chhattisgarh 76.2 Orissa 74.8

Jharkhand 69.4

Andaman & Nicobar Islands 96.9

Andhra Pradesh 64.6

Below 70%

70 - 80%

Above 80%

National average - 79%

Rajasthan 85.8

Tripura 67.6 Mizoram

89.2

Manipur 85.4

Nagaland 32.3

Arunachal Pradesh 60.7

Sikkim 91.6

Jammu & Kashmir 69.8

Uttar Pradesh 77.8

West Bengal 82.8

Delhi 96.2

Haryana 88.1

Uttarakhand 78.5

Chandigarh 96.4 Punjab

95.2

Himachal Pradesh 75.3

Bihar 52.5

D&N Haveli 92.4

Puducherry 93.1

Tamil Nadu 93.0

Kerala 89.2

Lakshadweep 93.6

Goa 83.9

Karnataka 61.3

Meghalaya 45.7

Maharashtra 93.5

Assam 73.7

Daman & Diu 84.0

Gujarat 86.5

Madhya Pradesh 82.8

Chhattisgarh 68.3 Orissa

57.2

Jharkhand 51.7

Andaman & Nicobar Islands 100.0

Andhra Pradesh 31.0

Below 75%

75 - 90%

above 90%

National average - 76%


0

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Drinking water Sanitation

93 80 76

61

Per

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Coverage Functional

77

84 90 90

56

75

56 51

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2005 2007 2009 2010

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Facility Vs Functionality

Percentage of schools with drinking water facility Percentage of schools with functional drinking water facility

WASH in Schools progress- Acceleration required

Percentage of children (by enrolment) without

access to drinking water facility*

Percentage of children (by enrolment) without

access to toilet facility*

Although the availability of drinking water stands at 93% in schools across India, yet a total 6.50 million children (3.46 % children of total enrolment) do not have access to drinking water facility in schools.,

13 states (Meghalaya, Assam, Nagaland, Tripura, Mizoram, Jharkhand, Jammu & Kashmir, Orissa, Arunachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Karnataka, Manipur and Andhra Pradesh) account for more than 3.39 million children without access to drinking water facility in schools.

A total of 27.6 million children (14.1 million boys and 13.5 million girls) accounting for 14.7% of total children enrolled do not have access to toilet facility in schools.

7 states (Orissa, Meghalaya, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Assam and Bihar) account for almost 50% (13.8 million) children without access to toilet facilities in schools.


Improving access to toilets in 6 states (UP, MP, Bihar, Orissa, Chhattisgarh and Assam would reduce the gap by 50%. Similarly, improving the access to girls’ toilets in 7 states (Chhattisgarh, J&K, Bihar, Meghalaya, Orissa, Assam, Manipur and

MP) would reduce the gap by 50%. [Source: DISE 2010-11, NUEPA, New Delhi]

Toilets in all schools and separate toilets for girls is still a long way to go..

More than 14%

5 - 14%

Less than 5%

All India - 14%

More than 3.5%

1.5 - 3.5 %

Less than 1.5%

All India - 3.5%


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73 79

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63 64 70 70

91 Percentage of schools without toilets

Percentage of schools without toilets Percentage of schools without girls' toilets

Hygiene practices - key to child survival & development

Policy environment for WASH in schools in India Constitution Article 21-A “free and compulsory education of all children in the age group of six to fourteen years as a Fundamental Right” Legislation Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009 RTE necessitates ensuring drinking water and sanitation facilities at school level Supreme Court’s sets deadline for all states to ensure water and sanitation facility by November 2011. Policy Implementation Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) for universalizing elementary education School Sanitation and Hygiene Education (SSHE) component of Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) Nirmal Gram Puraskar (Clean Village Award) mandates functional toilets in all Government, Government aided and private

schools and all Co - ed Upper Primary schools to have separate toilets for boys and girls. NGP incentive amount can be used for creation of additional sanitation facilities in schools & anganwadis and construction of

incinerators in girls’ schools.

Findings of an assessment conducted in 540 schools in nine states in India on Mid Day Meal (MDM) program reveal that: Nearly half (51%) of the schools have a designated hand washing space and in 44% of the schools observed the hand washing

space was being used. Only close to one in ten (12%) of schools had soap/detergent available at the hand washing space. Nearly half (49%) of the students washed their hands using only water. Only two out of five (42%) students use

soap/detergent. [Source: Hygiene Practices in schools during Mid-Day Meals, UNICEF-India study 2009 unpublished]

Handwashing with soap before Mid Day Meal still remain a challenge.

51

49

Percentage of schools with designated Handwashing space

Schools with designated handwashing spaceSchools without designated handwashing space

12

88

Percentage of schools with soap/detergent for handwashing

Yes

No

49

42

Material used for handwashing before MDM

Water Soap/ detergent

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