An Open Letter on Science to Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper

October 21, 2014

The Right Honourable Stephen Harper Office of the Prime Minister 80 Wellington Street Ottawa, ON Canada K1A 0A2

Dear Prime Minister Harper,

As scientists outside of Canada committed to international cooperation in confronting threats to the planet and human health, we urge you to remove excessive and burdensome restrictions and barriers to scientific communication and collaboration faced by Canadian government scientists. Meeting today's complex environmental and public health challenges requires the full participation of scientists around the globe. But recent reports (i, ii, iii) highlight a rapid decline in freedoms and funding extended to Canadian government scientists, which make it more difficult for them to continue research, communicate scientific information and expertise, and collaborate internationally. A recent New York Times editorial, referencing the rapid development of the Alberta oil sands, went so far as to describe new communications restrictions on government scientists as "an attempt to guarantee public ignorance." Canada's leadership in basic research, environmental, health, and other public science is in jeopardy. We urge you to restore government science funding and the freedom and opportunities to communicate these findings internationally.

Sincerely,

[815 scientists from 32 countries listed below]

(i) The Big Chill: Silencing Public Interest Science, A Survey. 2013. The Professional Institute of the Public Service of Canada.

Available online at http://www.pipsc.ca/bigchill.

(ii) Vanishing Science: The Disappearance of Canadian Public Interest Science. 2014. The Professional Institute of the Public

Service of Canada. Available online at http://www.pipsc.ca/vanishingscience.

(iii) Muzzling Government Scientists: A Threat to Democracy. Democracy Watch and University of Victoria Environmental Law

Clinic. Available online at http://democracywatch.ca/wp-content/uploads/OpenGovReportJan2113.pdf.

ARGENTINA

Alejandro Bianchi, Ph.D. research Director, Hydrographic Office and University of Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Val Hindle, M.D. SMO, GEBA Buenos Aires Ana Malizia, Ph.D. Professor, Mar del Plata National University Mar Del Plata Virginia Palastanga, Ph.D. CONICET-UBA Buenos Aires

AUSTRALIA

Beth Fulton, Ph.D. Head of ecosystem modeling, CSIRO Lucaston Lance Hill, Ph.D. Professor, UPNG Cairns, Old Joanna Jones (Kain) Visiting Fellow, Australian National University Canberra, Act Michael Nordstrom, Ph.D. Associate Professor, University of Adelaide Wayville Dominique Roche, Ph.D. Postdoc, Australian National University Canberra Karen Wilson, M.S. Senior Research Scientist, National Herbarium of NSW Sydney

Trevor Wilson, Ph.D.

Doctor, Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust Petersham

AUSTRIA

Bano Mehdi, Ph.D. candidate PhD Candidate, McGill University Vienna

BANGLADESH

M. Zahidul Haque, M.S. Professor, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University Dhaka Mahfuja Parven Parven, M.S. Secretriate/Assistant Director of Asia, IHRC/GWO/IYC Dhaka

BELGIUM

Filip Volckaert, Ph.D. Professor and lab director, University of Leuven Leuven

BRAZIL

Orlando Necchi Jr, Ph.D. Professor, Sao Paulo State University S. Jose Rio Preto

CHILE

Francisco Matus, Ph.D. Professor, La Frontera University Temuco Jorge Medina, Ph.D. candidate Universidad de La Frontera Temuco

Mauricio Molina, Ph.D. Researcher, Universidad Tecnica Federico Santa Maria Santiago

CHINA

Liuming Hu, Ph.D. Deputy Executive officer, East China Normal University Shanghai

CROATIA

Ognjen Culic, Ph.D. University of Zagreb Zagreb

CZECH REPUBLIC

Pavel Kram, Ph.D. Ph.D., Czech Geological Survey Prague Jaroslav Vrba, Ph.D. Professor, University of South Bohemia Ceske Budejovice

DENMARK

Chelsea Chisholm, M.S. PhD Candidate, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Jannik Hansen, M.S. Scientific officer, Aarhus University Copenhagen

EGYPT

Naglaa Abdallah, Ph.D. Professor and Head Department of Genetic, Faculty of Agriculture Cairo

Essam Hassan Mohamed Ahmed, Ph.D. Director, EEAA Cairo

FRANCE

Patrice Guillotreau, Ph.D. Professor, Université de Nantes Nantes Marta Coll, Ph.D. Professor, IRD Sete Fritz Schuster Agrobase-Logigram St Julien En Genevois Isabelle Veissier, Ph.D. Research director, INRA Saine-Genes-Champanelle

GERMANY

Hans-Peter Grossart, Ph.D. Professor, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology Stechlin Bernd Hezel, Ph.D. Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Res Potsdam Jens Kattge, Ph.D. Max Planck Institute Jena Clara Mendoza-Lera, M.S. PhD Candidate, BTU-Cottbus Senftenberg Cottbus Ryan North, Ph.D. Research Scientist, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geestacht

Hamburg

Dietrich Schwaegerl Prof. em., Munich University of Applied Sciences Ottobrunn

GUINEA

Ibrahima Diallo, M.D. Researcher, CNSHB Conakry

INDIA

Nagamani Sukumar, Ph.D. Professor, Shiv Nadar University Dadri

ISRAEL

Dror Angel, Ph.D. University of Haifa Haifa

ITALY

Gabriele Guidi, Ph.D. Professor, Politecnico di Milano Milano, MI Günther Seufert, Ph.D. Senior scientist, EC Joint Research Centre Gemonio

LIBYA

Almahdi Aliaitwish, Ph.D. Professor, non-governmental organization Tripoli, LA

MEXICO

Pablo De La Mora, Ph.D. Researcher, Facultad de Ciencias Antonio F. Sarmiento Galan, Ph.D. Professor, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Cuernavaca, Morelos

NETHERLANDS

Peter Verhaert, Ph.D. Professor, Delft University of Technology Delft

NEW ZEALAND

Michael Atkinson, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, Otago University Dunedin Robert Hickman, M.S. Aquaculture Scientist, National Institute of Water & Atmosphere Wellington Peter Hollings, Ph.D. Retired, Cancer Society of New Zealand Wellington

NORWAY

Bjørn Ådlandsvik, Ph.D. Principal Scientist, Institute of Marine Research Bergen Heleen De Wit, Ph.D. Senior research scientist, Norwegian institute for Water Research Oslo Kenneth Drinkwater, Dr. P.H. Senior Scientist, Institute of Marine Research

Bergen Godtfred Anker Halvorsen, M.S. Research scientist, Uni Research Bergen Jeppe Kolding, Ph.D. A/professor, University of Bergen Bergen Einar Lilleeng, Ph.D. Formulation manager, BioMar Group Haugesund Lisa Maddison, M.S. IMBER Bergen Geir Ottersen, Ph.D. Principal scientist, Institure of Marine Research Oslo Karin Pittman, Ph.D. Professor, University of Bergen Bergen

SLOVAK REPUBLIC

Miroslav Hain, Ph.D. head of department, IMS Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava Juraj Kubica, Ph.D. Research Coordinator, Slovak University of Technology Bratislava

SOUTH AFRICA

Neil Griffin, Ph.D. Dr, Rhodes University Grahamstown Moenieba Isaacs, Ph.D. Professor, University of Western Cape Cape Town Astrid Jarre, Ph.D. Prof, University of Cape Town Rondebosch Lynne Shannon, Ph.D. Chief Research Officer, Marine Research Institute Cape Town

Martin Smit, M.S. Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch

SPAIN

Jose Babarro, Ph.D. Scientist, CSIC Vigo Joan Cerda, Ph.D. Senior Research Scientist, IRTA-CSIC Barcelona Daniel Gil-Pérez, Ph.D. Professor, Universitat de València Alboraia

Manuel Manchado, Dr. P.H. Researcher, IFAPA El Pto Sta Maria Gonzalo Martinez-Rodriguez, Ph.D. Researcher, Spanish Council for Scientific Research Puerto Real - Cadiz Francesc Piferrer, Ph.D. Professor, Institute of Marine Sciences-CSIC

Barcelona

Jeroen Steenbeek, M.S. IT system architect, Ecopath International Initiative Sant Cugat Del Valles Manuel Yufera, Ph.D. Professor, Spanish National Research Council Puerto De Santa Maria

SWEDEN

Georg K.S. Andersson, Ph.D. Researcher, Lund University Dalby Mirco Bundschuh, Ph.D. Assistant Prof, Swedish University of Agricultural Science Uppsala Jens Fölster, Ph.D. Associate professor, Swedish University of Agricultural Science Uppsala Nike Henriksson, M.S. University of Gothenburg Goteborg

Richard Johnson, Ph.D. Professor, SLU Uppsala SWITZERLAND Tim Haye, Ph.D. Section Head, CABI Delémont Marco Moretti, Ph.D. Researcher, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Bellinzona

Marie-Eve Randlett, Ph.D. candidate PhD candidate, ETH Zurich Zurich TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

Caleb Lewis, M.P.H. candidate MPhil candidate, University of the West Indies Chagaunas

UNITED KINGDOM

Sara Bárrios, M.S. candidate Royal botanic gardens Kew London Neeltje Boogert, Ph.D. Research Fellow, University of St. Andrews Cambridge Kathryn Elmer, Ph.D. Lecturer, University of Glasgow Glasgow Christopher Hassall, Ph.D. Lecturer in Animal Biology, University of Leeds Leeds Claire Henderson, Ph.D. Clinical Senior Lecturer, King's College London London Sheila Heymans, Ph.D. Senior Lecturer and Head of Ecology, Scottish Association for Marine Science Oban Jennifer Houle, Ph.D. Research Fellow, Queen's University Belfast Belfast Trevor Hughes, Ph.D. Dr & Higher Education Tutor, Luton Sixth Form College Luton

Brian Moss, Ph.D.

Emeritus Professor, University of Liverpool Liverpool Tim Woolmington, B.A./B.S. Senior Research Engineer, BP Wells Chris Illidge, Ph.D. Principal Scientist Amersham Crispin Jordan Edinburgh

UNITED STATES

William Scott Armbruster, Ph.D. Principal Research Scientist, University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK Russell Hocproft, Ph.D. Professor, University of Alaska Fairbanks, AK Olivia Lee, Ph.D. , University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK Martha K. Raynolds, Ph.D. Dr., University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK Michael Stekoll, Ph.D. Professor of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Southeast Juneau, AK Benjamin Williams, Ph.D. candidate Ph.D. candidate, University of Alaska Fairbanks Anchorage, AK Douglas Brooks, M.S. Microbiological Curtor, The University of Alabama Tuscaloosa, AL

Janna Y. Owens, Ph.D. Environmental Scientist, Chaac Water Group Huntsville, AL J David Gillanders, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, Arkansas State University State University, AR Janine Perlman, Ph.D. Director, Wildlife Nutrition Consultants Alexander, AR Ramsey Lee Sealy, Ph.D. Assoc. Prof, Univ. of AR Fayetteville, AR Greg Clark, B.A./B.S. PE, Wild At Heart Chandler, AZ Hoshin Gupta, Ph.D. Professor, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ Ronald Holle, M.S. Meteorologist, Holle Meteorology & Photography Oro Valley, AZ Lawrence M. Krauss, Ph.D. Professor, Arizona State University Phoenix, AZ Robert Mcdonald, B.A./B.S. Civil Engineer, Self Employed Flagstaff, AZ Gary E. Mechler, Ph.D. Community College Professor, Pima Community College Tucson, AZ Pascal Mickelson, Ph.D. Physicist, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ Andrew G. Poulos, M.D. M.D., Cigna Medical Group Scottsdale, AZ

Martha Stampfer, Ph.D. Senior Scientist, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab Willcox, AZ Barbara H. Warren, M.D. Retired Medical Faculty, PSR Tucson, AZ David Abramis, Ph.D. Professor, California State University, Long Beach Santa Monica, CA Edwin Aiken Former Senior Executive, NASA Retired Sunnyvale, CA Jim Alford, B.A./B.S. Biologist, American River College Sacramento, CA Gerald Anderson, M.S. Director, Prospect Associates Morro Bay, CA William F. Avrin, Ph.D. Insight Magnetics San Diego, CA Cedric Bainton, M.D. Professor Emeritus, UCSF Medical Ctr. San Francisco, CA Dennis Baldocchi, Ph.D. Professor of Biometeorology, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA John C. Beck, M.D. Professor of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Pacific Palisades, CA Burkhard Bohm, Ph.D. Hydrogeologist, N.A. Portola, CA Richard G. Botzler, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, Humboldt State University Mckinleyville, CA

Holger Brix, Ph.D. Asst. Researcher, Adjunct Asst. Professor, University of California Los Angeles Altadena, CA Daniel R. Brumbaugh, Ph.D. Senior Conservation Scientist, American Museum of Natural History Santa Cruz, CA David O. Caldwell, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, Research Professor, University of California Santa Barbara Emerald Hills, CA Dr. Alexander B. Cannara, Ph.D. Engineering consultant, Owner Menlo Pk., CA Donna Carr, M.D. Dr., Tri-City Medical Center Encinitas, CA Seth Carr, M.S. candidate Signal Hill, CA Anthony D Casarez, Ph.D. Investigator II, Novartis San Francisco, CA Julian Chazin, B.A./B.S. Retired Manager for Air Quality, U.C.S. San Pablo, CA Jennifer Antoinette Chranowski, M.A. Science Teacher, O'Farrell Charter Schools La Mesa, CA Patrick Chuang, Ph.D. Professor, University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz, CA W. Gilbert Clark, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA Robert Coats, Ph.D. Assoc. in Agric. Exp. Sta., University of California at Davis Berkeley, CA Steve Comeau, Ph.D.

Dr, CSUN Northridge, CA Scott Warren Cookson, Ph.D. Postdoctoral Scholar, University of California, San Diego Encinitas, CA Richard A. Corcoran Doctor of Optometry Aptos, CA Barbara Cottrell, Ph.D. Project Scientist, UC Irvine Irvine, CA Jon R. Culbertson, Ph.D. retired professor, New College San Anselmo, CA Steve Cummins, M.S. Santa Cruz, CA Alan Cunningham, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, Monterey Peninsula College Carmel Valley, CA Howard Davidson, Ph.D. Consulting Professor, Stanford University San Carlos, CA Stanley V. Dawson Staff Toxicologist, retired, State of California Davis, CA Timothy Donaghy, Ph.D. Visiting Professor, UENIC-MLK Fresno, CA John R Donaldson, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, CSU, Fresno Fresno, CA David W. Dorn, Ph.D. Livermore, CA Craig Drizin, M.S. Santa Cruz, CA

Jan Dvorak, Ph.D. Distinguished Professor, University of California Davis, CA Lowell J. Eliason, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, California State University, Long Beach Cypress, CA George W. Ellison, M.D. Professor Emeritus, UCLA San Diego, CA Russell J. Erickson, M.D. M.D., retired Pleasant Hill, CA Barry Fass-Holmes, Ph.D. University of California, San Diego San Diego, CA Matthew Filler, B.S.E CIO, Neurografix, Inc. Seal Beach, CA Mary K. Gaillard, Ph.D. Professor of the Graduate School, University of California Berkeley, CA Jane Marie Gitschier, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, UCSF San Francisco, CA Wilson Goddard, Ph.D. Principle, Research Engineer, G&GE -Environmental Studies Lucerne, CA Thomas Greene, Ph.D. Astrophysicist, NASA Ames Research Center Emerald Hills, CA Kim Griest, Ph.D. Professor, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA Andrew P. Gutierrez, Ph.D. Professor in the Graduate School, Univ. of California/ Casas,global.org Kensington, CA

Judy Haggard, M.A. Wildlife biologist Mckinleyville, CA John Hailey, M.P.H. City and Regional Planner, Cisco Systems, Inc., Retired Danville, CA Andrew Michael Hamilton, Ph.D. Postdoctoral Fellow, Shriners Hospital for Children West Sacramento, CA Lisa A. Holan, M.A. Research Assistant, University of Nevada Reno Truckee, CA Karen Holl, Ph.D. Professor, University of California, Santa Cruz Felton, CA Nicholas Kim Hooper, Ph.D. Chief (retired), Environmental Biomonitoring Group Berkeley, CA Paula B. Johnson, Ph.D. Professor, retired, Alliant International University Thousand Oaks, CA Pieter R. Kark, M.D. Physician Member, E&I Review Services, Corte Madura CA San Mateo, CA Peter D. Karp, Ph.D. Director, SRI International San Mateo, CA George B. Kauffman, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, CSUF Fresno, CA Scott T. Kelley, Ph.D. Professor, San Diego State University San Diego, CA Yael Kisel, Ph.D. Valley Village, CA C. Ronald Koons, M.D.

Clinical professor, medicine, Ethics, University of California , Irvine Mission Viejo, CA Patricia Kremer, Ph.D. Professor Emerita, Univ. Connecticut Pacifica, CA Donald Lahti, M.S. Teacher, BHS Beaumont, CA Sherman Lewis, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, California State University, Hayward Hayward, CA Gail Ann Lewis, B.A./B.S. CEO, Designs By Lewis Laguna Hills, CA Keith Linker, B.A./B.S. Engineer Playa Vista, CA Michael E. Loik, Ph.D. Associate Professor, University of California Santa Cruz Felton, CA Jeffrey Long, M.S. Bioinformaticist, BioTime San Diego, CA Richard H. Lozier, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA Anne Jane Maclachlan, Ph.D. Senior Researcher, UC Berkeley Oakland, CA Douglas Maclaughlin, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, University of California, Riverside Riverside, CA Janet Maker, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, Los Angeles Community College District Los Angeles, CA Michael Mcclelland, Ph.D.

Professor, University of California Carlsbad, CA Diane Mclaughlin, M.S. Adjunct Professor Environmental Biology, Santa Monica College Culver City, CA Steven W. Morris, M.S. Software Engineer, VOLT Technical Redondo Beach, CA Richard A Nelesen, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, UCSD La Mesa, CA Richard B. Norgaard, Professor, University of California Berkeley, CA Gerhard Oertel, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, University of California Los Angeles Santa Rosa, CA Mark S. Ogonowski, M.S. Ventura, CA Janet L. Page, M.P.H. Granite Bay, CA William E. Perkins, M.D. Physician, U.C.L.A. Pacific Palisades, CA Terry Peterson, Ph.D. Principal, Solar Power Consulting San Carlos, CA Thomas J. Phillips, Ph.D. Research Scientist, LLNL Dublin, CA Mary F. Platter-Rieger, M.S. Field Biologist, Retired San Diego, CA Dennis Emil Pocekay, M.D. Asst Clin Prof, UC Davis Petaluma, CA

Judith D. Radovsky, M.A. South Pasadena, CA Margaret Reeves, Ph.D. Pesticide Action Network Oakland, CA Karl G. Reseck, Ph.D. Retired Los Altos, CA Bruce A. Richman, Ph.D. Chief Technology Officer, Entanglement Technologies San Mateo, CA Eleanora I Robbins, Ph.D. Professor, San Diego State Univ. La Mesa, CA Bob Rosenberg, DDS Kentfield, CA Paul W. Rosenberger, B.A./B.S. Senior engineer (retired), TRW Inc. Manhattan Beach, CA Stephen Rosenblum, Ph.D. Palo Alto, CA Robert Larry Schmitt, M.D. Volunteer Assistant Professor, UCSD San Diego, CA William J. Schoene, B.A./B.S. Santa Monica, CA Dave Seaborg, M.A. World Rainforest Fund Walnut Creek, CA Roger R. Seapy, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, California State University, Fullerton Los Alamitos, CA Michael Edward Sixtus, M.S. Santee, CA

Ramin A. Skibba, Ph.D. Project Scientist, University of California, San Diego San Diego, CA James Michael Snoke, Ph.D. candidate Professor, American River College, Sacramento, CA Volcano, CA Shaun Snyder, B.A./B.S. Engineer Santa Barbara, CA Daniela Soleri, Ph.D. Associate Research Scientist, UCSB Santa Barbara, CA Heidi L. Stauffer, Ph.D. candidate PhD Candidate, University of California, Santa Cruz Santa Cruz, CA Glenn R. Stewart, Ph.D. Prof. Emeritus of Zoology & Env. Science, Calif. State Polytechnic University La Verne, CA Allan Stewart-Oaten, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA Stanley Sue, Ph.D. Professor, Palo Alto University Palo Alto, CA Anne B Swanson, Ph.D. Science Dean Emerita, Sonoma State University Campbell, CA Susan Tappero, Ph.D. Professor of Mathematics, Cabrillo College Santa Cruz, CA Leonard And Beverly F. Thomas, M.S. Science teacher, UCS Antelope, CA Lawrence H Thompson, Ph.D. Dr., Lawrence Livermore Natl. Lab. Livermore, CA

Karen Thompson, Ph.D. PhD, Retired Richmond, CA Devin Thor, M.S. La Crescenta, CA Jeff Tischler, M.S. Monterey, CA Jeff Tolhurst, Ph.D. Professor, Columbia College Columbia, CA Jack M. Van Den Bogaerde, Ph.D. Retired Oakland, CA Patrice John Warrender, B.A./B.S. Sebastopol, CA Susan Way, M.A. Registered Nurse; M.S. Candidate San Rafael, CA Hartwell Welsh, Ph.D. Research Wildlife Biologist, USDA Forest Service Arcata, CA Zena Werb, Ph.D. Professor, University of California San Francisco, CA Mel And Gail Werbach, M.D. Physician Springville, CA Mindi White, M.D. Los Angeles, CA Stanley White, Ph.D. Former UC professor and aeroCEO, retired, SPACE Corp San Clemente, CA Lawrence M. Willey, M.S. Lab Manager, DPI Global Porterville, CA

Scott Barnett, B.A./B.S. CO Jill Baron, Ph.D. Research ecologist, US Geological Survey Fort Collins, CO Thomas Bown, Ph.D. Professor, Colorado State University Westminster, CO Charles H. Bucknam, M.S. CO Jonathan Caine, Ph.D. Research Geologist Boulder, CO Theo Colborn, Ph.D. professor emeritus, TEDX (The Endocrine Disruption Exchange) Paonia, CO Darrell Coons, Ph.D. Broomfield, CO Wayne D Crill, Ph.D. Microbiologist/virologist, US Centers for Disease Control Boulder, CO Peter G. Debrunner, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, University of Illinois, Urbana Morrison, CO Louisa K. Emmons, Ph.D. Scientist, NCAR Golden, CO Donald Evans, Ph.D. Research Associate, UCD Broomfield, CO Tara Fortier, Ph.D. Researcher, NIST/ CU Boulder Boulder, CO Steve Goldhaber, Ph.D. NCAR Boulder, CO

John Hall, Ph.D. Professor Adjoint, University of Colorado Broomfield, CO Werner Heim, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, Colorado College Colorado Springs, CO Mark L. Houdashelt, Ph.D. Climate Change Policy Analyst Fort Collins, CO Craig James, Ph.D. Electronics Engineer Ph.D. Arvada, CO Leander Love-Anderegg, Ph.D. candidate Graduate Student, University of Washington Cortez, CO Mike R Manes, B.A./B.S. Consultant, Manes Consulting Littleton, CO Pat Martin, Ph.D. Professor, Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO Ian C Pearson, M.S. Retired Professional Hydrogeologist, Private Consultant CO Rhonda Peters, Ph.D. InterTran Energy Consulting Lakewood, CO Rob Roy, M.A. Lakewood, CO Kate Schoenecker, Ph.D. Ecologist, USGS Fort Collins, CO Laurel L. Starr, M.D. Golden, CO Bruce Stotts, B.A./B.S.

Senior Design Engineer Fort Collins, CO Paul C Sutton, Ph.D. Professor, University of Denver Denver, CO Kevin E. Trenberth, Ph.D. Distinguished senior scientist, NCAR Boulder, CO Jon Van De Grift, M.A. Affiliate Professor, Metropolitan State University of Denver Boulder, CO Paul West, Ph.D. Fort Collins, CO Jun Ye, Ph.D. Professor, NIST and Univ. of Colorado Boulder, CO Henry Auer, Ph. D., Global Warming Blog, Ph.D. Retired scientist; author, Global Warming Blog New Haven, CT Wendell Bell, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, Yale University Hamden, CT Robert S. Capers, Ph.D. Plant collections manager, University of Connecticut Mansfield Center, CT Philippe Fontaine, B.S.E. Manager of Business development, United Technologies Corp. East Granby, CT Robert Heimer, Ph.D. Professor, Yale University New Haven, CT Jen Klug, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Fairfield University Newtown, CT David Liedlich, M.S. biologist, Connecticut

Southbury, CT

Kevin S. Malone, B.A./B.S. President, Malone Environmental, Inc. Trumbull, CT Michael Mcmanus, Ph.D. Emeritus Scientist, USDA Forest Service Hamden, CT Jerry Sawyer, Ph.D. candidate Professor, Central Connecticut State University Stratford, CT Craig Schneider, Ph.D. Charles A. Dana Professor of Biology, Trinity College Tolland, CT Gordon M Shepherd, M.D. Professor, Yale Medical School New Haven, CT Fred J. Sigworth, Ph.D. Professor, Yale University Hamden, CT John S. Strauss, M.D. Professor emeritus, Yale University Medical School New Haven, CT Robert J. Wyman, Ph.D. Professor, Yale University New Haven, CT Carole Lewis Anderson Principal, Masdun capital advisors Washington, DC

Melissa Mccoy, Ph.D. Environmental Program Manager, Association of Clean Water Administrator Washington, DC Mel Peffers, M.S. Environmental Health Scientist, EPA Washington, DC Terry Yen, Ph.D. Research staff member, Institute for Defense Analyses

Washington, DC

Alan Bleier, Ph.D. Adjunct Professor, Rowan University Hockessin, DE William B. Daniels, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, University of Delaware Wilmington, DE Dorothy P. Flippen, M.S. researcher--retired, US Naval Research Laboratory Wilmington, DE Henry Glyde, Ph.D. Professor, University of Delaware Newark, DE Raymond E. Bellamy, M.D. Surgery Clerkship Director, Tallahassee, FSU College of Medicine Tallahassee, FL Richard Bohrer, Ph.D. Saint Petersburg, FL Ira Mark Brinn, Ph.D. Retired Associate Professor, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Hollywood, FL Grant Campbell, A.D./A.S. candidate Director of Wildlife Policy, South Florida Audubon Society Fort Lauderdale, FL George Craciun, M.S. Retired, FL Dept. of Environmental Protection Thonotosassa, FL Mark Elliott, M.S. University of Florida Gainesville, FL Robert H. Fay, Ph.D. candidate Professor, USF St. Petersburg, FL Dennis A Hansell, Ph.D. Professor, University of Miami Pinecrest, FL

James A. Hanson, Ph.D. COO, Hanson Medical Systems, Inc. Winter Park, FL Susan F. Hubbard-Reeves, M.P.H. RN, Retired Pensacola, FL David Paul Janos, Ph.D. Professor and Cooper Fellow, University of Miami Coral Gables, FL Rita Maxine Jungman, M.S. Nurse Practitioner, Mind Body Medicine Havana, FL John Klauder, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, University of Florida Gainesville, FL Bradley Lacroix, Ph.D. PhD, University of Florida Gainesville, FL Michael J. Lynch, Ph.D. Professor, University of South Florida Tampa, FL Alexis Maestre Saborit Student, Union for the Justice Laura Marx Fort Myers, FL Liana Mcmanus, Ph.D. PROJECT MANAGER, UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME Pembroke Pines, FL Michael Montgomery, B.A./B.S. COO, Database & Reporting Innovations St. Petersburg, FL Janat Fraser Parker, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, Florida International University Miami, FL J. Akers Pence, Ph.D. post doc, Florida Museum of Natural History, and University of Florida Gainesville, FL

Thomas L. Poulson, Ph.D. emeritus professor, NA Jupiter, FL Kenneth M Quinn, M.S. Naples, FL Samuel B. Trickey, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, Univ. of Florida Gainesville, FL John C. Van Leer, Ph.D. Associate Professor, University of Miami Miami, FL William Mark Whitten, Ph.D. Senior Biologist, University of Florida Gainesville, FL Philip A. Wood, Ph.D. Professor, Sanford-Burnham Institute Orlando, FL Susan Andresen, M.D. Cartersville, GA Donald L. Brockway, Ph.D. Research Biologist, Retired-- USEPA Athens, GA Thomas Carlos Champion, M.S. candidate Research Engineer, Georgia Institute of Technology Mcdonough, GA Michael J. Collier DDS, Michael J. Collier, DDS, PC Oakwood, GA Key Dismukes, Ph.D. Retired chief scientist for aerospace Dahlonega, GA Theresa Perenich, Ph.D. Athens, GA Donald Mark Erway, M.S. MIT

Kailua Kona, HI

Richard E Griffiths, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, Carnegie Mellon University Pahoa, HI Michael Lieberman, Ph.D. Laboratory Director, Aloha Toxicology Laboratory Honolulu, HI Javier Mendez, Ph.D. candidate Honolulu, HI Clifton C. Nunnally, Ph.D. Affiliate Researcher, University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, HI Cheryl Squair, Ph.D. candidate Laboratory Coordinator, University of Hawaii Honolulu, HI Barbara Booth, Ph.D. Editorial Manager, University of Iowa Iowa City, IA Cornelia Butler Flora, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, Iowa State University Ames, IA Herbert R. Heinicke, Ph.D. Petfood Consultant (retired), N. A. Indianola, IA Joseph Luchman, Ph.D. Behavioral Statistics Lead, Fors Marsh Group Iowa City, IA Robert Mcnair, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, Des Moines Area Community College Boone, IA Anna Nesterovich, Ph.D. candidate PhD student, Iowa State University Ames, IA John W Rachow, M.D. Associate Clinical Professor, University of Iowa Oxford, IA

Jack Robins, Ph.D. Iowa City, IA Jim Belthoff, Ph.D. Professor, Boise State University Boise, ID Dana E Dolsen, M.S. Founder/Owner, Nat Res Plan & Rrch Inst Socioecol Mgmt Moscow, ID Stephan D. Flint, M.S. Adjunct Instructor, University of Idaho Moscow, ID Anthony Wayne Marker, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Boise State University Boise, ID Richard D. Spall, Ph.D. Professor of Pathology (Emeritus), Idaho State University Pocatello, ID E.D. Barber, M.S. Retired IL Brent Barker, Ph.D. Professor, Roosevelt University Chicago, IL Geoffrey Bodwin, Ph.D. Senior Physicist, Argonne National Laboratory Woodridge, IL Elenita Hinds, B.A./B.S. Libertyville, IL Holly Hirchert, M.S. Champaign, IL Eric G. Jakobsson, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, University of Illinois Urbana, IL Jason A. Koontz, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Augustana College (IL)

Rock Island, IL

John A. Laswick, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, Clarion University of Pennsylvania Springfield, IL Andrew Harlan Latham, B.A./B.S. Electrical Engineer, Rehkemper ID, Inc Chicago, IL Mark Theodore Lundholm, M.A. Assistant Scientist, Weston Solutions, Inc. Palatine, IL John L. Melquist, Ph.D. Caledonia, IL Bert Ph. M. Menco, Ph.D. Retired Professor, Northwestern University Evanston, IL Sherri Sheftel, M.P.H. Leader, La Leche League Highland Park, IL Gordon Shepherd, Ph.D. Professor, Northwestern University Evanston, IL Simon D. Silver, Ph.D. Professor, University of Illinois Chicago, IL Tim Wootton, Ph.D. Professor, The University of Chicago Homewood, IL George S. Bakken, Ph.D. Professor, Indiana State University Terre Haute, IN Kevin P Brown, Ph.D. Clinical Psychologist, retired Clarksville, IN Kimberly Brumble, Ph.D. candidate MA, Indiana University Bloomington, IN

Patricia Davis Chang, M.S. Retired R.N., Pax Christie Indianapolis, IN William R. Demott, Ph.D. Professor, Indiana-Purdue University Albion, IN John Felton, Ph.D. Professor, University of Evansville Newburgh, IN Jeremy Kirkman, M.S. Indianapolis, IN Silvia Leahu-Aluas, M.S. Indianapolis, IN Karl Lohrmann, B.A./B.S. Whiting, IN John T. Londergan, Ph.D. Professor, Indiana University Bloomington, IN Vicky Meretsky, Ph.D. Bloomington, IN Arndt Schimmelmann, Ph.D. Senior Scientist, Indiana University Bloomington, IN Kristin S. Shrader-Frechette, Ph.D. O'Neill Professor, University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, IN Gail A. Stamps, M.S. Evansville, IN Sharon Billings, Ph.D. Associate Professor, University of Kansas Lawrence, KS Marie-Odile Fortier, B.A./B.S. PhD Student, University of Kansas Lawrence, KS

Roy A. Jensen, M.D. Director, The University of Kansas Cancer Center Gardner, KS Charles D. Michener, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, University of Kansas Lawrence, KS Larry Morton, B.A./B.S. Senior research engineer, NIAR Kingman, KS Kent Rowe, Ph.D. toxicologist, USAF Wichita, KS Val H. Smith, Ph.D. Professor, University of Kansas Lawrence, KS Leigh Stearns, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, University of Kansas Lawrence, KS Richard Boyce, Ph.D. Professor, Northern Kentucky University Highland Heights, KY Andrew E. Long, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Northern Kentucky University Fort Thomas, KY James N. Macleod, Ph.D. Professor, University of Kentucky Versailles, KY J.D. Phillips, Ph.D. Professor of Earth Surface Systems, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY Robert W. Wilcox, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Northern Kentucky University Highland Heights, KY Greg Zahradnik, M.S. Adj Professor, Sullivan College Louisville, KY

Edmund Zimmerer, Ph.D. Professor, Murray State University Dexter, KY Daniel Sage, Ph.D. Professor, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, LA Jon Staiger, Ph.D. Senior Scientist, Coastal Engineering Consultants, Inc. Baton Rouge, LA James L. Wee, Ph.D. Distinguished Professor, Loyola University New Orleans, LA Lelie Conover Wilson, Ph.D. Disabled Science & Math Teacher, Lutheran High School New Orleans, LA Arlene S. Ash, Ph.D. Professor and Chair, U of Massachusetts Medical School Boston, MA John Baird, Ph.D. Professor, Amherst College South Hadley, MA Stefanie G. Bekenstein, M.S. Dover, MA Julie Brigham-Grette, Ph.D. Professor and Department Head, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA Sherri J. Carlson, M.S. candidate Wellness-Wise.com Wakefield, MA Gilbert Chase, M.S. Mar Biol/Oceanographer; Env. Res. Spec., (Retired)Federal Government Northborough, MA Leonid Chindelevitch, Ph.D. Postdoctoral Fellow, Harvard School of Public Health Boston, MA R. Wayne Wayne Crandlemere, M.S.

Environmental Professional / Chemist, R. W. Crandlemere, LLC Holbrook, MA S. Dingman, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, University of New Hampshire Eastham, MA Noemie-Manuelle Dorval Courchesne, Ph.D. candidate Ph.D. Candidate, MIT Cambridge, MA Bradford Fanger, Ph.D. Field Applications Scientist, Azbil BioVigilant Wilmington, MA Shirin Farrahi, Ph.D. Hardware Engineer, Oracle Lincoln, MA John W. Farrington, Ph.D. Dean Emeritus, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Falmouth, MA David B. Fenner, Ph.D. Principal Research Scientist (retired), Physical Sciences, Inc. Westford, MA

Robert Gamache, Ph.D. Asso. Vice-President Academic Affairs, UMass Dunstable, MA John N. Gau, Ph.D. visiting lecturer, Framingham State University Worcester, MA John Gay, Ph.D. retired Cambridge, MA Dian J. Gifford, Ph.D. Retired, University of Rhode Island Westport, MA Arthur T. Gionti, M.D. Retired Hospital Medical Director, St. Clares Medical Center Amherst, MA

Robert Warren Goldthwaite, M.S. Plymouth, MA Lisbeth D. Gronlund, Ph.D. Senior Scientist, Union of Concerned Scientists Arlington, MA Donald Hnatowich, Ph.D. Professor, retired, U Mass Medical School Brookline, MA Jeffrey Hughes, Ph.D. Professor, Boston University Newton Lower Falls, MA Alvin Kho, Ph.D. Staff Scientist, Boston Children's Hospital Jamaica Plain, MA Nathaniel Kuhn, Ph.D. Clinical Instructor, Harvard Medical School Belmont, MA Miriam Leeser, Ph.D. Professor, Northeastern University Wellesley Hills, MA Susan Leschine, Ph.D. Professor, University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst, MA Rasigan Maharajh, Ph.D. Chief Director, Institute for Economic Research on Innovation Cambridge, MA Jesse Mcnichol, Ph.D. candidate Ph.D. Candidate, MIT/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole, MA John F. Olson, Ph.D. Engineering Manager, Google Medford, MA Augustin H. Parker, M.A. Marblehead, MA Richard E. Payne, Ph.D. Oceanographer Emeritus, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

West Falmouth, MA

Walter Phillips, Ph.D. Senior Scientist retired, Brandeis University Arlington, MA Rui M. Ponte, Ph.D. Principal Scientist, Atmospheric and Environmental Research Cambridge, MA Monroe S. Rabin, Ph.D. Professor of Physics, University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst, MA Jason R. Racela, M.S. Lab Coordinator, Williams College Adams, MA Carol Reinisch, Ph.D. Adjunct Professor, Tufts Veterinary School Falmouth, MA David Hall Roberts, Ph.D. William R. Kenan Professor of Physics, Brandeis University Waltham, MA Sarah Rosengard, Ph.D. candidate Graduate Student, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole, MA Emily Russell, Ph.D. candidate Harvard University Somerville, MA Peter W. Samal, Ph.D. Professor, University of Massachusetts Montague, MA Peter A. Sampou, Ph.D. Teacher, Sturgis Charter School West Barnstable, MA Robert A. Shore, Ph.D. Consulting Physicist, ARCON Corporation Watertown, MA Brendan Smith, B.A./B.S. Graduate Student, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Cambridge, MA

Lawrence Spatz, Ph.D. Asst. Professor, U Mass Medical School Lanesboro, MA Robert W. Stairs, M.S. Software Engineer Westwood, MA Emmanuel M Vincent, Ph.D. Post-Doctoral Fellow, MIT Cambridge, MA Bob Wallhagen, M.S. Carlisle, MA Marc Weiss, Ph.D. Cambridge, MA Jonathan B. Wittenberg, Ph.D. professor emeritus, albert Einstein college of medicine Woods Hole, MA Arthur Yip, M.S. MIT Cambridge, MA Marc Zimmerman, Ph.D. Hydrologist, US Geological Survey Northborough, MA Becky Archer, M.S. Program Director, University of Maryland Laurel, MD Sholey Argani, M.D. Asst Professor, George Washington University Takoma Park, MD Bradford Behr, Ph.D. Senior Optical Scientist, Tornado Spectral Systems Silver Spring, MD Robert M. Brown, Ph.D. candidate Baltimore, MD Kate Clancy, Ph.D.

Food system consultant University Park, MD Daryl P. Domning, Ph.D. Professor, Howard University Silver Spring, MD Kurt Finsterbusch, Ph.D. Professor, University of Maryland College Park, MD Eric W. Fons, Ph.D. candidate Associate Professor of Physics, Anne Arundel Community College Arnold, MD Chester Robert Frazier, M.S. Baltimore, MD Larry D. Hothem, B.A./B.S. Senior Physical Scientist, USGS Bethesda, MD Jane Kostenko UMD Ext California, MD Bernard Lohr, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, UMBC Monkton, MD Kenneth J. Mitchell, Ph.D. Senior Radiometric Engineer, ASRC Federal Davidsonville, MD Nicholas C. Orrick, M.S. Mechanical Engineer, retired Riverdale, MD Emmanuel Boss, Ph.D. Professor, University of Maine Orono, ME John E. Smedley, Ph.D. Professor, Bates College Lewiston, ME Karen A. Topp, Ph.D. Senior Lecturer in Physics, Bowdoin College

Brunswick, ME

Brian Arbic, Ph.D. Professor, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI Kimberly Barrett, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Eastern Michigan University Ypsilanti, MI Don Danyko, B.A./B.S. Ann Arbor, MI David Gerdes, Ph.D. Professor, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI Lee Green, M.D. Professor Emeritus, University of Michigan Dexter, MI Stephen Hamilton, Ph.D. Professor, Michigan State University Augusta, MI David Less, M.S. instructor, muskegon community college Dewitt, MI Jed Maker, M.D. Dr., Aurora Health Care Beulah, MI Robert J. Mcelroy, M.D. Retired physician, NA Empire, MI Janice Siegford, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI Karen Wilder, M.A. teacher, education Saginaw, MI Michael Wynne, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI

Cyrus Bina, Ph.D. Distinguished Research Professor of Econ, University of Minnesota (Morris Campus) Alexandria, MN Alan L. Carlson, M.S. CEO, Discern Engineering Saint Paul, MN William Skip Wayne Dykoski, Ph.D. Ph.D., University of Minnesota New Brighton, MN William E Faber, Ph.D. Department Head, Central Lakes College Brainerd, MN Evan B. Hazard, Ph.D. Dr., Bemidji State Univ. [emeritus] Bemidji, MN Nancy Jane Mcmullen White Bear Lake School District Saint Paul, MN Steven M. Miller, Ph.D. retired, Mayo Clinician Rochester, MN Ah-Li Monahan, M.A. Retired science teacher, Metro North Education Columbia Heights, MN Peter Reich, Ph.D. Professor, University of Minnesota St Paul, MN Donna Schroeder, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, The College of St. Scholastica Duluth, MN Gloria Jeanne Scoonover, M.D. Physician, disabled Inver Grove Heights, MN Bruce H. Sielaff, Ph.D. Retired Minneapolis, MN

William K. Steele, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, Eastern Washington University Bovey, MN Pamela Thinesen, M.S. Instructor, Century College White Bear Lake, MN Joel M. Weisberg, Ph.D. Stark Prof of Physics & Astronomy & Natural Science, Carleton College Northfield, MN Steve Windels, Ph.D. Wildlife Biologist, US Govt. International Falls, MN Joan R. Butcher, M.D. M.D., Saint Louis Behavioral Medicine Institute Saint Louis, MO Willem H. Dickhoff, Ph.D. Professor, Washington University in St. Louis Saint Louis, MO Christine A. Garhart, Ph.D. Teaching Assistant Professor, University of Missouri-St. Louis Saint Louis, MO Scott Kampas, M.S. candidate St. Louis, MO Lopamudra Mohanty, M.A. Student, APUS St.Peters, MO Stephen Mudrick, Ph.D. Associate Professor Emeritus, U. of Missouri Columbia, MO Luca Bombelli, Ph.D. Associate Professor, University of Mississippi Oxford, MS Anna Klene, Ph.D. Associate Professor, University of Montana Missoula, MT

Gordon G. Levin, B.A./B.S. Professional Geologist Helena, MT L Jack Lyon, Ph.D. Scientist Emeritus, retired, Rocky Mountain Research Station Missoula, MT Scott Samuels, Ph.D. Professor, University of Montana Missoula, MT Janet L. Black, M.P.H. Candler, NC Philip Buchanan, Ph.D. professor, The George Washington University Chapel Hill, NC Thomas G. Clarke, Ph.D. Prof., N C A&T Greensboro, NC Ileana E. Clavijo, Ph.D. Wilmington, NC Ronald M Clayton, M.S. Retired Fisheries Biologist, EA Engineering, Sci. & Tech. Asheboro, NC Kenneth R. Cooper, M.S. candidate Instructor, A-B Technical Community College Hendersonville, NC Cheryl Dotson, M.S. retired chemist-quality control;, retired Charlotte, NC Tracy S. Feldman, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, St. Andrews University Durham, NC Christina Marie Haig, Ph.D. candidate Research Assistant, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Durham, NC Harold Hall, M.D. Neuroradiologist, Greensboro Radiology

Greensboro, NC

James Hardin, Ph.D. Raleigh, NC Duncan Heron, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, Duke Univ. Durham, NC S. Taylor Jarnagin, Ph.D. Ph.D., Research Ecologist, USEPA Office of Research and Development Durham, NC Helmut Mueller, Ph.D. Professor emeritus, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC Thomas P. Mutton, M.D. MD, Forsyth Medical Center Winston Salem, NC Donna R. Newman, Ph.D. Research Associate, NCSU - College of Veterinary Medicine NC Peter J. Reynolds, Ph.D. Durham, NC Ray R Savarda, B.A./B.S. Security Architect, Sensus Wake Forest, NC Michael Silverberg, Ph.D. Associate Professor Emeritus, Stony Brook University Efland, NC John W. Terborgh, Ph.D. Professor, Duke University Durham, NC Rachael H. Wooten, Ph.D. Raleigh, NC Sam G. Collins, M.A. Retired researcher, Arctic Institute of North America Omaha, NE Robert Fuchs, M.S.

Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE John Ford Shroder, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, U. Nebraska at Omaha Omaha, NE Paul H. Carr, Ph.D. Emeritus, AF Research Laboratory Bedford, NH Fred Marvin Gardner, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, University of Hartford Durham, NH Daniel Hubbard, Ph.D. Rochester, NH Raymond Lanier, B.A./B.S. Concord, NH David Lawson, Ph.D. Associate Professor - Retired, University System of New Hampshire Weare, NH

Michael J. Osullivan, Dr. P.H. Retired Professor, UMass-Lowell Madbury, NH Brad Taylor, Ph.D. PROFESSOR, Dartmouth College Hanover, NH Thomas Barringer, Ph.D. Retired Stockton, NJ James A Crowder, Ph.D. Professor, Brookdale Community College Lincroft, NJ Julie Farnum, Ph.D. Professor, MSU Wharton, NJ Gef Flimlin, M.S. Professor, Rutgers University

Toms River, NJ

Cheryl F Harding, Ph.D. Professor, CUNY Stanton, NJ Robert Evens Kopp, Ph.D. Professor, Rutgers University Highland Park, NJ A Bryan Lees, Ph.D. Professor, Kean University Montclair, NJ Louis R. Matlack, Ph.D. Bernardsville, NJ Michael A. Mulligan, M.S. Electrical Engineer, Electronic Drives & Controls Parsippany, NJ Ninu-Alexandri Quirk, M.D. Medical Director, The Open Minded MD Deal, NJ Steven B. Rosenbaum, M.D. MD, St. Michael's medical center Livingston, NJ Jean C. Roy, M.S. Software analyst Colonia, NJ Heather Saffert, Ph.D. Director and Owner, Strategy Blue, LLC Atlantic Highlands, NJ Mark D. Tolpin, M.D. Retired Millburn, NJ Donald A. Wiegand, Ph.D. Research Physicist, ARDEC Basking Ridge, NJ Todd Wolf, D.V.M. Parsippany, NJ

David A. Zatz, Ph.D. Toolpack Consulting Teaneck, NJ Richard Kent Cooper, Ph.D. retired physicist, U of California (retired) Los Alamos, NM Martha Desmond, Ph.D. Professor, New Mexico State University Las Cruces, NM Vincent Gutschick, Ph.D. Prof. Emeritus, New Mexico State University Las Cruces, NM Daniel W. Mioduszewski, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, Lawrence Technological University Belen, NM David B. Richman, Ph.D. College Professor Emeritus, New Mexico State University Mesilla Park, NM Rossana Sallenave, Ph.D. College Associate Professor, New Mexico State University Las Cruces, NM

James Cooper, M.S. Research Associate, Retired @ Desert Research Institute Reno, NV Rosemary French, M.S. Reno, NV David Althoff, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Syracuse University Manlius, NY Michael V L V L Bennett, Ph.D. Professor, Albert Einstein College of Medicine New Rochelle, NY James Bentson, Ph.D. Centerport, NY April Blakeslee, Ph.D.

Assistant Professor, Long Island University-Post Brookville, NY David N. Borton, Ph.D. President, Sustainable Energy Systems, Inc. Troy, NY Katina Boutis, M.S. candidate Master of Science Candidate, 2015, Columbia University New York, NY Frank W. Brice, M.S. Senior Technical Staff Member (Retired), International Business Machines Corp. Hurley, NY Hannes Kurt Brueckner, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, Queens College of CUNY Palisades, NY Cenie Cafarelli, M.D. Pittsford, NY Chris Colose, Ph.D. candidate PhD Student, University at Albany Schenectady, NY Steve R Dickman, Ph.D. Professor, Binghamton University Vestal, NY Joan C. Farber, Ph.D. New York, NY Donald T. Farley, Ph.D. Prof. Emeritus, Cornell University Ithaca, NY Richard S. Feldman, Ph.D. Associate Professor Environmental Science, Marist College Poughkeepsie, NY Wiliam J. Forrest, Ph.D. Professor, University of Rochester Rochester, NY Ilse Funk, M.P.H. RN, Hospice Cherry Valley, NY

Tom Gilovich, Ph.D. Professor, Cornell University Ithaca, NY Paula Gonzalez, Ph.D. ARS, Columbia University Palisades, NY Ben C. Haller, Ph.D. CNRS Ithaca, NY David L Hanson, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, Binghamton University Vestal, NY Ruud A. Haring, Ph.D. Sr Manager, Adv High Performance Systems, IBM Cortlandt Manor, NY Lawrence Healy, B.A./B.S. EIT, ASCE Jamesville, NY Donald W. W. Henderson, Ph.D. Senior Scientist, IBM- Retired NY Christopher L Henley, Ph.D. Professor of Physics, Cornell University Ithaca, NY Ellen Henry, Ph.D. Res Asst Prof, U of Rochester Pittsford, NY Harold T. Hodes, Ph.D. Professor, Cornell University Ithaca, NY Richard Isaac, Ph.D. professor emeritus, lehman college, cuny Mount Vernon, NY Robert Johnson, Ph.D. Professor, CEO, Medaille College, Niagara Malt LLC Clarence Center, NY

Marilyn J. Jordan, Ph.D. Conservation Biologist, Retired from The Nature Conservancy Huntington Station, NY James M. Kilker, M.P.H. Health Educator, World Health Organization New York, NY Karen Krause, D.V.M. clinical veterinarian, albany medical college Albany, NY Christopher S. Lange, Ph.D. Professor & Associate Chair, RadOncology, SUNY Downstate Med Center Manhasset, NY Leopold S. Laufer, M.D. assistant professor retired, New York University Yorktown Heights, NY Elaine Livingston, M.S. High School Science Teacher, Afton CSD Vestal, NY Charles P Lusignan, Ph.D. Rochester, NY Anne J Mayer, B.A./B.S. Engineer EE, Penlyn Development Corp. Centerport, NY Sharon Mcnerney, B.A./B.S. Pharmacist, NA New Hartford, NY Christine O'Connell, Ph.D. Professor, Alan Alda Center for Communicating Science Holtsville, NY Margaret Olness, M.S. Stony Brook, NY Harriet Oster, Ph.D. Clinical Professor, New York University Larchmont, NY James Ralston, B.A./B.S.

Licensed Professional Engineer, New York State Department of Environment Northville, NY Richard L. Reeves, Ph.D. Retired Honeoye Falls, NY John E. Roemer, Ph.D. Stout professor of political science & economics, Yale University New York, NY Scott Santagata, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Long Island University Greenvale, NY Gavin Schmidt, Ph.D. Deputy Director, NASA New York, NY Arnold Simmel, Ph.D. Adjunct Assistant Professor, Retired, Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York, NY Ann Sprayregen, Ph.D. candidate Assoc. Prof. Emeritus, CUNY New York, NY E. Richard Stanley, Ph.D. Professor, Albert Einstein College of Medicine New York, NY Richard Stockton, Ph.D. Professor, University at Buffalo Buffalo, NY David B. Straus, Ph.D. Professor emeritus, State Univ. of New York Gardiner, NY Regi Teasley, Ph.D. Associate Professor, retired, NA Ithaca, NY Stephen T Tettelbach, Ph.D. Professor of Biology, Long Island University Brookville, NY Lucky Tran, Ph.D.

Weill Cornell Medical College New York, NY Susan B. Udin, Ph.D. Professor, University at Buffalo Buffalo, NY Steven Ungar, Ph.D. Senior Research Scientist, Retired, Telcordia Technologies, Inc. New York, NY Jenny G. Walker, M.D. MD, Adjunct Assistant Professor New York, NY David Wilson, Ph.D. Professor, Cornell University Ithaca, NY Gene Ammarell, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Anthropology, Ohio University Athens, OH Volker Bahn, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Wright State University Dayton, OH Richard A. Bradley, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, The Ohio State University Columbus, OH Robert J. Brecha, Ph.D. Professor, Univ. of Dayton Yellow Springs, OH Arnold J. Dahm, Ph.D. Institute Professor of Physics, Emeritus, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Heights, OH Chantal Dothey, M.D. Assistant professor, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, OH Steven R. Federman, Ph.D. Professor, Univ. of Toledo Ottawa Hills, OH Roger L. Lane, Ph.D.

Professor Emeritus, Kent State University Stow, OH Bruce Lott, B.A./B.S. President, Embedded Solutions, Inc. Cincinnati, OH Anna Mccreery, Ph.D. Research Associate, Ohio State University Columbus, OH John J. Metz, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Northern Kentucky University Cincinnati, OH Marilyn W. Ortt, M.A. Retired, Ohio Department of Natural Resources Marietta, OH Theresa P. Pretlow, Ph.D. Professor Emerita, Case Western Reserve University OH Jennifer Sieracki, Ph.D. candidate Graduate Research Assistant, University of Toledo Toledo, OH John Simon, Ph.D. emeritus, university of Toledo Sylvania, OH Glenn Talaska, Ph.D. Professor and Deputy Director, University of Cincinnati College of Medic Cincinnati, OH Jane Toth, M.A. Cleveland, OH James D. Wagner, M.S. Emeritus, Ohio State University Westerville, OH Warren Whitaker, M.S. Chillicothe, OH Chadwick L. Wright, M.D. Lewis Center, OH

Jacques Louis Zakin, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, Ohio State U Dublin, OH Howard A. Baer, Ph.D. Professor, University of Oklahoma Norman, OK A. Chadwick Cox, Ph.D. Professor, retired, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center Norman, OK William T. Cunningham, M.S. Retired Advisory Computer Sys Engineer, IBM Oklahoma City, OK Nancy Broshot, Ph.D. Professor, Linfield College Oregon City, OR Martin T. Donohoe, M.D. MD, Portland State University Lake Oswego, OR Shinann S Earnshaw, M.A. Psychologist, retired Bend, OR David C. Garen, Ph.D. Hydrologist, US Department of Agriculture Portland, OR Eric Geisler, M.S. Computer Architect Hillsboro, OR H. Bernard Hartman, Ph.D. Emeritus Professor, Duquesne University Medford, OR Frank Barrett Isaacs, M.S. Wildlife Biologist Philomath, OR Albyn C Jones, Ph.D. Professor, Reed College Portland, OR

Sandra K. Joos, Ph.D. Research Health Scientist, Portland VA Medical Center Portland, OR Jack Keyes, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, Linfield College Portland, OR Charles Clinton Langford, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Emeritus, Oregon State University Corvallis, OR Marianne Mcclure, Ph.D. candidate Biometrician, CRITFC Portland, OR Anne Mertl Millhollen, Ph.D. Courtesy Research Associate, University of Oregon Eugene, OR Ronald P. Neilson, Ph.D. Professor (courtesy), Oregon State University Corvallis, OR Kathleen M. O'Reilly, Ph.D. Professor, University of Portland Portland, OR Claudia Owen, Ph.D. Adjunct Instructor, University of Oregon Cottage Grove, OR Hugh G. Peach, Ph.D. President, H Gil Peach & Associates Beaverton, OR Adam Roske, M.D. Pharmacist, PeaceHealth Cottage Grove, OR Andreas Schmittner, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Oregon State University Corvallis, OR William Schmonsees, Ph.D. Founding Principal Patent Attorney, Pacific Patent Partners Bend, OR

George O. Schneider, M.S. Retired Director of Research, Lintec Springfield, OR Barry Sherr, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, Oregon State University Corvallis, OR Charles E. Swanson, Ph.D. Instructor, Lane Community College Eugene, OR Dennis Patrick Sweeney, M.D. MD, Retired Portland, OR Gerald J. Wasserburg, Ph.D. Professor, California Institute of Technology Florence, OR John H. Barnes, M.A. Geologist Supervisor, Pennsylvania Geological Survey Harrisburg, PA Jeffrey D. Bedrick, M.D. Clinical Associate Professor, Drexel University College of Medicine Newtown Square, PA Donald Charles, Ph.D. Professor, Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel Un Huntingdon Valley, PA Terry Anderson Cobabe, Ph.D. Dr., Retired Private Practice Point Pleasant, PA John N. Cooper, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, Bucknell University Lewisburg, PA Edward Cotter, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, Bucknell University Lewisburg, PA D. Richard Decker, Ph.D. Professor, Lehigh University Bethlehem, PA

Raluca Ellis, Ph.D. Environmental Scientist, The Franklin Institute Philadelphia, PA Sol Walter Englander, Ph.D. Professor, university of Pennsylvania Malvern, PA Georgia E. Feild, B.A./B.S. Engineer/Designer, anthroponomy Pittsburgh, PA Sarah E. Flanders, M.D. Dr., self employed Pittsburgh, PA Gordon N. Fleming, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, Pennsylvania State Univ. State College, PA Stanley Furrow, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, Penn State Berks College Reading, PA Gregory Hicks, M.S. Engineer, Nicomatic Ambler, PA Lewis Jacobson, Ph.D. Professor, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA Roger Latham, Ph.D. Ecologist / Conservation Biologist, Continental Conservation Rose Valley, PA Jairo H. Lora, Ph.D. President, GreenValue Enterprises Media, PA W. Lee Maloy, Ph.D. Ph. D., Retired Lansdale, PA Russell E. Martz, M.S. Chambersburg, PA Gail R. Massey, Ph.D.

Research Apecialist, UPenn Philadelphia, PA Wilfred G. Norris, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, Juniata College Huntingdon, PA Bryce F Payne Jr, Ph.D. Soil Scientist, N.A. Telford, PA Arjun Raj, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA Daniel Safer, Ph.D. Research Investigator, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA L. Matthew Schwartz, M.D. Physician, Chestnut Hill Hospital Lafayette Hill, PA William D. Sitman, B.A./B.S. Professional Engineer, Retired Malvern, PA Mitchell Struble, Ph.D. Visiting Scholar; Faculty Lecturer, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA Charles F. Sturm, M.D. Director, Forbes Family Medicine Murrysville, PA Daniel B. Szyld, Ph.D. Professor, Temple University Philadelphia, PA Edward R Thornton, Ph.D. Professor, University of Pennsylvania Swarthmore, PA Walter H. Tsou, M.D. Professor, Univ. of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA Harry W. Woodcock, Ph.D.

Professor of Physics, Philadelphia University Philadelphia, PA Marie-Helene Delmestre, Ph.D. Full Professor, UPR San Juan, PR Eduardo C Schroder, Dr. P.H. Professor, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Mayaguez, PR Allen Laliberty, B.A./B.S. Middletown, RI Lucie Maranda, Ph.D. Marine Research Scientist, University of Rhode Island Narragansett, RI Dorothy L. Read, Ph.D. Professor Emerita, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth Kingston, RI Barbara K Sullivan-Watts, Ph.D. Senior Marine Research Scientist Emerita, University of Rhode Island Kingston, RI Carol Thornber, Ph.D. Associate Professor, University of Rhode Island Kingston, RI Sam F. Broughton, Ph.D. Professor, Francis Marion University Florence, SC John Morse, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, Clemson University Pendleton, SC William Rogers, Ph.D. Professor, Winthrop University Rock Hill, SC Christopher Hay, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, South Dakota State University Brookings, SD Charles M. Baldwin, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus and University Fellow, Union University

Jackson, TN

Philip F. Ganter, Ph.D. Professor, Tennessee State University Nashville, TN Melanie Mayes, Ph.D. Staff Scientist, Oak Ridge National Lab Oak Ridge, TN Joan Mitchell, M.P.H. Infection Preventionist, Hospital Hermitage, TN Mary C. Moore, Ph.D. Research Professor, Vanderbilt University Clarksville, TN Liane Brauch Russell, Ph.D. Sr. Corporate Fellow, retired, Oak Ridge National Lab Oak Ridge, TN Joel Tellinghuisen, Ph.D. Professor, Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN Christine Trupin, Ph.D. professor, Meharry Medical College Nashville, TN Robert S. Agatston, Ph.D. Dallas, TX Maryjka Blaszczyk, M.D. PhD Candidate, New York University Austin, TX Phil Crabill, M.S. Little Elm, TX Gerald Fowler, Ph.D. Programmer Analyst III, MD Anderson Cancer Center Jersey Village, TX Leif Fredin, Ph.D. CEO, LGRF CONSULTING Austin, TX

Felix D. Guerrero, Ph.D. Principal Investigator Boerne, TX Todd T Hahn, M.S. Technical Manager, Texas Instruments Sugar Land, TX Mathew A. Leibold, Ph.D. Professor, University of Texas at Austin Dripping Springs, TX Steve M. Lucas, M.S. candidate Austin, TX Ernest Luther Lundelius, Jr., Ph.D. Prof. /Emeritus, University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX Paul Mayer, M.D. Livingston, TX Bruce Craig Melton, B.A./B.S. Professional Engineer, Climate Change Now Austin, TX Thomas Mikus, Ph.D. Houston, TX Daniel Moulton, Ph.D. retired Addison, TX John W Nielsen-Gammon, Ph.D. Regents Professor, Texas A&M University Bryan, TX Babak Rejaie, M.D. M.D., American Board of Radiology Houston, TX

Sahotra Sarkar, Ph.D. Professor, University of Texas Austin, TX Joseph F Siebert, B.A./B.S. Functional Safety Expert, DuPont Beaumont, TX

Douglas P. Verret, Ph.D. IEEE Fellow, Institute of Electronics & Electrical Engineers Sugar Land, TX Denton Lloyd Woods, Ph.D. candidate Ph.D. Candidate, University of North Texas Denton, TX Brett Alan Adams, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Utah State University Logan, UT Eugene Bozniak, Ph.D. Professor, Weber State University Ogden, UT Wylie E. Cox, M.S. retired, Columbia University Moab, UT Carleton Detar, Ph.D. Professor, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT Dr. John G. George Kepros, Ph.D. retired Salt Lake City, UT Brian Moench, M.D. President, Utah Physicians for a Healthy Environment Salt Lake City, UT William Newmark, Ph.D. Research Curator, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT Sam Rushforth, Ph.D. Dean, UVU Orem, UT Jack W Sites, Ph.D. Professor of Biology, Brigham Young University Orem, UT Richard R. Tolman, Ph.D. Professor, Utah Valley University Orem, UT

John Veranth, Ph.D. Research Associate Professor, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT Becky L. Williams, Ph.D. Utah State University Uintah Basin Vernal, UT David Armstrong, Ph.D. Professor and Chair, College of William & Mary Williamsburg, VA Douglas Bayliss, Ph.D. Professor & Chair, University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA Karen Cairns Blacksburg, VA John Cannon, Ph.D. Director, Conservation Science Institute Front Royal, VA Richard H. Chapman, Ph.D. Vice President, Avalere Health Alexandria, VA Bishop Dansby, J.D. Attorney, HRGN Keezletown, VA Norman E. Dowling, Ph.D. Professor, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA Michael L. Fine, Ph.D. Professor, Virginia Commonwealth University Oilville, VA Kashka Kubzdela, Ph.D. Research Scientist, US Dept of Ed Oakton, VA Prajakta Musselwhite, B.A./B.S. graduate student, UVA Charlottesville, VA

Robert J. Orr, Ph.D. candidate Senior Software Engineer, Northrop Grumman Reston, VA Mary Picardi, M.D., M.D. M.D., Lynnhaven River NOW, watershed restoration Virginia Beach, VA Joseph Pitt, Ph.D. Professor and Department Head, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA Robert Poignant, Ph.D. Sr Research Scientist & Assist. Prof., Industry and colleges Lynchburg, VA Virginia G. Rovnyak, Ph.D. Senior Scientist, University of Virginia Crozet, VA Fred Saalfeld, Ph.D. PIPS Springfield, VA David P. Stanford, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, College of William and Mary Williamsburg, VA Dorothy Tompkins, M.D. Medical Doctor, Associate Professor, Retired North Garden, VA Ernest Wilson, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, Virginia State University Richmond, VA Tamara Adkins, Ph.D. candidate Professor, University of Vermont South Burlington, VT Bernd Heinrich, Ph.D. professor emeritus, university of Vermont Hinesburg, VT William L. Johnson, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, North Carolina State University W Dummerston, VT

Margaret Alic, Ph.D. Science writer Eastsound, WA Mr. Shelley Dahlgren, Ph.D. Retired, N.A. Issaquah, WA Craig S. Dewey, B.A./B.S. Professional Engineer and Geologist, Self Employed Vancouver, WA Joseph P. Dray, B.A./B.S. Hansville, WA Ola M. Edwards, Ph.D. Retired senior lecturer, University of Washington Seattle, WA J. Mark Egger, B.A./B.S. Burke Museum of Natural History Seattle, WA Teresa Gail Fleener, M.S. Professor Grapeview, WA Michael J. Healy, M.S. Senior Research Scholar, University of New Mexico Seattle, WA Tim C. Hesterberg, Ph.D. Senior Statistician, Google Seattle, WA Richard Hoskins, Ph.D. Clinical Associate Professor, University of Washington Olympia, WA Jeff Johnston, Ph.D. Manager, Science & Engineering Section, WA Department of Ecology Olympia, WA Lloyd F. Kiff, M.A. Retired museum director/science director, Self-employed consultant Clinton, WA Steve And Sybil Kohl, M.D.

Professor Emeritus, UCSF Brush Prairie, WA Ralph T. Lampman, M.S. Fish Research Biologist, Yakama Nation Fisheries Prosser, WA Cathy Lindsay Doctor of Osteopathy, Cathy Lindsay, DO, PS Seattle, WA Jerry Lee Liszak, M.S. Technical Unit Supervisor, Washington State Dept. of Ecology Bellevue, WA Dr. David D. D. Markwardt, M.D. Retired Spokane, WA Bruce Wright Maxfield, Ph.D. Silverlake, WA Alec Mcdougall, M.A. Retired Mount Vernon, WA Steven J. Monahan, Ph.D. Hospital Administrator, Atlantic Veterinary Hospital Kenmore, WA Rollin Odell, M.D. Retired, Summit Medical Center, Oakland, CA Kingston, WA John D Potter MD, PhD Professor Emeritus, University of Washington Seattle, WA Peter G. Rimbos, M.S. Principal Engineer, Boeing Maple Valley, WA Dina Roberts, Ph.D. Faculty, The Evergreen State College Vancouver, WA Scott Veirs, Ph.D. President, Beam Reach

Seattle, WA

Robert Von Tobel, M.S. candidate Bellevue, WA Louis A. Vontver, M.D. Professor Emeritus, U of W Seattle, WA Gary Wade, Ph.D. Research Ecologist - retired, USDA Forest Service Bellingham, WA Willard Westre, B.A./B.S. Associate Technical Fellow (retired), Boeing Bellevue, WA Andrew Whitmont, Ph.D. Doctor, Yakima Psychological Services Yakima, WA Gary J Wiles, M.S. Olympia, WA Robert P. Wolf, J.D. Prof. Emeritus Sedro Woolley, WA Charles Brokopp, Ph.D. Professor, University of Wisconsin Madison, WI George D Byrne, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, Illinois Institute of Technology Lyons, WI Christina D Gallup, Ph.D. Associate Professor, University of Minnesota Duluth Superior, WI Hunter Gosda, B.A./B.S. Student, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point Appleton, WI Paul Gregg, M.S. Electrical Engineer - Retired Seymour, WI

David Henning, M.S. RPh, Ministry Home Care Plus Marshfield, WI Bernadine Hoeft, M.S. Retired teacher, NA Milwaukee, WI David S Leland, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire Eau Claire, WI Adam Maslowski, M.S. candidate Oshkosh Corporation Oshkosh, WI Ronald M. Mathsen, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, NDSU Wausau, WI Mariette M. Nowak, M.S. Electrical engineer, Retired from General Electric East Troy, WI Kelvin S Rodolfo, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, Univ. of Illinois at Chicago Viroqua, WI Michael Scott, Ph.D. Professor, University of Rochester Fitchburg, WI Dr John M. Stewart, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, Northland College Washburn, WI John E. Hall, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, School of Medicine,, West Virginia University Morgantown, WV Jeffrey May, Ph.D. Professor, Marshall University Huntington, WV Steven P. Mewaldt, Ph.D. Professor/Chair, Marshall University Huntington, WV

Christine Paige, M.S. Wildlife Biologist, M.Sc., Ravenworks Ecology Jackson, WY

URUGUAY Omar Defeo, Ph.D. Professor, Faculty of Sciences Montevideo