AMS 86th Annual Meeting, 29 January-2 February 2006, Atlanta, GA

An Observational Study on Air Quality in Lanzhou China

Peter C Chu, Naval Postgraduate School

Yuchun Chen, Shihua Lu, Zhenchao Li, Xingqin AnInstitute of Cold & Arid Environment & Engineering, Chinese

Academy of Sciences Yaqiong Lu

Department of Atmospheric Science, Chengdu University Of Information Technology, Chengdu, China

80oE 90oE 100oE 110oE 120oE 130oE

20 oN

25 oN

30 oN

35 oN

40 oN

45 oN

50 oN

2500m

2500m

1500

m

C1

C2C3

JunggarBasin

G1 G2

G3

LANZHOU

BEIJING

Qinghai−Tibet Plateau

Terim Basin

Taklamakan

M O N G O L I A

a

36.0oN

36.05oN

36.10oN

36.15oN

103.5oE 103.6oE 103.7oE 103.8oE 103.9oE 104.0oE

1

23

4

6

78

E

III

IIIIVL

LL

LH

HH

HHHH

Geography and isobaths (unit: m)

b

1700

160017001900

2300

21002000

1800 1700 1800

1600

17001800

1600

17001800

1700

1600

17001800

1600

2100

2400

1900 1900

1600

2400

1700

1800

2200

Baita

Gaolan

Topography around Langzhou, China

Mountain-Valley Wind (at Night or in Winter)

Factors Affecting Air Quality

• Meteorological Conditions

Stable stratification especially Inversion

Low Winds

Mountain-Valley Circulation

Dust Storms

• Pollution Sources

Lanzhou – One of the Most Polluted Cites in China

LANDSAT-TM imagery representing air pollution on 3 January 2001.

Criteria for Annual Mean Concentrations (mg/m3) – Chinese EPA

0.150.30.080.100.103Industrial

0.100.20.040.050.062 commercial/Residential

0.040.080.020.030.021

PM10TSPNO2NOxSO2Level of Criterion

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12 aSO

2(mg.

m−3

)

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10b

NOx(m

g.m

−3)

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8 c

TSP(

mg.

m−3

)

Intensive ObservationOct 1999 – Apr 2001

80oE 90oE 100oE 110oE 120oE 130oE

20 oN

25 oN

30 oN

35 oN

40 oN

45 oN

50 oN

2500m

2500m

1500

m

C1

C2C3

JunggarBasin

G1 G2

G3

LANZHOU

BEIJING

Qinghai−Tibet Plateau

Terim Basin

Taklamakan

M O N G O L I A

a

36.0oN

36.05oN

36.10oN

36.15oN

103.5oE 103.6oE 103.7oE 103.8oE 103.9oE 104.0oE

1

23

4

6

78

E

III

IIIIVL

LL

LH

HH

HHHH

Geography and isobaths (unit: m)

b

1700

160017001900

2300

21002000

1800 1700 1800

1600

17001800

1600

17001800

1700

1600

17001800

1600

2100

2400

1900 1900

1600

2400

1700

1800

2200

Baita

Gaolan

0.540.050.06Xigu (District-2)436.09103.63St-80.520.050.04Anning (District-4)1536.10103.74St-7*0.560.030.02Chengguan (District-1)1936.04103.92St-60.280.010.01Yuzhong County435.84104.09St-50.680.060.08Xigu (District-2)2236.10103.63St-4*0.740.050.05Qilihe (District-3)1536.08103.71St-3*0.570.040.03Chengguan (District-1)1136.07103.84St-20.690.060.08Chengguan (District-1)2536.04103.84St-1*

TSPNOxSO2RegionHeight (m)LatitudeN

LongitudeESite

Location of observational stations and mean concentrations (mg m-3)

Criteria for Daily Mean Concentrations (mg/m3) – Chinese EPA

0.250.50.120.150.253Industrial

0.150.30.080.100.152 commercial/Residential

0.050.120.040.050.051

PM10TSPNO2NOxSO2Level of Criterion

Daily mean SO2 concentration

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A

st−1

SO2(m

g.m−3

)

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A

st−3

SO2(m

g.m−3

)

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A

st−4

SO2(m

g.m−3

)

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A

st−7

SO2(m

g.m−3

)

1999 2000 2001

Daily mean NOx concentrationst−1

NOx(m

g.m

−3)

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A

st−3

NOx(m

g.m

−3)

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A

st−4

NOx(m

g.m

−3)

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A

st−7

NOx(m

g.m

−3)

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A1999 2000 2001

Daily mean TSP concentrationsa

TS

P(m

g.m

−3 )

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A

b

TS

P(m

g.m

−3 )

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A

c

TS

P(m

g.m

−3 )

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A

d

TS

P(m

g.m

−3 )

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A1999 2000 2001

Daily mean PM10 concentrationP

M10

(mg.

m−

3 )

JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

2000 2000 2000 2000 2001 2001 2001

MeanMax

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A

TS

P(m

g.m

−3 )

st−1

MeanMax

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A

TS

P(m

g.m

−3 )

st−2

MeanMax

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A

TS

P(m

g.m

−3 )

st−3

MeanMax

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A

TS

P(m

g.m

−3 )

st−4

1999 2000 2001

MeanMax

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A

TS

P(m

g.m

−3 )

st−5

MeanMax

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A

TS

P(m

g.m

−3 )

st−6

MeanMax

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A

TS

P(m

g.m

−3 )

st−7

MeanMax

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A

TS

P(m

g.m

−3 )

st−8

1999 2000 2001

Monthly mean(■) and maximum(●) Concentrations (mg m-3) of TSP at St-1 to St-8.

Air Quality Management≤≤≤≤

Air pollution is severe; The general public is advised to reduce physical exertion and outdoor activities.

High-level pollution

V>300

Persons with existing heart or respiratory illnesses are advised to reduce physical exertion and outdoor activities.

Mid-level pollution

IV1

IV2

200-300

Persons should be careful in outdoor activities.

Low-level pollution

III1

III2

100-200

No action is needed.Good II50-100

No action is needed.Clean I< 50

Air Quality Description and Management

Air Quality Classification

Air Pollution Index

TSP

SO2

NOx

100

200

300

400

500

600

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A

st−1

TSP

SO2

NOx

100

200

300

400

500

600

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A

st−2

TSP

SO2

NOx

100

200

300

400

500

600

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A

st−3

TSP

SO2

NOx

100

200

300

400

500

600

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A

st−4

1999 2000 2001

TSP

SO2

NOx

100

200

300

400

500

600

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A

st−5

TSP

SO2

NOx

100

200

300

400

500

600

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A

st−6

TSP

SO2

NOx

100

200

300

400

500

600

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A

st−7

TSP

SO2

NOx

100

200

300

400

500

600

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A

st−8

1999 2000 2001

Monthly mean API at St-1 to St-8.

Dust Storms and (TSP, PM10) in January 2001

#5

7Sts

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 /2001

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0S S S S S S S S S→ → → → → → → → →

TS

P(m

g.m

−3 )

January

a

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 /2001

0.3

0.6

0.9

1.2

1.5

1.8

2.1

2.4

2.7 S S S S S S S S S→ → → → → → → → →

PM

10(m

g.m

−3 )

b

34oN

36oN

38oN

40oN

42oN

90oE 95oE 100oE 105oE

1/1/2001

C1

C2

C3

G1 G2

G3

LANZHOU

QILIAN SHAN

34oN

36oN

38oN

40oN

42oN

90oE 95oE 100oE 105oE

1/2/2001

C1

C2

C3

G1 G2

G3

LANZHOU

QILIAN SHAN

34oN

36oN

38oN

40oN

42oN

90oE 95oE 100oE 105oE

1/5/2001

C1

C2

C3

G1 G2

G3

LANZHOU

QILIAN SHAN

34oN

36oN

38oN

40oN

42oN

90oE 95oE 100oE 105oE

1/11/2001

C1

C2

C3

G1 G2

G3

LANZHOU

QILIAN SHAN

34oN

36oN

38oN

40oN

42oN

90oE 95oE 100oE 105oE

1/12/2001

C1

C2

C3

G1 G2

G3

LANZHOUQILIAN SHAN

34oN

36oN

38oN

40oN

42oN

90oE 95oE 100oE 105oE

1/22/2001

C1

C2

C3

G1 G2

G3

LANZHOU

QILIAN SHAN

34oN

36oN

38oN

40oN

42oN

90oE 95oE 100oE 105oE

1/29/2001

C1

C2

C3

G1 G2

G3

LANZHOUQILIAN SHAN

34oN

36oN

38oN

40oN

42oN

90oE 95oE 100oE 105oE

1/30/2001

C1

C2

C3

G1 G2

G3

LANZHOU

QILIAN SHAN

34oN

36oN

38oN

40oN

42oN

90oE 95oE 100oE 105oE

1/31/2001

C1

C2

C3

G1 G2

G3

LANZHOU

QILIAN SHANDust Storms In Jan 2001

Dust Sources (1000 kg)

1700

1600

1550

1800

1800

1700

1600

15501600

17001800

1900

2000

2100

2200

2300

1800

1900

1700

18002000 19

00

1700

1800

1700

The Yan Chen in 2000(1000kg)

103.6oE 103.65oE 103.7oE 103.75oE 103.8oE 103.85oE 103.9oE 103.95oE36.00oN

36.02oN

36.04oN

36.06oN

36.08oN

36.10oN

36.12oN

36.14oN

36.16oN

22

1 9

2 40 1 4 75 51 11 541_ 19 7

19 23 32 240 39 16 106 25 25 9 1382_13 8 20 3 4 3 46 139_ 130126126133 80 42 25_9 112599_ 91 13 89 18 178 79172 54 38 76 3 1_

7 16 48 64 13337 25 23 71 121_ 18 35 22 12 1

3 2 28 11 13 166_ 3 272_ 48 23 336_ 79 98_ 9

9 3 20 40_ 15 5 19 66 1 33 3_ 6

3 5 24 71_ 290_ 41 22 46 67 19 62 4

15 81 61 14 4 4 1 104 8_ 50 48 44 37 1 11

38_ 14 14 349_ 15 8 37 66 63 96 14_106935_ 2 25 2 5 1_ 7 4_ 10

810_ 6_5730_ 5_ 7_ 1

0 8 5

543_ 6_ 27 389_ 1

H

H H

H

H H

H

H

H

H H

H H

1

23

4

6

7

8

◇ Industrial □ Residential

CO Sources (1000 kg)

1700

1600

1800

1700

1700

1600

1700

1600

1700

1800

1900

2100 1800 1900 1600 1800

The CO in 2000(1000kg)

103.6oE 103.65oE 103.7oE 103.75oE 103.8oE 103.85oE 103.9oE 103.95oE

36.02oN

36.04oN

36.06oN

36.08oN

36.10oN

36.12oN

36.14oN

36.16oN

11

18 3

0 451 0 1 24 107 3 117_ 6 2

1 7 15 606 18 5 28 25 6 9 55447_3 3 7 1 2 19 14 50_ 59 39 39 48 26 20 13_3 387395_ 22 6 28 7 58 40 56 16 13 36 1 0_

2 4 25 27 55 280 11 7 14 25_ 6 19 60 4 0

1 0 15 5 7 53_ 1 61_ 27 12 18_ 15 25_ 3

2 1 10 24_ 8 2 15 13 0 10 2_ 3

3 3 18 39_ 39_ 11 11 8 19 10 15 1

3 20 20 5 2 2 1 172 3_ 24 28 20 17 0 1

8_ 6 4 402_ 1 3 190 20 38 55 8_5 635_ 1 5 1 144 0_ 2 2_ 6

25521_ 287_ 393_ 3_ 2_ 0

0 3 1

8240_ 450_ 11 9_ 1

H

H H

H H

H

H

H H

H H

1

23

4

6

7

8

◇ Industrial □ Residential

SO2 –Sources in 2000 (1000kg)

◇ Industrial □ Residential

1700

16 00

1800

1700

1700

1600

1700

1600

1700

1800

1900

2100 18 00 1900 16 00 18 00

Topography and isobaths (m ), SO 2 Source in 2000(1000kg)

103.6oE 103.65oE 103.7oE 103.75oE 103.8oE 103.85oE 103.9oE 103.95oE

36.02oN

36.04oN

36.06oN

36.08oN

36.10oN

36.12oN

36.14oN

36.16oN

132

1 36

1 64 3 13 260 173 393471_ 69 21

9 79 160540 76 60 200 119 59 201143_38 27 76 16 20 11 124 338_ 538 394 452297 208 36 65_35 280 520_ 237 50 226 78 513 248556 192 125 83 11 5_

20 27 117 239 600131 70 83 153191_ 67 34 74 45 0

13 6 161 24 45 520_ 8 740_ 225 104 169_ 122 219_ 21

17 4 46 165_ 10 12 176 114 4 122 21_ 6

7 26 82 403_ 770_ 39 63 50 124 26 71 9

17 734 88 8 2 8 7 158 13_ 117 138 198140 0 4

84_ 42 141439_ 6 11 40 76 175 345 63_132256_ 1 28 7 4 5_ 25 19_ 4

873_ 17_15039_ 35_ 11_ 2

0 26 5

289_ 18_ 14 52_ 0

H

H H

H

H H H

H

H H

H

H

H

H

H H

1

23

4

6

7

8

NOx Sources in 2000 ( 1000 kg)

◇ Industrial □ Residential

1700

16 00

1550

1800

1800

1700

1600

15501600

17001800

1900

2000

2100

22 00

23 00

1800

1900

17 00

18002000 19

00

1700

1800

1700

T he NOx in 2000(1000kg)

103.6oE 103.65oE 103.7oE 103.75oE 103.8oE 103.85oE 103.9oE 103.95oE36.00oN

36.02oN

36.04oN

36.06oN

36.08oN

36.10oN

36.12oN

36.14oN

36.16oN

76

0 21

0 31 2 8 149 93 224638_ 40 12

5 45 91 308 44 35 164 68 33 11 421_24 19 43 9 11 6 70 301_ 302 223 256191 111 16 36_20 172 361_ 144 39 133 44 330 139315 111 70 40 6 3_

11 15 65 140 346 75 39 47 102137_ 38 16 41 26 0

8 3 92 16 33 360_ 6 528_ 134 60 102_ 80 158_ 12

10 2 27 90_ 4 7 100 65 2 69 12_ 3

3 14 109 231_ 724_ 21 35 28 69 13 40 5

9 59 80 5 1 4 4 80 7_ 59 76 12778 0 3

51_ 27 15 300_ 4 5 21 50 109 204 35_8 4242_ 0 15 4 2 1_ 14 11_ 1

138_ 290_19449_ 20_ 6_ 1

0 18 3

45_ 13_ 18 59_ 0

H

H

H

H

H

1

23

4

6

7

8

Conclusions• Severe TSP pollution is caused by

dust storms• Meteorological conditions take

important roles:– Inversion (Stable Stratification)– Mountain-Valley Wind

• Air quality improvement is an urgent task for Lanzhou.