an introduction to the cogent modelling environment 27 th international conference of the cognitive...
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An Introduction to the COGENT Modelling Environment
27th International Conference of theCognitive Science Society
July 20th, 2005
Stresa, Italy
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Tutorial Overview
• COGENT: Principal Features
• The COGENT ‘Modal Model’ Model– The free recall task– Task infrastructure within COGENT– Building the Short-Term Store– Adding the Long-Term Store– Decay, time and rehearsal
• Some advanced COGENT Features
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COGENT: Principal Features
• A visual programming environment;
• A range of standard functional components;
• An expressive rule-based modelling language;
• Automated data visualisation tools;
• A powerful model testing environment; and
• Research programme management tools
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Visual Programming in COGENT
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Standard Functional Components
• A library of standard configurable components:– Memory buffers– Rule-based processes– Simple connectionist networks– Data input/output devices– TCP/IP sockets for inter-process communication– Inter-module communication links
• Components are configured and “wired-up” for different applications via a graphical model design editor
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Rule-Based Modelling Language: I
Processes may contain rules such as:
IF operator(Move, possible) is in Possible Operatorsevaluate_operator(Move, Value)
THEN delete operator(Move, possible) from Possible Operators
add operator(Move, value(Value)) to Possible Operators
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Rule-Based Modelling Language: II
COGENT’s representation language is based on Prolog:
IF operator(Move, possible) is in Possible Operatorsevaluate_operator(Move, Value)
THEN delete operator(Move, possible) from Possible Operators
add operator(Move, value(Value)) to Possible Operators
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Rule-Based Modelling Language: III
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Data Visualisation Tools: Tables
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Data Visualisation Tools: Graphs
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Data Visualisation Tools: Pictures
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The Model Testing Environment
• Dynamically updated visualisation tools allow a model’s functioning to be examined while the model runs
• Inter-component communication may be traced
• A flexible “scripting” environment allows:– models to be run over multiple blocks of trials;
– multiple “subjects” to be run over multiple blocks;
– automated parameter varying “meta-experiments”.
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Research Programme Management
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The Tutorial Task: Free Recall
• On each trial, the subject is presented with a list of 25 words
• The subject is told to try to memorise the words
• After an interval, the subject must recall as many words as possible
(e.g., Glanzer & Cunitz, 1966)
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Free Recall: Empirical Findings
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The Modal Model: Top Level
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Building the Short Term Store: I
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Building the Short Term Store: II
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Building the Short Term Store: IIIThe rule to transfer words to STS:
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Building the Short Term Store: IV
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Building the Short Term Store: V
The rule to recall from STS:
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Building the Short Term Store: VI
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Building the Short Term Store: VII
• Run more trials. What happens to the curve?
• Change the On Excess property of STS. What happens to the shape of the graph when you run a few trials?
• Watch the Messages view of Input/Output. What happens there now when you run (or single-step) through a trial?
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Adding the Long Term Store: I
The Modal Model also includes:
• a long term store (LTS);
• a rehearsal process to transfer information from STS to LTS; and
• the possibility to recall from either STS or LTS
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Adding the Long Term Store: II
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Adding the Long Term Store: III
The rehearsal rule:
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Adding the Long Term Store: IV
Recalling from either STS or LTS:
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Adding the Long Term Store: V
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Adding the Long Term Store: VI
• What causes the primacy effect arise?
• Monitor the Input/Output box’s Messages view. Why does the model sometimes recalls the same word twice in the same trial.
• The serial position curve still doesn’t look like the one in the introduction. Characterise any differences. Can you account for them?
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Decay, Time & Rehearsal: I
• Add decay to LTS. Explore different decay rates.
• Change the rehearsal rate by adding a copy of the rehearsal rule.
• All memorised words are currently recalled in parallel. Make the recall process serial.
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Decay, Time & Rehearsal: II
The serial recall rule:
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Decay, Time & Rehearsal: III
• Explore the effect of the Buffer Access property of each buffer. Play with these (and other) parameters to see how they affect the model’s behaviour.
• The Experimenter system is written using standard COGENT. Try to discover how it works.
• Find a principled solution to the problem of stopping rehearsal when recall commences
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Advanced COGENT Features:Experiment Scripting
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Selected References
Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In Spence, K. W., & Spence, J. T. (Eds.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory. Academic Press, Orlando, FL.
Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1971). The control of short term memory. Scientific American, 225, 82–90.
Cooper, R. (2002). Modelling High-Level Cognitive Processes. With contributions from Peter Yule, John Fox and David W. Glasspool. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ.
Cooper, R., & Fox, J. (1998). COGENT: A visual design environment for cognitive modelling. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 30(4), 553–564.
Glanzer, M., & Cunitz, A. R. (1966). Two storage mechanisms in free recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 5, 351–360.
Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review, 63, 81–97.
Postman, L. & Phillips, L. W. (1965). Short-term temporal changes in free recall. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 17, 132–138.