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Chapter 1 LectureChapter 1Chapter 1

An Introduction to Anatomy

Introduction

• All specific functions are performed by specific structures.

• Therefore:• Therefore:

– “Structure determines function.”

Microscopic Anatomy

• Microscopic anatomy: the study of structures that can not be seen without magnification.– Fine anatomy: type of image depends on the

equipment used.• Light microscope

• Electron microscope

• Histology: tissue anatomy – Primarily viewed at the light microscopic level

Microscopic Anatomy: Different Scales

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Ways to Approach Gross Anatomy

• Gross anatomy (macroscopic anatomy): study of structures visible to unaided eye.

• Surface anatomy = general form (morphology)Surface anatomy = general form (morphology) + superficial anatomical markings.

• Regional anatomy = all structures in a specific body area– Superficial & deep

• Systemic anatomy = study of anatomy one organ system at a time.

Composition of the Body

• Chemical/Molecular Levels of Organization– 12+ elements in the body– 4 of them make up 99% of the body4 of them make up 99% of the body.

• Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, & nitrogen• Linked together to form molecules

• Major classes of molecules (compounds): • Water

Carbohydrates• Carbohydrates• Proteins• Lipids• Nucleic acids

Elemental & Molecular Composition of Body From Cells to Organ Systems

• Cells = smallest living units

• Tissues = composed of many cells, p y ,generally connected, plus surrounding materials

• Organs = combinations of tissues.

• Organ systems = organs working• Organ systems = organs working together– The human has 11 organ systems.

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Levels of Organization

See Figure 1-4

Some Organ Systems Functions

• Metabolism = all of the chemical reactions in the body.

Absorption process of bringing• Absorption = process of bringing chemicals into the body.

• Respiration = uptake, transport, and use of oxygen by cells.

• Excretion = removal of wastesExcretion removal of wastes.• Digestion = processes that makes

nutrients small enough to be absorbed• Transport = moving molecules

The Integumentary System The Skeletal System

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The Muscular System The Nervous System

The Endocrine System The Cardiovascular System

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The Lymphatic System The Respiratory System

The Digestive System The Urinary System

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The Male Reproductive System The Female Reproductive System

The Language of Anatomy

• Early Anatomists studied primarily superficial anatomy– They used Latin and Greek roots to y

formulate the language of anatomy• Today, anatomists continue to use these names

– See the Appendix on p. 822: Foreign Word Roots, Prefixes, Suffixes, etc.

• To describe Location:– Anatomical landmarks– Anatomical Regions– Directional terms

Anatomical Regions

It i ti l th tIt is essential that you learn the

anatomical names and names of

anatomical regions in order to do well in

this coursethis course

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Anatomical Regions: Anterior

Learn the anatomical name & region (in parentheses)

Anatomical Regions: Anterior

Learn the anatomical name & region (in parentheses)

Anatomical Regions: Posterior

Learn the Learn the anatomical name & region (in parentheses)

Anatomical Regions: Posterior

Learn the Learn the anatomical name & region (in parentheses)

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Abdominopelvic Quadrants:Locating Deep Structures

Abdominopelvic Regions: Locating Deep Structures

Abdominopelvic Regions: Locating Deep Structures

Directional Terms

• Anatomical Directional Terms are based on the Anatomical position: – Standing upright, arms at sides, palms facing g p g p g

forward (little fingers by the thigh), feet flat on the floor, face straight ahead

• Additional terms:S i l i d ith th f– Supine: lying down with the face up

– Prone: lying down with the face down

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Anatomical Directions: See Table 1.2 Planes of Sections: See Table 1.3

Sectional Anatomy Body Cavities: “Internal Chambers”

• Ventral body cavity: contains organs respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems– Diaphragm separates the ventral body cavity

into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities • Dorsal Body Cavity: contains the brain & spinal cord

• Serous membranes: two-layer membrane ysystem that protects and lubricates the ventral body cavity

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Ventral Body Cavities

[Insert fig 1.13]

Ventral Body Cavity & Subdivisions

Ventral Body Cavities