an intro to organic pesticides— viruses and other products for

Jackson County Extension Service

An Intro to Organic Pesticides—

Viruses and Other Products

for Organic Pest Control

Rick Hilton

Research Entomologist

Southern Oregon Research & Extension Center

February 7, 2011Organic Pesticide Seminar

B.t. products

Virus products

Spinosad

(biological

by-product)

Neem

derived

products

Types of Materials Used for

Organic Insect and Mite Control

•Inorganic

•Botanicals

•Biopesticides

Inorganic Chemicals Used for

Organic Insect and Mite Control

(always check for organic approval)

•mineral oil

•sulfur

•kaolin clay (Surround)

•diatomaceous earth

Botanically-derived Insecticides


•pyrethrum (e.g. Pyganic)

•neem-based products (e.g. Aza-direct)

•vegetable oils

•essential oils

•others: rotenone, ryania, sabadilla, nicotine

Biopesticides


•virus (for CM and CEW)

•bacteria (e.g. B.t.)

•fungi (e.g. Beauvaria bassiana)

•nematodes (var. species)

•organic by-product (e.g. spinosad)

Note: correct environmental conditions may determine efficacy.

Neem

Crude or

Clarified?

Other

limonoids?

?Neem

OilAzadirachtin

―What’s In A Neem?‖

Neem plantation (Australia)

NEEM

Seed harvest (India)

Fruit & leaves

Neem tree

(India)

(Azadirachta indica)

Seeds

Processing of Neem Seeds

Neem seed kernels

Crude neem oil

Neem seed

solids

Clarified neem oil(Fungicide & acaricide)

Cooking oil, soaps, cosmetics,

lubricants, herbal remedies, etc.

Press

Solvent extraction

Azadirachtin(Insecticide & antifeedant)

Neem cake(Nematicide & soil amendment)

AZADIRACHTIN:

Botanical Insect Growth Regulator

OH

OH

OH

HO

O

H

HO

OH

20-hydroxy-ecdysone

(Insect molting hormone)

Normal locust

Azadirachtin-treated

AZADIRACHTIN:

Repellant/Feeding Deterrent

10 ppm 15 ppm 20 ppm Control

Deterrence of Japanese Beetle feeding on Roses

0

10

20

30

40

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Age of female (days)

Control

1 ppm

2 ppm

Exposure of leafminer (Liriomyza sp.) larvae in chrysanthemums to azadirachtin

via soil drench resulted in lower fecundity of surviving adult females

(Parkman & Pienkowski, 1990. J. Econ. Entomol. 83: 1246-1249)

AZADIRACHTIN:

Effects on Insect Reproduction

0

20

40

60

80

100

Insecticidal

soap 2%

Untreated

ControlAzadirachtin 60 ppm

Alone + 1% oil

Leaf surface treated:

Upper

Lower

Translaminar Translocation of Azadirachtin:

Greenhouse whitefly nymphs on cucumber seedlings

Nymphs and pupal

exuviae counted on

lower leaf surface

10 days after

treatment.

Clarified Neem Oil:

A Novel Pesticide

Little or no azadirachtin

Broad spectrum

Fungicide

Miticide

Insecticide

0

10

20

30

40

50

7 DAT

14 DAT

21 DAT

Single application to 18-node cotton on 6 July.

Tractor-towed CO2sprayer at 20 GPA and 40 PSI with 5 nozzles per row

Spider mite population had crashed by 28 DAT in Untreated Controls.

Only pre-crash counts are shown here.

Control of Spider Mites on Cotton in California (2000)Investigator: L. Godfrey, Univ. California - Davis

Location: Fresno County, California

Modified from de Maagd et al., Trends in Genetics (2001)

The Mode of Action of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis)

Crystal

dissolves in

alkaline

midgut

Protoxin

“Activation”

by digestive

enzymes Activated

δ-endotoxin

(Cry toxin)

binds to

midgut

ReceptorReceptorMidgut cell

membrane

Toxin inserts

into cell

membrane,

opening a pore

Pore

pH 10

Bt crystals &

spores

ingested by

larva

Gut paralysis (stops feeding)

& infection by spores

Insects Controlled by Different Strains of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis)

Btk: Kurstaki strain (Biobit, Deliver, Dipel, MVP, Steward, Thuricide, etc.)

Effects Lepidoptera (Moths and Butterfies) larvae (aka caterpillars)

Vegetable insects

Field and forage crop insects

Fruit crop insects

Tree and shrub insects

Bti: Israelensis strains (Vectobac, Mosquito Dunks, Gnatrol, Bactimos, etc.)

Effects Diptera (Fly) larvae

Mosquitos

Black flies

Fungus gnats

Btt: Tenebrionis/San diego strains (Trident, M-One, M-Trak, Foil, Novodor, etc.)

Effects Coleoptera (Beetle) larvae

Colorado potato beetle

Elm leaf beetle

Cottonwood leaf beetle

Insects Controlled by Btk

Btk: Kurstaki strain (Biobit, Deliver, Dipel, MVP, Steward, Thuricide, etc.)

Vegetable insects

Cabbage worms (cabbage looper, imported cabbageworm, diamondback moth)

Tomato and tobacco hornworms

Field and forage crop insects

European corn borer

Alfalfa caterpillar, alfalfa webworm

Fruit crop insects

Leafrollers

Tree and shrub insects

Gypsy moth

Tent caterpillar

Fall webworm

Leafrollers

Red-humped caterpillar

Western spruce budworm

Active ingredient:

Codling moth granulosis virus

• Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV)

• Natural pathogen of codling mothOcclusion

body (OB)

Nucleocapsid

Granulin

protein

Glycoprotein

envelope

Viral

DNA

• Virus is produced in mass-reared codling moth larvae

• Formulated as aqueous suspension concentrate

• Highly specific to codling moth

• No effect on beneficials, wildlife, livestock, or users

• Listed by OMRI and NOP for use in organic production

• Registration in all major apple & pear producing states

CpGV

infected

larva

• Virus must be ingested by larvae to cause

infection

• Once in gut, virus penetrates cells and begins

to replicate

• LD50 is 1 or 2 virus particles per larva(Cyd-X contains about One Trillion per ounce!)

• Modes of transmission:- Horizontal: Infected larva dies, releasing new

virus that can infect other larvae

− Vertical: Female that survives a sublethal

infection as a larva can be pass virus on to her

offspring

− Latent infection: Virus lies “dormant” in host,

until stress causes outbreak (e.g. overwintering)

Biology & Mode of Action of CpGV

Fat body of healthy larva

Fat body infected with CpGV

24

Methods to improve CpGV

• Pear ester (larval kairomone)

• Feeding stimulants

• Solar protectants

– Lignin-WP formulation

– Adjuvants

– Particle films

25

Improving the activity of the granulovirus of the codling moth with larval attractants and sunlight screens

Steven Arthurs1, Lerry Lacey1

CollaboratorsAlan Knight1, Bob Behle2, Rick Hilton3

1USDA-ARS, Wapato, WA 2USDA-ARS-NCAUR, Peoria, IL3SOREC, OSU

26

CpGV and MD is effective

1Cyd-X applied at 2 or 3 fl. oz. and 100 gal./ A

Table 1. Fruit injury and codling moth populations in 3A organic ‘Golden Delicious’ treated with CpGV and MD (Parker Heights, WA)

27

Pear ester: Spraying CpGV/PE-MEC formulation

• Orchard tests in apple and pear in 2005 and 2006

• CpGV + PE-MEC (applied at 1.5 – 4.7 g a.i./ha) sprayed every 7-14 days

• Randomized blocks, 1-20 tree plots, 4-10 replicates

28

• Apple

– Moderate reduction in fruit injury in ‘Golden Delicious’ in second generation versus CpGV alone (2005)

– No effect in first larval generation in ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Delicious’, ‘Gala’ and ‘Fuji’ (2005, 2006)

– No consistent effect in greenhouse studies (2005)

• Bartlett pear

– Moderate reduction in fruit injury at harvest (2005)

– Moderate increase in larval mortality and shallow entries in infested fruit (2006)

Pear ester: Results with CpGV/PE-MEC formulation

J. Econ. Ent. submitted

29

Feeding stimulants to improve CpGV

• Leaf disc bioassay

– MSG, L-aspartic acid, Pheast and Bioenhancer

– Results. No significant benefits found; 2hr and 24 hr exposure tests; 5 reps of 20 larvae

• Orchard tests ‘Golden Delicious’

– Pheast and Bioenhancer

– Results. No significant benefits; 10 single tree reps

30

Solar protectants for CpGV

Spray-dried lignin-based formulations

Spray adjuvants

Particle films

31

Solar simulator and half apple system used to

bioassay CpGV formulations

Apples were sprayed with CpGV suspensions in a DeVries spray cabinet

Solar protectants. Laboratory method for evaluation

J. Invert. Pathol. 90 (2005),

85-90.

32

Solar protectants. Results (2005)

J. Invertebr. Pathol. 93 (2006),

88-95

Lignin-encapsulated CpGV formulations worked well in laboratory tests at high dosages but not in initial orchard tests (rate dilution effect)

‘NuFilm17’, ‘Biolink’, ‘Raynox’ and ‘Trilogy’ at field rates not effective adjuvants for CpGV in laboratory assays

33

Solar protectants. Results (2006)

Table 3. Laboratory evaluation of a particle film adjuvant for UV protection (Surround®WP).

Data based on 30 irradiated fruit each infested with 4 neonate CM

(6 replicates of 5 fruit/treatment)

Gemstar for CEW Control—2010 Results (SOREC)

Applications made with Stihl backpack mist blower calibrated @ 45 gpa

Material was applied at 4 oz per acre; initial application was made on 9/1

and the final application was made on 9/20; corn was harvested on 9/23.

Two Projects—Related to controlling codling moth in the small-scale or

backyard orchard

S.O.F.T.

And

U.A.P.T.O.P.

Pheromone Mating Disruption

vs. Organophosphate Use

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

91929394959697 98990001020304050607

Ac.

eq

uiv

ale

nts

treate

d w

/ O

Ps

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Ac.

treate

d

w/

CM

MD

OPs CMMD

Growers are moving from toxic insecticides

to alternative control methods

From the

large-scale

commercial orchard

to the

small-scale

home orchard

From the

large-scale

commercial orchard

to the

small-scale

home orchard

m o v e m e n t

Pe

st

Jackson County has an ordinance regarding pests designed to protect commercial growers from unmanaged fruit trees.

Jackson County ordinance JCC 2002-21—requires that all pests on fruit trees be controlled to prevent spread to commercial orchards. If pests are not controlled, the County can spray or remove trees at the owner’s expense.

Local Pest Control Ordinances

S.O.F.T. Management Program:

(Selective Organic Fruit Tree Mgmt. Program)

A multi-tactic approach to managing codling moth combining three selective (and organic) methods—

Entomapathic nematodes applied in fall or springto attack overwintering codling moth larvae

Codling moth virus applied at key times during the summer (2-3 sprays per generation)

Clear traps baited with combo lures and conc. vinegar (30% acetic acid) which are especially attractive to the female codling moth

S.O.F.T. Management Program:

(Selective Organic Fruit Tree Mgmt. Program)

A multi-tactic approach to managing codling moth combining three selective (and organic) methods—

Entomapathic nematodes applied in fall or springto attack overwintering codling moth larvae

Codling moth virus applied at key times during the summer (2-3 sprays per generation)

Clear traps baited with combo lures and conc. vinegar (30% acetic acid) which are attractive to the female codling moth

2009 SOFT evaluation: type of fruit injury

2009 SOFT evaluation: type of fruit injury

Note: Cyd-X codling moth virus is now in small package sizes suitable

for use in backyard orchards—available on the web and at local outlets

Joint grant between the OSU-Southern Oregon

Research & Extension Center in Jackson

County and the UC Extension Service in

Lake County CA

UAPTOP

Unmanaged Apple & Pear

Tree Outreach Program

UAPTOP



•Identify and map source trees within a

¼ mile of commercial pear orchards

•Educate and increase public awareness

•Encourage removal or management of

problem apple and pear trees

•Web based tool created to identify whether

a property is in a critical area near a

commercial pear orchard

UAPTOP



Web Addresses

OSU-SOREC Jackson Co. website:

http://extension.oregonstate.edu/sorec/uaptop

UCCE website with risk assessment tool:

http://arcgis.uckac.edu/pear/home.aspx

http://extension.oregonstate.edu/sorec/uaptop



Organic Codling Moth Materials

•Cyd-X—a virus which only attacks

codling moth

•Entrust—spinosad, a chemical

produced by a soil-dwelling

bacteria which affects the

nicotinic nerve receptors

European earwig adults

http://www.discoverlife.org/nh/tx/Insecta/Dermaptera/images/euro_earwig.jpg

European earwig adults

male ♂

female ♀

http://www.discoverlife.org/nh/tx/Insecta/Dermaptera/images/euro_earwig.jpg

Earwig Traps

ridiculously simple

and they work!

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

Nu

mb

er

of

Earw

igs p

er

Tra

p

Date Traps Removed

Earwig Densities in Traps--Entrust applied on 6/18/07

Check

Entrust

June 16-July 7 July 7-24

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Cyd-X (virus) Entrust (spinosad)

Effects on Earwigs—Materials Applied on 7/8/08

0 5 10 15

Check

Full Rate

10% Rate

Days after treatment

Laboratory Bioassays on European Earwig

Effect of Success/spinosad on earwig nymphs:

% mortality up to 14 days after treatment

Laboratory Bioassays on European Earwig

Effect on the fecundity of treated female earwigs:

# of nymphs produced per surviving female

Check Intrepid Success Novaluron

Bioassay conducted in 2004-05

0

25

50

Seduce® INSECT BAIT from CERTIS

Active Ingredient: By Weight

Spinosad (a mixture of spinosyn A and spinosyn D). 0.07%

-Read the Label First!

Seduce Insect Bait® is a soil-applied granular insecticidal bait containing the active

ingredient spinosad that attracts and kills insects, including earwigs and cutworms in

commercial agricultural crops, ornamentals, herbs, and seed crops.

Seduce Insect Bait® contains spinosad derived from naturally occurring soil dwelling

bacterium in a patented granular formulation that requires no mixing, spraying, or

special applicators. The highly compressed easy-to-apply granules can be effective

up to four (4) weeks.

HOW TO APPLY: Spread the bait on the soil around or near the plants to be

protected. Use 20 – 44 lbs per acre (0.5 – 1 lb per 1000 sq ft)

PESTS CONTROLLED: earwigs, cutworms

Net contents: 50 lbs OMRI Listed

The Problem of Pesticide Resistance:

• Resistance occurs when the same pesticide is

used repeatedly and is most likely to occur

when the entire population is treated or

when the treated population is isolated

• Resistance to the virus has already occurred

in some European organic orchards

• Using multiple tactics is strongly advised

New Invasive Pests

Drosophila suzukii

Spotted Wing Drosophila

Asiatic Fruit Fly

Cherry Vinegar Fly

And

Halyomorpha halys

Brown Marmorated Stink bug

New Invasive Pest

Drosophila suzukii


Asiatic Fruit Fly

Cherry Vinegar Fly

Attacks: cherries, caneberries,

(also blueberries, strawberries,

peaches, grapes, tomatoes,

and more…)


Drosophila suzukii

•first found in

California in the

fall of 2008

•first found in

Oregon in June

of 2009

•first found in

California in the

fall of 2008

•first found in

Oregon in June

of 2009

found in

Josephine

County

in 2010

http://swd.hort.oregonstate.edu

In 2010

Areawide trapping

and fruit sampling

for Spotted Wing

Drosophila was

done in southern

Oregon, the Mid-

Columbia region,

and throughout the

Willamette Valley.

New Invasive Pest

Brown MarmoratedStink Bug

NEW INVASIVE PEST— Brown Marmorated Stink Bug

Halyomorpha halys

•Asian species first found in US in Pennsylvaniain 1996 and positively identified in 2000

•Found in Portland in 2004

•Currently established in 15 states and specimensfound in 14 others

•Until this fall only thought to be established inOregon in the Portland Metro area though a fewspecimens had been found in Salem and Sandy

Smoothshoulder

NEW INVASIVE PEST — Brown Marmorated Stink Bug

Halyomorpha halys

Following an ODA survey done this fall, BMSB isnow considered to be established in:

Smoothshoulder


Halyomorpha halys

Following an ODA survey done this fall, BMSB isnow considered to be established in:

•Aurora•McMinnville•Salem•the Portland metro area—•west to Hillsboro•south to Tualatin•and east to Sandy


Halyomorpha halys

BMSB is a serious agricultural pest in Asiaand attacks a wide array of crops:

•tree fruit (peaches, apples, asian pears)•peppers•tomatoes•corn•berries•grapes•soybeans•melons etc.


Halyomorpha halys

This past summer BMSB caused significant fruit injuryin commercial apple and peach orchards in themid-Atlantic states of Pennsylvania, Maryland andWest Virginia.

Peaches

ApplesTomatoes


Halyomorpha halys

BMSB is known to feed on over 80 species of plants

BMSB will invade homes in the fall like box elder bugsand multi-colored Asian lady beetles

No damage in commercial agriculture due to BMSBhas been reported in Oregon to date

But some home gardeners have reported extensivedamage to beans, cucumbers, raspberriesand ornamentals


Halyomorpha halys

BMSB is known to feed on over 80 species of plants

BMSB will invade homes in the fall like box elder bugsand multi-colored Asian lady beetles

No damage in commercial agriculture due to BMSBhas been reported in Oregon to date

But some home gardeners have reported extensivedamage to beans, cucumbers, raspberriesand ornamentals

Note: stink bug pests can be very difficult to manage

Brown Marmorated Stink Bug

Halyomorpha halys

Identifying the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug

Smoothshoulder

Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Rough Stink Bug—native predator

Halyomorpha halys Brochymena quadripustulata


Smoothshoulder




Antennaewith bands

Smoothshoulder

Rough Stink Bug—native predator




Antennaewith bands

Straitsmooth

shoulder





Antennaewith bands

Notchedtoothedshoulder


Straitsmooth

shoulder

Male or Female?

Any

Questions?

an intro to organic pesticides— viruses and other products for

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