an integrated approach to intermediate japanese

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Copyright @ 2008 by Akira Miwa and Naomi Hanaoka McGloin

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, sto¡ed in a retrieval system,

or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or

otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

First edition: J¡ne 1994

Revised edition: July 2008

5th printing: September 2009

Recordings: Kazusa Amagai, Takaomi Ashizawa, Takeshi Maruyama and Kiyoko Nagaki

Illustrations: Seiji Okada and Shizuo Okuda

Layout and Cover art: Hiroshi Ueda+Z'ebra

Tlpesetting: Soju Co., Ltd.

Published by The Japan Times, Ltd.

5-4, Shibaura 4-chome, Minato-ku, Toþo 108-0023, Japan

Tel: O3-3453-2013

http://bookclub japantimes.co jp/http://ij japantimes.co jpl

ISBN978-4-7890-1307 -9

Printed in Japan

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1. Culture Notes

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IT URE Nooocoa

Meeting Someone in Japan

hen you meet someone in Japan for the first time, you bow as you say either ft UtD

t U( or ¿)ê &Zt (, or both. You also exchang" ä#|J (cards) if you have them. tn

Japan, everyone other than children, students or full-time housewives is expected to carry

them. Sometimes even university students choose to carry them for prestige.

How low you should bow depends on who you are as well as whom you meet. ln general,women tend to bow lower than men, and if you meet a person whose status is higher thanyours on the Japanese social scale, you should bow lower than the other person, e.g., yourteacher, a friend's parent, etc.

lntroducing Oneself or Others

Q elf-introductions occur quite frequently in Japan. At a reception for new students, forJ example, you may be asked to introduce yourself in Japanese. State your name, thename of your home institution, your majoç and end it all with ¿iä&ôt-,( and a bow.

When you introduce two people to each other, the rule of thumb is to introduce theperson of lower status to the person of higher status. lt would be nice to also add a

comment or two about each person, as lkeda does in âãÉ 2 of this lesson.

How to Address Someone

lTt he most common way to address an adult is "last name plus ûfu," but don't overuse ûI Ívl To address people who have titles such .r #H (section chief), $bH {aepartment

chief), iiH f.o*puny president), etc., use the titles instead of ðfu. To address teachers,

always use#Eä. Above all, avoid usingõt*lc. lt could be quite insulting. The use of firstnames is limited in Japan: they are used within a family, by higher-status members ad-dressing lower-status members (e.9., parents addressing children, or older siblings talkingto younger siblings), or they are sometimes used among close friends.

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you [It is generally usedby male speakers towardsomeone equal or lowerin status.l

hobby

one ofthese days

once

<t,

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3 f+w

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for the frrst time

have just done-[>>>E;*u-l-'r]

tfamiþ namel

Excuse me (,but ...)

+- a [honorifrc form of{'-Tl

lhumble form of É i ]

graduate student

tfamiþ namel

friend

lfamily îamef

i [It is the most neutralform for male speakers.l

[a form attacltedto a

rrame in addressingsomeone. It is usedIoward someone equalor lower in status.l

graduate school

electrical engineering

.-t;

7 W,Lâi.

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t3

t4È¡ri a4 * interest

*'f¿* /¿tî (I am) not good yet.

ö'

L(.*áfrFt.L*3.literalþmeans'I request.'l

to teach

slnce - years ago

to study abroad

lfamiiy name]

homework

there is,/are a lot

to do one's best; to trylnard

fi'€.

1*--'

v'ât5 F¿*

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2 'Jñâ¿F: *

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5 ä)'È+- rutfc6ftH

atrç*o ËilJ

õavã/'r:t *EÉ=É

actually; in fact

junior high school

next door; next to

family

[male given name]

lfamily name]

lmale given r'a'n'ef

diary

76 ËJì.R¡, ¡,

20 xlbj'u*frffi.-a- ,It, 5

ËH (r¡)

to play

culture

knowledge

bountiful;plenty

lu.i.l

2 ÞÌEl

tcÞ\

o?; ¡t ñTrffi airplane{t(- ù: ) EE å to sit (inlon -)

to be born hn/at -)

woman

to talk to

to go home

lfamily name]

[female given name]

last month

¿ttt

ffirÐ,ËÆJ togrowup (in-) [u.i.]

tt -i il l:r¡ c'C.\,â Ithasbeena;rangedtlnal-

[>>>E;Êz- ¡e]

one night

to stay (over night) [u.i.l

very (much)

'rt to like -; tobe fond(of -)while; during the timewhen

parents lkt., b o+Jt parentsJ

place

(name) card; businesscatd

telephone number

15

tL

¡¡t¿-ì¡¿

-vh¿'lÉ* 6

¿k r,

att L

@;,,t.ito graduate (from -)

z (-t:) Wø a to work 1¡o1 -); to beemployed (at -)

vã¡ ¡'¡'- 7EÛ Fñ - week(s)å pri ¡'fF flF vacationtW.a to take

. ¿l¿I ,ffiâ ¿ ¿ å (Ì¿) to be returning home[>>>*itu -t's]

a[.r77 Ht:

\ !1it-À,ffiH

L-:- 4ffiot' u

18 AfriJ

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FT

's(-t:)Ë (

Narita (InternationalAirport)

town; city

to arrive (at -)

^l

ten plus a few hours

it takes [with respect totime or moneyJ [u.l.J

International Date Line

same

airport

to welcome; to meet; togrcet

W,;i,tþ.úfrü: rtto have - stay (overnight) [u.r.]

- ¿ i] t: /J = /¡ it has been decided/

arcanged that -[>>>*;t.u - le]

,. f-,

â+ì oneself

7r-^1.i.-À firstnamer'(-?"'t') EFs to call - by ...

¿'vi i4F'h

¿'t: t

-l: ('!.

utÈffi#nZ jet lagatttHEA to sleep

7 Å- Ì' ð àlL apartmeîthuntingcf

rr ilEþa ¡. ç to take someone tosÇlrf( nearby; in the

neighborhóod

tì'ðt, ^¡,ET-}Æ

*oF¡

IEI l-).r- _ -( t;,4#tt5.

tWLa

Effi

vstitr tj ¡'t"+ ffiffirñn'¡tl a

- a-f

n ú<

older

somehow; no matterhow hard one may try

hardto -; difficult to -[>>*,*/-t-.8]

to walk¡¡le ¿ ¡iìË4 (¡¡) appropriate; suitabie ¿

-a

flcIT 6 to find - lu.t.l

¿'{ãÐ 6

¿¡t ;.tz ïl.tffit to move to a new place

of residence

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14

15

¿- ru¡l ru

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Ët"tå.r,.HÍ+

i¡.ia,,.12¡¡-ì-.s7 ns7u t L¡-i¿'nÉÉ ñËt /Þ

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tonight

acquainlance

when V [>>>gËz-t.ro]

young

man;male

polite

fluentþ

selÊintroduction

to be surprised

last year

way (of doing something)

and then; after that

middle-aged

to differ; to be different

it seems that -;evidently [>>>g;É.2- t' t¡]

W,#,ffi,-ï.,ïlg;*r:tw,,,q,i,, ,,itc< 1

zr f,l¡.t tTô.

ffi

17

å :rl¡,1

å+u 5'r.ft:

rs 4'¡¿¡, t,t' vri #'lu++

TI

-6 Lt'

beautiful

daughter

! ( {¡ ,-/¡ ¡. can't possibly -[>>ftäl-tìr1]

{t¡ri22, XË - g¡ammar i

ù,Lùt ùit:ë ì-fr way of thinking

[>>>*,*z- ¡ rz]

n rt'¡v1 < -Y J v, culture shock

* I 1 *,,,,,

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tt.&\-ro.#Hl

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s.@ffi

r¡.ftfiffi3sô'

re.{rF[H5þrr tz

zs.&frrJ

+.8ÉLrÄ,,

s.WtÍì

tq.lÆâ

rs.H#,n.##

s. l[ffit0.&ffi,

rs 4#)Yrì' /

20.Ê)zs.àE

so.rtå- 61t1' 5v( /

b5ffiËl.ô'

¿0. *aãt,.

ss. HE6

gg. ä1.

'tM.ÉILâeq. Ël E

This radical comes from Å and is used for characters representing humanconditions, activities, etc.

t{ l t_{Ft fæt rd¿

a)

b)

c)

| o' V (plain past) Wlrrúl ='have just done something; have just finisheddoing something'

lãffil >¿.t >>>t#trÀ:tcøn'o] [a*r >¿.6>>>4#t lrmao]

/tSl:l\e t¿I{lt, rr li¿. à. +^ffir" L ¡ i "(Since she hasjust entered college, she is probably 18.)

Ê/\/¡ |ffirI) Èà. ò. þ/J7)r)ì¡'z lf t.T.-l-.(I have just eaten, so I am full.)

FIA^?|:Étfá'tlo)¿ ôùt. Elaffi¿ì*rà.È r¡ ( tËb * L/¡"(When I was a newcomer to Japan,I had trouble understanding Japanese.)

2rr, öO) lãffit >t.ts>>>øo2=zt*l

Both ô o) and 4 0) canbe used with the meaning 'that -' when an item you are referring tois not in sight. ó Ø is used when both the speaker and the hearer are (oi are assumed to be)

,.,:,f :*iftupeiro¡'or',ihittÉ- - - tinl"ftËh, y trp

o¡_$e'fr9"g,3f.¡s.¡4¡Il4iar,,

,:"Wmun.j'.'l. 4, 2,ø.sttòùta 'usea.,ln,tllis,:passage, theuse oi,t ttø inAicat"q,¡f¡-a,ttop,A,úftì:!L and * r u ù are familiar with the class.

a) A

B

b)A

B

fú¿ì4 * i¿Ì¿ Ø ùlHÛì ¿ r.- i ñít'f .(The town I was born in is calied Täkayama.)

?OtrJù* Ð.å,/¡ffiJÍ"Tå."(What kind of town is that?)

È I lÂ.1

ÈØ i. *+BAffiØ2 iziJ!.r¿) 4 )vã À,1:àt.* Ll¿À.(Yesterday, I met Lyle-san, who was in our Japanese class last year.)

bb- troL. ¿" 7 Lf t. * Tå."(oh, how is he [: that personl doing?)

J oot V(plain) &51¿l¿â lãe;z>t.tz>>>RffiËffi2&ãrra2rcl

.,. ,, s a ch3r-rge ,which has ¡akei ÈJgÞ,9,þ.i..wrill place. fusr as r,. -{je.èii¡rtr

¡' ,n9,'r,*ittt /¡å; * i,r!:,is,ins-9,$,... ',,',1 ,:. .'',,t,'.,':.t,..t'r-':..',l. ¡¡,i:;..l¡,l.tir

àti aa ) Bä^ffic -C.tt, ù. Bft:@ffiþ#2 J ä E t¿ú) * I,t¿"

(I came to have an interest in Japan after I went to Japan.)'ìt'lù U l.LÀ:À,

b) W+þffi\frLlr ùlft¿Ì. BAffiØtrHÈì#ö 6 ea EfÍ/r t, *Ëtu"(Unless you study kanji, you won't become able to read Japanese newspapers.)

13

*l 1 *,,,,,

c) .0)c67, yr^ù è Laç¿ iÀ?Ê^6ea|.;ftt1*.t,t¿"(These days,{mericans also eat sashimi and tofu land this is a changeJ.)

{rrr, -tã,í6: :r .. : ::':.1ìr' ..:

This is a sentence-final particle of exclamation.

;,.:e-mþhæicall,y oi onè's wish èrnótivêly. " II.

a) Woftt¿t>"(I don't know what to do!)

b) -Êr7 Y rtnTr->1,ô.r¿!-/Jó.(I wish I could go to Africa once!)

lã:lË,z > t. z s >>> z ã ?ÈãLì v eaøl

geñgrall¡ us"¿'¡u',s1¿1e, one':s feéIin€,:.'...It rS

This.'e¡pres.sr9¡,ha,s.'a,flavor.'of'l,mo.aologlte: - i e,, saying something.without an addres¡æ ..,.

iñ..mind',.s&en.itis.said.wjth.¡ur.:intèntioi..of..gètting..a:.iesþonqé.'fr.omanaddresSee,-'jó

c)

d)

ôð LJì b Tìt¿õ"(Long time no see!)

ÈÈfl ( Sc/¿/¿ó"(You did WELL!)

$ ',' V(plain) ¿¿âl

,-,tlv-(p.l preqehÐ È iåÌrneañs, som .l,-,trit:.

a) t, x ) Ð¿l'rÈ. qií*zl â ¿zôrÃÅ,("Tàì- t'? L J ù:(I am aboat to eat right now, so why don't you join me?)

b) 4t, ¡ i ÐËá'tt 6¿zôîÃ0)î- ø¿-eH#vL*T.(I am about to go out, so I will call you later.)

[âff : >z.e >>> Ra xt zænuctl

: i rr. r':., :: , ):. , ...::l l:,- :lil.r:..',:1.:rili ,i :: :. :. -: :. ), :;: .: :., :):,:.:a. ! .:.::r t:il::a _ rJ'r.r: ì.::ii,ti : .

:. 1, .

å: f'TÈ."

c)

d)

z{ttt,6Ê,\ã ¿zôît.(I am about to eat.)

âÊ¡È ¿ Z ôl¿"à. 6 - SálJ È.llT L.( !' * riÂ," e-eKøCl lngrwcitt(I have just eaten, so I am not hungry.)

âÊ¡lurã ¿Zôl¡"È. å. ò i ,)l-'Æc t ( l¿'-ð 1..(I am lin the midst ofl eating right now, so please wait a little.)

e)

Ê^ã ¿zôTT Ê^/c ¿ZôTt

$ "' V(plain) Ztl=l¿clürä='be expected/supposed to;

V(plain) ZëJ=t¿clc='it has been decided/arranged that -'

ë,:.È.1:-r*.ã4tå,/;¿:tÈtl.li¡ì,;,:.,¡,i

Hä"e9€ffi ¿ #, i â ¿ ¿ f: /¿ : ( l,r * T"(I am to teach English in Japan.)

ã¡ U r¿ft4..ù: â ã ¿ ë l=r¿e ( rr * f "(I am supposed to meet my teacher tomorrow.)L :'¿

BäØâlf 'e ft#þ I â ¿ E I=t¿ U * 1,, t¿"( [It has been an anged that] i will be working at a J apanese company. )

llcZhx+ffißr â z ¿Iit¿ t¡ :f L /¡"( ltt has come about thatl I will get marned next year.)

t)

E#0tX.t:_L7)ì6ffiùi- ( cþb(¿ ¿ T-t¿.(ür:f r"(When you enter a Japanese house, you are supposed to take offyour shoes.)ätil,2ffiE-e tt Bäffir*ËÉT ¿ ¿ E /¡ : ( ür !f r.(You are supposed to speak Japanese in the classroom.)

it is a rule/custom that -'lãff: > t. t 3 >>> 1fr:.ã - ¿tra a zrrtË]

l#aryz > ¿. z >>>iÉÞ<t 5 ã ¿ ¿ tcã a tc]

,,,,,#i ^l

Ê/s?rrã ¿zôTT

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

1,,, N (or Sentence+O) ltøla"(?"l

this ex¡iession réQuües ttræ you are insay a)-B in a Japanese restaurant.

Ì6-r u?ê*lc : ¿ Èìó b * TÈ..(Have you had sushi before?)

ttv!- !. .Ì-- t6t l-ItfllbT T'T "(No, this is the first time.)

cannot be said" however,,when yó¡ aró diq sing.I¿þ.ansse,food'in.a..þsroqr¡ 'In.thæ

you,shoùld,say b-).8. :1.,.::: -:. ì: : .,.1,,. t,:, .,:,,i,,:',:,:,-.'lr :.il- -r'r:¡Í.:1 : - :1.::. a: r'.:1.:t ::.:., .:....

*õt l,?ê-rt¿ ¿ ¿ àló b * TÈ'"(Have you ever1nad sushibefore?)

!.!-å_ ôú)*Ëlv"(No, I haven't.)

8'* v(stem) E<t,r l#a*vt > t e >>> I l-.1¡l ¿ t*Frftc < ur]

r-:rv(¡.'tê.' ei'.*+,'=i@t: ç,...1,ry"*s ttrat.qgme-$i1g ir gig¡ott.tó'*¡g¡¡ir-',' ¡..i.', ;i

a) 7î-+ti_ *áÌÌ L-CÌtÊ,tl: < t t.(Steaks are difficult to eat w'ith chopsticks.)trfr' ù'À, V

b) ffiLu.ËF¿å. E+ãE(t,t"(Difflcult ka4ji are hard to write.)

_i r.:i : :j:)

,,,, ' [V{stem)t-f l.] means that somethihÈ i¡ easy to V.',: ....i ],

t ' .. . . '.: .

l:

c ) È ff¿u. r¡#l*_ 56¡¡pf tr-CT.(Nice handwriting is easy to read.)

$ "" V (plain) ¿¿J¿tâ='decide to do -'

eornpared witÏ'i¡y6lysfl.r,, , ,

*l 1*,,,,,

lã#.l >t.tt >>> Eât*ttJo<<î/¡']

!t is, appropriátej,, theiefore,, to,

a) A

B

::..t --..

,tt,.THs,:::case,:- ,r:,

b)A

B

:r:: ::;- .i. t

: ¿ ¿: ä 6, this pattern

a) *trBÄ^lr < ¿ ¿ l--l'*' I't¿"(I have decided to go to Japan next year.)

æE CD þrÃ< ¿ ¿ l: l'*1.,f¿"(I have decidedto listen to cD's every day.)

b)

10 *'Sr/cå. Sz='when sr, 5r'

11 *' ëT *¿ - I¿ül='can't possibly'

'. . : ì:'..'rir:a lr.':rr:.:r:.1.This phrase expressés a very strongform.

læaø > t,t a *n r*,u nzo >>ËÉuzr,rrra]

...'I4e4:t¿6",clause,islfollowed,by,a sentence,,'(JSlin,,the.þäSiite-nse, it means lwhel.',The .

,tsé¿o¡¿ìse-¡ten¿ ùatt1'rysSes,an.lg t or stare you did

-*t "@..tt:,tr,.'.rr fr¿ l, ¡ù'lùa) È Ø i ElÉßH^lip t¿à- 184.ì:âür* L/¡"

(Yesterday, when I went to the library, I saw my teacher.)ù, ë<

b) E#ØXffi,.-î)xô^+tlþHct¿ò. lvtade in Japanl ¿ Êt,\( t>cl¿,(I bought a present for my Japanese famþ, and I found that it was made in Japan [, and I wassurprisedJ.)

This should be distinguished from the case of V l¿ È followed by the present tense form, as

in Eä^frc t; å. Eäffiål#rù â ¡, ) lJrÃ 6'e L ¡ i. Ttris is thc casã of sà-called "condi-'.. tió ?u.sç o{'ltË;,and it méanp',if tor gq.f-,qil. ,,oi,' lqÞ{,..|.!, r ,','.'.,..,,,.'

lffiaø > z z t >>> eztËã.r*ur]

.t::r:..:1.:;::r.r:t.::..-i,r:.!r.:ii1.:r:r:1:r1:.:r:r:r.::i,..:.-:rr:t

verb is usually in þotential

>>>>>ffi^ I

a)

b)

/¿ ( Ë À,ù>.>(. ¿ (t,Ê^Ðtt*.Ë lv"(There is so much that I can't possibly eat it all.)

r,¿

HÉt'¿* ET bæ.r¡ À,ù,H ã- * Ë /v"(I can't possibly buy a house in Tbkyo.)

12,*V (stem) T ='*^rof - ing'

lV(stem of * i--form) +Ë] expresses 'the way of doing somèttring.'

ù'À' V ltt: Ut"a) Ë?¿l- -to) ò ø¿: È¡ ffiðrã'àr/¿ ( Ë 1,,ó 6o)î- ffiLt."(Kanji are difficultbecause leven] one kanji [often] has a number ofreadings.)

b) *átÌ L Ø#bXZW.Z( ( Èð t..(Please teacTrme how to hold chopsticks.)

13 *r ^, å Lüf ='it seems that; evidently'

;.t: !,.ì,e4presses oners,couj-ectures, .qan,bÈ,,attahle fò.,¡o-u¡sr(e6:¡1á .$¡,[1,),;.s-t9rnS

of r*-adjectives (e.g.,L1'å.à Lt.),piaúfonns of t.-adjectives (i..g.,ftu, à Lr..) *apfui"forms of verb s (e.g., n < q L r.'). It tends to be used when one's conjecture is based on whatone has heard.

læ¿¡ry¿> t.zz>>>zzÈl

l#atw > t. z z >>> Ëà 5 t,tì]

17

'l **-'

a)

b)

c)

Bä^tÌ. #r,-taÀ ôùtff* å L[r.(It seems that the Japanese people iike hot baths.)

À2 ,'

RË¿r. +rJ{ffiùtä ( (. {Ìar: ( t. å Lür"(It seems that Tbkyo is a difficult place to live in because eve4rthing is expensive.)

7 t r r-c-.|,l. +Æ.trtft+.þ7 r -z ¡. i.-À(.&Jìå Lü\.(Evidently, students call teachers by their first names in America.)

14*,V<WA<ON='the first N after v-ing'l#atry¿ > ¿. z z >>> Ërru ?re)t oh w7 i, - t a,v t)

a) T) y nrÉt'<WbrØrtv|\-va v /l¿'a/¡.(It was my first culture shock after arriving in America.)

ttub) +&Èìlå * c T ãl d¡T o ¿ 2 :-'v 2 t'. ft4ËS ¿* à' ø+4 ù: *a Èrl'ì,'â z /¡

"(1 met many teachers and students at the first picnic of the semester.)

BÄ^lia <aJu)<. *B'fiHÄffi/ìùttffiL * Ll¿.(When I went to Japan, I spent a whole day speaking only in Japanese, for the fi¡st time in my life.)

lt$¿:Äe < flJb< - EäÀ¿:ât. * L/c.(When I entered coliege, I met a Japanese for the first time. li.e.,Ihad never met a Japanese until Ientered college.J)

G)

d)

18

I,Àã DLì

,,,,,#r ^l

1 : fì.. È, L + t.*T7). is an hon-orific form of 'êT. This is dif-ferent from t. à c L s t.* 1¿.,which is an honoriûc form of t.* TÈ'.

2:Native Japanese speakers oftenend a sentence with -åt (but. . . ). This suggests that some-thing more might follow andhence gives a softer tone to theconversation, thus making it morepolite than a sentence withoutà1.

3: L ¿ ôî is used to change thetopic of a conversation.

4: Ë¿t is used to bring up an impor-tant point or information.

5 : Try to use connectives such as åi¿f" and t-à'6 to get more in-formation from a conversationpaÍner and in general to have a

smooth conversation.

a) "'ffifÌ >>>>>lâãtl

>>>>>[âff2]b) 'o'UJa"Tãã^¿ffiT

| "' åå#d?i:U : L: ir'l' 2l Í;ìe 2 1 70)/\I:ÊÉfiË^L/J ð !'o Él Éft,Hjrrttt..

^o) Z L þFr,,tt,t¡l. i t o

hHIJ

++a)

b)

:tflt,1,{"1 ¿ì. )

L<"

bo) ), EtltftE.tt r å ? L \Þ ür

åà. E'ilJ-c"Tzï2" (ùåi.. 4 )*r p )v..s-h-¿H U*,1"^ì-r-ðrLt"T¿.. ¿ãZeô

l'rfe6u ( *¡Furt,*1.

*tv¡v:E.tlJ I

*+u¡v:ÊtLt:

**utv:

Br+

l.À

Er+

l.À

Brtr

¿ZôT.3, Iù.rtTà.oEu n. ++ØF Eã,ø7 = ) årffiÈ {", À ( F,

{ L. /; À"11"bb. zft(. s Eaffi þfutÃLl¿r. å E i Ì I ¿:

/¡ -¡ l¿ À,tl tJ"

i- L, Z ) t¿ tvTt " É&(.'ødÊ L {. *+H&\Diùt <g+ð L* L/:"ã) ù) - f¿tl, å s l. ¿ ¿r E Affi¿rT 4rr ¿,-eî n"

ét) 4À ,)r ElAffi ù: @4 3 ffi: /¿ Ø t*.

19

*l 1*,,,,,

c) ÊE^Tt-tl¡: È ùtbâà.. /Jt'à' (ó âÛ,à. !'t- E i Ulc)Èhz i

d) €rte) ffiftf ) f€È?bøÊ#

lrt ,t( J:

tøl ¡;') 7¿+L*f" Y#ø:+äf"T" Ea^-ùt*|-Ðiùt <

+-w+ L /¿ r,. å Ea { !. *'l-o €¿k¿* Eaffi{. T.¿â t)t

l.ôL ( *ámt.L*T.

fìTt.c/¿: à r)ró b *È¿,¿r. *16 À,ùt <

ffi*l*1=z.¿Ë#r'T. Ð)4"

a) ¿ ø )',ø&ffiùl'fEl-c'1à."L ;¡b) :ø)'.øitãÌt ¿"Å,/JffH{'L r i à."

c ) .Ø^Øà+!ùt Ð: ù: ó b *'îà."t/ú h tiLc,d) z ø )uøÉ,#ÉãùÌ{4É{.'Tà..

ÊF (Lrrtj) *'\âil (r..ì:Lt¿{\'LìP)Ë**ls (à r ,{ r ì ,ìì) *l¡É (.ì:4 r ì )

l

/rrrdVv-,a) *7 t:Ì¡.->-c- *uär,.ù: ¿ i L.(n+¿:Hfrafs:I i ':r¡oI¿ù.þffiÈ/Jë !'o

b) ffit.l: :- Lþ ), lo))vr¿¿ 0.ffi4 (toreport) L/Jð r,'"

J "' trt-lV7'V(

Ê ,{ 7 ù: t¡ b /¡Ë !." -Äù* EAffiØ+ä. ö i -^Ìl BÄffiØftäî. X#ø's-î ,t

-t'ìíjø{âr. * L/¿" ¿ ø#øà#r Ø J. i t¡à#?LlJ ð !'. #4ù:ä?/¿^¿t.u ,: Lrir"'Há#!ftþ Lä¿rt,, ft,+^ø: ¿ ðt'ô\'ôËf,È/Jðt,'"

{,,,4V7-2) L:6 4t:

a ) ,{71: tÃ ->'c., 4.*. (tI¿Ffr- È'tl¿ffit:'c t '(H È ä è !'o

b) Ht,./; a Lþ2 7 ^ot)vl¿Ë¿:#åLlJðt'"

$ r" dVv-,e ¿aû:bâo)IJ,-{

e)r. L

&flJø*f v7"tvtt" :-ØAfr\þ ( d'¿l¿z\¿i. ÐÅ,r¡Ät"LJ iå'.L.Llu ¿È

.(7 i: tÃ.>'C., R.øHIã¡-Æå /J È t.o

=EErÊFi*a\âìlÈ**t3gliÉ

ð& ,k-Ë13

r 108-0023 Rñä3)åtråH 4-r Ê 5# 4+TEL: (03)4567-8910 FAX: (03\4567-7777

E-mail [email protected]

,rrrrffi" i

ËË^+x+st3*tf+

ä# E+ q.¡ -74Y,T

Vtf#ft T251-0000ÌÈälttç6;¡6'&Ê t-2TeL (0466)77-8899 Fax (0466)77-7777

â +, -'226¡0000,i*ärrtqç¡¡6ffitrËR3-ziTel,/Fax (045)045-0450

e) H+ð ¿,¿Ì ¿ À,ÌÃlt#þ LÍ !. * Tà.,cL

f ) H+ð À,o)WtÐ{r.6Efùt- Ð:¿:óD * Tå."

r,ig) H+ð à"ØX,tt å: ¿: b, *.-ltr..h) E+ ð À"ØX.o)É#Éä¿t.fEIæ{'-Tà..

X+sl3 (.ìì¿áì(,iì) &*q (É r ì D o)Ðr*#Tú ß¿L'Èå) å€ (U/:()

$,,, fF*e â/ùþfrãî.-f âffX.þæâ /J ð !.o Fð ÌtÉ+ (" ò r,..

e 7 r, h L++.ùtâúrÊ/rLf !. * T" cD äEf,r. t- g.øi.nff-u lrfL¿t'o. ÈH,{ t'd-tlx-'x ?^illJ ð l'"

a) :Ø^¿it+ffiä{"T.b) Eä|#ZH-W.L{r.*T,c) EIA^îÎ:/¿:åÈrób*T"d) É&Øtå. Eäü:BYL*L/¿.e) ;tY¿:Ã: AzJ,e>. EA¿:Effiþffi.Ì i ù:/¡ b * L/¿.

f ) +XL/¿ à EIA^lr( l"Lr i,( åã1, àr. ,rg) RIR (name ofa Japanese film director) øU4É¿ff¿ ( ð Å,F,* L/c.

h) E+#þtulÃLl¿; å ùió t *ìi¿,"¡ ) B4æ¿tçð L ( z¡r. åE:{r.*T"

Jd tÍj ) BA#ùtHÌ- 6{Lâ LE: Í ì,. * 1"

XKEKX@gKuM

1 (+=tttõ D ttttu" fl Srdrr+#¡Ïõ : (b. lÉLr

¡¿uråft ¡rå¡'alået3-D5. ffitu<az< r¿ðt\.)

I / r. ?r-lw

: ùrÌ*- Baå. txÌ¿ùå-'å. b ØH++tJtTË¿s. þlø<7 / , rt LØX"'ft:/;ffiØffiîî" T 7 - Lu- i 4 Ø7 J y rt N,J- üTãø*aÎð¿,ØËìË{..üTË ¿* *a1¿ ð .i, à. a ñË x nr¿ iffi¿ ¡Jr ð /¡ / v ì v r k ffi û cTt -; Ic Ø -a î "

îL ô'4 0)Httt- /\,8ØX(*- 1u'Jì'Â,ãt'B{" L/¿" tFå' 6+tl (" È u'Ëu'(.f 7-ãÀ,Ø7,1- l'¿:ËÈ * L/¿" 1r-ðÅ,ù: lEi 4'-r6xb /¡ðu'.1 ¿

Ê*>{t'c- rtrTËÌ**Ë¿-¡rþ * L/¿. ÉlÉ#ËfåìÅbc-c- +fF¿ /vìv'-l¿lþYÈîL- T 7-ð A,tt l=h=-r/Ãà"ù.81î17r'l ¿Ff,È* L/¿. tll

Tãl*Ø Ðåså.dr r.{ !.(. {4à.Ë/; r. ð Øþffi.ô-I¿ù.'tl¿ùlit Ð. lÙ*u'-;t:

FRô,f¿u'-CTl LÆL 6 0)ttX+.LIì ô i å,Br t Ø"C. "No, thank you." täà* L/¿. 6t'ôÀ'- f 7 -ð¿,Èìò i-EËf,t'{ < {Lârìô) tE:l¿à'å-C--T. L.ôtrt- l7 -ã à"tt. lt-T-) åã:l;ÈÙf {''. T ('LIJTãØ

táÎð À,0)i- å ?u- 6\',ô tËf,Èù*De)* L/¿. xfAø: åf. Hh'øfulfrø

¿ t &-ffiFåC àt'#L{å.à. illTÊmf 7-ð À'Ø7',s- l'3H* LÈ"

Ø ÐùÈ. *Èà.*rt'/:* *{"Ll¿" tl-tTãtt 40)E- 7 t, rt'ettl, I ) -) üÌ

l,t -) /¡øl¿'. å u') ¿ LþFúof¿ØtT"

ØYlZ#,lvT'1¿rÍ ã ÈDr

iE UFNHO. F€Ë:CUINHX ËANTdËUI"'liÁE;R

KG

GKKtr

a) r i -¿ L. i^ùJ,- rljTãØËi#{.'î.b) ilJTËØsáÎã hTrsT 7 -è Â,¿:Ër../:f#ftÌi. ÜTãàìEAå'Èffic{ å

l¿o)11, ¡ i "

c ) úlTã¿ìZ / Y rt¿:Ëu'/¿ øt*,'FícU.,;"

d) tllTËlx. T 1-ã À'0)æ*.-c. ¡F{..l-rÈ * L/c"

e) f 1-ðÂ,¿i. l=ìtz-7tt'/¡À'zJ'Ðr{"fà'l ¿:EffiÈ* LÌ¿"

f ) f r-ðrl,ùt. =lt=-1þfrL{ ( dz* Ll¿'

¿success.)

L? Ét' ltùr ¿

. tìttöxãelä.O ûËl,,3ib ! """"""""".'.:'.

:,::.""""""""""""""""">â;E 1

,1.: '"' " "' "" """"""">ffiAlVÅÊúaætìeËþ" ..............."...-,..'

.tTLUtr. .....................

þlvl').#Etr¿5€

LT IJRE No6oee('

Greetings

ever assume that Japanese greetings and their English "equivalents" correspond

exactly to each other. For example, although ôjltÀf ðdtìtl means "Good morn-

ing!," the two expressions are different in that ôlát5 ðdt\tl is not normally used in the

late morning. ölåA) ðdtìtl also has an informal equivalent ¿JltAf , which can be used

when you are talking to children or close friends, but never to u åi (= higher status)

person. Another good example would be ðA())ä5. ðA(f )f4õ indeed means "Good-byl"

but it is never used to people one is living with; also it is a rather informal expression and is

thereforeincompatiblewith keigo(=politespeech).WhenpartingwithaEl-tperson,itissafeç and less juvenile-sounding, to sayt?LUtf. The best strategy for Japanese greetings

would be to observe how native speakers use them amongst themselves and emulate

them.

Another thing students of Japanese should bear in mind is the fact that once a relation-

ship has been established between two people in Japan, such as teacher-student, it does

not break down. ln America, you might call your professor "Professor so-and-so" in the be-

ginning, but as the relationship grows closer, you might start using his/her first name.

That is notthe case in Japan, however. Yourteacheç even afteryou graduate, remainsftä,

i.e., a Elt person, and your speech must continue to reflect that. ln other words, you

cannot all of a sudden switch from ôlåAf ðdtìtlto ölt&f !

Addressing your friends

J n school, classmates may call each other by last name *dfu l<fu,last name

I first name *5t¡ lu lt lv I ( fu, first name by itself, etc. Oftentimes, moreover,

each other by various nicknames or by shortened versíons of their names such as

*ål in â-ãÉ3.

by itself,

they call

f ) (for

côoco

rttrt6tìË?=F j

€ *vtrJL . ^-z]-, ÊE#r¡yltxEElã#ú)=Eftät¿âã"

*rutu: *á¿åJ i ¿"ð"t.*T"

= E: *ôù*Ì i ðð"r.*T"* r u.tv I !r!rttxfr,-6"Tfl.--- El : 4){-rf;'à"

E EUE

*tutv

= El :

*Iutv

= H:

*ruù

= El :

** u¡v

= El:

*tptv

--- El :

*+utv

o)+'É.. + tz y/ (Zëtfc=Eftäl-â).

¿ rå,ù: ¿ ¿È"

-\-r-ð ¿,. 4 I z,4,ù-Ë lll o"cÊ ) Øtrt*6ù. Lr..à{"T1"¿" , L{("Tà..f/,ÈÈùÌ. ò i ùlð--Eâ:"cr.å{"LÌ i. 41u- iffi¿* l¿¿,¿:È¿*J

o'CÊi Lt' å r åÆ.r¡À,îT"

D + ð. FJ'(É ZùÌr.. l..-e t- t ) ù'"

f4 {> Éb:¡-t..{"âffflTf¿lÌ'r,. r.l.'L } i.1

là L+ ( j :l Ð ) u. iËffi'cïà..êfrRþ L{F,ì}ä¿ìù) :- ) t. )À j ü:. t" ¡-t ¿HeTùÌ"{*áDÈ"kTâ"t{r.iÉm("TJ"/ùìr,b * L/¿.

D+*È"ft+LL*î.

25

-lz#>,,,,

e +E/ \E+l- trËË UE+ãtlÏ[Ëp (. # v u Jt¡ätHú)Ê[Ee H äËt E ¿. lËJËø E 6^æV+tþ D

DìãÉUfiìltã.

10

r9 bi*tutv

w ,:*ru¡vw b:

*rutvù9 t7:

*rutv19 \:*tutvw b:

*rutv19 bi*rutvù9 r1

*< utv

19 \:*<vtv

tá¿ÌÌ i"GE4 i r¡F{.) táùå, & i.HE¿ i Ldâ.

i À,- ù9 i ^ì-ffi+* ("fr¿rÊ u'cfcù. È>.

ð : å F ( Ëd'tl$_t_l-!-t-?-l-;-.2

B A#øffiFEàst; ( ã À'ã> '> l¿

(Ë-#eF,-C) ù>o- /tÆÈ. +flr È) .

irÀ. fl-. H,I¿?

ì-- l¡À"'a"

I¡FÎ.

FÑZ

7c i " Là. {> -t'^-+¡'-K b "

l'Ì'-'v--[ãbl o-c?

/çñ:(t'i ¿ ¿" ÑàrTC(Wolâ"i--> ! u.SÈ/¡ ô"

D +- ,åu.f'âù. È>fttr:Tt ( *t"

) À.,- D+. *,1¿1þ11t.

t - .?&!;.ÆL ( {. _/4¿ll4¿Ì#&b6!¡__1..1__"34

< 11ìt'/¡.t. ¿ ffiXù:E{vt' + i "

15

26

>>>>> õLìË?Ei*

e h. Ä . ) =

ü y, E+fr0)ËE-HtJt.+ r, 7/ tzctâ) " -Ê[Jtt l-. ¿\ärË+lE+{v- E6g+ t,lcEtOldffiä"

5¡.

t.

t

10

Þ

I'

15

t

t

20 l.

^Bß

À

Bß

A

Bß

À

Éß

à

Bß

À

Ë[

/^

HI

à

Ë[

¿^

ey !

ð. Ì,/^ !

C}ð LÀb !

üiÂ, å ù:.

t-'>*I¿0)"

frìEüËu.tùSå.b"

4 ) zJ'" e ylrtR.6; ¿ ù1. tù À,t¿ Ì:Ëf,r.tf[ o"CI¿ ùl å'- !:?_*aþ:Èþ:Èt/¡ ( -C"

:'Ð¿,. l- ^0)./ -)v7 r^ vzàlâå. å z¡ ( t_ , -)vl[ÈtÃzl.cI¿À,1ì"

!.[.]- L.L.}" {.'. Ð:¡,:lÈA"tâø"/uzC-=l[.iff"bb- 2uzC-lJt*Eo{ó" ëùt7.,3- l. l:{¡¿1"5"A ) À," u.:à.ËtñÌ:ft/¡ ¡. 2ilù" T-^4t#=-Câ?) À," L- L. 6ä¿x 723-345-2433"

lxør -, 4 o)æEtt 555-347-4167"

D ç. âE€ffLt"i lu" D+. */¿.

27

-12#>>>>>

:,:2:f i4n¡Jili:}'i1.i1jwlsgffiü:ìi:izi';rti¡¡1?5r:r?¡5ràv.3i*tr{:?

|.! ? :;.1:1 |.. :.|: ;:' :: :.: :. : ;: ;| :::.'1. :: j.. :..j : ::. : : |.!:|

EIA^åì7 ) '

rt Lr- À ( Ëf,à.i'r'cWâHPãø-'t ¿:. "FIow are yov?" tt EAffi.(..{ú

¿ É : ¿.. å u. j Ølrtb â " 6 t, ô¿,Eäffiù: ò [¡.¿.¿sa"j-¿..1 ¿ ¿. [*áñ-.{-,(.

Tå.1 /¡ å" å r. i Ë#¿l b âù:- f ç.¿.¿sa"-¡¿.1 t*&ilffiTmØÅ¿:ã i øìt:À-t ) IìL. ltÐúamî'Tþ.) ù* L ¿f 6 ( À b ícàc ÈÄl: þ_¿'_Ëà_/_4__!:_"

?_È ,., æEã1

^ù: [¡.¿r¿;a.j¿.1 Lù. liÐüÃ,("1å.j LÊ) L- ]FHt-Ær¡þ!ll_Þ_â" EIAÂ¿*

7cØl\,bb t:'F:F.ø#þT â ¿ f ¡ìes¡-rìô ) o l!.l..*ax-xrïdal ¿ È. fær.'e T

del å È.- 7c

')Eøx-x,l;4 "-Ç-r;A::?Få ùì j r...

r-z ¡ñ.*o\zcJ*n

oo*ave anice day !" -t

u.:@iríæmt"t4 ¿Ëi à.. ¿ Ëf,å.tr1ã.òù E6. ElAffi

tt:tå7c {u!;Ylç,_aË#¿sz¡ r.È. à 1b â" ^

¿ EIJ/"Lâ ffi¿: ¿*,- fË+årElt'{-. ói?,ùå" l{..to

¿*. ftTLL*Tl- EÃ'eóþùf lDç. *l¿l z¡ÐåËi/a'ùITìô)o "IIl.ave aniceft(

day!" ?Haffi¿:-mRl,'(.ÛF.-r¿erfrÆ.*'å. L!.o 7 / y r^Ù*. 4 )\- i#,wþrÃ<

LrÆr¡ffikî 6àì. Fù*. BA#¿:trtã>="ci€ffi¿:/Ju.ór.ðr=i#ò/¿ ( ð A,bâ0)Lr( Ù'

I¿"ffilL¿f'. ê+ØÈiø lu.l;ÈÈ*Tl. ÈHø1A.ø l:t,4 ið*t'Ll¿l |rt4a)XLv^

¡. ¡.ffJlì" EIä^àìÉ1h\Øxþ fr6 ffiù:É i l'{to -c È * Tl. 4lt"t:Nl,'Cxffi.a)

Ê) lTt.< 6ol'ç!'l- Kn'\fr:(ÈÈ,'\Øãilf¿Èt'* ) ,7cØWXffiøãi l*a

,ffib /¡åu.l /¡ Ð å t,iù>ì,.ðrò j€ffi¿:¿t/J!.o ElaÅ¿*_ hnÈi¿:â:tÅü:*/¿Èkc't

*i L. iftBùi,¿i ö j t ðt.årf âa L¡tesç-o *ffit"ò. "Thankyouforthe

other day." å à. "Itwasgoodto seeyouthe other day." /¡ å" åãLt¡t'¿ ¿ ù1,/J

!.åì- EA;ãø lftBùÈ Ð i òl øt i r¡iF* ¡tât.ù1,/J.,l!./rr.'o.r,rf"Lzt ìï------------ xr:'-ftËÉ!¿:=r'" {. lft* bXE!:TÃ'>I¿ ô t'ð ?Æ#ùÌ.

'€ffiJ b E^ffiØfr¡:þu'lì

ô 1 " l:t-lrJù.btl âm. ât¿-äå*u-q-rc - EttØ+ffiøftÐ,râr /¿ffi. z Øtrlù'

¿'i r. ) ffi¿:fnJ Lã't l¿ à J u.à.ÈìlÂ*:{!.{. 4fLþH,ì-6l)lrt, X+t¡hä##t"åË:.6òlt_Iìô)"

r:,'L-L{O Ü't6')åÜr-e-l-È fi ,t ¿o1. f r:r"

iL aît! t' ) € t¡'tYaf t: fl', 1 tt * f

-t,zÞT>>>>>

rttrtôtìð?=Hl

-lz#>>>>>

32

,,,,, õrìÈ2=* |

There are three different types of predicate endings-tT. * j--forms, lì-forms and t ù¡ 6 -

forms. So, the idea that Tanaka is a Japanese can be expressed as HFð /L¿t EA^f.¿, B1+ð /t Ìt BA^/a' or EIF Ë ¿,li Hä^-e ð å. The styles which use f.T.* T-endings, lì-endings, and f ã> â -endings are called f T. * T{õ, lì{6, and {" ó å {ô, respectively. While -c''

b 6l# is mainly used in writing, both 'C1. * T{f and È{6 are used both in speaking and

writing. In speaking, ('.T' * T{ô is used in formal situations such as any formal meetings orin addressing strangers, acquaintances or people to whom you feel respect is due. Ìì{6, on the

other hand, is generally used in informal situations, such as when you are talking with your

close friends or family members. È6 can also be used toward someone for whom you feel

respect is not due (e.9., children, one's subordinate, etc.) In writing, lì{ð is normally used innewspapers, novels, scholarly articles and essays. Letters and memos are usually written in (.'T' * T6. îb â{16 is very formal, so it is generally used for formal writings such as public

documents and scholarly articles.

Traditionally, the Japanese language is known for having a distinctive difference between men'sspeech and women's speech. This distinction, which is mainly observed in casual conversation

style, is seen in uses of pronouns (e.g, boku vs. watashi), some nouns (e.g., meshi vs. gohan,

,,a.:f ..$',f ff ,(pôlite;form) Ì;--6 (plain forúr), {.þ,6 ffi ' (exnosiøqy,form)

EIAAT.l E^^/.' n#/\'e b â

Ea^{$H}a I *nia Bä^{E'å}n... BA,,\(.t*r¡u'

Íffif1-T¿ fdK/i: /¡ Í.{"dl.lù> ->t¿

rffi{f$}ó b *ÈÂ,(.1/¿ +t+{3H} rÃù"ot¿ Í{*t'l*/¡È.2l¿

È Ì¿!.(.-î Èi¿t./¿ i å fLt-:cb6

åd,¿r,.{3'å}ób*ÈÂ, å tur.r.. {3'å} nr.. ÈÌzt.'eùt/Ju.

ãr--e 1 äl' ãu'*<bþ*r¿, ä ( /¡t' ä ( /¡u.

ê-ì*T ê'ra ê-raê^ * +rT fr-r/¡ ¡. ft-i,/¡ ¡-Ê-l* Lt¿ ê-¡/¿ ê'lÈ

ê-ì* ÈÅ,f L/¿ ft.iz¡¿., ¡a p-rf¡¿., ¡¿

.lz#,,,,,

hara vs. onaka) and particularly in sentence endings. For example, sentence-final particles

such as zo and ze afe typically masculine while a sentence-final particle wa is genenlly

considered to be feminine. Uses of these masculine and feminine senstence-final forms have

been undergoing changes, and thus, it is best to classify them into four types, as below.

Strongly masculine: 4-- (ft < ê-)

ü' (ñ ( ìÌ')à.t.? (fÎ ( È.t'?)

- /¡ ¡- fr ? (ft¡t,t¡t . È. ?)

imperative (plain form) (trùt J. ê'ìó À )

Moderately masculine: (plain form) À (õ ç ¡. ffil'l )

r¿ i.,/f¿È,¡.,/ /ìl dâ G>LT¿ïìj. âB /ii iâ)

Moderatelyfeminine: (plainform) Ø (ft ( Ø\-Ët'ø\)

Strongly feminine: h,/b J,/b*r,/b I de (ffi < b,/-EãLt¿*r/- b6b t,7)[Noun,//¡-adjectiveJ t¡ø (BAÅr¡ø. È È u'/¡ø)ù'1, t> (Tt ( l¡'|¡ Ù)

Uses of both strongly masculine and strongly feminine sentence-flnal particles have been on

the decline. In fact, younger men and women hardly ever use these strongly masculine and

strongly feminine endings anymore. Women these days generally use moderately masculine

endings in casual conversations, and thus there is not much gender difference in the use of

sentence endings. Older women, however, do still use strongly feminine sentence endings.

Furthermore, in comics and anime, these strongly feminine and masculine endings are used to

create certain character identity, and hence it is good to be able to recognize gender character-

istics of these particles.

,,,,,6rìË2=* |

1 "o V/46r1¡='without V-ing; instead of V-ing' [âtr1 >2. l-: >>>Ëtrrãurc]

. V lr t-Í", gne éf the negatiu" a-¡9rms of a verb, is .oftén fðllowed by another velb: *d

Lr( t, ltua) Eärtr. {EI ö Éþfrt,rêFàrâÐ 6Ø¿tft+Lt¿"

(7n Japan, it is bad manners to begin amea\ without saying anything.)

b) ffiÆþ L/¿¡,rÍYüt,..)R6Ø¿l,J ( /J!-.(It's not good to come to school without having done one's homework.)¿ L r))'L

c ) ElÉÊH^lîrt'ts,L\Tx.1fu,ifrt 6ä4 Ù t. å.(There are students who study atlnorne instead of going to the library.)

,, V',/J 1,. {: often c-arries ,a conno-tation,.that one didn,lt do Whatone- w4s,expæçted, fo .do. $o, fo ,

b), one is expected to do homework before coming to school bw helshe did nol

f ,r, Vltülürø)fi='You should - Uit.,lt would be good if you did -)'lã#.z > t. z >>>EnHurrøtc]

,: ihislexpression,rsusually used to suggest the opþo.sþof.whæ, hÈ,oüeiipç ìslg¡qg or

ha) ù -r åF( Ëftlt'trl,rc)[;.

(You should go to bed earlier.)Ì)

b) tllr.t, /Ju. å ¿ ôt|ftæ.t:ËI[tlt'trt\ø)Í:"(You should ask your teacher about things that you don't understand. lSaid to someone who ishesitant about asking the teacher some questions.l )

J 'ot t*LlZ='moreover; besides' lemz >¿.a]

HÉt*. )¡þìþt"-t-. Znt;WlffiùÉr.ØT-_ ÍÈ.a¿ ( !.{.1.(tUkyo has a huge population, and, moreover, prices arehiglr' Therefore, Tbkyo is a difficult place tolive.)

A: +H¿*ñfiàräå a i t¿ia"(You don't look well today.)

ô':l t.È h2B : i À,- EÈìtË ( (. zirE#tò Ë ¡ a Lb6 À,î"

(Yes, I have aheadache, and I also have a slight fever.)

A: D+. + 1,ffi-tcffiÀ,ÈlÈ¡U-U.ca"(In that case, you should go home earþ and rest.)

a)

b)

35

.lz*>>>>>

,..,O!heqgonjunctions,which,areoflen,usedinclûde Z,fuf" 1the.ré.f,orç;'1u,,,kLt* iand;,and..thên;,

and also,' 4 ùt lt, b 'after that.' 4 L'C. is the most general conjunction meaning 'and.' 4 ÌLlr, ùemphasizes that an event follows another event in time, and 4 fLî emphasizes "causal"

relation between two sentences.

c) ÈØ? t*Hr-þt,,rftÈ* Lrr" IÍt+:'\ XæøXØÅ-î¿ _,nft-ct. ä+rc¡ô*n'lfr'tfÈ*LÈ.(I went shopping yesterday. After that I went to apar!y at a friend's house and came home about tenat night.)

In c), both 4 ùLlt, ì, and 4 l-î arcfine. Howev er, 4 lt'ìt à emphasizes the fact that it was

after the shopping that the speaker went to the party. In some cases, therefore, 4 trù, Ù and

4 l,'C. arenot interchangeable.

d) È Ø i ùÌ. EAf{ËE^Tt-rI¿" Z l,T ( 4lt ¡t'È,) þ-f L ?ê-rÌ¿.(Yesterday I went to a Japanese restaurant and ate sushi.) [* mark means that it is ungrammatical.]

e) ÊìË¿lAffi¡ôãn*.1¿" ZVT (41¿ù'à) /\ffiðóffi->lc"(My friend came to my home about six, and left about eight.)

4 tL'C'presents a reason or cause.

|9å À +r(

f ) gÈìKb * LTc" ? fr?'. ftõffiàrìEi¿/c À'-et"(It was snowing. The flight was delayed because of that.)

4rrrlålrl8,lDr^,/Cüf ='not easily' lã*i2>¿.8>>>ã/rìfr/r,Kt¡aaczl

::::¡ ,,

/f'È.i¡¿:, when used with a negative, means that somethiniis noüeasily'$ne.,r,orftat,ittakes

ù,tvu åtd ;*a) Ë?¿rr¿Ðâ,h'Ha-ànl¿( (- W-t.C L'*T.

(Ifs terrible because it takes a long time for me to memorízekanji.)

b) =- E, -þffi.À,ìØ(". /J?)'/c?)'ËË*ù:f {f ¿t(" L/¡.(I had coffee, and so I couldn't fall asleep easily [i.e., ITtad a hard time falling asleepJ.)

! >>t QUeStiOn WOrd +-ùtïïùtå/¡ür [âã:>¿.g>>>ur2r*ãt]ìâaaa<<l

F'orembedding.awh-question!nanothersentence,simplych4n.gè'.fiè.,.eldjnÌg.:Ófitie.èm-U9é ¿ qu.estion into the plain fonn. The copula ld'is optional::Bê, tòt!(.e-.êþ.,tha'qú¿q{gf

36

partidle à. at the end of the clause.

,,,,, õrìÈ2=*l

a ) urP Elä¡li < n'i¡n'q *Ë h"(I don't know when I will be going to Japan.)

b) +x L ltt'È¡FtãT ã å' * ÈJlzJ' r) *Ë lv"(I don't know yet what I will be doing after graduation.)

c ) =4ønã¡#Ørí+.ùÌËft (Ë) ?:'* /ìJùrt'ú) *,Ë/ù"(I don't know yet who will be teaching third year Japanese.)

d) t.îlv z ì. 7 vàlr- u-á¡ * ÈrÌzt úJ *Ë /1,"(I can't tell yet which restaurant.is good.)

Also note that a yes-no question can be embedded in another sentence by putting the,,,p¡9{þate.intotheplainfqqn,and,byadding,àr,È",iÐì,.,,1 ,,::', 1.r:-,,:, ,r.i

,

(I don't know whether I will be going to Japan next year or not.)I' Ù¡l ûTr'

f ) +Ê.Ø#,W,*HË L r,-l¡' ¿ a ñ,tTù, ú) *Ë 1L"(I don't know whether the next test will be difficult or not.)

t¡'r' lt 6 Ë.llg) = C-ft?fÄ -t l¿ ltt ¿ ) ù'H,n-( t,r :Ë {f ¿{,"(I don't remember whether I paid the copying charge or not.)

h) Bä^?t' ¿ Ò rr'Æe) *Ë /v"(I don't know if he is Japanese or not.)

$ rot [¿Z]^,/¡t,r='only; no more than' lnatw > t. t >>> ui5,E;.Eur]

Là'always occurs with a negative. The implied meaning is that the amounlitem mentionedis not,enóugh or, less,than eXpected.

a) fi. Ì.".ry LlÎt¿ürå. à. uEÉ^lÍùl * riÂ,.(Because I only have five doilars, I can't go to the movie.)

b) * o) ) ØWr. ãffifñ vn #t¿n,ct¿ù.6. âBÌ*,HE!..(I only slept for five hours last night. So, I am sleepy today.)

c ) * Å,àì Uù'lñ,*,t¿tr+&trsþt",0)¿*. Ëa.(Ifs too badthat there are so many children who read only comic books.)

37

-lz#>,>,>

| >r> C*,U ='in other words; that is; namely; in short' læaryz>¿.¿l

a) A : : ;' -- =+tt. -ìC- ì-¿^'effi&4aTi¡. (number) ¡tþ¡'4 i-et i"(I hear that because of the Baby Boom there will be more high school students for the next two,

three years.)

B: ?f u/t+ù:^ âØùtffiL!. t !.7 ¿ ¿f*fcâ.(In other words, it is more difficult to get into coilege, right?)

lr¿.1

b) Ë¿*-r*¡v=É^Ä*El/i-2/¿l å *rb6z)ì- â¿l--r*2z65gf àu'/d. ?:f;rJ. Ì'^.'v

þffic-c t. å ¿. EIA("ù* #Ø=tì0)*(" å l'ØH u'þüU¡'tÈ /J t,'Øl¿'.(In the old days, there was a time when a dollar was worth 360 yen, but now it is worth about 105

yen. In other words, nowadays, with dollars in Japan you can buy only one third of what you used

to be able to.)

8 "" SentenCe+Þút?T='That is to say; lt follows that; That means ...'l#aw>t.s>>>uanv<øal

a) A

B

b)A

B

c) A

A :. 7 È /4,11BA¿:*S ö {ÌÂ,tt,'l¡Â,(.'T i.(Miss Smith has lived in Japan for as long as ten years.)

/ià. 6 - Eläffiår-s r.< 7 r¡t>ll TT tt"(Thafs why she speaks fluent Japanese, right?)

ù> o) )'ì*9*'.-ü fr È. ùt /J l-îrumtl'È' b L f u' * T"(He studies all the time without even going out.)

j(-eÈ6þtt<'ltr"(No wonder he is good.)

:* Ø i v ù ìnT]..l¿ Â,îTÈs- L t" w i tLfu.ct"l- Xþ= ffiÙ:frÌ¿rì,tT¿ì. Ë!'l¿Ø¿ttHîót Ll¿"

(We went to Chicago yesterday. Tlaffic was so heavy on the way that, although we left home at

three, we didn t get there until around seven.)

(That means it took you as much as four hours, doesn't it?)

38

I

I

I

I

>>>>> õLìÈ?ÉlÊ I

i,il

i"--ì

i

t'

$ t't NEå:T='depending on' [æary)r>r.7>>*ñtr&:<]

a) þ[-ãrÉ#¿å 4ØEØXF,r&cT !-ô!- ôÊZùf'J t-"(What greeting you use may vary depending on the weather of the day.)

b) ^E

å cTë ì-ùtÉ!'* T.(Opinions vary from person to person.)

+r.+å V Ùh È

c ) =-zØÞÌffiùi. ilffiØÞÌffir:*c(l** b *î.(A course grade depends on the exam grades.)

10 *t ruf&/cã=,correspond to -, lffiaa>¿.e>>>?fit¡*r¿õeêâÌl

a) Bäffiø l¿Å,¿:Ëùrl ùÌ. Fffiø oorrello" t;ÉÈð.(Japanese "konnichiwa" corresponds to English "he11o.")

b) - i.^.¡vll- ,fEfFlEH/: U *ttt'"(How many yen is a dollar?)

f f *' ^, (ø)) ååäN='N, like -; N such as -'lffia¡u¡ > ¿. t s >>> rñE B¿à €l øeããxã bEËJl

41" t)

a) I Ð t {,.] ø)J à t¿MfiJr¡7 v-Àìtt - 9€ffi¿: llär. Tìô i "(I don't think English has a convenient phrase l1ke "daomo.")rÞlv l: ùlùb) &ffiØæ+ìr. BAz\¿: üffiÐ/Jr'J af¿#,âËìrtù>6ù' å- ffiLr,-"

(Characters for names are difficultbecause there are readings such as those that even Japanese can'tread.)

39

-lz#>>>>>

a) "o EL¿,Aãffi >>>>>[âtr2]

¡pb: HE¿ila'Èr,

* < v tv : i A'- lp i -ì--Ë+* f'ø!Â U"C.T:.ìr' Ù "

@b : ù : åF< Ê¿'rlt'tttrol; 1o

*+vtv: È Ø, ¿lË)Ér)ìËeI't:41 I¿lr, ?tt.tzzù¡Uf¿Hïffiffiò/¿ ( ð À'ù>'>1."

È t'^Àr9 b : 7c {Lì,tjÑ;Ærì ->l¿tt"

,r" E!-lVJVl^.7 ù: r¡ b . -ÄlÌ BA#Ø+4.. ð i -^¿l EÆ#Øft+J: t¡ b /J ð l,'o +IJ.++0)

Mø-e , Yä¿*Lls.å ( Àb ¿:frä¿=Éårt (frâ 1:tobumpinto) L.ô-c'T" ft1¡2

ãÈ.Ð iìr,- HffiaH,¿ i /ì=/¿å.. ft4.1:Ëf,åäð \,o 4l-'(ãttØHÍtat:?!.(ft4.1=#L/JðL'o

Jó

zc {LtrtKbot¿ 6- ++.2 PoÌ¿)x,ùtftäù: ä b. tÈ+.V P':> l¿ÅÈìYå.,t:t¡cL-ö t *ËlEl Dâtr?ffiË L/r ð L'"

f ,,, EI-IVJV<e ":7ù:r¡ b. -ÂütEAffiØ+ä- ò i-^ùÌEã/\øts.Ét:t¡ b /J ð !'o Q t-a- L

Ø1 LlEltiâff?. ( Ètll:EAffi (informalJapanese) t.L/Jðt'.

3,'* trL.-rVJVl

e ,{7¿:r¡\Ì¡ð!.. tÂt*Ë7g.c"j-. */\ùtfiax-,ùl/Jð¿ it¡ø'c- ò i-^r)ì¿.i L

{à,HÈ/¡a \-o 4l-'c., 71."rì4 Ã þUr¡ðì,.. [-¿¡ì,.t.Øl:) þtfr.o'c._ ( /¿'ùl/¿

EA#f#L/JèI.O

i

1 : This expression is used to sug-

gest to the addressee that helshe

should have done something.

2:- 1,, ? {LI= is used to give an

additional reason.

1Ã-

ttrt' õtìÊ?=g€ I

{rr,dVv-,e "{7¿: t¡b, T-t 4 i:rt.'C.0)f 4 7ùy/ =yþt,t¡ð,,.. fiø ¡ir^EffiZtâ L

l. L.o

a) T-^ 4 þt#c{1.åà.. fSr(!./¡¡.frob) Ð i L{ffi.o 1 t- âØlt,- I#o{!./JL.ØÐ.oc) ,-r4¿rffiÈà.. È6!.å.od) E i U{ffå TÃo)tt,- È à r,.t¡.o)ù,o

e) T-, 4 þ{fr.i ØÌ1. Ê#þù.tl âffi/ìùtà.- üJ,Ð.0). Lù:ffi.i ¿ ¿ ò ù:âù," Þi¿¿*'.ù ) 7 {úÈ t -,4 ùt ¿¿,4. ¿ ¿:ffà âÌ¿ô itr." (ffi!: *á!. L ¡..rzqÉ?'¡¿Ét:&.

\k6o)

!,,, fFIe 'Éma¿: r l. {Élî++ (' à t,. ØlFxþE* /J ð !.o *É*a 4) l- ôù.->l¿: ¿ /¿" ùlËùï

It"Ì t""

räir lfr ØHl arJ

frtÀùrE;ffir>i:-ift!ffi=-z-á -)"'TtÈ * L/¡o : z--a-rî¿*. Èiü:{È¿,-cì,./¿ a ¿

Ø Þ â a B v ¿ 7x+ùt ( nrf-tr 4*. L t:. tytÌÈi ¿ lEl D j i r" L/¿¿ì. t+Ø ¿ ¿føË¿*. ai.t¡Éirå¿: rÃoÍ!./¿ø)t-'. cÀc ( b L* L/¿" -ìEFÆ@E. Ë)s Lt.ôt-ôt¡FfrþF,I¿ b - vz | 7 vîiôu,t-u-PVlþÈ^l/¿ b -6'È{. ¿ { ò }å.c/¿îf"

€ *t p/v' ^ì-r-àì. *r v ^ A:cÊtlJftä¿:âr,.* L/¿. cD zEf,r. r- jÃ.øxn;Èt' * ËrtE L ttÌ'rùr-'o. FÆË." { r.trL¿å-'x ?Ãful¡ ð u."

0ÕX@K

E:IJJt+.å * t rr,,yt*. IEI Ciéiü^ft < À,1 t- ¡ i "

âEûtËl-t-4 )î'1.ùa

ò tED+/¡ù.d)ù1. */ìãr.6 Lr.("-f.È Ø i ò *á ¿ ¿ r,. ò, iÉt-zï.-cf¿ ù U!.Í.--fo

a)b)

c)d)e)

*t p tvlt1Æffi0)ffi#^f-r < L.\tt"

õ2

41

-lz#>>>>>

lt) Iw t¡'

za¿-a-2 ù:lÈ{-r+¡7 ¿*. EÆØÊ.Løð Ëfå. t'- Hlfrat-tÃ.'tI¿Ù=--e-7^-ffô-ù:fiått't u'I J-tvþ ö à:t" ðËf¿Ì7, y ùþ*'t'F,l¿: å¿¡/¡1. È, ì.. i" +litrt=z-3-r+^*.þ. = z-a-rãt'tÃ0)î- i¿-a -2 0) a L r¡ 6Í¡!'eö j ( îno|-L.6o ð Èf¿¡= t--a-V "'ftï: t'. EHt¡ffiþuìéuì 6F,Èr óül'J ) L7"1vþ(FoI¿"

+T, It - ð ËÍàìË u,IciÃ.øEØÉE+ ( È. à - ? v,' v I v þÆl]L{Ët'l¡.*f p v 2 7 -7 -'+v l -- , 4 ¿^À'7r Ù -7 - rYÅy' 7'71- l" C,'v

t¡EþF,'C. {¡ 6cl¿" 4{t'þ,à. 2001 +9H 11 BØtrl-C.+È'þ'f¿Z-¡vi'^'l'r,,- 1.".+vl -åìlE:f !.tDtr'-ìBfutu'( å. ðËfÌÌz,&'U7€ )l¡ffikF'ÈI¿.

ð Èfàr-#F=7'f¿Ø¿t, 'L v | 7 )v't*-rî, zþF'f¿ffiÈ:t. lbb,7):þ¡.¡'J LÉo'C.- y 7Ø4^ÊþÈ ( ð À'L l il DÐl¿. 4l-r lRËc¿*- ¿

z L ò = l-ù.F,È, {t t¡!.à. à : * å /¡ t,..l ffi oI:"

Ø'¿ã¿#,tu:c. ff UUnHO. råË:Curnldx €^nHÈuì.

a) ðËfÙ*. Èiü:= z-3-2 Ù:*/¿. Lùtbâ"

b) +)^, I*- .13- = -21Æ.*.{tl¿"

c ) ð È+lå. Hifraøffit:*'T7 t=) -)vþ#.2l¿Ølìô i "

d) ðËÍ¿f. +v | 7 )v'tï-/lrt.-&Ã,t:),.o1¿"

e ) RË¿: {¡ '/ x ¿s/; ( ð ¿,1,'å "

aln

MuEDK

It) Z squirrel

:

¡{t¡/"h L t,. sad¡E¿'ÉS to show joY

¿.þ¡J¡. cutet- +rv À,

4H pictuer;photogfagh

¿t¿atl.

#;ñ-f a to show someonearound

È'Êc1.\- â to be standing

Ëü {(oË

I

¡1jii!11:ilirllrili1,1¡ì

tilt)rlrìi¡rlìljiiiliiltilittriitli,t!,1 I ltlllrir

Ft¡f¿ø)

. €,5-?Ðffi_LlÞ_løãfo:ã :il. ËiøElrÉlfêtf?ttfclÊ

TL\tttutiÀår iÉ'#itt erì ( r r tefÉ If r{ r q. " "" """"""'>Ê#2

:.::"""" """" " " """""""'>Ê# 3

. Ð5:(ËE(

URE Noacooo

Asking Favors

T ust as you would try to speak very politely when you ask a favor in English (e.9., Would

J yo, ... please?, Would you mind ...?, etc.), one should be extra polite when asking a

favor in Japanese. Japanese speakers often deliberately start out hesitantly by saying Ë *:¿tiffitìi5ìõ âfu7c| û ¿....'- (tit.,l have a small request but ...) instead of a more direct 5*:¿öffit\7:TõDt3-.

Negative forms such as ttfclÊlJtttfuD and U\lclilJtdUìC U t f 75\ also occur frequently. ln

more informal speech (e.g., when asking a favor of a family membeL a friend, etc.), one

would say Ð òì-fåV\?, <Í'ItdU\?, etc., instead. Another formula one should remember is

&ô1.<ômtl l,t?-, used as you part with the addressee, of whom you have just asked

a favor. lt literally means "l ask for your good favor," and is a standard ending to a request-

making situation. (Remember this same expression was also used in Lesson 1 at the end of

a self-introduction.)

Going to Japan for a Year's StudY>>>>>

T;.t or American students who have taken only one or two years of Japanese, it is virtually

I impossible to attend lectures for native speakers and expect to understand the

content. Much as one might wish to experience authentic college life in Japan, that would

most likely be beyond one's reach. lt would be more reasonable, therefore, to attend a

university that has an international division geared to foreign students. Toward the end of

the year there, when one's proficiency in the language has improved considerably, one can

perhaps receive permission to visit classes for Japanese students a few times to "get the

general idea" about Japanese college courses.

ccooo

10

I

II

II

I

trrtt Eäro)El# I

€ *vn*r uP

= El:

4Iutv

= El:

*Iutv

= El:

*tutv

= E:*rutv

= E:*+utv

*+utv

*rutv

= Bt:

*rutv

= El:

*ru¡v

lL . ^-¡-. EÄ#ø=frft#ØffinEÈa.ll("

-ffift+., L¡-> ¿sáD+*L*T"ùå t .. fn¡a"-¡¿..

ùt ð Øæ#-effiffiþ u. t /¡" < Ø k,=:,{11 L * r l¿,t{"T È¡.

4 )fTìt'" L ¡= Li#o.( ( /ìð l,.o I {L-eTtJ" âB¿x aØ-tftícL/¡&.T a*,-ri.{,-C" L È"

D +. ù> t- l¿# -> "C. < â Ø þË,¿,{Lt-Ì,__!_._Í-da"1

fiu-_ l¡r¿. b * LÈ" ó. 4{tlt'tr.l*, i-?táFF!.trtbâ.4,f1üt Ð.

frj("L¡ i"

zL"BAffiØilffiØ B ü:- liå.Øilmår-: t> ã>o{......o

-B ù:ilffiàì=:{"-f È."

ì- Z - 4 i t¡ À,îT " BÄ#Øilffi þ 4 Øffi Ø Ft ù: É ùt_ð_g I ! :I-; Iq !l /r r,.

l:1,-+ 2{:o '* ð. 4 1 u- ) . Lt¡ t,tlfrã>b *ìi À,tr. ffiØB å u. 7 ¿. ls Eløz_Kffi

El"C'-f dâ"

l*[.- 7c 111"D +. 4 ØEØ+0þ-W¿: ¿ : ^*( ( /¿"ð r,..

¿i,t.. -ffia"Tfi"!. !.1."Tà.o

åi-. Èr.D* iÀ-eT" Dç. zjrffiElØ--ffi¿: ià.¿ì!.*T. Ðt ò ô b

ål¿ i ¿'ð"!.* Lt"[. ì.. åo= Et :

45

.l¡ #o,,,,

e h'/¡

l.ÀÉül.À

EilIl.Àñ IIJ

tÀEilJl.ÀE.ilJ

l.ÀÉül.ÀEil]l.ÀE ¡II

) =

ù v . E ä#0)Eü ftf.ØffinÊ¡ffiffi,ÞtäfF atEß < "

ft+.- +. -. =âJ ôt-t-'Al- t )1t."

!.!.{"T1. {qlÍ"T¿."

b0) ). Fl*,. X+H+ L /¿ u'ø'eF#êù: F L¿ál¡ t 'Â,t'-f È¡.

?Ét.f [./;Èùt /J !.{" L I i à.o

zì-. ì..!.("f jo

¿ ùtåìffiffi{,tØÆ#E{" 1"

bb- 4 ilTù," br.ri,ry?

7 f" v z.("-d-à..

ì_2"

tlþ'b * L/¿. ffiÐtl b ùÌu':1"1à'"

b0) ). lffie)ú/l b -l o'Cfúî1- i. i tt'"L.? * (.. ¿:Ëfu¿S!ì [\z)), ( !' ] : ¿ {'.T J.ã>o- Jltt b * tl¿. xìEøêEEl(.'T"

D ç ó. â¿E_Él; U t,"c t6 È * T.3

'f 7)*.Èlù" !ôl- ( $áFFt'L*f.ùt, !. o

ffiËtr

46

ttt t Eä^øg+l

' Ê H#Ëi.

l.ÀËß

l'¿s _ Ë[

l.ÀBI

l'¿

I e+"8)b*r uP

w b:

*r uP

w b:*r uP

w b2

*t utv

t9 b:

*r vtv

lrp \:

4rutv19 b:

*+utvr9 b:*+utv

l'./À ¿-Êß. #EeftÈh\Ä: C ( 6 0)ã4t cTt'\á "

ù>o !

{4.

^.yËtrrÈs:l¿"D +. L À,ü'>[frÌ- ¿Ì ?

ì- l"e¡:c ð ËùrË r ." È ô/a'" -aÊ.t-'c ( Ù¿l¡ r,. ?

l.-U.Jo

brùtL)"

t0

¿tþD. FåF<Ho)Ê[Ee.

19b"

,fEf"

ît^. +E öfg#fFò i ¿,8:(.*Èffið âØ?

) À"" 4 {Lt:BÂð rÉt' L"

4)"Iìt,D¡)À?i À,.----." gir,. ül å. -:fF¿{'ð L.!. ?

/J ó Ù:.

+EØ+'&.- =Wft+å' 6 BÄ#Øffiffit> t c( È { ( f¿l¡ t,' ?

[.[.} " -mft+ØffiÉot ¿¿ tt:bâo)"

.,,t) A. rt-tv1)523"523 tJ" =ffirå D + /¡ r. ¿ ätrrä ì.. ùÌ Ð.

=ffi¿*t, s. ) ¿^ft+.ø* 7 4 77 7 -lìh'6- l¿'u. D * ) Jl.

D+. l> È'-c-C < âtJ"

brù:Li"

.13 #>>>>>

h' ¿i fL f À II t ò È, / -(' 7c I¿ rlf ¿ ä â Èq i: {L+ ä /ì + rl fu,Ø t, I ¿+ À, W " E + üSio¿: W !r +. I ãÊ tä ' , o)b Ð / Èì Utt Å / /¿ Èr 7 îâ 4 À:t¡FJ rr j ¿!. -) r1 !r æa â 't þ ôtù ö I ( {.P¿*i 1l lÉ+ ¿:ffiffi. !rf T{LVJ, ¿ Ði Ë i D = I ¿ X ) ->./ùÌ tT L. ffir¡'c D/is + É ìE ¿ì û: Ø Ë'c. D ¿* l1 !r rtÊ' <Ni EffiùS ìæ+È, lÂîTlâo)Ì¡ {L øi É! rE {L ¿Ì +. {L * b ./, Ffr È!r /¡ X Ø ë â fiË {L Èì -C 2 â, ^ z)ì t¡o L. + ùi ¿ o) É! â Tt ( f " rt þ tt

^w È: ¿-: -) H äì ¿: o) < â !r,"8 o) ñu ì.. ++È,W Èæ ffiËås /¡ â+ tÆ.tår + bÈìt-LffiLb'ä+-r Eùåtr&^ l- UTt ( ür-'U L\ FtlW i: â Ab + l; -c b /¡' L. ) 7 L È fÅ Ø ù: B. F !t r\ {L â F þt o) ./ üå-' {L ) åì W ^'cU!ä â6 l- f åìy âo) +a)

'lñ ì^-â +.'äì^ð9rt B+'c6U tEI b ¿å +. Fl ffi {-î u E o) ^

Æ^' Æ t¿ +u ù* ¿ìffi/ +L\È"to)Ø7 ñlJ!r t1ât @ f rl+.ù.ô +tW., /¡'¿äþt ËF + ft 'l'41 I Èì Ìl ) ìt + ¿l y ô,K ffiÈ, É 7)ì ð ffi i & \ o È, å. fi ) -t7

Èi L\ H ¿ È fi z)ì lÉ + Ð{ ^

È, D I¿ ö"c" o) F¿ì â lg ÐJ+^{LØ{LHW.ti¿* {" -C: (" o À + {4 þ lfrTa X â + Ø {L B/¡ fu, å * 7+. f:t å.i '+ "+^ Hüå-'ALr ,+ EÊ â /¡ 7 ü* o) â bi U - 7c ùå li a)o luþt 4 +¡o) t.þt Æ: 'àìtX

^ t t' 'h þ B lÈìlr. l, Ê.-C"B ò+#

^ z)ì - 7T A, tì È, ¿å^ b ¿'C

16 â l. d'L{" )v r\ 7€þÉ B Ø i- äRi Ê tr 7 ü*' ùt, ù: o B t rÊ a t 6 rB -)js i)r ö 7 /¡i8Ã 7 a !\ ' # + ¿i L t¿'í e Í ì B ât {L ,li ^

i frgl 0) -c r,.l /¡ Hí- rr + ,) Æ -ìi ùf I + , lâüffi ùt ii ù lt'; ¿ì ù: I Ø (i E y +_ , '. Få H bi {L þ,'_ r¡ Ø X,h A (" ù: Â_ f;þ¿s + tùi ùÌ Éï H 6 ^

Æ I ^

ö â (:)W.t,- +. {"1 /¡ h\,1 H " /¿ þ a + !r [\ H /J" É EIJ$'{,t å a):' lÌ H Ë + 7 + rr /: â ¿" e f{o'r¡l r¡

^! ++ + å ¿. I L u tl + o) L\ þt r.i !\ +ï ¿: ñ H È' 4 E- 'fL+. r åì EX o U {"_¿{È*Æ aF,þ )€Ë¿l'ù* I ffi --#,

T +, # # â -f û: # /:" 7 4 + ù,i6ø,-1,. S Ø {" : ,ti'¡¡ f" +f !r ål Ø # ît 'C.

{L 'fË tr É=É ¿ åi ft ò I t Ë ii i: L.i ðâ,^ùt t: 1 åì È" 6 !r , !\ ffi þt Ãr. òi t,-ìi'H ¿å ; {" o o [r )v W (" B {L lE !r

:..

I

I

t2HIJ #""'

50

,tttt Eô^.øg#l

2sV¿¿Èìt"È6 canVÈ [r,

3t ñ9. wish;hopeÈ [*'i Lçñg# one who wishes to do -

l:ftÆ.î â/\lttto-

32 # person l:Âl

¿-(

32 ffil: particularlyupriÈ( uru¡i{l äìF tË housing conditions, a,fþ6

Ht' bad

.l¡ #>>>,>

þ.*.E¿*

j"t -tz6')

., l.*F{.r

.r.,' !' (o.rIJ#

,r.Ë(tr)16.Ë ?

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s.1t*.

e.flEr¡.-#

'uÉÉõzs.l&b a

za.âffi

2a.*.IT 6q.IÉ!.

r¿. ÆfU

tg.DlN

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zs.#

.€; --

ffisF LìL{,rz.Fu,{Lâ6L

z.$.â

rr #uHt/s-

t7.TÍ )

to.H!.r*t\

ffi:ft^irJr

zo."EÅv a+riç

zs.,Z'T L ò

ro.ffit:]zz.èffizz.EÉ

a:..

.t.ffiÆEo.ñfi

L"*ì tÍ)n. FW

z.Hl*ffiffi,.h*h,,

:ì 0'Lw^w** Lot'

rz.ìEÀ

,r.F=HËN'? à\

zt.EtJl{utãJrr

zz.ffi#,

du'dÂL'iìryffiffi)te.ËT

tf 'bç'ß.rãã

tr 1e 'ü¿-: ira.#ÆìEã

ôâ üL22.ffift

l( t.\za.Elffi#tr

Ð\rÐies.lÉ91

dù,o#tu,, tìì')rì

r+.ffiHffJ

rq.HËf: Lt'

z+.H.ffi

kìLs.Ìfl#E

to.ã 6fitf'

ts.W.t_*.. S4

zo.ifi#FètV

zs.ffiùt 6r.tut t"t\

¡0.ffiffiLr,

zs.ñÆ#

i. SËzt.tIffi

:ã Lr.ì26.'ÈIry

.{tt t"sr.DIlÊ

¡0.{läs,H-FC¡ì L( c' ì:'Èå

åe#

iôt (4.

ÆÊ'þt {r\æÆ

29.

This radical stands for water and is basically used for characters repre-senting water-related conditions, activities, etc.

trül [,Éj fËl rd¿

II

I

I

I

>>r>r EôrOEl# I

f ott VtCül? l*#1>t.z>>>ËnãrìEl

. hqu*¿conversation,Vät,.-e ( ÈË¡.isoftencontractedtoV/Ât,'-e. ,,',"',, .

a) ù¡Ur¿ffioc < âøþ,E,nâürfde.(Please don't forget to bring [it] tomorrow, OK?)

f ,,, V (causative) Tltï¿låll /¡ür? l¿ xölttlâ#l > t. t q >>>EtJËtt(trtctittrdtr-ë t r à är]

"itié,it'a¿,r;Cô¡ldl¡o¡rcg'.e.!þ,árravor of your retting *é,. ,1,: ¡.ã,,v.¿ú;jplite

a ) ÈiØ B ¿=#r#¿Élf ð rf ( ür/¡ Ë tt /c rru. t, ¿ ) tt,"(Would you please let me take the exam one day earþ?)

zÀ'À:¿'

b) ft+.ØffiX.þffñ* Ëf ür/: Ë tf /J trr U * Ò tt, "( lspeaking to a professor] Would you mind letting me read your paper?)

ftæ.. ffi#þ{t * {f ( tt/¡ /c tt /J t,r ?. l, ¿ Ò lt' "(Sensei, would you please iet me be absent from class?)

# ftæ., ffi#þfrlvT' tr È Ë tt /J tr (. l, ¿ Ò lt'"(Sensei, would you be absent from class?)

c)

d)

Sentence c) is the correct request.

nòìtus¡rry'ap,prgiiatè. . :, .'. :

e) ftä. t€ffif* En'ÈT tt/¡Ëlt/Jtr( l, ¿ )lt'.(Sensei, would you 1et me say it in English?)

,b4Ê. t€ffit"Ec( tt/cËtt/ctr(" l. ¿ )h,"(Sensei, would you say it in Engiish?)

f)

53

.l¡ ËÊ,""

9Etrr t -pþ L( ( Èð t..(Please e-mail sometime today.)+ÈÀXÊ.å - 9Æ + {:fÄi, r¡ ll È¿lf'¡¡ å /J !'.( [I] have to pay the rent by t]re end of this month.)

4rr, -t{-l*Ë='The more/less -, th€ more/less -' lffiuv¿ > ¿. t t >>> ãttnHårìE¿]

il,rg,sn:

+.V..é,i,6l" dl.tg4

HAffi¿å. ffi#t nl;{tuffiï 6lf ¿ *á 6 l' ô ( tÌ â L.BL- * f.(I think that the more you study Japanese the more interesting you will find it.)

b) ++.trtt| n$g;tril ¿. ¡É¿*'f¿ 6 ø) àìffi L t -"(The more students there are lwho applyJ, the more difficult it is to be selected.)

c) !.!.vz l-TvTttn\ibãÍf ¿Ët'.(Better restaurants ate more expensive.)

d) #,ïÃIt lt'Ì"t¿lvt 6nlìt, ã fÍ E !'!."(Simpler explanations are better.)

e) BÄffil*- ffirÂu/cttftrt'L /Jtrlf ¿+ìtr. à /¡ ( /¡ b *'f .(The less you study Japanese, the less you will begin to understand it.)

Lr tfür

5 "o Nl;JrþA,/t)lft fi='other than -; besides -' lffiaø > ¿.t s >>>ffial =¿'l.Y*ø]

Ittc ã ttu È¡i å¡ Ll tr ártt

a ) #ffiøUlø t*. äñ+Ët:tflE u' ôu- ôHi l> Øtrtb â "(at ttre beginning of the semester, there are so many things to buy besides textbooks.)ù¿t, À à' ,r( L¡i L¡iåt( å¿,

b) ÍtrÊt+€r\r+oæ+#ö ó b * T"(There are otlter scholarships than that from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and

Tbchnology.)

_ ütå

$ "' ülVþ-El,tÖ*ltl?f*t¡t,t='it does not necessarily mean that...'lffiañ¡ > t. t s >>> ütt €EuäøH{ütlr€52ã¿uìãþlttËãtr]

a ) 'x,T v €' B;6^lÍùt ll'Eäffià¡.h.f ¿: rÃ 6 ¿tr ä btt?'f *öt) *Ë lù"(It is not necessarily the case that one's Japanese improves once one goes to Japan.)

; by the end of

a)

b)

54

,,,,, Eä^øE#l

b)

c)

ù'll, úËl- ö Øàlr,.L.¿ur ar.ltlclf át,ì.(It is not necessarily the case that expensive things are good.)

út t €, Elä^rra ¿,dÃ,ßÏs-¡t¡WÈ (/¿) ¿ ür i t,ttrtttru *Ë Á..(It is not necessarily the case that a77 Japanese like natto.)

l r> NI{'}U='nothing but -' l#úvt > t.zs >>>E+ËtáDþl

].::r:],.,]):.:,.::::.:.]:...:..':::.

:., '[,X.l$¿¡lb æl expless"s the,idea that there are so muctr'X that¡ráþþ'eæi:a¡ ii ànill x "*iuÀ,

a) 1 w èØ= z- 7llt.f/¡ =z-Zlt'rt'úJ1*- t..ç t'at¡.â "(TV news is nothing but bad news, and it's terrible.)

b) Bä^fjo ll,lJÐo) a ô ¿i- *ô l, L ô !. I å lÍ'7t'U Ìi: /¿"(When I went to Japan, in the beginning I had nothing but interesting experiences.)

..Iná),thereisofcou,r¡,e ei'f!, onif,,,g.b eié.i!'s.òm,uc.$ l:ü_-fui1r""-saiifthere were nothing but bad news.

.:,, 1,;ittìì : àiso¡e used in combinarion wiúriri¿:t:i!id1¿f1.¿.+È¡ii.:':',],ìi.. ..'', ,:-,¡i' .1, ¡'.,:''"

c) î v ¿'þ F,'c tlfii tl !' 6 ¿ fú,Ífrc È * rù.1,.(If you watch TV all the time, you can't study.)

$ rt t¿ã^( ='as - as possible' læatø>t.zal

#æl)rl--e ù. /Jãc< HÆffiþfficl¿ãàrl-!.t..Lr r.(It \4¡i11 be better if you speak Japanese as much as possible even outside of the classroom.)

zlffiE¿x. /r õ^ ( h.øB ¿:t Lf ( /¿"Ë r."(If possible, please hand in homework the next day.)

9 -' V (plain) ^(ä ='shoutd; ought to'

lffiatvl > ¿. z e >>> iF- Lzi- 1 èr ^&

Ë t. 3 3 >>>Ën õ xËe f *r¿ur]

i ''T:þis,,is,afÒrrn,deriyed..fr.orn$e1âssical.,ãuxi1iery.,t'.'ê *Utrft'¡@ws.theplaþ pre¡ent tg4¡eform of verbs and caries the meaning 'one should do i.'When the verb is Tå, both T-rÈand T a À * are used. Thé negæive form of ,s È is .ì È f tl t i. rathèr tnan * A r,. -r È f¿-

t,À,Åtù ù,L t:a ) B ä#Ø#H ù;-#,ô.tc ìt, -; rc r, . Æ# þ fuiñr Ø) d ã t¿"

(Ifone wants to read Japanese newspapers, one should study kanji.)L. ttÀ

b) ¿i¿.Ø^ØÉE(opinion) ö Ë:< ¡tã/¿".(One should listen to the opinions of others.)h4

c ) ffit,.ËËøËE ùÌfå < ^

Ë (" ùt /J !'.(One should not listen to the opinions ofbad friends.)

a)

b)

55

.l¡=#,,,,,

+*.ft+.++.ft+.++.

ft+.++.

ftæ.

fÊ,+., b * c¿ +JFttrÏó â ll,acttt ¿ t.

t*t.. {4f'L¡ l"L ITI"

trøÒ. .r*XìEØmt#ø z¿r¿lv<"ïtt¿ 2"

4 ØEt,-ffiwt:ftù. /¡ ( ( ¿Ì /J â /¡ ( /¡ -c"c l, *.

) lo

IE] DffiFå¿:f-Tå.. .!aZ ì-" TA*ìlÂ,àì. e Ø^0)B ù:EttË Ë(trÉÊLit¿ur?'L & Ò 1t,3"

* ó- 41\-1: L/¡Ùftfrb b *ì¡.Lde"

1¿O

a) ,,, frfrL=ffiü(1)

b) '* ftltt;Fü(2)

c) "'ËiËEffiü

>>>>>[âffi1]

>>>>>[âBÉz]

>>>>>[âffi+]

1:When you have something toask your superior, you begin the

conversation with expressions

such as È ¡ -r å f"-EFL'åló 6 rt'eTLlÐ oràt"xoLtôl't'("LÌ iÈ..

2: You introduce the topic by *lÌ-o)¿ LÌÌ,À,ícît1 Ð or *lt,-Èi.Å,1TÈ¡.

3 : You ask permission by V (caus-

ative) t t./¡ /dùt tJ t-'c l. s I lt,,

V (causative) ( t' lc t¿ ùt * 'ti À,å'

or V (causative) f u- lc li'È È t,'

Â,'cf år.

4:You ask your superior to do

something for you by -t I't¡ ti[l tJ t. t. L S i lt,. No causative

form is used here.

5: In informal conversation, a re-

quest can be introduced bY ex-

pressions such as #t'tt Ð,-?*rÆr. L"c({, )r.t,. ? or È } -¡

¿#ÎAl3I'¿ ¿tr;bA Â,/¿"ll å.

6:An informal request can be

made by -f ( þ/¡t. ?, -f t¡

å å r¡ l. ?, etc.

Y4-:ftE.:Y4.:

ftE.:

lÈ+. èb e c 2 å ô I't,rT L & a ù' 1

"ì,. t. T j- À. 'íFJ-C' l, ¡ i "Ltiùr<â¿ú ;ü, o ), ær*F+ä t:F l'iZ.aÌ¿t' ¿, ?' T t$ 2.

f L'ù/,U¡ iåËXåiûtagr- ( ür/¡ titr t¿trr L &, Ò h'4"!. !.{"T i.

*'tVlv:

wb I

*<vtv:r9b:**v.¡v:@b:*'rvlv:

19b:

*tvtv:

re b. fÁ. âE òFËHmü i å,8:r"¿* i l-I¿o)"

t.r¡t" ¡'c ¿ ffiàrrÉ ( {"Èì,.Dt iJì?

b4i A,...... " äÊr,tlt ¿. -?*JF¡r ¡ 1'ürür ? 5

äó¿:"tt À'to) L2

+E Øffiffi' ft*'øffifr'ái:ffi ' { t' z I (ft/¿lr ? 6

i.{,_ !.!.Jo:'e) 'tda"

56

1A-

,> El-rv7"v1,{7r: r¡ b _ -Ä¿lBa#Øftä. ù i-^¿åEa¿:g+L/¿ r,.y+.t: t¡ b t¡ ð r.. #ätrTÌ. ct;\tÌ. 4.ø ¿ ¿ ? BA#Í-Ëi!. /J ð r,.o

a) lå D e) ØÉ#"b) You are applying to the Rotary Club for a scholarshíp.

c ) You ask that the professor write a letter of recommendation for you.

d) The deadline is January 15.

e) You brought a stamp and you have also written the address on a sheet of paper.

f ) fi$irþØÉ#.

4 lLtrtKb o l¿ t - ++.þ þ = f¿ )tttfi¡ä.ù: /J b . ft,+.þ +c /¿Ått#äit /J : {., -ÆffiH L /J è !..

f,,,1-wJV(e ,{7ù:ä b. -^¿i. BA¿:BYT â. LtrrÌÌ..c/¿#ä. ò i-^ùÌ. Eaffiøft4¿:

t¡ b /¡ ð r.. Y4.t!., ^0)

a L þ BAffif Éì,./J ð !.o

a) Ìt D e) ØÊR"b) You are going to the University of Tbkyo on a Monbukagakusho Scholarship.

c ) You ask that the professor write a Ietter of introduction to Prof. Yoshioka of theUniversity of Tbkyo, afuiend of his/hers.

d) w¡'', ØÉ#.

4 {LìrtKf'' -> t e'. +ä 3 ç -> f¿ )r,Itlt¡Æ.¿: /J b, ft,+k +,c Tc ),,tt#+.it /J a {. ò

, -ÆffiH L /r ð r,'"

3,,, trt-rVJvle ,{7¿:ä r_ -^trEä.#þffitfrLf !. â7 / y ùL++., ù i-^¿ÌEa^Ø+äù:t

b /Jè ù.o _^¿*lElDEäXíV7)2I7ù:Hf !.*_l-" 7 '

y r^ll. #ä¿:Ëu./¿ffi_èri ,' L¡ffif+ã (textbook) þt.,,{¿T¿: ¿ i:fràì? È (to notice). Wt:p.Î. t, â EIA^ØË)É¿:Æþ HÈ -c ð à r,. /¿ r,. È'ÃÊa *. -t " ( /ì ¿l /¿ E äffi (informal Japanese) Í. ffiî ¿ L " z

57

.l¡ #>>>>,

l'rÈìftKb ->l¿ù- 7 ) y rtL++.þ{c zl¡u\à¡EÄ^+äl:/¡ b. E#L++-þ {¡ =/¿)\trt7 ) y rtÅYä¿: tÃ'>1., ò t -EffiË L /J Ë !'.

Q,,,, iV-rZ þ-ì77e = )tø/. y-7"þlFor- W+t-l¿t.Yäàsft+¿-ffi#¡ þåffi. e* lut¡¿ ¿ ?HFËð

trL6tr.ëì-lJÈ !.o ìp-/ícärñþ=)lF]| /Jè !.o E{FË¿ìf È/¿ à, '

12ø)'.1¿ttctJ¡i

t' r,=ry¡¿ (to present) L A ð !'o

J,., =<ffiËTù,l¿.,1,U j j tr t"Èq) L?e tÈrÉ'¡xvxaa¿: BaffiØrt+-øm'Æat:x* L T¿ù¡, !tî-ìtìt'* t. À'" ft+-¡¿ ¡ +þãå* L ¡i" J +¿:ã( ¿ ¿¿i. 1 ¿lElDù:L/Jðl'o

O ++.rJìft,+.t:,fElå.m¿,f.'r.*T. CD 3Hr.f . ELt. ö Øt:Oþc ùTlJð !'.

a) : Ø+41È.

dlv .li ù' Jtt<L¡i( ) xtrf++€(,/ ) u-iy-r7ì ØFYê¿: Fl-¿.ô-f¿ l' È ,Ho { [' * T"

b) ¿ Ø+4.ùr. ftÆl:ç,/¡ ffiffi{( ) fiH^)tr

?ër.{ü åt.t!.Ø-CT.

c) :Ø+4¿*.

d) ffie>blll' tt

(()-+rå( )-++ EA^1ÎÈ /¿ t' å Écl !'* 1o

(,/ ) )1,H+EE l rru r.u"( ) fE:+ãE I

( )+ä(,/ ) %,+.

58

e) ftä¿ìÉt./¿ ò Ø¿Ì- àsHT(" l- ¡ i.

l;:i,

l^>), tlã'l6Á, À à'àr( L¡) W

I a -tü*- xffñ++å'ØilffiùI,,s¡ ¿"- Elal:-4w+î â:- Lttrri.-t

/¡" EYårltr* : tffi, ttffi kp.ti å Èi¿-ffiËjJt? *aÆr.- ur¿ãüttr#^ù:. T

CffàÈt:Tto|¿" ft+.tr*7cØa ¿ ?Ëf,( ¿. lÌà.:/¿îTda. trÐ{"¿ iJå

^ÉeNÈ' : /;. 4 Ø'Iþ1, ft+.ttg+ù:, !.'c Ø 7 þ"u ì 4 z þ t'- ô t'- ô l-"c

( dzl¡ås. 4 0>4t: l,'y rt IþlrJ&ù,Ël¿Tü:fS:I!-: tÌi ) Èì1.!.'Cj-

Àl å u. j Z 1.",ì 4 lùtã>->T¿" I ¿ i L({"Tà.. fÁ¿lÈffii ¿ v / -þLfr.t,.*Tüf àl È)=-tåìË) L- tr+.åK,o'C- l4)Df /Jt.'À,11 i."

Eä'c"¿*,. )r#ø14 vùtùt---,,{-ìùtv ö 1.."7 4<- ò/Ju.ØàìËE/ià.

6. #ktft,oI¿?þ'e - tr/ù1ù;Ì¡t'¿ El âà"îT t) LÈLf¿"9 = -)¿*BA^Ttol- Elllft+.øZ l."rs4 x¿ìIEt-ù"ol: ¿ å lrtT,)lÐT

fu'ù,oÌ¿. 7 t y h'c¿*.,bfrø | 4 vcòt#ø | 4 vcð. /'1 r" Z ¿ <-È.-(-zt- Å Ã tvù;-c !.-C [. âù'b - 7c {Lkt\,HTfruùf t . u." l-h'l- HAf"¿*.

+Ëf ¡FltvØl4 vz¡ à t" r 4 < -f-{.-,,r-À ùtvùtrt..{!.( ò. t+â e' l4 È¡ : t.' { !' /J t' Ø ÈìÉËl¿'. +ä ¿t #þffi: /¿ ó å -C". I - v 1{"À t,'

T¿b t-Au'åÈì. y' = -y''ù1. u. vhlþt#o{È{Àà.:/¿ å,8,:È.

4{Lìdù.b"ct*,/¡ ( . ËEØFñ{"tt. +kffii ù: ð, ffit < â0)¿*íir¿¿1r".

*uha[< ¿ /Jr,.o ElÄt"t*. {trJr'ò ffiM,liù.re¿,{"r.{- ^

, v-+Ëø l"

7 /J ÐâffÉÉ1=l¡¡ø¿:. t^ i t_-c. | 4 vØ%âållt,-c. ( {vr¡l,'Øà. å. t= - 9 tt: ttt 4Èr ò õ,8-#t': /¿

"

.13 #,,,,,

¿-t¡,-l ¿ ¿

fÉ¿JrhtiËl'¿.l l:.F.

x,iaf,ffi)ÈrÈ' -ÉLt"

great joy

:Ëtrrä t,.{-

to laugh; to smile

to wash

correct

[tE¿' f.¡ 5'r. ¿'

tffiffi,4v*tr*

Ë{.ru -äi uÈ

Égrfr, F,

õ,8-#

without fail

rnecltanization

to advance

automatic

mystery

2t trt: t 5àr

o ;RØEãffi,tuE. iE U ltflldo. F€Ë : (t rl'l.ld x ä^nfdêuì.

ffi a ) v'= -r¿t- {s6¡gE'¿ilffi¿:,sx I,-cù. È,, Elttft+l:ffiËÐt?*áFFr.

L /¿"

Q U I ãrllft4.¿*. ElAt.'tå,. v rt 1þ{í'c-c. ù. /J r,. ¿ ñfË (inconvenient) /ì å

- ¡-n J tço

ftä¿*. EAØ7t#¿: ¿l þ'7

-^ l-E J tto

y' = -y'tÌ, EA¿:Ët.t.

y' = -9tt. EAØ*EØ Þ

'>1.1'- 6 o

EK

0.)d)

e)

4 I - {¡ ,{-,, s-¡ ù tvb /J r. þ 4 y¡:þr.- L

ãlJJft+.Øã o l¿ r- L¿ìÈË, f l' l¿ å,8,: /¿"

4 vî*arÈù¡Hl¡ r,-ø¿ÌflËàrä r. a ¿ L'¿,H

#fiä,trÒ2ÉrD

IJRE Nocooac

Homestays>>>>>

hen you are doing a homestay, ask questions whenever you don't understandsomething, e.g., how to use the toilet, the bath, the washing machine, etc. Japanese

people love electric appliances, many of which are quite different from, and frequentlymore complicated than, their American counterparts. The bath water might scald you

unless you know how to regulate its temperature. Modern toilets, so-called "wash-lets,"

might completely puzzle you.

Also, never assume it is all right to do something without asking permission. Eating

things in the refrigerato4 bringing a friend home, coming home late, etc., might all upset

the family's plans. The safest thing would be to ask permission. More will be said on this

topic in Lesson 1 1.

Talking About One's Family

1 n âËÉ 1, Jason talks about his family. Although Jason doesn't do it here, when Americans

I talt about their family members, they often "brag" about them, as the womanmentioned in ffia*r) in Lesson 1 did, saying, "l have three beautiful daughters." Japanese

don't do this because they consider their family members as extensions of themselves, r.e.,

just as it is in bad taste to brag about themselves, it would be in poor taste to brag abouttheir family members.

Writing E-mails and Letters

hen you are writing e-mails and letters, first write about the recenVcurrent weatheLinquire about the addressee's health, and touch upon your own health. Then pro-

ceed to the main body of the text. lf you are making a request, explain the nature of therequest here. lf the purpose of the e-mail or letter is merely to talk about your currentactivities, describe them here. Lastly, in the concluding portion, write Clt. ¿iZ &ô L < ôßH

U\Utl if it is an e-mail/letter of request. O,therwise, just write so-and-so f-&ã tJ<, ¿)Uô7lÃac, etc. Remember that, in Japan, even in a business-type letter, such as a letter ofrequest, one should take time first to talk about the weatheç health, etc., and should notrush into the business at hand. lf it is a formal e-mail or letteç you begin your e-mail or

ItLìltL\ lJLr <letter by FÉ (a formal salutation) and you close it by ffiF. lf you are writing to a friend,howeveL you normally leave out allthese formal salutations.

aoaoo

t5

>>>>>'¡F- l:771

ev /u'?^*aËð Â, :

Ð-4Yv*áËð ¿, :

9-4/Y*á&ð ¿, :

ìt4)Y

táËð 'l, :

ì-4/YJóËð 'l, :

924/YS'á&ã.ì, :

Ðt4)Y

JáËå ¿, :

9-4)Y

táËð Â, :

9-'l/YÈ&È.1,:

!'-4 Y v

*a&ð Å, :

ù-4Yv*aEð Â, :

lz4/Y

JáËË '{, :

E#*9 11 v !, jF- Å,77 1 ftØðÊlðtu¿# t CUlõ.

)-4Yv- æffi.ØEHffi-c'Câ?

zì-- ð b *T"L ¡o åEttð 6r{ò!.1.?ì-À:-" (4HþWfiù, òHL¡¡¿,-t) --.ffi.b b * Tùl ¿"

¿ d't¿l*ó1ã À,?

àÀ. Î-c"T"

Tu.sôÉØÉr,.äda.

l4l,-c tol-+60).)\+îffi.ì-{ t,. * i-"4 i " ltrJØftH"

7trùøÆF"el"7 t y h*-¡a"......*ôËðôðËÈìHt.de"

å å. Èå. 61Xò ÉÈìÉ ( /¡-IT¿ À.Tì å,8 t,. * T.4 {11- táË ð À, fr lrl?r,tt$ L f t -c t- + 6 0) ?

Ëù*f#+("T".', Z o 7, y z, I: ti.f1[*.Øft#tn¡sa\,- 0) ?

ì- i-" E!l_t!::.ÞU < Þ_ Þ å_gô.1

7c ) " 4 {L'f- : d'tåìtárilð ¿, ¿ffið A,tJ" þnð.t,ò X 4,tZ i-- nttlËJ b -?t.l¿"È. à. ü , X++#{*îùl ¿"

ffið Â,¿Ì ?

ffi¿rëJ b =:Tr. ãffi.ØW+4r"î.*áËð A't:lÞ)Î6 *t"7c )'CllJ."L o'C ö È.d2 !'L.o

63

15

ev lu*ó1ð Â,

7-ìvidlð l',

z-+lvJdlÈ.1

7-+)ìv

*á1È ¿l,

7.-4lv

ÌdÎð ¿,

7-1ìv

*r1ð ¿,

7-ìvtdlð ¿,

7-qìv

*áJèã ¿,

7-+ìvSá1Ë.â,

7-+ìvjdlË Â,

7-+ìY

$á1ð Å,

7-+)ìv

h L&#frl-+ì v. fr- /J,77 1 ftøô1Îë tv¿ËÉ UCLìã "

7-Tvù;ä*dr./¿ØùlÐ:.4.*ù¿l¡Øüi,: z-3-21ìoI¿À,î-f tl Ð. âf^H,Lt r.*ì+.å,"

åi L{.=:Øffiù:, 4øù ¿ zr v v v tt-tloø^l,Ë ç : T¿A""fT

"

bbTc i" +lÈ.A,îr.åEtrÌÌ. <1¿ y vtr.:tu!_Ìf_{_.

ZL. ù ¿ zsvvvØ,Itläßî'î",r\n¿X ÐØ (' å t...

I_¿_-._ù'__220 + f å t. È ¿,Hu. * T.3

1220+) alFI" 22nØ. L ?

b- -f r)*È¿,. FåËà* L/¿. 22nîî"D +. b À"*. b xÈ t.FJD ç /J L.dâ"

-r" ð. ù .t z = y !y'cùÈ-ÉElù:tå r.¿,fTÌ.

,"-å. *ËÅÈ u'Øå?

\tvù t-*-'Cf"bb, ltvù ¡.-*-È.. è-¡vtH&t¡"

ï-------------

î. -"14 y vl ÐÂ,/¡trJ.

tIrØTto"C.âù 4 73vvvft#ùrðå L. 4{vt:'l'lläßTìå.à. f;[sò !.*Toå d'¿u. l¡Ffr?

àå. lffåìÈ ( ð À,ã>-ct_ t..¡.Ef(,.T .k" {¿tær-trT/"Lå". æå.åÐt*-e

ùl ¿ { ò Ètr1r.'cf ¿Sà L!. ¿,8t. *i-"-^ ) À," -F.11 c'c. ¿.Ì¿u' /J óo

l,.:å.ÞÉð .4,1t,. et -c l- p -c"C. ( È"ð u."

64

a7-+l>.7-tÌv

*r&Ë Â,

z-qìvSáËå rt,

z-+)ìv

>>>>> ¡F- L7- .(

iF- /\77 1 ft 0) A)ËÈ tu l¿ ã+EI ä *Þ â . if',- i¡.77 4 ftØ#..ltERr)r 5 5 * : ë Ëu t.

rrËÈ ¿,. ! r : ¿,ERÈi* îEâ\-+'ntt:lrå l¡ r.¿,f"T üt ¿. ÉffiÉffi b ( ò

L. [.("Tå.o

!. !.-C-l- j o

4 {Lù.6......o

{4"

7 r '

ùØx+ØËì€-e. âHHît€#þw.ì-(r.6^ù:. *0)i{Effiâ,I¿ À,1T " [.?È. r r. ,:ìEdz{ È /¿ t. Â,-cf üt ¿". [. Ì,.'c- L ] ) È..

!. [.{"1}. {4{ L. i Ä"

- ì Ì/ -'c"Cu, ) À,f,'1. BAÂøKl:-pl>Tr-cl¿: å àì/Jt.'r¡À,-Cã-t-C * L/¡.Dtó. ù>l,I¿9È.ù:*{ò 6:/¿à Ð )"

^LÀb ù:Tåf Èl;l=zÀ i ¿

,B={u.i?å aôlì7r.6"

AY¿: !. !.{*1å.o

6 t, ô.4," Affi¿:X( ò 6 ->I¿ c, E i "r ì I - ù*^ffi * fft$/¿':'C.ã ={ L.l¿È. à.

^H+#t" t, þr } [. * rl.{,à..

t..r.("T J" D ç. Äffi#-t-;--Þ_-{-1. ¿ 2.brtrt å ):ð"u.*T"

rá&ð ¿,

to X-clv

táËä À,

z-+lvts JdËð ¿,

z-+lv$áËË ¿,

z-+T'v

10

*t,4u,,.,,

t O ! - 4 v v. V )r U h Ø^VeEä#ääi^. Tþ 5 =f¿=EftËl-X- lbã.ï 6 "

=frîà+.

ò t+E ø*.t:z¡ b * Lt¿È;. RH¿**ÈFF¿. <1. W4H-Ø__å_i__ù_;_ãu.Elðåó b

*i-. 4t'òtt, ò rfit#òf*b'cI¿iôîttl¡u-{- l- ¡ in'Z 7

- ¡t Hò È:"c L* u.* L/¿" €ElffiÉr,.ffiffi? L{r. â0)î. wØr¿;Ø¿ìffiu.{.T.4t, È, ùl ¿'i Í*TÈ." âYffi¿* ¿* A,t¡r-7þ#.L{u'à -¡l-+ ['*TÈ.o

fÅtå ò j È-r,.:¡ Eføftffi_¿:-/.4&f È å _Þ_l_ç_" Z t, t þ fr âÈi¿:. ftä{. EA^ØËìËr È à. 6. BAØäIÉSXþ¿: :lo- { !- 4 ¡- zrffir"--cta L. /¿ o)trt, )\Æ1g.rf.o 1 t,

*T" 6t'ôÀ,+lJÐØ)L. lttvl< -v a y I þì/¡þ,->Tcþ_!l__!-LåÞ_l åg_iiår- ù)

* b ôÐt,.y = y I ù*Éùtl_l__r_'{"-ËåÈ L_lç"

¿t, t Ølt+-c¿ÈY$t'å ¡:aÀ,Ì¡ffiffiËtr?++:Íl.. âØ-a- fÁ{¡ : t' t't:*al

*a¿Tf ¡ -¡vþffi,ù,ù:fTrlt-6Øù:¿tô': ( b L* Lt.,$x l. 7 r I t) -0))"1¿LùtóÀ,t¡1.[.ÅÈÈ/¡øt. a5¿:Ef¿.:-c[.*f. *áË

ð ¿,ùif+4àr-h+{". --æE*at'Ut''WþÈ.-ìð r}-¡ ( þ* T" -¡" ð - EIAñ*E¿*6¿: u'

u._4__?_-'(:_lda. îu.À.å,ê-ì{ t- â Ø ù:- 6ÉùÌ & L À, ¿*Æ.b b *'ì}/4,.

h+r"¿x. BAffi. HAÊ. BAffiË. {l>#t¡ t^ kw-o{ u. * 1. HAffiø ' ' ^'c'¿i. *fËf,É:il#z¡ Ðffit-t-+-nþt ( ð À,ffiÀ,"eu, *1. Ë+17 | ¿ìæB bâØ'e - ffiU

r.lE+&ît.À,.tHà* LÌ;.7 tv¡t 4 l. ò -rEFËù-=ffiFË

(' à r.f : { !- * T. =^ølut-',-ætB-ffiFåî:Eâffþw.Lâ7tv.,s4l'{"T¿r- -E=+FJò ö 6 à*-l-" 7 '

y rtØ7vÅ¿"¡ r b1'-t¿ r.!.f'T. Í'-ò- 7tv.,s4 l. ?-Þ_lÈ_â L- ffitfrffifËàì,E br¡(Ì¡âù.e>. :i}}l-h

ii-----¿i+à/JL.: ¿ ü:L j i t,BrÍlo.*T"îtå. âHft t* r È¿È" È, E^#Øffiffiþ U/¡ ¿lfu¿Ì/¡ 6 /J t,. Ø{"- . tL-cX7LL * T"

4 t, È, ù* J.l'uà. åK ( z¡ å ¿,8 t. * 1. ¿^ ) 7€'-t6trt:taÃ,þ'c ùt ( Èð l,'. ËÜi¿Æ,t:

$tôl-<*68,2(Èèu'"

I -4 / v . I vz"Y v

66

>>>>> jß-L771

Êf trJ permission. Èå

7 'fi- ^7î 4 ft :g+4¿ì,ñ -^77 4

þ l-Lt- 6æ.

picture; photograph

wallet

one's height

American history

lawyer

not particularly[>>>EiÊl- F.1]

TATE

îiI.*ár¿È rL (someone else's)

older brotherr[i¿ffiã À, (someone else's)

younger sisterôt,.

n (one's own) olderbrother

t:-(- ù: ) FÀl t' 6 to resemble (-)¿.þ¡J¡. cute; lovely

16

18

L +'L lu

4H¡[. ¡Wfrù'

Je!EI

t tL

7'yùF.n'ru t- r,

+æt^taf[f;-/¡¡.ttlt, -

b |.u'

{¿;e¡,: fft-/¡ ¡. not at all

o -lt'X I wonder lgenerallyused by male speakersl

[>>>*Ë,¡- ¡.2]t- v1i ¿

? ,rÍl ffi state capitalv'/u t i

s ^t]

population

g l¿-luì1, if I remember correctly[>>>*;tz- t.¡]

* tÈ¿?

tr fñËà 6 to make a mist¿ke¡: [r¿ ó' 16r'

t3 -æEl¿: (tÈ l') second (largest)a

t+'x./ Really?; Gee!;You'rekidding.

,9ti ó ¡rc frft(t¡) famous [>>>*Ë./-t'4]

23

üt L:ßm+{f¡a

21 ltr¡.,p.&¡l¿æ,ì,

f,, T'lr-'à L,-r,-

út24 Êã À,

governor

lake

winter

spring

fall

wonderful; terrific

al1of you

*14u,.,,.

Y7¡,v+z Éffi4

b¿t *o6

.ì,EF

.f

l8l'

7

10

12

to request; to ask for

train station

far

bicycle

to borrow

by chance

things like [: r¡ å à ]

dinner llit., eveningmeall

for the first time in along time

rz (-¡11¡ 6 to decide (on -);tohave/take (-)

[>>>*iÉl- l''s]

¡:V/¡L¿ôÈ have just donesomething

rea11y; truly

it's all right; one doesn'tmind

ù,f

ffib("t¡,{Ef*

î'ìt3^

ôht 'E àttn'

t¡D

H.

NØJ i ¿:atc-

ãl-

Ét/o L it¿ f.Yt:ro f:i L- * tiÂ,

lÃ À,1,ptiL¡(9È¿¡t¡

Ll,À: b

tí

a Ø'æ

ð'àzti Ì. i

4 #f#¡¡51

s fi¡.r

.Jìè Ì¿T 6

end

pieasantly warm [withreference to weather]

summer

like N [>>>gitz-¡e]

hot lwith reference toweatherl

even [>>>g;tz- ¡z]

fa1l colors (ofleaves)

long

to neglect to write for along time; not tocorrespond for sometime

since I saw you last;since that time

s /¿i.Jì

r¡['¿'zålÉ(-ù:) t¡'tiâ

(time) passes

interesting

experience

fast; quick

this semester

fairly well; to alargeextent; pretty much

life

to be accustomed (to -)[>>>E;Ê/- t"9]

to be useful

terrible;awfu1

shock

st(t tÈ.

s'È.\fr')rr [J"f¡.

ya-y2

u u-Zo) S¿: ¿. before I knew it.[>>>g;t,/- l-.8]

a lic*o-1, L ã-

EîÉ t'lt['rt¿ffiffiÈtç'

Ët"¿r¡,¡1. !

? ++ffi

>>>>> iF- L7- 1

11 ,- tJ I \ {.#f ü' to get by without - ing;to come off without -

-1"È¡ttLw.v'ru¡ru ?- t:

trHËúF¡Çn v

Ë+12

14

15

(t L'

ffiú.æFEI

È l.cìÀ#æffiEE,L+Itr

[>>>gitz- ¡ lz]t)

tr cell phone

18

19

21

22

Buddhism

newspaper articTe

Chinese c]naractet

o)'(-t:)*6ia1.LL

#1,ù'¿:-t)lIc

Ètf 'Ws¡t'â

tratn

to ride (in/on -)intently; eagerþ

to type (messages)

to be saved; (something)

helps [u.i.l

cooking; cuisine

body;health

(body) weight

to change lu.i.)

-ft - each [>>>g;Êz-¡l:]t't" ¿l¡

-E] per occasion

ç', ¿ lar -er;by far

-TSa to do something toomuch; too -

[>>>*;É,2- l-.1¿]

t tli tt

76 f[ ÊÊ¿'.È t.ffir[.uçi

t7 l+ÉÆ.h6

Ebâ to be sufficientÈt ì

zo (- ¿;; fr,þ ) t) â to pey attention to;to take care

r?Èìzz (-¿¿¡ J. ô1, ( *âffiå ( /ìå t. say

he1lo (to -) for me.

69

*14n,.,,,

h'

r.5Ëø.fr'

tt.Hñto.,FÃ

zt.9È.

zo.Eu,

tt.tV.rfczø.ll¡W,

2.7 ) ,) rtÊ.

z.lDj â

rz.lffi

17. r81¡-

zz.hLÀ'b27. Ë l.'

sz. tÉrF

¡2.ffiffiñüS

g. EU ù:

e. ,I[l

r¡.4ra. ÉlffiFzs.A5zs. ìIft !.rs.*6gs.Ë#

q.

^ElM.#tg.ffi b â

24. *zs.âYffis+.1+

¡s.-El

q.fr#Is.Eã À,

r¿. ffiÊ t,.

tg.tlczq.E,L â

ro. HIËà å

ts.fr)<

zo.Æluâ

zs.H-

¡0.41É

zs.Æ.h a

+0.ãW

s.Þl-t'ro. *u) 6rs.ffiffi

zo.#lÊfl

a.tôfr.,ã À, s.ffi

r.ÉîEI

o.âf¿\

rr.{Ef*

ro.lË{r

zt.WJ

z.Mñz.'Illffi

t2.lFÈ" ['t2.ffiffi

zz.lEÊ

^ JtlJ. FI

s. f;flS

re. ñ'IFre.Hl,ù'ù:

zs.Æ.b â

This radical comes from ñ and is generally used for characters represent-ing kinds of trees. wood products, etc.

[eJ [ôÍt fffit fd¿

70

| "' Êili t^,r¡ül) ='not particularly'

>>>>> ìF-/Å7- 1

lã#t > t t e >>> ÊtJI¿ u <õo *uri,]

lã#2 > ta >>><l < Y>z(vtclxtttrìr]

mistaken'l*#z > t.s >>> l¿ tyr)r220f < a urr:eBuraa]

a)

b)

ftE. 2 17 V vÊ- àEËññÈìð b *È¿,1e. å i ¿.1,r¿À,.c1tt,"(Mr. Brown, you don't look very well today. Is something wrong?)

^?l7' v: !-t-¿. ;IJE,ÍEI-Cöóú)*.Ëlv"(No, there is nothing particulariy wrong.)

,ry4 þ : BAffiØ/i7tå.. å:. #Lu.?(How is your Japanese class? oifficult?)

1rùvi)iÀ'.El¡;.(Not particularly.)

In speech, the phrase which follows ErJl: is often omitted, as in b) above.

f ,rr.-ålä

vluí ia) Àn¿*, ¿Ø c 6 t.å¡lj"(What is the population, I wonder.)

t{À, lt¡tb) âB¿Ì[fir€Er:,f¡f¿;g-6 I âh't¿"

(I wonder what will be served for dinner today.).

r,,,+-lÐi:tj,jsjóftèn.,usê.djjn å.8,.í...cÒn'sfilcti.ónr¿sär,thê.:fé11ô.W.í¡E.èxample.:::c ) ? 1,t y v1 å.4,r¡ff21. f¿ EE c( !.t¿ À,1T

"(I have been wondering what kind of town Madison is.)

J ttt t¿l¿ltt='fi I remember correctly; if I am not

71

*14*,,,,,

a ) EIAø^Ept_ ¡rc f.ù,_ffi,=+n ç È, r,.T. L ¡ ) "(If I am not mistaken, the population of Japan is about 120,000,000.)

b) 7 t, rt.-æ^E ø&r,iÍlia- ï¿l,tt'ìt t) 7 t tv=7/¿¿,H,r.*T.(If I am correct, the most populous st¿te in the U.S. is California.)

{rrrxffiY?äHl¿+*is famous for Y' lãalz>z.ta>>>e-neâeæf

. Ycan be,a ûoun or a noun pfuase (i. e., a sen1ery'.-i. o.'/., 1;, t)': i,

a) i vù * -*'-f*. ¿- ¡vt'Eätt"(Milwaukee is famous for its beer.)

-c e,

b) Hãßff . Ér. *d+Í.Ë'å /¡trJîT"(Kyoto is famous for its old temples.)

t¡t6c) Hä^f*. I (fÐ<ØTã*Tï.(The Japanese people are famous for working hard.)

$ tto NEf6='to decide on N; to have/take N'lã#=>¿.tz >>>lËÞËl¡t &)¿.. !.I7 >>>ñF*tct áL*ã]

a) fÄùi. 1ÈçÈl;L:fr.(I will have sukiyaki.)

b) € ? zv ìIt, +Ê.o)Íwqt;L:f; l, *. ) "(Let's make it fthe picnicJ this Saturday.)

$ ttr - &ötÊ,='it seems that it looks like -' l#atpt>t.tt>>>6t-tìtì&ã83-{al

NøåäE='like; as if it were' lffia#¡>t.z >>>Hø*5rrl

¡,':r^-¡ å,1ìì expresses onels conjectures,Itis attac,!-ed.¡to.,no.uns;,,/I-ádjectives, plain forrns of ¡'-adjectivesandverbs. , . , :

E#Årì -' E#Lo e i ËL1'à'/ì -- L3-à'/¡ e,5 Êùü Lå

72

a)

>>>>> if\- L7=.1

A : ¿ ØÉr.Øùr,lElf.- L I j È..(What's this white thing?)

B: Ëð- I (âå.b*È¿,àr. JôLiÀø)J)ZcTtri-"(Well, I don't know for sure, but it looks like tofu.)

EIA^li Ê t .4¿;4'¡ t¿ & Ò TT "

(Japanese people seem to like white cars.)

ftElt@E+á{f Lt.i ä (.fo !.? t¡Ðf4ät:!. å -, Lçr.'*T.(Our teacher seems to be busy every day. [HelShe] is always in lhis/her] office.)

¿o)côÈ ¡ a åsÈ/cJ ã(.r. Èil:È 2tr>cLiÉÊÉ¿tå t,rLâ J. it:Ì¡b * L/¡"(It seems I've lost some weight. I am able to weat clothes which were too tight before.)

ilffiùl# ].ltr'> /¿ i ã Ë"

ilffiùi*Ë .lt -> /¿ å L ut.(It seems that the exam was dlfficult.)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

g) El+Ë à,tå.- kØiãlJ^fT"(Mr. Tbnaka looks like a woman.)

h) Bl+Ë lùtt- kà Ll,t^f'-T.(Ms. Tbnaka is very feminine.)

' .tretottowing arasrmilar examffes. , .' . .

,,

t¡a¡) H-o*ä/rElÍ'T.(Ifs a summer-like day li.e.,It's hot like summer although it is not summerl .)

¡) H-àt,u\El(*T.(It's a very summery day.)

: :5in¡r*t" N ø¡ i l:, which is an adveibial fo¡m, e.xprelses thð ideä at'sôiäéiriiè/some., .thi-ng acts/is like someonè/.somémi4*e.- :::

73

*l,4u,,,,,

+HØXtÃo)t:. HOi i Eãt.-C'T.(Although it's the end of October, it's hot like a summer day.)

Ã ì x Ë r4,ùÌ. HA^ø) & ) |,:EIä#Èì-L'+Í'T"(vtr. Smith speaks Japanese lfüe a native speaker.)

ffi¿ *Â,¿t. .< v + vo &ã EjF¡ g a.(Babies walk like penguins.)

¿ Øñfrffi¿rffil,z a t¿"(This test looks difficult.)

¿ ØÉfrffi¿Ìffi L l'J ã Ë"(It seems that this test is difficult.)

7:.7ðÂ,ÌrffifrË2411"(I hear that Smith-san is sick.)

7--7-ð¿,¿tffifråLt\f*T.(It seems that Smith-san is sick.)

:

-èreisa¡defi nitè.sourc-e.,ôf.,infpmiátionlif$i

| >'> Ëå.='even' lnaw > t.s >>> EIo)& ã t¿*urEtza o *E]

,

,.],.,,.ð.å mostno.rmallv,follgws a no¡rn (or a s-.énjence+.,-,.è 9' g on the most unusuar,,or

least expected Case.

1(a) Eiløñffië ã-#Û/¡l'Åù*¡þt¡ l.t L å i.

(There probably are very few people who cant even write their own names.)

b) Hl*ffiffiøÈilt- +4ållfËL ( f . €6ffiHlê Lbb *.ÈÀ'.(Students are so busy before final exams that they don't even have time to sleep.)

k)

t)

m)

n)

o)

p)

q)

74

c)

d)

>>>>> iß- L7i1

¿ å ¿ *H.øJ i ¿:ãr,-Hð åó b *T.(Some days, it's even as hot as summer.)

EäØH-ìJ.E ( r. [Eþr¡!.1t ëi-b b *f.(Ifs so hot in the summer in Japan that there ate eveî times you can't sleep.)

$ ttt (,1?O¡lE#='before one knows iü

a) $á#¿lrr?o* l;árä ( t¡o-c. L * r.*T"(Money is gone before you know it.)

b) tl¿lrr?o*E7t'ffi \t¡-;1r,-* L/¿.(It had gotten dark outside before I real:øedil.)

$ trt -lZt8,t¿6='be used to; be accustomed to' lffia¡vt>t-e>>>Eão+iÉr-ãncÊtutcl

before one realizes'l#a#l > ¿. s >>> tì?ú)t l¿tlr= à tr €]

Ttrigptuaie.f.o.l|o.wd?:1r'g diÍ¡...' .-nr-¿'S.¿41êlô-ç d;,þ,,ì {:a)

b)

BAØ4iÉtiânT È * LÌ¿"(I have become used to the Japanese way of life.)

Itr' ;BA^-c" ò ffiffi ?æ ) øl=t¿lt( t . A L'^¿ì+'+'+.u' !' * T.(Even among the Japanese, there are many people who are not used to using honorifics.)

l¿t.JìBAØ4ÊIÉE/J nT ä *.1't¿"(I have gotten accustomed to the Japanese way of lífe quite a bit.)

BÄffiÈrÍ¿t-ÀffÈ 6 J. ) I=f¿ cT ã * L Ê"(I have come to be able to speak Japanese a lot better.)

ft¡I¿t"ØiLiÉli- E À, E À,&.þe(ür < (" L r i.(Our life style will continue to change rapidly.)

a)

b)

c)

75

*14*,,,,,

11 *, -þtl?l*/J!l='¡1does not mean that ...i it does not foilow that ...'lffiaÑl >l.l O >>>y ='tthtt¿h\2i?lrtfeeøa*Uru]

-*rùf f lÈ/¡ù- negates what ohe would generally conclude from previor.rs statements orsituations.

a) ð * b yeffi?mL*riÂ,Èr. i€ffi¿scÈ /Ât. r.ItTItôúJ *Ë 11,"

( [I] don't speak English much, but that does not mean that [I] can't speak it.)

b) 7 t y ù1)x++.tt/¡ ( ð À,futâL/Jùttrrd'r'ùt*ùrLÈs. f¿dÊùt'È. b L'c.t.6btt?.ttô ú) *Ë /ù"('A.merican college students have to study a lot, but that does not mean that they do nothing butstudy.)

In a) above, if someone does not speak nnglish, we generalþ conclude that he/stre does notknow English; this conclusion is negated.

a)

b)

c)

13 *t ^,fp='each; at a time' l#aw > t. z t >>> EË-Ër4+:l

î'c is used after a number (usualty, number + coutter) or limited q"*tity (e.g., ùL) andindicatesthataquantityisdistributedequa1lyamongtwoormòreobjects,time,erc.

.-- - -.-J -

t¿lùYti 6 õà,a) á Ø ) ttts;Ê7)ffi+.E tì: l¿Ø(.'- ff!..,ì i L ¿ v 2 0).,t, þìs4.Tcó ù1"* Lt¿.(Yesterday was my friend's bitthday, so I gave (him/her) red roses and pink roses, six each.)qi.dl-Ètl ll

')rÈb) flæE-e9J+ L#êþfrffi,f'zHr. * L /¿.(I bought five each of stamps and postcards at the post office.)

ù\tu U

c ) fÁùÌ68Ë+þfr-tTcH,Zâ. å l: L{L-*1"(As a rule, I memorize five kanji every day.)

d) fÁØ Häffi¿*ü Ll2 Lf r: z¡ : f È /¿ å,Bu- * 1.(I think my Japanese is improving littie by little.)

12*,V/¡t,rjfi6V, !n .:,:(ne€alive

doilÈ,V,':'''ì'r:'::l

ElåßH¿:ä¿ìó e /¿ Øt''. HT2/J trrifr ,t *, t t¿"(Because the book was in the lhrary,I did not have to buy 1t li.e.,I got by without having to buy it.J )

tì;4, fìf f )Rl¿Øf. ô * b îtl:/Jrrr.;Ëa * L /¡.(The bus came right away, and so I did not have to wait too long.)

ÈÀ

EE cÊF.þ tEå ä rr r;Ê ü ¿ !- !. f*T dâ.(It will be nice if we don't have to cook every day, don't you think?)

76

>>>>> iF-L771

e) -)v*&.ïcBpî( lìË u'"(Please take one sheet each.)

14*" V/Ad¡ (stem) däã='tos -; do something too much'Lffi¿¡M > t.zs >>>v,bt\l t.tuutae]

,;i$ix6È¡, Á4,e,ø;i;'.:r,:,,',-lãl:.,ú .,,Þi:å,,i::¡¡:ffi,ù,i. .:Ér€- i:ir,lió,: ã;i ú:#ø¡,f.,8'*,¡.-,

a) Ê^Täã ¿. *r/JÈì¿ìtË( r¡ b *f l.(If you eat too much, you will get a stomachache.)

b) ù .t z3 yvvu!.t'EFt.l¿ì. ä¿tHtå":rl.(Wisconsin is a great place, but winter it too long.)

15 *r -IIJL='more than -' l#uv>t.zz >>>cnu-Et*]

a ) 7 t t) ù LW++.tÌ. BAt'¿ÌìE¿: =ffiFñt)t LæffiþW.Z/¿ ¡.;þ¿ì¡' ¡..(American students should not teach English more than three hours a week in Japan.)

b) -+tr¿:+fiH{ül:tl,m6 LNÆrì å ,E|t,. * Tår.(I think it will be hard to carry mote than fifteen credits a semester.)

77

*14*,,,,,

a) "'d+îIã#,b6 >>>>>[âff¡]

z-+ìv | +7 r '

ù øËì#¿sEIAù:Ëûìi:X{LrâlvTTli ¿ 1. -E: : ^äElt( ã ( €' ürür('

l, ¡ i lt'2"tá8ãlù : ù\!ì{'Tl. ó t-¡¿U'á.¿X(û å ct¿à t

_öÈa "" 7'LJì b ¿:TÈt'åù: L ¡ ) ¿Bp(urÉå ¿6lilt,b4"

z-+lv: ùl r.. U *HÍ¡ (right away) ËìS¿:Ëã# L¿-+tL 4ÀX 9 o

,r, El-llsJVlLPLh

X7J. ì'æffi.ØEHkf#-c"c. å /¡ ð !.o,.s 7 ù- tÃ. t . -^¿l BA"c,l1 - À 7 7 4 þ l-'c. t -

âw++^ ð , -^ùl'h-À 77 4 frØ*á1ð À,,/t6&ã À,t:t¡. '

* T" H++.1!, EE ?8,ì¡ /¡ ås 6 ffiffi.þ ffiHÃ L /¡ è r,. (ØJ : I : t} ù*1'(.' i-. I ¿iâll ¿ :gJ Ð L r,. * î I ).,Ì-À 714 ftØì6'Lã À,,/ìô&ã A,tt, ( /¿"tlÌ¿ BAffi?&!./J ð t. (ffi|: l{4 t r,. jAffiî-tù,1 ("lt/¡ ( {. lffiru. iñffi] ¿Éi).

Wb->I¿ tr- HYä.þ I,Tc)r,ù:la'yìã À,,/16&ð ¿,ù: ä b. *r1ð l',/*6Ëð À,þ U

/¿Ååsg+äit /J : t. ò' -ÆffiË L /J ð r,..

I : Generally you provide the rea-son for asking permission withan expression such as À'î'l ûà'.

2: When you want to ask permis-sion, use expressions such as -Í ò r.r.-6.-j- Ð'or -/cr..Â,"c| j-,r-t.t.'el, ¡ )lt.

3: Suggestions can be made bysayingVl¡Èå:1L¡iå.informal style, and V/¡ 6 Ð i orY lc È, ? in informal style.

4: This expression - È E: f t'/¡L a ôIÌù' ò carì be used to give

a reason for your suggestion.

1

e

>>>> 7F- l¿77 -(

/rrr4V2-,

e,{7 ü: r¡->f., fEf (partner) Ø)vå ÉtâøFl¿:rì,'-C#L'ât' /J ð !' (å. : t: ù: â¡t'-l:lù¿) |giôr'

^uùi ÐØ (" à !.à., Hîã&ù'rÃ E)"

J>,, jv-27 h-177e =Løltv-/t-t¡ b äè r.o fr -^Ar ¿ Z'Møåffiü:. fr-À 77 4fûØlô&ã À,

Èl ''t:t- ôt- ôt¡=a44þ {¡ à r,.I¿ù,->t er- E l"l¡Hrñþ Ll¿ å r,. t-ù.þ4L'c., ìv-/

lHYñþ-'>lF\ t¡ð !'o f-'1 {¡ !'!'{..Tà'l f-{ ò å'* !'*'t}Â,¿'.J f-l¿!' À'îT¿ì. ['!.{'l- x i ù,) þ-É-f^c (once each) ffit./¡ð t.. HFåàs("å /: 6l ,70)L

tt2ú r )

f¿t' t:## (to present) L /J ð !'o

{",, rD-J2-?e Hä-cfr -^714 þ L/¿ ¿ t Øbâ)r.þ-)yf't/"tv-7't:^{L'C, 40)/\t:'Jr-ÀÃ

7 4 I:-tì,'{ù' ztr"' ôHÈ r¡ ð t' (fiJ : I ¿* À't¡*ffi1" Ll¡å'l ¡êS¿X Ð i 1.' L/¿å'l)"

$,,, ? rv_Jz_?e BA^ff=/¿ ¿ [ 0)bâ++^þ*LT'clv-/t:)vl¿-c, EÆnT¡or¿W7)ù tvlr'

/=y2tr='tt.{Ef,åäðì,.o

$,,, Ë<ffiEe BA¿- t^ â EÆ/...o)ËË (if you don't have one, use animag¡nary one) ù:. Éã++ ('

b t. o) ô-Dù"t,, - y þ#È z¡ è !.o (First, write about the season, then about your

recent activities, and end with an apptopiate conciuding remark.)

4***,

e ) ¡-4 | v ¿ ù-L714ftØ*áÎð lùùt-#L{i.*T. CD ?Ef,r.-c. ELr,. {¡ Ø¿:

oþ-c ùt /J ð !."

a) )-4/vØ*áËË¿,Ìl( ) 12+'ç t'\"fr#tþ L{t'*T.( ) z+ <'6 !.Èià. t,fræ*'t'-|"( ) 2+ç ò r,.Èiù: v-72 -)vt¿:xb * L/:"

b) l-4fvØ+rEð¿,¿t.

Ãb * L/¡.

c) )t4/vttt.-

(

(

(

)

)

)

(

(

(

{FJ¿:¡¡ $þJ}þt b *ìt.1.6 tN+þ+#L* L/:.f-#:t¿:t¡â-c ù rr'T.

> 'F"*fu 6 Èii:

) 9-4/vùìÍffiØ.6) 9- 4 y vtr:Xþ \ t¡->1.ù,b

u-7)-tvl,:

80

>>>>> jl\- L771

IEäA tJ v/Tlw

-\t4 -¿*. BA-e¿.-L714þ LÈffi. 7t) yÅl)[fiç,fiìt:rÃ,{Lå*(,.. Tu.s,å,ffiFå7)ìþrf:2 I¿. Xn,lñ.:( år. grur'fuÎAslu.{.--tålå å. ;.t) yr*

àsÈ ( ð¿,Ëiu.'có b. 40)*Æ.þt*< " Là.L_ 4øz '/ y,sùÌEBTåÌFFËø¡;

Ð/¿'ülT. ElaFå¿-¡r6 ffi¿: ù*Blåì/J ù1fr¿tsr¡ à /J ì..o llløø ¿ å ¿t_ ! ( z') vrsØ * * ËØ#Et:),.-t ( L * \, _ ffiffi.øÂl¿ Ë i:lÈËå fruÈ"

-Éi)tIù;tìù.tr¡ù,rtØlå. | 4 wøz t) y Ålì=I¿" | 4 vø l'7 otfl-'e

ãh'øzt) y,1þsf,!.l.-à.å_ F-7kbtIîxb, | 4 vryo;t#E¡løz l/ yzf ù:ùÌ,

åà.åäùttrt¿Sä å/Jt,.o 1- 4 vzl:.yftÀ,Èt'- | 4 vÆøzt) y)skslÈ". ffiT¿:

úf,r..c*a!.ï:Hlløzl yusü:. ò i*EüåÈà.à å" HaÅ¿r¿nü:äùr-cr.{.ÉlÐÉ!¿:s-Ju.l¿'b l*u./¿ b {"å åår. rÃfLî u./Jr,.llEl,,\l: È :f iilu.À À,æAtr

/¡H'[Ht-. bâE- .s7 ¿ -àì l. 4 v0)A') y¡1?tåu./;* *. y Cv)"¡v-àùJ),,='c.!.-rÈ à. rti-À 7î 4øH'#¡¿¿ l*. zc {LþH-(ær.ffi Lt. ^li 4 -¿j: øH,lÞrJz¡H{Hü: /J {Lâ *.{t'. ffiË:.

=ìEûFË {¡ È.à. -c'c l, * : /¡.

û¡.¡'aËFðoã¿<

-,8ôti ¡,

ÆT.trtr *Ì+rñr:'t aHE

front hallway

a pair of footwear

hallway; corridor

western-style room

mat for a Japanese-sgrleroom

to caution; to remind

¿t^,ffiãllT.

ffi{,rv'E )tàËtÐÉ!¿:¡1 {:IEÆQ¡)vú¡,¡,BH

special

:wb â

automatically

complicated

custom

Èq.i ¡lÈËT6

*t,4u,,,,,

2d tEtË

O ;RØYIE#,tuE. iE U Itllldo. F€Ë : (ttftld x ä^Tlfr Ë tl.

a) Elä,,\¿*. xø#'ez t) v Å3Ìl ( : ¿¡:þr,^à L!.o

b) EAÄl*. NnTr ( ffiò. 7t) v,{?lt¡'1frå'ùl å.c ) ËØ#Ef" ù. Z , y.,sþ ùåì,.f r,. /¡ ild-ut*-'r,r f) /¡ ¡ro

d) l. 4 vo)7 t) y tr L, tå.ù'0)7 ì/ yr{llËi.e) l- 4 vØz') yrsþ ùÌt./¿* *¿i¿.ØËßE¿:^â0)å-

trnutrtr BAz\¿: ¿ltáà. L !'.

ir'l.L

i

i

ii

I

il.I

i

etrñrã

o -Þ + :_ ë 1fl -u-) lç !-) & F: 9-Þi" " " " " " ";;.:= : " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "' > âffi 1

rÞi_:?HÞl_þ_KÞ_!l_t)f_l_br"...,,.,1.r,,,,. -.....:. .'.i|¡aa:t, . :

.',,:..:. :,,.rlÍ:lijï'.,. 1f:¡:f!îrf']ir.:ji1:.11..::l;:]iìä;r'',::

:

Vlst\1Zãifi,b$it| .

1z.ã-6ît .v

URE Nocoooo

Advisors

t American colleges and universities, each student is assigned to an academic advisor.

This might not necessarily be the case in Japan. Some institutions that have an

lnternational Division (known as EHäËß or E#äElil) may have an advisor system as you

see in âËÉ 1 in this lesson, but that is rather rare. Even at such universities, a ryuugakusei is

expected to choose his/her own courses and then go to see the advisor just for formalapproval. lf a student has serious problems regarding course work as in âãÉ2 in this lesson,

he/she should discuss them with the teacher concerned. For other types of problems, one

can go to the æ++ffi as you will see in later lessons, e.9., âËÉ 3, Lesson 8.

Extra-curricular Activities

apanese colleges/uníversities have all kinds of clubs for extra-curricular activities. Some

are sports clubs, ".9.,#ifr$i3,

7-7Ëß, etc., whose members play against teams fromother colleges/universities. These varsity players engage in their sports throughout the year.

Baseball players, for example, practice all year round. Their practice sessions are oftenSpartan, and those who miss them for no apparent reason are likely to be severely

criticized. The language used within these sports clubs is often very restrictive in thatkoohai (younger members) must use keigo toward senpai (older members). Students whohate this regimentation yet love a particular sport often belong to a less restrictive group

usually referred to ur Ëiiä, i.e., a group of people sharing the same interest. There arefJ' ¡li f ël¿iDLr

also all kinds of non-sports clubs ranging from E55 (English Speaking Society) to trffiHlEtrâ(kabuki club). There are many students who seem to spend more hours on extra-curricular

activities than on course work. This situation, which most Americans find hard tounderstand, is possible, of course, because Japanese professors are generally far fromdemanding.

ooooa

e7-üA-c)ìv

s#Ël :

z-cfvs#Ël :

z-+lvs.ffiF-:

z-+lv¡ã.ffiF-:

z-iìv#ffi*:z-+lv#ffiã:x-+lvt.ffiF-:

z-qfv9.ffiF-:

z-clv

F.ffiH:

rrrrt t+E

,, E#ftØt#r?ÐÞ(1i =7, E+äF|J#{0)F#F1¿EÉ1.

*ô¿Ìi, ¿.ð"r.*T"

tá¿åJ i:ð"r.*j-.L ¡o ¿fËlr.Èr,.Å,l"îåì"

{41" L ¡ r.frl^, ffi I, r,,ffiy1t¡r4,("T üt ¿'.

lå l,'o

ù> I,I¿ØÃ y tY î -! a yùå Ð : l" L J I å.o

t y r-v 1-/ a y ù*ËEØlr,ffià'6-c"_ *[E¿* .ØLEWJØ 208 ää-c"T J.

T e *.ì¡ ¿,. fi¿_,_"_È * g 4,1ì_þ_I_ç_" ñr$ ù" t 208 ãär.j. h"I

4 i1T"7€ {Llr' È, - ö i -*:HH L{ ð l,.L.Í"TÈ.o

!. l,.("T j o

7 l-",s4 +I'-øftH¿:táâr. Ltu. À,'eî ùt Ð. {úå u. ) ftE-e L Ì I å..

bb_ z l."us4 +T'_øft#.Ø&ffiå_ bur¿ØÌ t) ty7_! =

yØwt:#

#Ë d't* -f ù'Èr. 4 {L*,íci#-c f ( lì ð 1."

ì-2. lv 4 7./ y | 1z l. ùÌtr ,) ty7-y =

y0)T Có ¿'C-, !àFfrtifl

D 2OB äät"T.tlù.b *Ll¿. Ðiòbbtrt¿)¿"ð"u. * L /;.L. [. åo

85

-l s #>>>>,

t A7-Ü2.z-cìvffi ffi:Z_c)ìv

ffi. ffi:

z-+fv

tsffi

z-9'v

20 ffi, ffi:

Eâ#o)lËffiftiÈØffifr4r1î("

îà+-- L ¡= ¿ rfH#L/¿u.: å¿sð âÀ'cTùt. âJ ôt-u-'At- t iù'"iL L- t^ i 7c--" {trJ{" t ¡ i lt'"

Ì: å u,-ìzvÈìËTÈ'6 ¿,8,i A,î1" ö )-:Tø r 7 \tr:&cftäåìt.l{.å. t,E, i Â,{"j-àì"

i.4,. 'c'ò. 1-+vðÁ,1Ì. Ë?¿* 6 )-Bt !.:l; å : 6î1trt, lv4 z¡ v lTzløffi,ffi.òffi( z¡ù'-tl¿ L. xiåò È+ À'LUr ì.'óå.à.

àì¿,ùx'trr¿x-'/¿'r. D * ) Jìl¿' å ,8 u. * T À. 9-z-?_:__(__EA^Xt.{,t'à" 6. '}',2

1,ffi1,\,, / 7 Ktt:I r v y, U'C. &âfrùì\',[. å Eu. * f ùt åde.

4 )ît{r. {'-ò - ù¡ø,. fËçffiË¿: öØT¿( ffiFå¿s¿'¿':{o tià'

6Ë.¡: þ r"- o) î - B A#lS : ù., fuifr,L { u' 6 þ_!l !; È _l,'_à'l_J _L'_Å,{" T o :ØãEfÈ ¿ . +tr^ù:/Ã -t r E i /¡ 6 È.¡ù'H-ú("f"

4 i îTù." 4 {LItNÆ(.Tdâ. l.'{,. r_ 2 þ:__L_É=1. ò i *:TØ u"r.

¡vØ/, Aîì¿. çå Lf å-r:* år¡1. å,8u.*1J. ò i Þ:,ùtÀ'È-t'c.ffiþHtàÈ){"-fÈ..7c i'ettr. Ds. ó t--.üFå f 6 t'ffif ? HÍtr"t. * È rfHÊAL *T.*á,lttu. å J. å. Ði ö brùtå ) ¿ð"u.* Ll¡.!.!-ào

86

O !-1Y+4.^@)

!'-4 Y v

YÆ. ¿,:

+48(4)

#äa:924)Y

#4Le:

ùr'IYv

#4Ëe:

Ðt4/Y

#4La:

Y4Ës:

Ð-4/Y

Ylhe:

9-4/v#äe:Ð24/Y

#lLa:

7. *f U t\ÊE ã18Ð#,+ ØE AÅ#Ël'c 5 ¿+ 1, v t \x e=É U c Ul õ "

ÞÊffi$o-,t b *ì¡Â,å."

lÌ¿ À,IJ À,) ffi-¡ I ¿ i u. ) ËF{"1å."

Wffi.(. t€ffi"c" expedition o-Cão ÈÈ./J"

i .4,. î ò. aØÐãtt expedition D + /¡ ( {. exploration È ¿,H 7 ùl Ð"

bb. 4iù'" t (f;[:16tJ" ('-4vvt':) ExplorationClub{"T}.

bb, ¿ i {"Tà." 'c ò. ¿^ À,t¡ffi.'íÎ( ¿,'c-l-È..

ftÄB å ¿..

l{r'DÂ,¿ iI o'C?

)r,ølÈ.À,-eì../J!'FØ: å. EIA¿:ttFà¡/¿ ( ð¿,ù>âù' å. t'frr{> u./J

r.F ü &u- bùT, 4 {Lt. t, - ffiÉWtÙ.t:Tt. T¿ b "

lÐ1(:l :{u'io)å?dâ à. Ê#Ø9à+.- ÌEË¿tËffi cltrJ'(ã i Ø "

LLL- caveo

'.-å. HÉ 4 )lÌt¡ã>"

) À'" E++,ò. âE=^)'.'cÌ¿1,"À) A,- D+f#6xôizl,tÃ"4)l-I¿6? Z-L- &ffit*Zl-4YY"Dç. ) -4 / v - ã>Uf¿Ø+'rAfrW

å. å.,FÃÈíØ t{,c ål :l!' rElEEîffi^+^o)ffiÑàùt b â 7r' È, , 7€ Øw

ù:l*e)tàå")") À,_ Dr. 4 i l-*.T" Dr. 40)

è tv L ) = y å x*'-l¿': Èå./Jo

H$ù: * /¿.

D+. */;. ã>l,l¿"

15

ì...4 / v

Y4s:

.l s #>>,>>

f\Ìfrl.= H'c.â lA ùÌ,{LÌ¡ L\àì,Èì . t' zr L

^ ¿ì' a 7 0) f Ì¡ /¡ -) ô - 7

Æ. 1. t¿+ ò ) Lø t+Lìrr"cb zqØb L\ /¡ + Æ +. È, I ò I¿ + Ì: ¿ o !\ â /\ 7)ât oyr ÌÉì¿lÞ Ð{"H!r*1. å;À,+ ÀE là g € 4 i'i F '1 i A 1\ i ë' EI /¡

+.cf .Lw ('þffiËf+fu,+;t,i EZ f í,* å: Ë '! T ç t q

,1 å'ut å. i î;t brì Tr '^ ðil'5Ê-c jqå4hó Ã - íÉ t+ f" ã Ê:Æ * å,å, L L = *2 î ryR + T i i ki i P i ¿ å'ðry"È-¿-E lr,i ( {Li, lBr.röTV f:t¡L\ y r ¿l 6^ ; H, ft l¿ l. A â !ì < |Aie. ,? i & q ; { f,B b.'$ ??lç'tî /¿'

í:L È, * r- c ¿*' -# ffi åì + 6 x t ffi : ¿ÈL\',8 ï+M 'æ*Þ+.U àrLro)o)æô,ÞÍ^ù:dfi ffik ðt¡ ¿å/"LbâWwL)t¡ *-tr¿tç ffiÌtL Inr#r¡âo) årÉÈo L. (A I _ ffi l" ( l¿ l- /ì [r b fr rr, ¿Ì H

"+-LonlrHrooùlör¡!r&ffikv;ffi rrrr-îi E Í-.U<ô+.

88

I

-l 5 #>>>>>

-ö-:i;'i l::it :i:1¡1.r;:.-jj:;::i,-..:t

-x ['¿

' ffiËi¡ltng¡Htffi

Bþi-+

member of a club

inviting someone to join(a club)

in the middle of doingsomething

club

island

Hey! [a way of gettingsomeone's attention]

in order to [>>>*iÊl- l''s]

erltnarrce examination

very hard

in the future

first-rate

to get a job le.g., at afirml

club activities lin thes ens e o f 'ex tt acurricr;l atactivities'l

student; pupil

to increase [u.1.]

of course

lwritten form of ']ñ È' t¡r,.{..l [>>>*iÊl- t'7]

after-school school;cra:rn.rrring school

school designed to

f

14 kk¿

17 a) À,

r' tfr' s21 EWE

Lã¡: p.i tr.22 ffixE

¿,t¿ryl..¿'¡

ffiìEâ

Well [used when lookingfor a right expressionl

Oh, rea11y.; Really?

Japanese style pub

new student

welcome part5r2

t0

-Ëtru'*-Ë.F'

ftrL

l¡'ø-l:i: pri ,t ( L tLt

^+ilffi_ì\,. L ¡ a

- Æ. Ij.tu) t .Lii 61.

{$xl'tBtqi

-lñ,øLþti Lr (

ffi ffiT6

¡.¡1c t iflrÉÐï

70 XÈrYô-i t, LtE^

prepare students forcollege enúance exams

s ,,i 7! f¿ to pass (an exam)L rTÀ, È t'g (ilffi1:) #t' a to fail (an exam)

lu.i.l

XorY

unemployed samurai; ahigh school graúa.ate

who is spending ayearstudying for a collegeerrlrance examination

the following year

tendency

recentþ

certainly

imporLant

survey; investigation

according to -[>>>*Ë/- t'B]

+ìr. ¿

+æ.r trl

(-àì)tËå 6

tEa¡"ù,rL 'tÉ6T'

11

^Fvf

^.Ø+lrt. ¿ rfFra¡[.*¿ËìE-l'

ffià'¿:t['+otØ(¡¡)È ¡ti ¡ffiä-l:1 6 ¿

u pr(

ä

13

14

t5rt¿tciÍffiffi.

,,,,,r#.1

20 ffi<b'þi

27 [flÉ¡t'i L ¡',, Ü +lv

to like [u.¡.]

ïeason

decrease in the numberof children due to 1ow

birth rate [>>>g;Éz- ¡s]

few; 1ow in number

also

strong

concerning

easy; comfoftable;leading an easy life

lecture

tÍ"É

vsr) ¡ i!É 4(¡¡

i.'L.¡¿

-ffi,-ial¡,na

4aTI

,r1-þ, Ya' i)

fúÈ.âr,.

mark; score; grade;point

important

- first

every year

percent

socialization; friendship;association

to decrease [u.1.]

age; period

24

25

26

ft( .

')t¡,u-r

*/¿)i

ffiu.¡f¡,

-ù:H Lf,nl

# (r¡)

:ti å'

33

34

35

2s ffiæ

,,,,, t#. I

| "t (-ll)ñå¡2l< ='to notice -' lã#l > t. t t >>> ñ,$2ËttttuE Ltc]

i-ifii",+.presiig zrn Ue.used ei1!r-e1w th a noun or aphraçe (se1te¡ce ì.,O o.¡'f -:L,).,

a ) FÊlËr,. i:ã,år? * *Ë lvT, L t¿"(I wasn't awate of my mistake.)

b) ffiÆþ!,_{tI¿: ¿ t:ã,r)t.?ttï¿1)¿t,. ffi#r)ìfå* o(å.à/ì:tc.(It was after the class started that I noticed that I had forgotten my homework.)

),r, {f pát( lãeíz > t.s >>>tf :lrr( Eär*t¿ nrfnol

i t.+å*,'(,,¡¿i"at ,ttrat

-somethirrg has been done. with,a greát deel,

'àf,trog,oþ,,ttrat somèône

.Ery.àþ[email protected].@a:c.s!'aç''..].:..

a ) ^Èìtt

c lt, ( lF -t 1, ( f¿ /¿ fi-lÊt 3 ê-r r¡ I. Ø ¿t

^+LÈ"(It's impolite not to eat food which someone has taken the trouble of preparing for you.)

b) Ëclt'( Ëa/¿Ë#¿ÌËl'u/J!' J i ù: L* L ¡ i.(Please try not to forget kanji, which you have spent considerable time and energy to learn.)

J ,,, V (plain) þtt6f*trrÞ/¿t,r lã#,z > ¿.t s >>>ruHU(LìõatttcauuS.r*ur/ttr]

[v'',(þ!aù;þ.r.é$é.gj;,,af. :l],!,: ¿å11.,ÈÌlj:l lJ..means'th4t:qr.te ca4¡toÍ:,do'eertainrûúigq,,f,: :,sciaiaUmtirallSituátional rêasons,

a) ËìÉø7, y rtØ¡s-7 ¡ -rcEÄffi?ffiîbtf l:Íf trZ¡ËËlu"(\tre can't very well speak Japanese at an ordinary American parby.)

b ) ll.tt, o) 3 - 7 Øffiffi 6 b â o) 1. B Affi ùl'à' b ffi1fr,L ( u' â b Ll l; lÍ l, t ä *, Ë Á, "

(Since I have to study for other courses also, I can t spend all my time studying Japanese.)

c ) ¿ lLttt ft,+.o)^/a'¿. È, - br¡ l¿ ù:ËTÍr tt l; lttt ë *Ë lv.(Since this is my teacher's book, I can'tvery well lend it to you.)

',. :S.mq¡fhe:.negatii.eÍorm is used with ir ùlì: l*!,.àr/e,urr.ûrq,m,ê41i1g is,affir-mative -'i.e,,,tt

...tiæ@Seú¡è'óf :eanttåelry,Ao'.-;t,O.ne, ,nothavê.aiy,o Choi""::"r ::,'r '.: :

93

.l 5 #>>,>>

d)

e)

ð L /¡ afiffiåt õ> â tt 6 - +vnfuffi L /J r r þ tt t: tf u r ä *. Ë lu "

(Since I have an exam tomorrow, I cannot help but study tonight.)

{É L ( r ù Ë/J rrþtil: får,r ä *, Ë tv"(Even though I am busy, I don't have any other choice but to sleep.)

{r> ZöÐ¿,æcT='but; and yet' l**z>t.tsf

This phrase is used to quality the preceding statement. It is often followed by -Èr lt l: lt ì.. à./J t., -fi ùtt ¿ltJ t., etc.

7 t y ìiØft++.trJ ( øÍñT âùr- Z )lt'ë:=cTfu1frtj'å" b L1\-â bùltüÌ/Jr,-.(American students study a lot, but that does not mean that they spend all their time studying.)

A: FØê=Ft**îr'daå"(Dormitory food is bad!)

B : i À,- -e Ù. z Ò r)'¿Ëz(ê,s/Jr.òùt¿; {, ¡.¿rl¡¡. l.(Yes, but we still have to eat, so ...)

$ "' V(plain) l¿Ü)JZ='an order to' l#aM > ¿. t >>> *#trÃõ fcrD tc]

lV(plain, presenÐ l¡ u) t:] indicates a purpose for one's áction.

a) aØcôtåü,s¡ÉötZ7 tvÅ4 | þ1 â+äù &t,Q itì"(I hear that these days there are marry students who work part-time so that they have money fortun.)

b) * t rr /vùt- ilmø Ezg.àT $ à i t¿ü¡(=ft+.ØffinEn'ft ct¿"(Carol went to her teacher's office in order to ask him,/her to change an exam date.)

c ) P{f ã Êe)E€B)EgJþ l-t t. * T.(I am exercising every day in order to lose weight.)

'lVhen l¡ Ð is followed by Ø, the phrase moditeÀ a following noun.

d) HAØH&41Ì. tYl:J\ â t¿bofuffiþ l-t¡ ùlÈ¿lx'r¡ å /J u'.(Japanese high school students have to do la lot ofl studying which is lnecessaryJ for enteringcollege.)

e) É*É¿*. ÉFØËffi?ffi^ð t¿ütØ ù ØÍ"1.(A dictionary is a thing yolr use to look up meanings of words.)

a)

b)

94

rtrtt t+E

$ ttt -?t lffiafil > t. z >>> E#ÈtKtr : u €]

[ViAdj ( ( -form) + {, ] means 'even when -' or 'even if - .' With the sense of 'even whe¡/:.,,,'i .,the.main',senteuçe:is,".ouUyìo,,tnJ@pal!' Ñoú ana,t¡.à¿jectives can take the forrn-

..'l:51;;:,a:6,5.t:$(àg.¡, L'î¿tr*ó.;r,,¡r.,,,,$æ b;; t,þ11,q ar.g,uqq4lly "onq4qtqd

to' '

..;.:c-,,,,'Lf,ì!.f.,ò,,#S3*.Þ)..... t-...... ..¡..rt¡riaria".'i,-a*.,r:l:

a) BA^ffi ( Èi¿: BAXIV\:';t,.cfutfi,L f sd ùt rl'- Bä^îip < $ù ¡v1r -! a y /tåÉùtÌJ!.("L¡ i.(Ifyou study Japanese culture before you go to Japan, you won't have culture shock even when yougo there.)

r9å

b) 7)yrtv7 y 1.,$-zvlå. grìEã?(t,çâ4itt"(I hear that they play football even when it snows.)

À¿

c ) BAF*Êflùi. /¿ ( Ë ¿,Ê^f úzt 6 /J t. ? i îî.(I hear that with Japanese food, even if one eats a lot, one does not gain weight.)

ç ÈÐid) HH þ"-À7)ìð â ù. t. ñø ErûÐffi¿rf* å * T"(Because they have Tbkyo Dome, they can play baseball even on rainy days.)

7 "'vT

a) 7 t y rf':+fñHä¡#Øfú,1fi,þ L( t. ->lcØ1- ô Ð t., )v1 ! -! a v 2 {¡ Etf T.î f BAØälÉl:äÈt* L/¿.(Since I had studied Japanese for two years in America, I did not have much culture shock and gotused to life in Japan quickly.)

b) Ër ErudÊî 6 Llñfr,t:ÌÃ6îl- ¡, i "(If you study without sieeping, you will get sick.)

$ trr NEåã¿='according to -' lãatvt > t. t s >>> aaffi etr * a tl

,,::.Thisiexpression iò:usèd.1o. indþatè¡-â 1s.o'urcþ.óf,j-nfffi¿Uô-¡:a-¡¿tS gèhèìmytilcidê y anexpression such as tv(plain) 4 ) l¿l indicating hearsay.

I rria) XftÍ# (weatherforecast) Ei6 ¿- +Hùf+æñ¿ìK6 4 )fì"

(According to the weather forecast, it will rain this afternoon.)

95

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b) +HØffifÃI=&,6¿. Èø i ù r 7 t )v=rctrH (earthquake) ¿ìô '>l¿4 itì"(,{ccording to today's newspaper, there was an earthquake in California yesterday.)

9 ttt ^,{E l#ary¡>t.zz>>>9+1zf

this suffix utt""n"r mainly to kanji compounds and expresses the idea of *t: /j a or -l:T â .

rÌ¿1, J ltürJà

a ) Hlæ BA¿åf r. Ji,'LË¡i+{Yl- l¿ "

(Since the wa4 Japan has become quite westernized.)irr ,¡r Ll i+?

b) [*E{Lã {t I¿tJtffitt&t-"(There are rrraîy novels which have been made into movies.)

1O -" Causative-pass¡ve: HþËftã='be made to buy'l#atry¡ > t. z e >>> tc ( ËÅ,ËibË{'ttc b ]

form duplicates ¡. (e.g,, ffã È ÈrlrL6 is not

a ) l¿ r.( r,-*YÐlù:* zt*2#Y.vÊh'ë nâ "(In general, we ate made to write at least one papet a semester.)

b) Ëu'FËlf;F/:Ë ttðØll/ìÌ¿-c $ !'t/i".(Nobody likes to be kept waiting for a long time.)

96

a) ,* ftËJzZ hf/ff lã*,bâ,/Vl:tflzãvr t'àÖ >>>>>[*#z]

1 ,', E-rVJVl

1 : When you want to consult withyour teacher, you can begin yourconversation with this expres-sion. If you are consulting withyour friend, you can say È Ì cå ffi# L/¡ l. ¿ ¿ 7)ró â lùl¿tl ë,t, t -> LFf, t.f ð È r.È r.ffi,àló6 Â,Ètl t, etc.

2: Here, you are offering your opin-ion in a non-assertive manner.

à. in this expression makes itindirect, with the sense that 'Ithink it might be bener ro . . .'

3 : When you give advice, you can

use expressions such as -ã'Èlt.t. ¿,8ù.*T, -I¿ t ¿'- i (ffà.) or -l¿ à ì,. ì,. ¿ Hr., * f .

4: When you want to offer a differ-ent opinion than what is sug-gested, you preface your remarkwith àà,f t), 4fLÈ4 il¿tjE , 4 ILIÌiJù, 6 tl å- -C l¡ , etc.

e,{7ù:r¡ b. -À¿åg+ä. ò i-^ù*E+0)x+0)gffiHt:r¡., /Jè ì,.o H#*.t-t¡

++.

ft+.

++.

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¿*ì,.. Dsó. TciU*.T"

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97

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a) Have just arcivedin Japan today.

b) Would like to see the academic advisor tomorrow, if possible.

+ffiF-trrtÃ. -cl¿Ått. &.ø ¿ ¿ ? EÄffi{.Éìu. A ð r,..

c ) The faculty members are not there this week.

d) You cannot see your advisor until you have taken the Japanese language placement

test next Monday.

? {Lrltft&b of¿ È', ø++.þ t: /¡u\ùt$ffiF-t:Ì¡ , - +ffiRþ P -> t¿^¿ÌB+4ü: /Â

-21- U t-FffiHL/Jð!.o

f ,,, trl-rVJyle,<7¿:r¡ b_ -Ât*g+ä. ò i-^ùrEÆ#o)ftHt:l¡ b /Jð !.o E++.å4Ø. L

? EÄffif"É1. /J ð !.o

a) Studied Japanese at an American college for two years.

b) This is a second-year Japaneselangtage class and is too easy.

c ) Would like to switch to a class one level higher.

lF* :l: È. W+HZPcl¿Ål*ft4.¿: /¡ b. tÊHþt:/¿ÀllH#Et:tÃ->1. ù i-ËffiHL/Jðt,'"

J',, E-lVJVle 's7 tl=Ì¡ b r¡ ð !.o -Ä¿åff L r'.8#ä(.. t+{.'fi|ù.Øt- 2 .tvI-\ b /¿ t. å,Bz (

r,.*T (xX-yfË#¡¡ å'Ør,. ô\.4Ì¡t-)tv0)it'ù, å. mÉ4 it¡ø?ìE¿tl¡¡ð !.)o ò i -^¿l- 4 Ø+T- 2 tvØffi; (older member) ¿: /J b *-1, B+4.ti. frËt:7c 0)+T- 2 )vtt:ti.{Ef, È.

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98

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e E+ftØfr+î. t ¡.41vùr*++.fÅ (onein chargeof foreignstudents) Ø/'L#L{ t. * T. cD àHL.{. iË L t.É*3^d'ra ð r,.o

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

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99

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bþ,r¿" 7cØîþ., -4 / vl*- Ba^Øâffiþ !. ( Ëf, ( j ) t:l,/;È¡. a5ù:lô¡¡/¿l li,El-tt:f,f U'clfr.blnulju.Èùt{"r¡ (. ËrË¿ËÉTffi"c"ö ö* b{Ë

b{tt¡1. t r,. i a LÈì. ÈÅ,Èfui}ù;o{Èl¿. Là.L. I -4 y v¡ts lù>r¡

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e;Ro$ãffi,tue. jE U |tn HO. F5Ë p Ettftlt x ä^ftl+Ë Ur"

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b) ¿ø{äffiðÀ,t*_ÆI+.îb6" ¡õ:

c ) I t4 y vtt: lù>t¡T¿øF;ffiIt-b'+{.'TdeÀl tÉ, ¿. 'fäffi¡ À,åÊlú

È (was glad).

d) BA^¿r [ó¡¡t:.1 Lt. )ÉHþ{F.i : å ùl¡}./¡r,."

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LT IJRE Noaooco

Restaurants

D eople in Japan love to eat out. Basically, there are three types of food: Japanese,

I Chinese, and Western. ln big cities like Tokyo, howevel there are all kinds of ethnic

restaurants, such as Thai, Korean, and lndian. ln Japan, there are probably more specialized

restaurants than in the United States. For example, sushi restaurants serve only sushi,

tempura restaurants only tempura, eel restaurants only eel, etc. Although there are lots of

restaurants that serve all these items, such restaurants are usually not considered first-rate.

This is perhaps due to the faith in specialized professionalism that is shared by most Japa-

nese, r.e., they believe that no one can surpass the quality of food prepared by specialists,

e.g., sushi made by chefs who have prepared nothing but sushi alltheir lives.

At inexpensive restaurants such as noodle shops, whenever it gets crowded,rYou will be

asked to share the table with strangers. The waitress will say something like, fEffiäiffitl t td (Please let another party sit with you), and there is nothing you can do but nod in

agreement.

Besides eating out, Japanese often have food delivered, too. ln America, very few places

other than pizzerias and Chinese restaurants deliver food to homes, but in Japan, in

addition to those, sushi restaurants and noodle restaurants regularly offer delivery service,

and you don't even have to tip the delivery person!

ooO

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ç ¡rE 7 * rur * 0) 7"+ " a) v {L /¿ {L H - v ù þ L\ v b kæ, T ç l. t.\ ùS'[H ¿ ÈriL fr o | âffi.W, t_ )l^+ tr ffi +Ì àì [r

^ I {ú Èì þ' +1{" v E4 â iÉ r/r i r, û IKFtJUù I 'EØ +^+Ðrr j v l{ 4 b z'c1ù: 4 {" "c.. Ø 7 Ø ) | f ( ¿: 6 ù$ffiv *¿å-ò +F+(" ù:þr{L Ë[Èii''1Þll

7" . E lÉ É .¿{ þ ry iL â E ù:i Æ. Ì¡"ùr 'c. D h I n 7c {úi'elì I t * Ë ¿L\ ò v Ì {.' t È' Ø Ël É l. 4 (" ìE ù. Æt, 1 7 i =-t Y {L ,fr òi Ð v }." ffi ffi e' D/¡ v l- ù: H l. 6 ffi 1 t 7 t: +rJ +, 6L\ 7" i +T u ü: ¿itH v ( ¿: ö þ ¿: , ¿' ¿* y I /J lft å: {.. 7" {L I I ìE I y ¿

1 tL /¡ c ( * ¿*i b þ {L Y Y À' Y I o)vb Ð7"c) mâ HXùlf / ("/ -c7" Ì¡ /¡ Ft ò "C. È, " È, ò þ,1r -)

6ÈLrvT¡{Lt¡þ) àl !\ 7 â'c 7 Ð +¿ ¿ l. Øi8 l' / ¿ ãË 1Ë, -c'i â l,ù'¿{E v Z v ¿*i Ø ù Ht Ið f 6 f /Ã: ("

^ U +{LØ"ffi[.i '¿Ì/¡v

t ËHEà.i B ( tò HA Ø t A v "c. ù:i7L\ 0)Ø+f {" 7 !\ L¡fnr /¡ +rJ I ,ù\ I l. ì.. j I

Øitr,. fffi c ÉÉ v I o) ii-c'i ¿ åì 7 ü:7 v ¿* å.iiti tHr*/¡þf/¡i ¿t,!\ - â fÁffiüi-L.i ,Ëi10; 7 þt b E À, +r¿"i ,liL ¡ ð t¡ {''t,{ôtù:i ¿tyuL\1)lii*n 7 rt {L L v ù: +å.i er/å/¡+f7"by"{Lrtrlnrlþbl'

lrt-ìz)ìC{fLåìû:iL\("'C -7if¿ Lit¡ ò {.rieB åì o) [r llf.r ã l-t ^

H i: " ii." ñ ôiØ ( {Hn ¿.i

t' g-i l, lu

lÈ 116f-_

9lBj- 6EribriIEI ffit''h u

Ëffi

darr t

ä t$Eat+.

Ël

)=z'

to order (something)

to quote

colleague; co-worker

lfamily namef

lfemale given namel

noodle shop

shop; store

menu

[type of noodle]

lname of dish;bowl ofrice topped with things

lunch l:E.ÊEl

tfamiþ namef

in one's fifties

[polite form of ð Å,]

: t,.1i-Æ 6

to be crowded

counter

to make sushí by hand

(green) tea

(sushi serving oÐmedium quaTity/price

[a kind of sushí; a box of

I B/,a ðâE

s L'À,rtyvtc¡:c

u æqÐÍrÀ,t, ¿u

16 IEE¡"ts

22 #,*F¡l-.

'FIã ä6¿t¿¿ttË..õ9

i'ätf

Ðr bt5 El-Llrtâ

+-ø atrtsÐ¿È*.f

*1.*at['¡ryi u¡ffi*É

a

+ag€

aì

z¿ CLQ)tt:t¡,6

like fried pork cutlet orfried shrimp, etc.l

cooked rice

pork cutlet

actual thing

clerk; shop-employee

patent

egg

I see.

chicken llit.,birdl

to lay (egg); to givebirthto lu.t.l

EÀ.

òØ

üÞt, Lr (, Eêr.? r.

+#; tu p.i È1.l1+ft

- F.f

zffi:.L ì

a Mþlt,trJ â¿fìtî

6 ù'ùvr-'1 l:-È

? T I,þEâtÈ+

a *aÆì¡t¡^

10ffi

tl t2'61¡

16

19

sushi rice covered withsmall slices of fishl

[honorific form of ê,râ /ffirilto refrain from -ing [u.f.]

lcontraction ofSÐ(*;È*11

[humble formof 'n (/Xâ)

bill; invoice

to treat (someone) to(something [usualþfood or drinkl )

to be treated by someone

.lo#,>,,,

108

h

r.lÈx6.*wL+#16. FE 6

21. iHT26. ËlÊflE

3L.qrJlffi

2.wÐ â

7.JËtr

12.ffi

17. H,lH

zz.WdILÐ 6

zl.tilrF-

s. *r,ÉoÊo. /ñ

13. sá#

LB.Mfr

ß.ffiffi28. /ù\EÉ

4. ..ßE

q.HÉ Ì,.

14.ffi

le.Æ D 6

24.ffiÌÉff+

29JH{Lâ

s.H+IO.Eê-- È oI5.TÉ6

20.ÆlÆ

25.ffifrh,

30. tL^ì å

1. ãIÆ

6.Æ

r1.ffi*Ë16.w b â

2r.êË26.+æw

2.lEtffi

7.ffiâ

12.æ-

17.ìEffi+

22.ffiilF

27.Éß

3.Éffi

B. lûß.ìubIB.ffiW

æ.âû

4.#6 o) s.yF

e.El- Llrt 6 ro.+â14.W.

le.ìÏEJì

24.=â+H

15.ffiêJ

zo.frlr|tT â

2s.ffiÊ

This radical comes from the left half of lT and is often used for charactersrepresenting kinds of roads or types of walking.

l'rjll'till'É)te¿

109

rt,tu¡ i :.ffiæffi (t[r*bl" rot'n)

I

â) *a->l,+â$aa L+t-*T

+ L-hÙIåF L-hùr'* T

FTH L*f

Éir.*T

ft< t.à:L+6l.àoL+t.*f

(H-LØX.*7 't 7.\){Eti.1Eh-*T

*!.

8a+b *T

fÍÈ *-r-

*a t.à?L+å!.6:L{"t.*T

*6E,ì-l:tÌ,6*aEåù:r¡ b *T

ñ)fÉr. * T

.2>.ò

âb *,-rx*i"

r.å !.6pLsót-Ùol,{'!.*T

+o .J

ló0 *Tr.*T

îâ 4.C.ã/Jðt.*T

t.l¡ft,-l¿ L * T

t./¡ît,.È L*T

ì ¿+lr8.9

ê':a ÐõAU_Eùì â

ãLt.åsb *îr,-È/ì (

t,./¿/i'È * It'/¿lì (

t./¿/ìÈ * Tê^ì*T

Êßü AU-Ltr:7aäL-hàrb *-l-

t6ffi.a"1:TÌ.âþffi.aYr¡ b *f

r./¿È (r./¿/¿'È *T

t.lc/¡'(r.ÈtìÈ * f

ffi,r)*.f

F,a ðHI:/J å:Ht:ä b *T

t*h ttÀ#Eî â

trF,L*TF,*r

ffi( iáEf, È l: /Â 6tdFf,Èt:¡¡b*i-

IÃJ )fflr. * T

TáEãÈTåbffiÈ L*T

HÈ *T

*) fdâì,. ù: /¡ åtáf r,.l:r¡ b *T

*ó El ¿: à'à.6*á El ù: à.à. b * -l-

*rât.T å#âr.L*T

âr,. * T

É,a i6i+rlLte.â*61*^.;r¡ b *-¡

Ë*T

Æc1,\'â ðæDr¿ðFD("7

FD-hüt'( t'6FU.hùl"f *a t å¡-

EDtu- âËD(*d b *T

filrf L-*T

Nta-(N is usually

a name.)

N-f t. à ol,+ âN-C"t.àcLçt.*T

Nt'äå"t'* T Nf.T

btTâ tdó¿t'ù:ä 6+óó ùt'û: r¡ b * f

ã LóÙI'6Ë Lóùl'*f

ó ¿1.'* I

üà? *áö 6t.ù:/J6*áùàr-¿:r¡b*'1

r,. t¿ lì (

r.tc/iå *Tò å t.*1

< ÌL6 (r¿ð6( /dðr.*i-

( I'r*T

'I 10

>>>>> vTntr.l

#ffi# (respect form) is used when you are talking about an action or state of someone to

whom you have to show respect. So, when you talk about the action of your teacher, forexample, you use ëötffi.

IJ LYI1 Tffiæffi (humble form) is used when you are talking about your own or your family member's

action. There are two types of ffi#ffi-l and fI. Type I is used when you (or your familymember's) action directly involves the other to whom you want to show respect (e.g., visiting

a superior's house or helping your superior with his/trer luggage, etc.) By humbling your own

action, you are in effect showing respect to your superior. Type II, which is called iH#(courteous form) is generally used when you want to talk about your own action or state in ahumble manner just to be polite to the addressee. TEÉffi is used when your action does not

directþ involve your superior, but most likely the person you are talking to is your superior or

someone to whom you want to be very polite. So, if you are going to your superior's house

(or officeJ,, you use ñ i . If you ¿ue reporting to your superior that you went somewhere, then

you use * â (see illustrations in (1)). Similarly, if you are asking your superior to let you

look at his/her 91gF, Voo or" HHf å. If you are telling you superior that you went to see a

movie, you say 4E?8,* Ll¿ (see illustrations in (2)).

(1)

(2)

.16#>>>>>

One can use T€ffi (polite form) instead of TÉffi (courteous form), but use of f !Éffi is

much more polite. So, if your superior asks you whether you play tennis or not, you can either

say 7=7þ t.l¿ L*T or î=zþ t*1. TÉffi is very polite, and you probably won't be

using it in your daily conversations, unless a situation calls for very polite language (such as

in job interviews, in business situations, etc.).

ff there are no special respect forms, use [*aV(stem) l: r¡ b * T] . If there are no special hum-

ble forms, use [*a V (stem) ¿ gç /u,lc L * T] .

r:J:.:,:li.:i::itii;î :Iì.¡¿ :;:'. ¡:,, :..: i:..¡,,r:.jlr ,..:.,:il,l: :Ir ' j::f-:r1jt'

r:li¡,::r,:,.i1':1. :i:il:;.trl:l.:i:.;:. :,::tj:t,i

1*ÉÉ9 táffLù:/Àå

*rffL¿:/J b *TIôffi\-T6

#ffL L*TtáffiLr.l¿L*'f

ffL*T

Ê,ffiþlr,tl6 ffi#þt6ìr,IJtt¡,6Ê,#þf6ù'tÌt:/¡ b *T

Êffiþt6ùùTâtrúþt6l¡Iì1,*1

Ê,#Zt6ù,1,J\'.1¿L*f

Ëffi?à.ùl*T

lFa iõlF b ì--tÃ âta(çb¿t¡b *.7

i6(ÊrT ât6{Ft¡ L*.1

sdfFb r-/¿L*1

lF, *.1

112

>>>>> v¡n=r.l

a)

b)

1 ttt -cT lâ# "t > t. z >>> ä)ÉetutÉ : (]

(I hear winter in Tbkyo is not too cold, lis that dght?] )

BA^fr ùl tÈ,- #æVffi,ì- â 7 tv,,s 4 l' /¡ 6 /¿ ( Ë'Ló 6 p (Ff, È * L /¿"(I heard that there are lots of part-time jobs teaching English once you get to Japan.)

/r,, -¿¿lt(-rf) l*#l > t.¿ >>> ôuìt/Lr.¿ttöu utì5 Ltì]l#uM > ¿. t t >>> rfl 5nã¿ ¿Bn 5nõtil]

I.-adjective : æt-¿¿1*ær,'-07Veib : ê'¡a ¿¿Ëê'\*'f

Ùlù ¿t' ,ta) lfiU ¿ r- i H*Ett*EÎËr,.¿ ¿ ttÉÉ!-åf. Ë ¡ a åËf å-å.(The movie cal7ed"Røn" ls interesting, but ifs a little too long.)

b) EAØÉæäùirudÊT âz ¿ lÍ L * 175f. ^+Éilwøt¿ÐØfutfrttì,tr.

b (*Tìr.t- âtl'h tl¿,

0)Ê.8" (opinion) þ{Fâ l¿Ðù:åîË.t:fr-o{L'/Ju'l i '6.T.(Japanese high school students do stttdy a lot, but since all they do is study for entrance examina-

tions, it does not seem to contribute to forming their own opinions.)

c ) l1'þæ( ¿ ¿ f*ãr./¿ár. fñËt.Èìå¿'->l¿Tìô i ¿,8. i ¿. dbç'¿r l,¡.o(I didwrlte a composition, but I am sure there were lots of mistakes, and I feel embarrassed.)

J "o N?t,lül?T,/N|'"Ii?¿ÖTT='N will do; N wilt suffice'lã#z > t. t s >>> ätñt¿ttttìtìe3-D ¿]

É*ãl*- -{mTtttrT'1, ¡ )lt'"(would one dictionary do?)

¿+i;#Tll cZ aTT "( lGreen] tea wouidbe fine.)

a)

b)

.16ËR,>>,>

Qrrr, ^" ëUffiå/¡lr='¡1 is not necessarily the case that -';'it does not mean that -' lÈF3 > t.zo >>> Eäo)Êt-Èôã ¿mF SeUr]

(Ifs not necessarily the case that all Japanese high school students do nothing but study.)

Hä¡ffiþMffi L -C t,. 6++.ùt aÀ,¡¡ BA,..ã ( ¿ rf E å /J ür.(It's not necessarily the case that students who are studying Japanese will ail be going to Japan.)

a)

b)

t:1',.,,1¡¡!iexpi$iq.q.istgft enusedrwith.;an¡adv.e4b-'d_'.f.:L.t,,'.c ) Ér.. {> ØlJt,Z.l l, $ Z¡À,t¡ I r,. L l*F å /¡ t,\.

(Expensive things are not necessarily good.)

:;ì; :. :ì l'l::i.ii.t.

:.:.i- ::: : -,1 ::ìi:.:.

5 -' -ÈtJi,/-ö¿rc),/-Ê(E¡ =,5.tore -,/atter n/when n,lffia¡M > t. s >>> g t y -ãwD ãffit¿ !. 7 >>>Hi:'uaËtc]

BA^lï (ffit=&frtlvfF->î tá ( ËÈri.r.f..L ¡ l.(It is a good idea to have your cards made before you go to Japan.)

ilffiàrff&þ ct¿ü>å (('),s- î't -þlr*,1- ¡ ) "(Let's have apar!5- aÍter the exam is over.)

BA^ll< E+(E)zsZ;ti- þ årr. b * T.(You need a passport when you go to Japan.)

d) : øriä¿x. BA^tîcÉH(i:)Hr- * L/¡"(I bought this dictionary when I went to Japan li.e., while I was in Japanl .)

¿ ØÉ+É¿*. BA^ll< E+ft;)Hr.* L/¡"(I bought this dictionary when I went to Japan [before or on the way to JapanJ.)

ñ*Él*. BA^lîe /:E+ (E)Hì,. * T.(¿s for a dictionary, I will buy it when I get to Japan lafLet I get to JapanJ.)

a)

b)

c)

e)

f)

6 -t lEü*COunter Ë='mâ¡1y æ' lffiañt>t.s >>>f,íJE€]

a ) EA^lllif Ë l¿ft-> l¿ i. å Èìó b * î.(I have been to Japan many times.)te) ù, llL

b) +#F+4E¿åfirff€'ôb*î"(There are many Chinese restaurants.)

:lãt

cf. 'lE[t{ü ò 'dozens of volumes (lit.,tens of volumes)'

-* counter {¡ * negative 'not even one'

tf¿1,t( u LÌc) ffiil?T6^li. ñ+É¿fir+ffiúffiu Íl'6 4 iÍcî"(I hear people who translate have dozens ofdictionaries.)

d) H#nTt-z È r, È ¿t. -Eú ð b *ÈrT.(I have notbeen to Japarl, even once.)

1vz"þ-|fr^.,{-tv t EUe,2zJr-i*ut-tv l.l;Ueah'L,ù'ÉÉL/J ( f !.!..(One does not have to worr5r whether to Teave a l5o/o tip or a 20o/o tip.)

i6T Lf; L J i á'XJi È) Et, e a fr,L #. /c.(I had trouble making up my mind whether to have sushi or tempura.)

>>>>> vTntr.l

$',',-OzcJ*t¿(,tt l, * ölI 1o@!Í*t¡[rl¿âÖltr I ='l think it might be the case that-, lffiarø>t.zz, zef

'"'@!tfl¿t't7)t )

¡1,, jË-,ð...t¡,ü,,,1.r,,..\.t',@1.i1,e,Ìå,:].å.!$è¿lz'"¿il¡1.'Èå å l¡¡ ìc rrcaÁ hcra lrc¡

a)

b)

(I wonder if ifs all right [I think it's all right] not to leave a tip when service is bad.)

b) ff;Í (reservation) 3 ¿1 ¡rf:/J t' È, - Ãi¿l¡ t.ø)Í.1ÍlJ t\li ô ) ñ,"(I fear we won't be able to get in unless we make a reservation in advance.)

115

.16#,,,o,

d)

e)

c) 7.' y rtLt +Ê.E;F^tl ( Â,f'Tàr. fiîtv ¿ffrÊHå ÐaËØËÈìr.r,.f"LJ )z)..(I'm going to Japan. Which do you think would be better, to stay at hotels or atJapanese inns?)

Bä^ | ffiffiØfr ùìffi É t./ù U r /¡ rr(. L ¿ ) tt' "

(I think Japanese inns would be more fun.)

1v/þil;i>/Jr. å t_e-z¿¡ffi( r¡ âoT l*/Jt,r7r, å,ù,EtLÍ!.å.( [He] is worried service might becomebad tf [he] does not leave tips.)

ñì8. H4ffiØt. å âU-EI,LötËà"cÈf t,âc)T|*t¿t\lr¡ ¿,8'!.*T"(I think the number offoreigners who can speak Japanese has increased recently.)

$ ttt tì[¿ã='rather' lffiaw > n s >>> ö LãururèEzã]

b. 7 ) y rr-6nßffiþffiúfrlt¿7 ) y ù Ll)frtrì, t; t, ôWffiØæ

!.Ë^ä Ð?i ( N->L t.6Øf.-llät-liå i ¿ro(I wonder if it might be the case that Americans who study Japanese in America, rather than theJapanese youth, are better able to use honorifics.)

Eà.rì'¿*+ØÈ.ül b t;l,a'#u tl ( l.f: t- Rþcùt( ( /a'Ë r-.(A summer cold is even harder to get rid of than a winter cold, so take care.)

âffi¿x,. H#æØfrtrìt€ffi1 b t'tåçÈ L!-Ð"ö Ll¿ljr,-"(As far as conversation goes, actually Japanese may be easier than English.)

ÍO -t Ëfl.E='more/less - than expected; contrary to one's expectation'lffia*¡ > t.zs >>> Ëtttrfit 5n<rìarì]

a) +Ê,Ø#,WlrËflE+ ð Lå.a /c"(The exam this time was easier than I expected.)

b) EÆnTr < ffifttffiØi/lå¡*anrä ù,2tco(The air ticket to Japan was cheaper than I expected.)

a)

b)

c)

116

>>>>> vTntr.l

a) *'ZIfiEl" >>>>>[â#r.âeÉz]

låtr : f4¿: z¡'ð !. * 1à.o

ft$.t: trLI*7, Y ¿¿,+JFt,r L:f f r.

ft4.2 : fÅll1Ji ù i E'4,ù: L * T.IåF : rt y t* Â, ¿ XJi È, Ð À,1-l *J" Þ4 ØL1trle)

t61+t' ( /¿"ð t."(ê+'/)ìf*i? 'c1ù't)ft+.t: +E|ttl\o)åÐrJ Tïìr. à. fÅEüAþü( < Ë

ðLr2"

tE*.2: !.!.à- !.?{¡ft4.1:*al':f !./¡È( ¿t.it>Il I: l* t. å * ìi¿,¿. ì' - +E ùlfy''¿s.

tÊÆ.t: 4 i 1Tù," t; p, ÐË ? ) t=/¿U *t 3"

"" E-JlrJVl=Å1: ¿: /J b . -^ürg+4.I ¡v F- ^11å. ê^ì+Z Lffi.e+rJ L

ð t."

1

e

When you place an order at a

restaurant, you say -ÌdÆt. L *9.

2: When you offer to treat the otherperson, you can say f/¡¿:flrb¡¡"C ( Èè t., fÁØ*rð b "f T, etc.

However, it is better not to use

the word ì6 c â,/ tô c b to yoursuperior.

3: This expression is used to acceptan offer.

-^¿r/ÉE t:/¡. b /J ð !.o EA'cg+4'rÅàsv 2 1."

tqi $ Á,

SllxL * T" lÈxf â+rJr!, *.Øy Ã t å. àìs¿Nr¡

ffi.r)+rJ

--V-

1¡v2àvyì)z-Z

È..:4/ltt/tì-/j--

1- d^- ù"-èvl<v274v.ù.74Y/t-

117

-l6sF,>>>>

f ,,,iii¡tv-Jz-,a) -f UÊnTr-c /¿ffiØffiffi¿: = r,. -cffi Lâr,'/J'ð !'" ft-cI¿ a L 0) /¡ r,.Yä¿t. ft-cT¿ ¿

L Ø ô 6 #Æ.t:!r ô !r ôH\ãL /J ð !.o

b) : Ø;'ô7./ y h1ðTL3ê-ì aLt¡& ( r¡ b * L/:às. 4{Ltt/Jù'È.&ffLâr,./¡ð t - o I ù- ¡øìàlÉ, (opinion) þ, rth.t, 7 7 ø )vr¿t, t:##.L /J Ë !."

,r,4V2-,,{Z ù: r¡ b. -Å¿lËìÍffi¿,/a b Hr. T¿ \ LI¿= --;.tr:?1. {. I,c-C. J þ{fr.of åigi(to report) L. ð i *^¿Ì Z n¿ÈZ/J ð ù.o

I trt¿t ð Xft,Í#ffir,. È À,f l tJ ¿^

"LLo

I : 4E l*+'&.ù, 6 i. r,.Xft ù: rÃ â = 1Ê ->'C * Ll¿À"

L/¡t'à,8:{t'å¿,{"Tl.

ä à /¿,,\lå#Ê1 âÄù: /¡ : {.

B : ã)b- I à.o /¿" âEl ,¿.UT¡ a î v ìþ7€ {LtrtKbol¿ 6, WEZ L/cÄùiãå åÄ¿:.

-HffiHLäðt'"

3e

IfiIl] AB

e

tfiül

üi

{>,>dvV-,-s7ù:t b. ( Èül/¡É#þífr.o'C - tØ3 ¿ lElL:À ) z¡âff? L/Jð r..

A : ù9 i .s/ t, C-C'F,/¿ ¿,/¿ ùf ¿'"

B: ilv"A : È o) i 3 I ¡ t v øffiilr¿å¿i i ù;),,-ct¿ À,Ii c1

"

B : ì--c I u'f /ì/¡ó"

5',, **.e âtìØtr* ÌÃv 7 | 7 vt:r!.(- =H+(. 6 r,.ØffXþE*/Jð !.o

118

>>>>> v7n=r.l

e fDl\ùtT t-F.t:Ê#þ ù.ù -c ì.. * -f o cD 3Hr. (- ,^øX¿tff L ùl d"rtå-'o. F6Ë:-c l'i'tlÌ'x þal'l /J ð !'o

a) TUÊo)&ffiå, l^.t,îLl f.T"b) :- Øf(Øl\o)åÈi¿*. ftÁ+È ¿ ù. r,. * T"c ) .0)f.0)¡*t*- Êiù: ò ¿ ØT uÉØ-t LzïiiL/¡: å àìð b *'t-.d) aØRØL0) i È{"¿i. aØt6Tl-þtfr,:.ÊEù:ê-: âØî1, ¡ 1"

e) ffirÊEÌl^ffiîl-ti"

trtrtrnn

119

.16#>>>>> (+#tftõ þ ät¿tu. fl 5rÁrì+#¡ïõ : zÐ. liurfcLìffi ffi ¡t6¡t6lå3'eÉD õ. ffi tutAt< < l¿ðtì. )

I liì Y?JWrî

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.{1 :

IJRB Nocccao

How to Decline an lnvitation

T apanese people are known for being indirect and vague about declining invitations.

J Wh"n they cannot accept an invitation, they, as a rule, do not say LìUìU, because they

feel that it would be too curt. They prefer expressions such as Z1)EIi5à,2¿""", meaning"That day is a bit. . . ." Since the word lor inconveníentis often left out, one is expected toguess what is implied. Guessing, howevel is not as difficult as it might sound, fo1 after all,

Xlt5* 2X......is not only a standard expression, but is always accompanied by a reluctant

tone of voice as well as a facial and bodily expression of regret.

Respect for the Aged>>>>>

1 n â=É 1, there is a brief mention of a special occasion called å#, "

celebration held on

I someone's 70th birthday. ln addition to É"ffi, other birthdays singled out for special

celebration are: 60th, 77th, 80th, 88th, 90th and 99th. Currently, Japan enjoys the toplongevity rate in the world; one therefore often hears about these birthdays being

celebrated in Japan.

Akihabara

kihabara (sometimes shortened to Akiba) is located less than 5 minutes by train from

Tokyo Station. lt is well-known for its hundreds of electronic shops, and you can get

good deals on anything from a TV, camera, computeç to electronic parts and software. In

recent years, moreover, it has become famous worldwide as a mecca of pop culture,

including games, manga and anime. Akihabara has also become strongly associated with

the so-called otaku culture. Otaku refers to people who have obsessive ¡nterest in one

particular thing, notably manga and anime.ln Akihabara, you can see new types of cafés

which cater to Otaku, such as ll NRä, where waitresses dressed in western-style maid

uniforms serve food. There are also v>fiW#., where customers can read manga and watch

DVD's, etc., but this does not seem to be limited only to Akihabara anymore.

coooo

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126

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^ÊflC E v rt CÐi :, a i Ì: t rt #¿Ì-) 'i. + ^

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^t 1- {L tr'-.rù:rîo)t')Ìr¿ry+'cy

B T,) Ì¡ 4 â t 2 ._ Ë ¡fi + !r o) !r

û)ù)7J+l¿ðl;'kD/.Ì¡ô.c" T Ø l: i i W " ry j {L ffi t L\ . !rùi I 7" o Y ù: ¡* ¡fr þt'C

^ E ¿ ù* ô- À tr y l¡isI L t¡ !r t- Èi ¿ t¡!rù-ryvbtl¿râl¿o)/¿w7.

Lr ¿å ¡* 7c 'À lr & " o) àìÞ*,liiæ -o) Ø7 àì ) < tÌ/\ Ì¿ I+ -\ I {e, t E t¡ /\ t H ô yþtlo)rLA.)r,,ffit^ tlr È ffif C 4+ t: "mÐ . åì + /r Ð ¿t !r + )v 0) ry À"

127

tl*ffil't" U ¡

-ffi¡l;rÊÀ,cì'adyl*-T':1r..

èl'

-ffirr'lt

saðflr,-{¿"Ã¡,

n

14

15

wl¡?#i

: [*+u

',Jr fAftå"iÐÞ*L tó,'

ilâ¡J7:--v1

vì¿Tvy

It)a-!aY recreation 5

7

9

t¡5' u,- .ihtt El

¡t¿, È- ¿r¡æÃ,ffi

- L 1.1,çt* øtr¡,t

20 tlt+ffi¡tt Ð

=CHrt['o¿¿ iu<+¿,, HiF¡FJLffi

seat

together

gladly; with pleasure

team

pitcher

Greatl

- years old

celebration

rcgrettablen ffift(r¡)

to invite (someone to dosomething with thespeaker)

lfamily name)

baseball

game

Dragons [name of abaseball teaml

Giants lname of abaseball teaml

section chief

sound

manufacturer; maker

/J !. not too good; not great

parts

to assemble; to puttogether

to want

to obtain

[place name]

f61 _; fs _

t undeniably; no doubt;by any account llit., nomatter what others maysavl [>>>*,Ë/-t.t]

1

3

6

I

lr t's &l-lr-

f.[ì11 +l:x{L6

ôt* ¡I ¡rg1' f,k#lR

t¿ -ì-- L cA,|¡, Lì

ls rúLÊ->A

¡'Í' t >#F*'1.ËEI

)'-ù -t1'tLl¿ ¿ å

-g, ttl

Á,

trñìÍ È f

ffiaa]l^'c. â

the past; the old days

electronic store district

as-

lname of a train linel

second

lname of a train linel

rapidftaín orbus

ercand; things to do

Japan Railways

to arcange to meet

exit

afew

central ticket gate

¿'[' ¿ <

FELti t:

Æst --¿ it-r,JR*t t)

ffiÈâirrlct( B

ffinr,J ( :¿.Èp'i*i¿.¡ãzr(È+ *üffLE

128

**, vtua-y=yl

f

26 -J.)l:-lâ to try to -; to make aneffort to - [>>>Ètå,/- t.3]

'l¿ro 1

za (-zg¡ry¿flttal-(t. * T to be lookingforward (to -)

.r ..

? H4Et tl,ì,

2 EÃE<ta¡¡

4 RIR¡!¡,t <5ffiËEn ¿l-rt t¡ uo, frL- Wfr,#.

movle

tomorrow

lfamily name]

movie directorE1,l¡t,¡, fÈ'r:¿ ¡[Eo

ffi ä F5- ü^Øl#¿r, rr rt *i

[movie names:E4EØåÈi]

samurai

:N/J å

[name of a movietheaterl

uncut

- ¿ ùl ÌÌ' lcontraction of -{ *¿ ùl

¿tlrt.(

Ëli= ( I, also [:Ë ö ]

-/JÈç/¡fl¡¡. haveto-lcontraction of -Ì¡ Il lt,¿f-'ä È ä r.l

,r 13 - h repo rt; paper<7+'fffiw. staying up all night

ù)ol¿flæl¡¡r rarely

*'. ¿ for sure; surely

¡ttr E l.affiN/JÂ,È'

10 tt)tvÆ

alß )-ùyl

26

t¡'¡t

lûS to stand in line [u.1.]

¿5't Æ.À,(t¡) thriving

r:ãÈ I2 /.';Rùtb â popular

t ¡it¡ b fairlyrtu .

g V(stem)rãþ) â tobeginV-ing[>>>EÈl- t'4]

rì Ètz 4 ølú and others

¿ã+¡ß tãîÉl â to visit a far-away place

to compete in sports¡t¿up i ¿¡tt,¡.'u'

-- o +fr{¡,¿¿,Èi+

t +.åçiz'uwr*ttti r, L#IãT ât5

the thirties

first half

professional baseball

to visit

tl¿uç76 ìE+

ttt -

#øatl¿, tn fnJffi-15

ttt¿'18 w,)

ÊTT 6¡t¡tr E

IRf'JtJ'-

ls w.tr16r¡t

zo -þfrãul.

,lvì-

player selected for a

team [usually athleticJ

to gather lu.t.l

no matter how manytimes - [>>>*;Ez- ¡o]

to flght; to compete

to lose (a game) lu.i.)

lfamily namel

to pitch

starting with -;including-

[>>>E*z- ¡z]

balter

-û#>>>>'

21

î3 r¡uw.Lp.ru t- ru

---ffi

f;'¿ * ¿e'-o-*'{r'r¡ (

several people

strike-out

instantly

hero

not much later; soon

Pacific War

both -in recent years

to rise [u.1.]

to play anactivepaftin

the entire nation

prefecture

region

championship

Hyogo Prefecture

_r- .t-.¿) L Lfu33 EF+EI

+-åpiu¡i34 Wtñ ã

tt, -

#*. al.'-ll v Ì.

t['¿'r.35 tâ

a--{à ? iL.

wwt 6.a- -

3' IñæI6L{-v r i

38 ffiEt â

Ðtu'lñë(t¡)¿ri ^l'40 VRX

-0)i,1ù,r5' IH*6¡,t¡,vÌu t>c 1

ffi,ù,þRa) âtt/u¿itâ6fñÉ!(r¡)¡ot*o f.t, iA{Hæi*ufr+-ùllpfiv ì¡vLvr.LLfrH

lname of abaseballst¿diuml

baseball stadium

to gather [u.i.J

tournament

(big) tournament

to televise

to cheer for

to participate in (anevent); to compete in

honorable

West [i¿., Europe andAmerical

besides -to increase lu.i.l

to gain interest

traditional [>>>*;tz- ¡'g]

the professional sumo

sumo wrestler

by

Mongolia

one's home

¿1,'i ¿, ¿" almostÈt/u L

W,ffit a to die inbattle24

)7 ,-- I league

þ'v | 7 t. ti-¡ central League

.,s'Y7 4 y2. rÌ-Z- Pacifr,cLeagae

È[.^L't ir¡].Tå i,3

^+l+Hl+

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za ffi-Þ-¡'n¡'

2s fr+tr'

so l¡; ro

¿.ã+ <

31 ffiWâr¡ti, ¿ (

33 âEld¿"

RÈr¡å

ffuÞjw'iL¡iæW¿,* ¡ ri :f lt ¿,FFtr

42

43

45

46

130

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zeil+.

This radical comes from E and is used for characters representing times ofday, degrees of lightness, etc.

l-E+l lEEl fFfl rd¿

131

-llËF>>'>>

I tot lctåEa?t='undeniably; no doubt by any account' l+#z>t.tsf lxaø>t.tsl¿r. ¿r à.,1,¿ ( ûr¿ ( åãltôèt

a ) EÄØßEffiËø+-e ñ È>ãñt¡Ø lÌ. litr EÉc ( ÚRÌrRHÆ/¿"ô ) .('Ihe most famous movie director in Japan by any account must be Akira Kurosawa.)

È!.a (

b) BÄ¿rffiffi^Elù: /¡l¿/¿Ølr. fi[¿ ÊcT $r t y rt ØiltÌIlrìô ) "(No doubt it was thanks to America that Japan become an economic power.)

/r", -l¿clt,Ztå,cl| lãffi2 > t. z t >>> - 2Eîc úIc c ll ? f

::al::l:a

*+ØH-ðEä'ct¿ctt't"(I seem to remember that it was also hot last summer. Am I right?)

ffiffiflrFiflË ct¿clt" (*ìEfì: ül is acceptable.)(I seem to remember that the exam is next week. Am I right?)

ffiffiøÈi¿:¿' y y v 7 ì v F' ù¡ ' q * L t¿ c tr'l "

(Is there a service station in front of the hospital? I don't recall [seeing it].)

ilffi¿*t,tP T I't¿clt "

(I don't remember when the exam is- \Mould you tel1 me?)

,nl,.;r,ll¡, A¡Èâ:ii:¡þ:ìlïj,:i,:Í,iËfi.Ìn'ìÈ .: .L'

:',"ffifi lJ;.Ìi.e',Ii ffifi, "'Lit¡:r..ùl.,j'l ,¡r,,,, r,... .,iEi¿;';::,ü i,lr,

'fto,,|.c,a-.,trI, ,::,,',-,4i *.,þÈ.a..,ù¡,t

lr.,.,..r.',t .;.¿:iÈ l *,fi:,¡jj, j|¡j, -:À,:,Ê l¿e:trj '.

a)

b)

c)

d)

>>>>> lt2t)l-!=!

a)

b)

HA#ltæHffiffit áe)t=1,,< ( liå r.."(Please try to study Japanese every day.)

ËÀ+râù1. 7 tv¡s4 l. Í..á¡tf C j ä l=l,T r'* T.(I make a point of earning my spending moneyby working part time.)

Qr,,, V (stem) ff A)ã =.Oeg¡n v-¡ns, l#æpt > t.g >>>ËlrnËÞrcl

fÁ Èr B ä# ¿ rün v'H u> tØ ùr -+Èif. T "(It was ayeat ago that I started studying Japanese.)

: ^7

y -Ìt. ffi,rr#bã ¿ çe) t,lL*.ÈÀ""(You can't stop reading a mystery novel once you start reading [itJ.)

[V(stem) Wb â] indicates 'finish V-ing.': I . ,'.: .:;:..;

. i +m=m,-;; ¿?åi.và,*,wii,,i ,r."(i finalþ finished writing apaper at 3 a.m.)

$ ''' 51 V (stem), S, l#aw¿>¿.n >>>la1 !-17 >>>lFD r.34>>>#tD l.j5>>>&HÈn]

(They formed aleam by gathering good players andplayedgames with the American team.)¿i L itúb) & I øt -ÀÈìF+Etr:*Ë fJ. :ìEHØ F -)- t y | þT â"

(A number of teams gather together at Koshien for a two-week tournament.)

$ "' Question word * -?ú f#a#t > t. t s >>> friJËH: <b]

r:-Qüéstion.w@s:<I ¡;;aZ;i.t:f.u:1.ì;t N: ./;æ.ie¡¡;fAj i-forms tollowett by ü r

indicate 'no matter whaflwhen/wholwhere/how often,' etc.

À uãáa) ËtilJl*. l,t?E( û *i?,Ì,.Í'T.

(Mt. Fuji is beautiful no matter when we look at it.)Á¿

b) fif ãÊ¡t( últ 6 /¡ ¡.[7)ì i È,+ * L r'f"3-"(I envy people who never get fat no matter what they eat.)

c ) HÉøry¿*- I 2,16, ? €'

^f--ì l,f.. L- * T"

(fOkyo is crowded with people no matter where you go.)

a)

b)

133

-û#>>o"

| ,r, -ãW6¡+starting with -; including -' l#at>no>>>^-7',1,-zäÉÞl

'...æ,.'..S:OhraSè..inÈ,ó. ,ótliouÈ "¡mÞtê,;ãs'io,,tlt ,.',,.'--i':r ,

a) T ) y r("¿1, 7 v l rÈ-tv¿'ffi¡f,- .,ìz I v I - 7 4 7+'v I- t¡ ¿^øz;r:-y Uffi¿(..T.(In America, sports such as basketball andice hockey, not to mention football, are popular.)( åäi2ôåå 6 LriL¿ù ðtitr t,tù

b) #{iNnjiu. tffiäF5j ãffid¡, l-h^Øffi1 lÉLt z¡ ¿^_ &<Ø&ffi7)ffiÊ-e bâ"(Akira Kurosawa is the director of many famous movies such as Seuen Samurai and Ran, not to

mention Rashomon.)

$ rtt NE¿ ?T='Íor -; fo -' l#ary¡>t.sz>>>ÉfÍ!È1.¿2zl

a) ElAz\r tcT¿lËìÉø: ¿ f..ò. tf-E^riëcTItÆ.t:F'ì-6 ¿ ¿ Ù &t'tÌô ).(There are probably lots of things which seem normal to a Japanese but strange to a foreigner.)

b) & I ø7 t y ù Øx++.\ítc7. ÞÌffiùr-ÉÉ4/¡ : å 6 Lt'.(It seems that grades are most important for many American college students.)

$ t"r ,r,f,!='-{ype; -ic; -ical' lffia¡Vt>t.¿s>>>1ffiÉlrd]

a) HËÉtr¿ *6rlpùt'.¿Ë i L. *iü¿¿.Hår¡ €^rìô)"(A typical Japanese souvenir might be a kimono or a fan.)

b) lTt ( 4-) ¿ ,)' lõ ( ü'l LÉ t L. FËÉ!i:H . i-â "(It sounds masculine if you say iku zo or iku ze.)( åãù .tt ,lrr ,'¿¿ (

c ) RA¿*ËtFÉf |;ãñämË(.. ó 6.(Kurosawa is a world-famous movie director.)

d) ËìE-el*. ¿ØEil(. {¡ -i.zvS- þ#ÊiÊfrt.Jlzæ.t6 ) ¿ l-t t'- 6 "

(In recent years, every country is making an atlempt to use energy efficientþ leconomically.l )

,rr> vtrJ--y=yl

a) "'7ñö,/7ßþ,nþ

ËZ ¿¿t)

b) ,,, #ö/ffiâ

>>>>>[âffi2]

>>>>>[âfft]

1 : When you want to invite some-one to do something, you useexpressions such as -*ÈÂ,å.,-rill Ð. -ð lu ü ¿ t îT¿.(formally), and V t¡t. ? (infor-mally).

2:This expression is used to ac-cept an invitation to someone'shome. ËÆt¡ ( means "withouthesitation" and taD+*Tð lir-erally means "to intrude on some-

one's time." When you acceptan invitation to some event, youcan say Ès ¿r. c*ffi ð $'C ( fjð t. (formally), È'(Iõ ( (infor-mally), etc.

3:This expression is used to closean invitation sequence, sayingthat you are looking forward toir.

4:Ìt * -> å implies that you can'tcomply with an invitation.

5:Oftentimes, it is polite to askthis type of question, whichwould make it easier for the ad-dressee to refuse your invitation.

6:When you can't accept an in-vitation, make sure you givethanks for the invitation and askto be considered for another op-pornrnity.

rl¡H :

zf V,l

úBt:

*,/ 4

úBl:

*v'l l-

(â, ËFñ

,fV4 |illE:

ìry 4 |ftE., âÊ_ø*.8Bll*áftLt.f.'j-Èto

!. L. À. EIJ ùt.

D ç. j B ^.ütlf;ür å -2 L r¡ ¡,r *,Ël.'ù'1"ó. ób¿så ,¡Èr,'*T. Ìôt-u,À,tTÈto

,.,Jr,L ì-, Xfr t) -Êlô,+.t: *dât. L /: t,. TÃ lvlÊ ->"c t. 6 rt-cf I "

Ztùq ¿4 ilTtt " D+. ËËr¿<{5uP*ðrf (rrÊËã:fT2.

LEffiz*.Ð-c.þ, ù)

l,.tt. * l,at\= L(t,r¡tf 3"

D+. */¿"

wa:

*+utv@ai

*rvtvwa:*+utvrga:

*+vtv

Íffi B 0)tfr,- ,s - I ¿ -ùs ù> â l"rì tù Ð. lrll't¿vt 1 ?

ÍreHùÌËJ cEao/f-11-I*äålr?5ÈÈi.D+/¡t.¿r¿"ffitf;årlt Lt,t ? 5

iÀ,- t' J:ådâ,D ç ó, ftËl¡ r,.da"

i 1", cÐlùtr" ltclt,<#.( (ttt¿tï)E"

âE*/¡¡îËEurtå 6"

135

-û#"o"

,r, Êl-lbJvl"<7 t,- r¡ b - -,,\¿ÌB+ä. ö i *^ùÌ E##øfeE-tt-t¡., /J ð L'o B#äl*. ãilø7,3- l. r',{- I ¡ -þ-l â Ø:c- ft+.þiä?$ tr" invite) L * T. 'ËÉ¿*åH {u, uoo

like)" ¿ØÌ i/Ã)f-1 ¿ -ù.t¿- Éâfl*Ð/Jð!.o g+ä¿*ätrþffi.) ¿L" ftä--¿D

tJ.+gÂ+VWfr b * T (to decline) å¡. /¡ìù'l-rùl /J i.¿.?tf ¿:#,H l-r¡u trLùl't. ùt * ì¡.t"

f ,,, n-lVJVle ,{7ù:/J b. -^ilH++^ ò i-^ùlEAø'hz l'7 7:.1) -Ø*áËj A,t:/Ì. b /Jðt'"

*áËð /,"å. +WX'ÍR-cz zì l-vzl1v"-Tr(Øt.. H++.ò#t.*T" g++¿t¿iæZ<òÌr,."

J,', trt-wJVle 47 t:z¡ b. -Äùtg+ä. ò i -^ùi 4 ØË&ØEA^+ä¿: ä' ä ð l'" BA^+

4üt. H++-þHtlo)æffit:e,rÊlf L /¡ t,. Øf.-. ãtll)X.'rê¿:fäl$ L * i-" EYä¿*HÆLØX.t:fr->T¿¿ ¿ ¿ì/¡!.Ør'H¿t*T" åÈi. Hffi¿*Ét""=Ä¿ Ü ( Èlll¿É#îff L /¡ ð r.. (ftäÌl- ERà. È, E^L++.øX.* {" ØffiHäi&Wþ ff b . Yä/; È à¡

4 {t þtfr.-t 1f,ffiÈrîÈ 6 J i t:L-c ( ÈË !.o)

{,,,A-lVJVle,{ 7 i: z¡ b . -Å¿*t+ä. ò i -^lt 4 øEÊt,-/¡ b Ì¡ð ì,'" t++.ùå. Ë,€àìË¿}ì

ü:*l: Ø'c. A¡r'øWtHh^ t,o show himlher around) L l¡ t' È ,H: { t,' * T. å ¿

7).lTå /¿ r,. å :- ôþ:R.Ð1, ÊÉþ#ì.. /J ð t.o Ð ¿ 1â i ¿. ù Ë,ÍL.ât. /J ð 1..

$ "' dV2-,a) 47t:tìù,{L. Ðôt¡2,f,-)ÈsffÈà.- ¿t L{ffiÈ7)r. !r'tlt bF'c'C. ['åà.. t

+¿.¿ ilt,/t å. /¡å-r ( /¿ ( ð¿,HFñl--c.æZ?Ff,È - ,rþ'e 2,r¿##L/Jðù'oÀL'ùt

b) ËìEE,/¿WEù:, !. { *dEr.l:HFñ L. Ëf,1. ïcÆÀ:þ'É.12 '

7I:##L r¡'ð \'" n0)

H#*ØHffiþ{F.'c({¡Å!'"

1Ã-

>>>>> ltit)Í-!=2

r*[.,p ¡EÊæ actor,/actress

ì= S cartoon flit., anima(tion)J

ì.* t,t - comedya -ì .-rtr tj

'h 7 -[4É horror film-t7 -7S F science fiction

r{¿if ¡t,øñt\,+rJ contemporary drarnau *r.t øWß,W period drama

,'.lz e'-Jy r^ happy end(ing)

du plot of a fitm

6'o fF*e lft^L vÐ r--/ a y) ¿ t. iË{"- =E+øffX?ËÈ/Jðù.o

e I -,) -¿ìËìgØå*øK.t,,Éffiþtr,t|{!.*T. CD AHr.'(- ^ØHpãt:Æì-/Jð

!.o

¡b'ffif to make a lot of noise

6¡ ) La) Htø&? (family name) ttfi ¿ t. !. * Tà..

b) ì _ r) _ùìÉ#þ å.ül/¿ffi. Flløt:/¿fråìH* Lt¿Ð," E ) t_,C.tltÎ b * Tà..

c) ù-') -üÌ. E+?'fEl¿:ffi.*L/¿à..

d) ,1-1¿ -ùl'fElffiróftSbâ'c'Ui iå.o

e) Eft¿*)-') -Ø7ts-lr¿fa-7l¿¿ å ìrtbâ{" LJ i¿." t ) l-'C./ÈzJ' b *îà."

-û#>""

l¿¿ ã,lrrJi

iJ-i"i

LI

If.wjL ì y -ü*. 7 '

y lrØN+Øx+ffi-c.#ãtfrþH-W.L(u. âtrt, ++¿xElA

ù:g+ L -C r,. a " H#Iil*RHØ Kt+'C. H&t¡ Y #ffi.Øë ì ù:^d'rr ö

bor¿" -r"ì ¿t 10^('àu.Øl¡v-/î, 7, y rtP4 4,) zø;ÊX?Êffit'ffi¿,-c'. 4{vt:--tt-'c14 z)t v ! ayþîâ" -ffiIstUl*F#Èà.6FñËr¡

!.år. 1¿ z)ty!=vlJBA#r¡Ø{". sì r-¿Ì. EÄffiØHffiäl¿ ( ð

I/H,Lä ùlfrr¿å-'ä È,Ì¡ ('CX:ÆIì"

¿ : ¿¡ffi *. o'C - n E'tþ.t:- t" : ø#4È È às Y &ffi.þ+81+l--CÈRbàþ

î a ¿ å i: /¡ oÌ¿ " ffi.ô.âf"¿*,. #Ef¿t,n:-l#ù:ffi.À,È rê-r/; b l-Ì¡¡: È,

ffitg.t:¡.!¡. ô#þffi< zc i ("_ --. ì y -t:tt+lJÐîØffiWîbâ" äFfrtiS

å u. I 1È ç åE¿:lF* ->T¿o r-: I -ÌÌ't" ì ønX:È¡d¡e¿fu,üvÈ.r,.{ {¡

t ->I¿¿¡. ËÌ:rf i t E â LF"crF ( HÈ.ùt'c.ft-c /¿Ø{'. r¿-þJ b ò+ (

Ëu.{L*:l¿.ffi.1}ãØffi,81:56 ð fi.6 å . ftlãÈ: l¿" /\80)#E¿: ùl- fÉr,. I - 1 ¡v

åì!. ( .rl.Èn.fu. Æs L À,ù¡I¿ < ã À,ffiù'tl{[.]:o - ì ¡/ -ìJffi,þtrJì..{"_¡àì: ¡ås_ Ð J. ù:Æ-¡ /¿ à r,. t-Øù,fllt'ùt¡,ù.oI¿" Là. L. &lì-#Wt:Æa ø 7)ì¡. ¡. r¿ ô i È E,: (. ffiøFñøÈiùtÆ: t. frh''¡At:frffiËùtY ffi.

tYLH,{vI¿"Y#W.tt if-i t)-ùìÆo'c.t-âØþHâL- L¡c åô': ( b

Ll¿Ì ir¡ffiþ L(. ËffiË¿:f4¿.=ol¿" TâLfrffiËüÌjLì'/-¿:. [jL

ì y-. T*r¡u.ùÌÐ. ò: å iÈøfr,,-¡Æ-'-c) åË:/¿. ?l-r. ,'ì I-ØÆ->( r.t¿- ffiøFåøÈiØffiù:- Y wt?.þÆà-rÌl¿"

ffi.^àåF-|,ù.->l¿åì- r ì y -ùt,/Jìi'ÉâùtgJ7r.ð d',¿tøà.- Ð i L{ ð

r38

>>>>> lt)t)I-!=!

,jù. È, /Ã. tt. -> /¿. H El X+-cËffiãû: â, È ffi Ëf, r,. { a â L. ËffiË ¿* n0) }.i t:S i¡' "

Itr[ä(" Ì1. ffØFåØÈiù:. -ÉHIø l¡ùtÆâ : ¿ ¿:]F* : { r. 6 À,rì"Ë ò ËÈ¿-c t 't Â,È ùt ¿". Y ftä¿:lÈËð d'tË + : /¿ I .l

e ìRØ9l;E#,¿-,, e. ff u u I € 0) l- o. FåË : ( tr õ Ð 0) l- x ä ? It rd Ë u t.

a) ¿ ì I -¿tô L, 1TÈtå Êr,:ça.¡-"b) ¿ì I -ttÈiù: È>ffi.e.àrH¡¿¿ Èàìó:/¿,c) Y&wùt++,þ.0),s-1 ¿ -ù:fËlsLt:"d) :¡. ì I -àìËr,./:Ëû:¿Ì. *È/a-i.r{,*tù./J¿.r/¿oe ) ::t ì I -ttJ._ ft+,ìrìÆå ÌÌ1Ø L :_ ôt:Æ-c( !./¿o

trüntrtr

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ì

r¡1.{Et'-

ÆJì ¿ ,T

L'tr(tot (4,I

trØrÆ,(, f

E rLâ

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6tl,¡,L=À+ilüÅuJir.u'tE'r#-T aaE *1.Ë¿:ìt iat¿r¡-1.

F'frT A

*r tl,a

fflä

¡¡E u Ji11 E./\Er

professor

a grovp of students thatmeets regularly with adesignated professor tostudy specific topics

afüc)e; essay; thesis

to invite

to get lost [:ËÈìâr). È/4 \ /Á ôl

to show (someone) theway to aplace

t¡ t¡A

atatami room [:ËØËßËl

eight-mat room ll2'x72'f

low LêËt.J

a smal1 cushion forsitting on l:Æâffi¿:EjzJrt/¡!l/"1

to 1ay flat (to sit on)

the back t:^ b U¿. 6 )Ër,.Ffl

alcove

appear; arrive [:çr1< 7a)

to move [u.1.]

the next day l:4.øH)to caution

6trees.)

ttFãtxT

{_EÞt4_rle_þ,-6__ã__Þ_).

LT URE NooaoaC

Jobs for Students>>>>>

J n the U.5., even elementary school and junior high school children sometimes work toI earn pocket money by babysitting, delivering newspapers, mowing grass for others, etc.

High school students with part-time jobs are not at all rare. ln Japan, on the other hand,

youngsters through high school are usually discouraged by their parents and teachers from

working part-time since they must study hard in and out of school to survive "examination

hell." They are expected to devote their full energy to studying to get into the "right"

school or college. They simply do not have time for part-time jobs.

Once in college, however, things change dramatically. Since course work is not even half

as rigorous in Japan as in the U.5., many college students acquire part-time jobs. The best

kind of job is tutoring students from elementary school to high school to prepare them forentrance exams. They also work as sales clerks, sports instructors, interpreters/translators,

or anything else as long as it brings in money.

ln the U.S., one often hears about students working their way through college. That is

not usually the case in Japan. Parents are supposed to take care of their children through

college, and they do. Japanese college students, therefore, work part-time to earn extra

money for enjoyment. They may buy small used cars, motor scooters, sporting goods, or go

on trips abroad.

Job lnterviews

hen looking for a part-time job, an American student in Japan may be expected tospeak in Japanese, depending on the type of work he/she wants. When interviewed

in Japanese, either face-to-face or over the phone, you must speak very politely, using il#.There have been cases of Americans selected over their competitors only because their ff#was better. Therefore, learn to use expressions such as tTLCdl)t and, above all, never refer

to the interviewer as 6f¿f¿ !

oooaa

EËJÞ.

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lOEEI

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EEC)v

>>>>> 7JLl{.f l.# U

t =, t .75r. õõæâEÉ+tî^7,l,/ tI f-øt¿ ¿zcEE=Egõ "

: ?14 y v#ê:ÉÉ+ffi{-î.

ò Lð L. ir/¿ ( Ull y t åFL* -l.r)ì. ,€âffiffiÊfr7)ttsø: ¿(.Ë I: å fiJ!.1¿ u.'1,{"Tåì"

: 4 {L:AIi - lfrØÊ ¿ ftir b * Tør. ,t'4 t61+t, ( /¿"ð r,."

***

ò Lö L. ftb b * Lt¿. ÈffiØEBltT¿;.A'l+t'

b/¿ ( LffiEX+ØH++î17 v l. ¿ FL*T" ffiEt+øffir.lrft+rï,b-7c t, å'e#:*#WÊfrþWL( u' 6 o t- + â LF=l¿Ø{". tá€fifru'È L * L+-/q o

bb. 4{LIt t" i ò " ã.t, t'c-wL{u. âØtå, +ÉäffæØ, ) 7þw.

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lå1.- l,.-'ffrJt.* LÌ )à." frt^I*. -B\+;tÐwl>]îþte'. ót.{*áb *TÈr.

4 {L'atJ'- ð ð :(. ^ffi

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tål,.. trIoí)î1" 4lL'aI*- tôU ( *áFËr.u.l¿L*3-.

D +- 4 o)Wt:"

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s lLf:z-¡lvI L+:

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t5

,[eJþ/ ¡vÅ 4 | U/; t,..â,Èù] Ð. ¡. ¡. /7tzt ì4 l. fü Èrl¡U, ?

4 ) trà" f_-e-lål-rFrâ**.¡-6Øùt-æf :ffib+r.Å,Dç/rr,. ?2

âf*ffiffi/¡u.Å,1¿'ùl å""

i€fl"ðå tç-ìÈrd'rl_$_- È"r,. D ¡ ) À. ,fElÄr, y 7v /¡ È{. ð Lr,.à. à"3

l a DA"v y 7Y ) -c'C. ?

-il'7)ktfr.¡¿#àâ. L " lffi)v.v y 7v z¡ à. â;ÉØffi+þ t-tbül'å /¿'ül

{"- trI o i- ) l.'t.'*áêÈrð à À å_¿11Èùt ¿.

Hffi.oí-, ÐÅ,/¡Ä" 4

ÈtÉ ¿ È.. +ä å à.. OL ¿ à.- âilE T¡. À,ù,"

'C ð. 4 À,t¡þtft.¿" t S'>'C F,2tl â o)"

= i^ìt lÃo

l= Àl o-C ?

N-c'c â )vt:frÊTsø. fr#t. tJ-þ'7)W+#.i¿t' ù:Ëf,u.( ô.1¿ t> ? 4 tLù.

È. ñx þ 7 r i I -ù: öÉEÂ,r"*a ( å u.u-Â,Dç/¡¡.þ./¡" Xffi.øFn->-c

å^ç#ffiÌ¡À,ù"î- #àffiØfu\frþp b tu.¡¿s¿f u.å t:"t" ffLòËET¡À,ù.tt:Hç. I l{.{ btlâ"W#ffi.ì- â tå.tr,¿: ò. f4¿. b â ?

4 ) tJ" ffiflø 7 ¡v.¡s 4 | T¡ A,ù.b 6 À,D + /¡ r.È"/Jo x+t+EÊßØffiñffiF,r z>I¿ È> ? 4 fu1t,6. + f ¡vT¡À,ù.T 6^ò u.6_4/_Ç__l__._Èüt Ð.

5

+îtv?

z-+lvÌL+:

z-cìvJL7:z-+lv

1À"- 7rY!aY+ftvo"C"ö. 4lLItL ¡o ¿......"

l-l.-----_-----al

l'q= It=ffi

I

I

I

>>>>>Vlbl\.( ¡-#l'l

10

Q !t1tù-4 lv

w++tfr

Ðs.4 f v

ffi++lÂ

l-4YY

W++æ1

Ð-4YY

ElPE"

Ð-4Yv

H++ffi

9z,l Y v

w+4[ft

Ì ¡-4 YY

w++ffi

ìt4)v

vlr\. æ#lEøt#e. æ+frffiØ L¿ËÉ u cuìõ.

€lx. tô+ùt/r'UË19 /¡ ( /¡:(ÈÈØ'c. 7tv,'t4 lþl-l:L'å,H:{['âA,'ATtrt- {qlÈ.¡¡!.{"L !. )ù," ###ÊfrøEl/J à bâÀ,"C'Ttl [*- ó*b l-I¿ ( /J t..Ø-c.

fiå.f+ffiàìó b * T¿."

tt ( å"j ->l.l41t-&)ù'"

flJ¡t.ttl,ù.0>^j bl#¿:"C"È å: ¿" {tìJåùÌ'. 3v¿--ì -ù:Ë+Lu'åå.Æ#'ØffiRþ l-I¿¿ ¿ àìó â L ù'"""o

ffiHt¡ à. f+{"++ffiffia4t#þ t' }. o Lf : ( * LÈ"

4{tÌ¡ à. â. t ¡: Ðt€?#ÎH{"ffiRø,s4 lþWL(u-*T}" Ëffiffi

Ekffi.L{ ó üt'* îzJ'È>. €# L'C. ô.1¿ 6 Ð i 1"1å'.

D ç. FË7r.ttl a*.T"

* 0) iÊ?#iH¿:€ff L t ô-I¿.1r"îàì. Èe)r L l¿.

IÌu)ol ?

ò ? ¿iå.Ø^þE-cË + ." I¿ À'rì 4 i tT "

fÈã:e L/¿ia. (" ò. âB ÙÌHÉt'-7 .tv,,t 4 l' årÃ: Í t' * T Å.

¿* t"t¡tt$("îÈ..1r{- l.'C- +¡ v l2 v-Zt¿tÃ-c-C < {L6LþWL{u. âÀ,'Aîùr. yt-

4 /v åÂ,/¡ 6ic0t b t'å,Hr,.*-l-Ì " -E-nã+H{". f^Hrãrì4 )

{"î Å.

L-c- 7c{Lttl l[. ! -ù'¿l'*ámt. L*T.EEIBÈ. t&ffaf¿ù. È' - t' ¡ ) Ð Ì å.'>f¿11 tt"

t5

w++fñ

.18ËF,,>,,

Z Xf, -?+È /ø< 4 ù:" Ehï' 7¿ t" 1'i\!rf4vfr^ j tv7 l.=Hl""v+ år þt t /'ttü: Inr È,

= 0)EÈt€tf14A'# 1o)o);tÈ-þLX.ffi¿i,Ë å'etrffi. É,Êk+I¿.m*Ø+1LÐX'c*^À,ffilIr" Ø riF- Ë¿iërêËØÉi:^ffi+bFþü:{LT-) Ì '{ 3'c(#l.r)È H, IIJ â" ),

tÌ 1." o) I¿fþtH-(b Èr

^ YâHffiIo 2 -ñR Èì

I¿ØFttsffi++¿ìþØ.LE t¿H)KØÙ:äåì *ü: t¿Øo)lIÈ #FÐ rljù:ri F-l¿ -) ')im I¿ -ct- o :e{-C1P.? Èü, ffi.t"/¡ f *b)vñ!

trh\t1¿,81, (,

FrlÉiÉ tr - t u - t = ) t¿ & 2<ËtlËîFf EtÊ< 5 frt¿.

= T tb l: . < t t:t lV ¡.ø=.¿H# (memoria l)

(5ÊtEH : FilËÊ tr- t t) - t.))

tttttTrlrltir F#u I

-cttu Ð /ì-#Ø #-c7 ffiî:)(v Hå þr # ù: -? f: ð : k' y {L þ 0) )l; j [. ùt,, b {L ô,8, 4 ù: Ê ? i 7 I' m !r B þ" /¡ Ø !r Y lD/' !r, Y t )v

/\ffiËìtf )v 4 2 A L- 4 t,'L I ^

¡ .Uq 7" È ñ i."

^ l¿ t+ - 7 â !r )v

/\ y ô xùÌåìi)r$ËB v L i t"Ë--) t7+ ? iw Ìfl EXAo) H:¿Ì¿å'= î^

7 t i S þt -? + ù: TH !r r- = 4 ;-LHE4',;+ Èì < '

{"ff ft-c t^y.',:,.- 0) z +'c. ü 1..' T àì - 7 0) î í'i7' flâ l¿,: B ì- f Ì â 7 ? þ B 4,c_,1Y F o v'

^ -C )v 7 'Ë t , H

^ 7 !' rÀ

â ki i-ìffif g y ü* îHt';i i'.H Ê iÁ¿"rE't, &Ë5 ì C U "I{. h" zcÈZ &-jn'Z Í 2 L i¡ D ^.

j i ¿i Ø tì t¿ * F#ñ t , & * 1¡, ír Ø ) 'c Æ = i '-o {L +Ë 6 t F if,' àr 4 É t: å ÐJ

^, t ¿:

ù: È, B ü: l- u y X /¡ f¿ c ¿ì, /\ " 7lftÆl¡/¿fØ)åÈ4rt=1,i: fr â 4 " 4

^ /¿ !r o v t E- ¿t Y!r t m Ø Ø 7 EX " i 418 + 7 rt

I¿ ¿r àì/: v ùå TcEU 4 Ì: o) =t

147

l8*,,,,,¡i:ÈÊ.i'¡

¡5twtirùaÙ

z Llt¿l( l'¿

-+ffi

to look for

receptionist

school [:Y&;oftenused for names ofschoolsl

teacher l:rÊe)

person who handles apatttc;lslat businessmattü [ã is generallya humble expressionfor ,,\]

to replace someonelu.i.l

a little; short (time)

lformal for ÞL]

a person in cftarge

(tl, -

#Lt'L'r Jut*.

Ii'c. i ît

lfamily name]

lfamily name]

junior and senior highschool students

target; object of

volunteer

to meet lhumble formof à )l lu.i.l

detailed

aft.er

fine; good

l.tL ri6E|ll¡trp*

? ffiillso5 J:+r'

10 +Éä

rt.u¡ if,fæ

,, ,È'r-yî 4 TtÐ-

r: *a El ù: Ðr¿¡ 6

åii L

3 &.Êw¿l¿, U ò o)

s lfrØ#

ù'r

-LR/n'âvliv¡tÞal, ry'l: lu6Èft

I5

17

tt ¿ ¡J+lz î->w,b 4s L+Xa

,1., ì

fffi)x.w v z¿['f, ffi+þl 6

quick and simple

to chatter t:trTlprivate lesson

to keep company with;to be a companion to

housewife

female office worker(s)llit., offrceTady)

,, i¡vttu â r.

16 #,Æ¡lxEtÙrT.

trt¿+ <

7e milu[. u r¡¿ffiñrffi

,o ìf¡,

connection(s)

relative(s)

surely

translation

bulletin board

fashion model

u,i ¡to +ffi

/-t--ruOL

>>>>>Vlbll.( t-#.1'

, ç'i ¿¡ ( +o¿l¡. t1w+ftúÃ lperson who deals withmatters pertaining toforeign studentsl

job opening [i¿., mouth]

special talent; ski11

magazine

editing

¡5 ç*o #lll lfamiþ narneT

177yF'.<2 r*f.ryr*Ranald McDonald

¡¡['¡ <

tEE continent

z 7t'- l..tj-t FortGeorget -

r:r\,

7av l.7Yt*^ scot

s ìvf ¿7Y Americanlndianôr9DþaiL+

4 iH ùft å a person who goes adrift

Ia

on the ocean

to drift ashore

to be moved; to beimpressed

ancestor(s)

legend

to recall

toward-

longing; yearning

to hold [u.f.] [writtenexpressionl

national isolation

/ì4 l. :/,¡vÅ'l IFË-T å to lose no time in -ingr'fæi to hire

+l'v4f å-z SantaClaus

ü'-t¿- b (/¡) perfect flt

10

(tÈ:Irìr v

5ffiffi

s +Éñfra--

ffiæ

16

19

tr f,.,Lfue ù7vlL

¡¡t( u À

Ê^r:ç'i; (

^EX

Dutch (person)

Caucasian

to enter a country [:El¿:^å: ¿l

to allow

s (-ù:)ffiizË (¡,t¡,8 i

6 ffigJ-f â

e- ttu?Mft"etluÈ.

Effi*tt ts-s,Bt.Hi-

t[' '-i:f-üîå

a!¿tËd'rr.tf-ru(

attt 'lffi å. ( warmly

- Q ) t¡,F,¡tT â to feel as if -+';t¡r before long; soon

€.v¡'(- å ) l*,ù'T 6 to be determined to

r: [¡t¿*t¿¡'n-; to resolve to -Japanese waters; offthecoast ofJapan

whaling vessel

crew member

method

fortunately; luckily

direction; area

to head toward _ lu.i.l

[name of a shipl- tr_,

e ffiEX

13 Elatlffi

11

q'l10 #-l

t¡ Br.+¿ffifif;trÈ+-luu, lu

flâElt*ti t¡ i

t4 frt#¡['¡#t.{¡ c;,\,

frffiTr'

rs (--.) fiìJ, it t gi

711=ZE

.lg#,,,,,

t¡F. ¡l¡ f ¡

'o JhiEË

¿5' '(-ù:)tEj-(+-tuÈ ¡ iflâEt (tÈEEru

(-ù:)tf,-( ¡#Ærut| 6-H(ÈeriLpi)1' 'Ifl

¡t(30g

Ëfrr(4.ÈnHf-tlr,¡ r'xx¿'['; (

37 mEl

{LttuFffi*r( Èlå

ËbìET¡t u¡ ¡

-+.o['Ætt¡ri L

ffifr-r â

z\- ø tn36 XZWJ

lthe biggest island inthe north of Japan : E

Æø-&ítøxå u.61

to approach (-) [u.i.]

captain of a ship

TandY¡9¡<LW'f â to land (on -)

the Shogunate

to be surprised

[the name of one of thefour major islands ofJapan)

lname of a cityl

31

the next (day / year / etc.)

l:4.ølwarship

to send back

throughout (one's) life

niece

to die from an illnesst:lÑftt'msll

[ma1e given name]

language study

genius

to open up the country(to foreigners) t:El?ffi( . ¿l

Edo Bay

Commodore Perry

to return [u.i.]

treaty

negotiation

splendidly

to be useful; to behelpful l:'tÉ.t:-v'>l

33

18

20

r¡5fu ¡2r Ëil6

22

23

t È¡u>f i v lfiù Dutch ship: t(.¿t

u'

EXfl. overseas; abroadItt t I'(-ù:) lÐft-f â to decide[:-t:i*Ð

â)

lthird-person pronounfor amalel

to appear lu.i.)

to be shipwrecked

interpreter

inconvenient

to learn; to study

¿;ln

'&.

ttàb'E,{L6

¡¡'¿u t!ffiM-r a:tiç(ì8il¡l ^¿õÆ(r¡)*î¡Èå ¡sJ-âr

¡ tt- ¡¡,IIFië-{.'y -. ¡;;r

RAl-:]ri+(*frrJ¿tiv¡ix.wb'c t!.

ülftl:çl È.

'tÞfrc25

26

28

""t TJlrl{r h#t I

h

LW6.ffiffi

r1..+E

to.lR,,ù'

zt. JhffirË

20.õffi.

¡r.lI¡=-

r.ff40.ffifrffi.

rr. tEEro.ffi (

zt.Hffi

zo.tE

sr.ülÆ

z.#Efr

z.Èffi

tz.ffiÐt

tz. ¡lfffizz.*ff.zz.YÀì

s.lfr

s.,fE^

r¡. ÉÄrs.Ël*zz.'ffi.

ze. ìET

g.ÈlÉ

e.ffiÆ

rs.ffiùtË (

rB.lñ.à. !.zs.Effi

ze.yä

¿.Èffg.Eb â

r+. =#f

19.#[.

zq.WlLâ

zs.ffim,

s.ffiE

ro.ffi&

ts.tÐL 6¿-

z0.lpJ/Jr )zs.ìÉÉR

so.Xf,

z.# L t,.

z.Æ#,

tz.Æffi,#

rz.ffiEX

zz.ffi (

zz. FãEX

q.ffiffi

g.É)

tq.+flft

rs.fâËl

z+.WW.

zs.Râ

s.ffi-rR

ro.#il1

rs.'[Ëù¿

zo.WIfu

zs.H-ffso.*fr!

This radical stands for a rice plant and is generally used for charactersrepresenting kinds of plant, states of, or uses foç the rice plant, etc.

t_fÄJ tfxj [ril fd¿

151

8*-"'

t "' Xf*Y< åür?T='Y is about the only X.' lã#t > t. t z >>> äâ.Ê< Surrttrt]

This expression is used when Y is about the only case where X holds true. X and Y are both

a) Elã^r)ìØ À"(ìt ('.È 6Off. 7t+äØffi< årrå¡ü Ltrlcrl.(College years might be the only time when the Japanese can relax.)

U-T Ehb) rF.Ràìffi21.Ì:rÌ, â Øß_ t6ÆØ ¿ ô < àü\rr"

(,{bout the only time Tbkyo becomes quiet is around Llre Bon festival.)

c) #.Lt¿fr&wt. fr7 v7 4 7 r"fA¿:E^ffiþw.i-l¿( åür?"T.(about the only teaching experience [I have] is teaching Japanese to children as a volunteer.)

/r* f pHfJ ='as expected; also; aga¡n' [â#2 >r.3]

t.z,lf ,Þ is aconversatio¡alform,of Siå,þ.,¡L¡...an erb,ry,liich,indicp!ès,thâfwþatisbêing.

said is what is expected from our general or specific knowledge.

a) I a y . T i1 ¿ ltWâ*.Tì ->T¿"'tÊ.0) ffi I¿t, ö \¡lf U&yâXl:t¡, ol¿"(John Kennedy was a politician. His brothers also became politicians.)

b) Ë+¿rffiÉt..6 f Èì. 1up tf U HLa Ø¿:ffiH7)rà.È. b * j-"(Kan¡i arc interesting, but las might be expected] they take a long time to learn.)

J ott -Ëå-f{='lf onlyVou -'

This expression states a sufficient condition for attaining a desired result. ð å

là#z > ¿. s >>> FFÈã L rr *nnHl

' ,, .r:V.(1-.€,rfeijln)'ð'å-¡,1Ùuls:'l.' .:,(:,,Tþ'þ..ffih .ë,Z,t1thlf'.'.-,,.:'.,,

fr'P.fficles' z:t'' ¿,'¡¿',*¿, ò,,are.droþþed.,ú.hèn å å is attached;

i',1i!::',i':i'¡ |:È ffitr¿IS;,I*Ì'is'acc itio f'o'ry,

iÌ"tta ) )gú: ð 7-T n|{ffifr,ù: lJ b *-ì} ¿,"

(You won't get sick if only you exercise.)

b) Eë *"rftrr'Ë b * î.(tf you only sleep, you will getbetter.)

c) 2 i 7.¿:H( ) - | þ L c'c.ë à,r,rtrft'. Ì¿r.D I iÀfT.(If you only attend classes andtake notes, you will do fine.)

152

tttrt 7rLlr{ F#U I

d) Ë+ð àfr ?rrtrft'#îEflÈrffie) 6 È r,. i btI {..ùtó b * È,L"(It's not the case that knowing kanji guarantees that you are able to read newspapers.)(¡È

e) EHðåó*11{. Lóirl¡îî.(The only thing I need to be happy is free time.)

.:r t.:l::;.. -: :. tì: .: ::;.:.::4.: r:r:,1r.i: .;..:

., ',In g.orpq,capes, there- is a chqice between,-_N.Ê-¿ Vjttr,O¡.V à.,l.Èu-,1È.aS.,.,,-i $è fol.loryingexamples:

f ) (TbðåÊnôfr^'. iÊb*1.g) <T b þffi,¿rë àTtrff. ÌÊb *f.

(If only you would take your medicine, you would get better.)

{rrr, ^,f*l lÀ#z > t. s >>> tf : i ã Lìuì¡ÐÊr)r E Ð zât8ët¿1, ¿f

..:.1x ,ûhictr:øèant¡iu6aa'io¡i.'èi.l.qóté.ái ¡.ãn"', conjecrure with some i

, ,cèita,inty. .It',follows INø], [/¡-adjectiíe+,rr'],;¡anOtþtain foJms gf -vgrbq anaÉ,,l , a¿i uét, ' , ,,' "

a) âB¿*EEEÈ¿.6 , HÈm&aorrf r"T"(Ifs Sunday today, and so banks are supposed to be closed.)

b) BÄt:{lÂ,t'!./¿È'6 Bæffiàì-h+/rff f Í.T.(His Japanese should be good since he lived in Japan.)BÐi;

c ) FÉr¡ b*u- l*f f'1.(If it's a used one, it should be cheap.)

d) 2'<4 vffiþFflcÍt.åz\l: å o1- 4, y 7ætjffiL ( r¡r.f*f (.T.(For people who know Spanish, It¿lian is not supposed to be dífficuit.)

e) BAffiø=+ù:/rÌ?.1Ì. BÄffiøffHÈìãñe) 6 Í*dt'T.(Students w1no are in Third Year Japanese shouldbe able to read newspapers in Japanese.)

$ rrr -l*T¿Lrt lÈ#2 > t. z o >>> =e=,btt

tub\r á

^auraatiur]

a) *.6îÞÛf¿tt"r0Ð

(Ifs iike a dream.)

153

.lg#>>>>,

¿ ¿,/JËt. l, ØVHb ë ftf . lÌå.4/c[r.(I feel stupid being forced into buying an expensive thing like this.)

ä Ðr ä ¿¡.fl=Fþì /¡ ¡. ;1 ¡. ç t /ìda.(It seems difficult to find a¡ob.)

Ilc¿lu

X+ffi4FT â7tt¿rrJ-"(It looks like lhel is going to get married next year.)

$ trr N ë tr?='as -' lffia#t > ¿. t s >>>ÊâË¿ t,(]

a) ##Ø#En¿Lf ElÄ,-frr <7 t yr^¿1. W",tWzr!'åJ i/ì.(It seems that the number of Americans who go to Japan as English teachers is increasing everyyear.)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

tflú 3 ùr<1,+

lffiævl > n a >>> ìEãRi¡tu rr¿ur,zu)]

,- e[Þ.$, :,4"F d,.1,],,+-::is.¿ fÁ6¡¿l:.ex:..:.:i,, r.i :. :..: .,...-r:i.:i:.-:....::;. ,.: r ,

t' tr:r:11:: 1':: :'.i::r', i::tr::r :ì:.:itt:,::.;:,1

b) 1= à7+-ll. ãffi+å¿l'T À b öDIiÊìEø("ä^ñtt'È> LþlJ!'"(Chomsky is perhaps more famous for his political activities than as a linguist.)

| ," N/¿Þ (lI) ='because (of); due to'

-l¿Ð(t:) follows [Nø], lt¡-adjective*t¡1, and plain forms ofadjectives. It indicates the reason or câuse for the following clause. -l¿ Ðpression, and hence is used in writing or in formal iitoátioos.

tdtr t9 È

a) XÉØf¿üt7 i 4 làì*-t Y+ tvã ttl¿"(The flight was cancelled because of heavy snow)

À(Í?

b) #?ttîFÆt¡t¿dt- Hi¿ å ø ù:ffiFflåì7):f: fi o

(fan3i take a long time to learn because of their complexity.)

c ) #ffiø'e È 6 )BilÈìt. /J r,. É &)- #rcåftÆõEl:Æ D ( t. /¿.(Because there was no interpreter who could handle English, the Shogunate was greatTy

inconvenienced. )rtr. å (aI

(Because of the deteriorating economic conditions, many people havebeen laid off.)

E#ffiþfuúfr-f â Ëó (E). EÄ^fra /c.(He went to Japan in order to study Japanese.)

E#ffiþfu,ffiU r¿l¡ e) (E) - BA^õa l¿"(He went to Japan because he studied Japanese.)

rt TrLlrr F#u I

a) "'VwtÍí hO¿¿TE;ffãfâ >>>>>[â#1]

ffiØ^: AÊt I ^îìå#ãsrt

1"

è)v ; t t€, t. þr.< uffiÉ**#og+är ?72l. ¿ rf, .xT2" ffiffiø7 tvtt 4 | øZ ¿Tb* t ¿f¡íltrÉ[tÀZ"f ár3"

{ÃØL: bb. 4{Lu. à'i ö" ffiff-7)fråW.tåó b *-l-¿..¿ )v : ¿l i.. ng¿ YEffiFÃøffiFk,r'L f : /¿ ¿ [

¿ìð b *T"ffio)L: 4 )-AîzJ,o ?ffL{'.¿l- -EtaElù:à.à. t-C!#

L !' ¿ L þ *6ffi1- Ur¿ r' t E!'* Tåì- pñHø

+'{þ-W c ô aË ò ^r. 6 L.r r,./¿ lìit * 1¿..è-)v ; iå!.. /ì1. D I i À-c. 1" f''¿t- -F+ù:1Elr. * T.

XôU ( *áñFt.t,./¡L*1"

b) '- EgÉ?8f;fr(messase) äffiti

I : In general, the party that an-swers the phone speaks first bysaying ù L ò L. Some people,

however, skip ò L ò L andiden-tify themselves by saying, forexample, H+'Cî. Business es-

tablishments normally identifythemselves immediately, with-outsayingtLöL.

2 : The caller must first identifyhimself/herself by saying - È FL * -t-. If you forget to identifyyourself, the person answeringwould ask

^TLfj'rr. ÐÈ Èffi

(polite for Ètrù)'c L ¡ I à.. Thelatest trend seems to be to leave

out the latter half of this sen-

tence, leaving only trlL î l as

intact.

3: Once the caller idenúfies him-self/herself, he/she normally asks

for the person he/she wishes totalk to, e.g., ffirlrJhär.. ù -¡ l- +r.. * T È.. In the above conversa-

tion, the caller instead states the

reason for the call by saying -o)¿ ¿ -eÈ I ¡ å,lElì.-lc r..t,îTàror ? l, Èr1-þ#1.-C r,. 6 c L+ â Lñ->ltØf. btãffiI.i¡ L* Ll¡.

4: If the party that picks up a phone

does not identify himself/her-self, then, you can ask by saying

-o)*;4 (polite for 8) îL ¡ iÐ. if you are calling someone'shome.

5 : When you want to leave a mes-

sage, you can use formal expres-

sions such as -l ) *á6à ( tiË t. *È/1,à. and - L ld6¿ ( fìð t' or informal expressionssuch as --c'C.G,Lt ( f¿t¡t. ?

ard,--t1.Ê-¡ f *ót.f .

ètv i

ilrBlË

è)v i

tljElË

ètv:.

ilrBl&

è)v i

TIJEIË

È)v i

IIJH&

t t €' t. ¡l.¡E ð '{,OÍJÊ?' l' ¿ ) lt'a"

llr,., 4 )f-T7Jt"ù,t€ut

60 ). Èø*+ø ì 7 2 l- ¿ Ífr L :r ráf2.å*¿ 7''"rbz L+ür¡f;f 71,3"

bo) i. tÞ¿ÌâÈ r e å HÈ. û'c.iô b * T¿ì.

ó. 4iîTù," lEIffi¡at6')ñ\ Í' Lt iÈ.,Ùf

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a) When should theybegin?

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c ) Where should they rneet?

d) From what time to wlnattime?

e) How much should the tuitionbe?

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Humble Expressions

hen one gives a gift in Japan, one uses an expression that minimizes its importance:)t.òT&V\V)C175ì (lit., it'sjust something insignificant). The spirit of humbleness has

always been valued in japan. lt is the same spirit that makes Japanese speakers say {EIÐõ'dtìtttfu75ì (/it, there's nothing worthwhile) when they serve a meal to guests, or LìUìZ, ålvCþõDtËl\',/¿lvCtcrdtl (Cl) (lit., it's far from the truth) when they are complimented,for example, on a member of their family. 2ãòl'a!\+r)elñì, howeveç is a fairly formal ex-pression. So, when you give a gift to your homestay family, a less formal expression such as

t t,fcbo) U t ldLìfu Cdäì wil I suff ice.

Gift-giving

hen one receives a gift in Japan, one is not supposed to open it right away. wantingto open a gift immediately has traditionally been interpreted as a sign of beíng

materialistic. Don't be surprised, therefore, if someone you give a gift to in Japan does notopen it in your presence. Likewise, if you receive a gift, thank the giver profusely, but donot look too eager to know what ís insíde. Like so many things in Japan, howeveç thiscustom, too, is perhaps in the process of changing. some young people nowadays may askyou to open what they give you at once.

Another difference in gift-giving between the U.5. and Japan is that when one receives a

gift in Japan, one often starts worrying about what gift to give back. For example, if onereceives an Aäiur 0.e., gift for special occasions) from a neighbon one must give back a gift(r.e., an AffiUl of equal or near-equal value. When you are in a student-teacher situationwhere you are the teacheç however, you do not have to worry about this. ln other words,if you receive a year-end gift from a student you have been tutoring, you are not expectedto give anything back.

Since an average middle-class Japanese family is accustomed to receiving so many gifts,they are not easily surprised these days. lt may be difficult to give them the kind of presentthey might find extraordinary. The best kind of gift for a H#Ë to take to Japan for his/herhost family, therefore, would be something that would be hard to obtain in Japan. Takewith you, for example, T-shirts from your college if there are teenagers in the family. Picturebooks with beautiful color photos of your city or state might be another good choice.

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ù'7u¿it11¿)rc ffi,ItffiTt

.xt! e,

zo õfrffi¿:{¡"{¡.

22 n&.ÈtT t-

B WTIã)rl¿ E r'

24 Æ*,0)

fond of - [: -¿lf-] g /¡ l

season

traditionally

mid-year gift

end of tl'rcyear

end-oÊthe-year gift

to be indebted tosomeone iu.l.l

to eqjoy

to deliver [u.f.]

New Year

New Year's gift of cash

relative(s) l:HHlto visit

fruit

loca1 product

sightseeing trip

weird; eery

cash

to help each other

original

ttr¡rJ<

HùR(r¡).tr--UùÒ )#îËFü¿sffihñuJit.tH'r#t 6

*'¡-.* ¡-a'JEll å È. ¿:ttt< v vt/,,¡'lu

mffiæ¿['*r;ffiw,'ìzlrv

exftavagant; luxurious

groom

búde

to invite

increasinglyl:ò-lÈl

clearly

vicious circle

influence

Christian

church

just; only [>>>*tÊ,/-t'e]

to exchange

chocolate

lover; sweetheart

not limited to[>>>EË,/-t-1oJ

one's superior l:âlt¡¡¿"f'ÉâÌ b t1)Llexactly

reciprocal gift

to decide[af.]

24

25

28

29

30

tl

È¡9¿'n#,à

34 /C'lì_t

3s xwï 6

36 1a'= i- I¿['o¿

37 Æ,L¿,.È.

-t:FE à Iclt v

-hd

40 Ì2 ¡.'i E'¡, ì-

42 t6ìEl,'f

4s *,Ð 6

þ

1. El

6.grW

rr.xflro.EE

zr.#îBF

zo. t'El

z.ffiWJ

- æ.?t.E a

rz.ìEü*

tz. taS:Ë

22.ffiffi

s.fÃû â

e.Ësr¡.Fñß.ffi*râzs.tEî#

+.&q.ffiÍF

r¿. ttffits.tffiz+.8Ã 6lt'

5.7J5

ro. -Ë'ts.ffiIT 6

zo.õf¡,ffi

zs. ÆÂ

t.AÉ b *2J

ø.ãø4tt.ÉWJ

z.iËÆ

z.#Kfr

t2.ffi,ft

s.WffiH

e.ffiË

rs.ËlR

¿.#H

g.ffi,ffi,

r¿.Hffiffi

s.ffitF

to.RW

ts.ffi#

this radical comes from ñ and is generally used for characters repre-senting god-related objects and activities.

l+Ll l+tl f?fijld¿

,,,,, uo* I

(ttdþd vs. tf :är()ir Ë"ir ð" denotes doine something in a way that takes more timæ and effort than o"""r.ury, o,purposely doing something that is not necessary. So, in general, there are at least twoalternatives and you choose the one which takes more time, effort, etc. 'tà: È, ( , on the other

a)

1 ttt f¡äd:ð='to go out of one's way to do something'lã#t > ¿. ¿ >>> þdtzdõ D ùr¿ ã]

þ ä"ä ë"H¿. ù â Ø¿lt4lì7). à. Eãffi("ff ¿ i "(It's not easy to take the time to go, so I will talk on the phone.)

Y4.: cølFX. ãÈËLt¡Ë¿ìl.t.f LI iÈ""(Do you think I should rewrite this composition?)

ftE.: þê^bë"ËÈÉ¡r¡ ( ( ü r,-u-Â,Dsä!.fîÈ."(I don't think you have to take the trouble to rewrite it.)

b)

c)

d)

hand, is used to indicate that one has spent time, made an effort, or ,

obtain something, or to reach a certain state. It is often used with expressions such as Ø ¿:

and Ì14'¿ È'.

Ëc/t,< BAffi?BoI¿0)ù:. æb/Jr,- å T fËþf L* i.(You learn Japanese with a great deal of effort, but ifyou don't use it, you forget it very quickly.)

t2 ë"t? ð'X¡¡ ( ( ò L. t.f"T J.(You don't have to take the trouble of coming.)

f ,r,Xå,Ultfrl$ftlr='1s have no choice but to -'lãffi2 > ¿. t t >>> uflãñfzLì< e D Êãä%urr)'Ë]

T,hiç,s¡prossion, means that X,,is.notr what one normallybut to do it.

wants :to, :do'bq1 óne hag :no, choÍce-,..r' ::,r .:i.:rit.:.:r ,,r. -.:.:.,, ,:,:.¡.i,ì1.,1.- t, . r,: . ., :. rll,jl. . r: 1..:.riri.J,.r.li.:..).1,r:.r:,1'.,' .:jitrll:: a:: :i': .,ri ì:ì'

a)

b)

táâÈìä t.ffiù1. 7 tv.,¡ 4 t 31 â J, t)ltã'r)rr¡u'"(When one does not have any money, one does not have any choice but to work part-time.)

IFàrä t'È. 6 _ Ë!.'C.ft < e ú) llfi þtt¿çt"(Since I don'thave a car,lTtave no alternative but to go on foot.)

J rrr Vnâ,/ önâ lã#: > t. t t >>>.'. eean*at']

.' .,r¡èVd¿.á / ù {L â fonri,which is,homophonousto'lhe sivè,ffi'-ày-,bð;. ffi#t ''(honorific forrn), as in the following examples.

169

.lg#,,,,,

a)

b)

ft+^. &þÊlt'ltt¿? i îîtrt, t.: ¿'HH[ø ¿.7Ë(" L & ) È..(Professor, I hear you have written a book. When is it scheduled to be published?)

ft+ùt7 t y rt ^)Fà tLt¿i.6lt- + ¿ T.r-Jì.LËaf I'l¿ À,'e l, ¡ 1tt"( lfalking to a professor] When you came to .{merica, things were very different from what they are

now, weren't they?)

Qr>r> ËÐ"< (-f*) ='at least' lã#3 > ¿. z >>> ttþ)<-El#Í¡ïaÊ ì5 t¿e)r¿]

æ+þ /¿ ( ðÂ,Ër../¿u.Èì. FFñ¿:'r¡!.ØT'- ËbT#ÈÊ+f*ffiAËÈf"å å J i l:/J b Ì¡ 1."(I want to learn lots of kanji, but I don't have much time. I would like to be able to read and write at

least Kyoiku Kanji, though.)

Ëb< -Ê.If Bä^ffa r r>I¿ L. ¿ ,B i ¡¡sþr",ïì 6 i "(There must be lots of people who would like to visit Japarr at least once.)

EWËÐT -HFd <'å trl* E#ffiþfutfrL-c {, å !./¿ t. ð ØÈ.(I would like lthem] to spend at least one hour every night studying Japanese.)È¡L ëà6à¡ù:{fóf ä¡I)fttr (' å ü' Lf t, 6 !.1¿ !- ¿,s, i Èfñ¿å&u,lì ô i

"(There must be many wives who want their husbands to wash dishes, at least.)

S t"t -åäfl='so that -' lffiaryt > t. a >>># uo a * ; tr]

tX À , t: Yl means [Y so that X]. In this constructiol, X often contains a poterntial verb,

negative form or stative verb, which normally canlt be controlled by one's will.

a) r>À,tÌ.ùt*l,b 6 & a E1 a a v - | þð ùÌ'l¡.(I gave lthem] chocolate so that they can all enjoy it.)

b) Ëtr/Jüt* ã llãt.t*a!.t ( /ìå u..(Please write it down so that you won't forget.)

c) BÄ^litf6åali*õ#.þ l¡Ðf t.*f.(I am saving money so that I can go to Japan.)

d) +æØ+å+dsr: ü,ïh,âj äEçð Lr,.ËHrÉt.(õ b *-f.(Children's books are written in an easy language so that they'll be easy to understand.)

a)

b)

c)

d)

170

*uo* I

]¡?À,e) ffiL!.HÈìF zâ e.Ò|;W#.þ Ltt.* T"

(I am saving money so that I can buy a new car.)

f ) ffiLt,#þHÒ t¿ütlzw#.þ l-( !- * 1.(I am saving money in order to buy a new car.)

, i.No,tlc-é..thatine)', th9.verblis,4po-t9nti-.yèrb, whilè in f), the veú!s'..an a9ti9-n,v ,..'

$ tt *JZ,/ 1Eã-â='seems -; appears -' lffi¿*t > t. z o >>> rFñEËtcEz az ;-e øaf

-,,,/jiadjectives'and ,t,::adjeêtivês both:aþþearinæ;adù ial:foim as follows.

a) t., ò fr-ã"IZE,Z6"( [Hel always seems to be in good heaith.)

b) BA^rr+J bã<Eà6"(Japanese look younger than their age.)

7','¿z l#afil > t.zz >>>...ex;t arz]

r, 4 emphasizes the preceding noun or phrase.

a) BÄffiùrË+ùrb âù, ù Zz. ffiÉ!.Øf.T.(Japanese is interesting preciselybecause it has kanji.)

b) )FS¿ ? BA^õÈ Ì¿ l' å Ha { !'* T.(I do wânt to go to Japan next year lfor surel .)

:.r , . :

,.,:,Thè¡e:s.eems: to:he;some.ré3son.why.,,orie has 1o emphasiz-e ap-arti.cBlag:,tl.o.ri..r¡$rlpå¡ase. ,

Sentence a), for example, would be used when someone has said that kanji is troublesome orthat he wishes there were no kanji. The speakei then rejects that idea by emphasizing the

,"u.on clause. i4 generally replaces particles lJì/k,/lr,/lt, but is attached to otherparticles, as in,r ¿ 4, L i ?, etc.

$ >>o XåËplüY='tt's true that X, but Y; Although I said X, Y'l#aM > æ z >>> t u z< z ¿Ë : <b]

i:,, È ffcf Ìr'followslplain forms, but a copula /i is generally:omitted. In ttris expresqion, Y isgrven to qualfy X.

171

oJ s,,,,,

a) , y 7?7¿ÊcT ú. EIAI:È.? y zlr vl|b * b r,.*rù¿,"(although I said Christmas, there are very few Christians in Japan.)

b) *u- å EcT g. ltr¿rHa ¿ ¿, u b b *,È À,"(Although I said it's cold, the lakes never fueeze.)

$,r,7-f=Just; only' læa$¡>t.z¿l

a) Ê/¡t'r.Flffi¿må aLlrìr,ëLf r.lJr,-J I¡¡YätxEb *T.(A student who is oniy concerned about getting good grades is problematic.)

b) ï¿tiæ.Øft#/¿ùÌ L( t- â 0)Ìt. c* å r¡L- ¿,8,!.* T.(I think it's boring to be doing just housework.)

c ) Ê/c'€ffiÈrffri6 J i ¿r¡â ¿ LrìtIttìElffi{hDçó b *r¿,"(Internationalization is not just to become able to speak English.)

f O -" N (Of NP) EFå/¡(rt='¡s1 limited to -' l#a¡v¡>¿:z>>>ff,,ucmael

a) E#ffiþfutfrLf r,- å+ä¿r. Bäffi€4t=Wt) *,Ë Å."(Students who study Japanese are îot iimited to Japanese majors.)

b) &tú.- / e ØtEæz))JlrlÌ BA^EF ò tuT Lr/rüro(These days, professional sumo players are no| confined to Japanese.)

t:

This expression can also be used in the affirmative, as in d.

c ) *+Wt:fttl 6 Øttx+þ+XL /cåEE à n< t\6 "(Only those who have graduated from college/universit¡r can go to a graduate school.)

f 1 *' ë¿lt¡lu (* particle) Tt='âny -' l#ævt>t æ>>> eruart;tt]

. , G- 9terally,,p4r-tiè1es- àì and ?. are.'de-letedì.whç¡.they,rare,.fqjlõ,wqd ,t:'.òtr,':\i{il :étliêrÐarti- ]

cles such as L ,/ù' Èt,/ t:,etc., remain.

tr<a) Elvt¿HtlUT' t !.!.tT"

(Any present will do.)

b) Elvr¿),.tt' å?'t,r- ¡^?ù à ) L )ttl,u,"(It's nice to receive a cardno matler who it is from.)

c ) Etvt¿),¿ råËìg¿:Ì¡,{Lâ^tr- i$/i.(A person wtio canbe friends with anyone is lucky.)

d) t ¡-t¿ffi:cü. {Èe)¿x-'ffiri"(Any place is a home once you live there. [:There is no place like home.] )

>>>>>ÊDwÅ

a) "o #umdæt >>>>>[âËÊt.:]

1 : When you give a present, it iscustomary to say ¿ fuÌtl.l¿t¡o¡D + à t..1,'e î ül Ð, ¿ Ìv.t *. tttJ r. ò o)îT It E, ¿ lLl!.À,ØÞL'fîùl å', etc.

2: W1len you want to state a reason

for a gift, you can say, for ex-ample, -f t. t È"t. l¡ *¿T111,

-f ù È:/c*¡lL"fTor ì,.a{¡toËff|: t¡: .c r,. * 1o)î.

lrrrdVv-,e ,s7ù: tÃ->f., Éâåsâ* r' ò 6 '>'c.-&) {Ll-¿.rr:ËÉ bFht=-tt.'cffLâr..- E L

r¡7" v€ y þ /ì: /: å.. /¡-tl' i {Lt-ù. oi¿ù,þffiBÃ L /J ð !."

tfiul lf#¿*. *4'ø2 y 7<;'tr:ti--)v7 vv ¡"¿.aÊfiia 6 à-ct¡Øàs. -Æi{Lt-ù,cù'ØYr ó ^ t;Ì¿ À,1-T " '&f-t*ffia+rJ (knitting) ¿ìT+-C'. fi ò ffi¿,È: ¿ ¿ìä ù,->I¿Øtt:- [X0)

r¿ÐìGmA,î ({tI¿1"1-l" ¿Ø$lLTit. ó* bt.*¿:{'. å{L./Jz).->lcurt ¿. Ët't'&kØç-.ÆÈ¿ì¿ { rr ){Lt ( 'c. â{"ò 4{Lþxgt: L{!.*T.l

f,r,Ã-rVJVie,:Zù:ä b. --^àìg+ä. ò i-^àì,+ 7 | 7 r I t) -0)).'û:/J b /Jð !.o a) øHY

+.ØÊHÞ{r[tJ- ( /¡" ùl t BAffi ù: T 6 "

a) EAi:Ër,./¿ ¿lÈ., Ø&++.rJt, H'ùøån. tffi-t( å /¿ z" vì v | þHL{ùHT",t7 | 7 r i. t) -0)*á1ð Â, (*áËð h) ù: ?c {LþffiIJ !. i L l,Ì¡!. o){.'. E++.Ii 7( {L

þrÃü ðÈ--r_ 7cØ/wìy lt:)1.{!. ôt,ô-#,8Ã1â.b) 2 y 7-"'.0)8. ¡, 7 | 7 r ì. t) -Ø'H (ffi) ¡s7"vìv | þ < {Lâ"c)'hÃ l. 7 r ì. t) -l)ffi <W> ø'#4.ä,,:- /vc¿' v I k ù)tfâ"

Elu

ËBr

Elu

HE

Eu

bØ ). ¿ fr. *.J,t¿ú ø u,rþ /crr/ù?.rtt ¿ 1,

R#ßo)t6atr ùt'f.'f "b- Ðt ò. t4*.ÈÀ""z ø)rãt\ ô t"r 6#7 z, ür È /c rr /¿ Í¡*L?" r 2"

4 À,t¡fi,þ ffr.*> t¡ ( 'c. ò I å. -z I¿ Ø tÊ ,t - ì- - tt]:-. lvØñffi È /¿' it {" j- à" 6 "

173

.lg#>>,>>

3,,"iii.7tv-J7- jtlcilvl,à ö biZÁ, L¡i

t¿4Ø å Èøffiffi¿:rr.{ì..ór,. ôHFãLlJð !.o (l> l-Q )\.- i++.7Jsr./JùlÌ}iå". itär-ffi¡fia 6.¡

It,.:6¡ * L /¿å.1 l/ìir¿ìffifF Ur¿ À,"e1 ù.)

b) EÆnTr-> /¿ L å 0)b â++.þ F,ù.ü:zJr2,,v-/þ(Fb , 4 ø44l:- BAt" ÐÂ,¡¡ffit: E A,T¡/ v¿'v | þ l> 6 .>I¿ù.þH7"1L /J ð t."

4,",fF*.e 1 -c'ffi l-ã-cI¿/vë v t Ø,Hr.Hù:?r.{. I i {LU¡t .r¿Ëú¡+h) ¿ r. iffif.'ffx?

ËÈ ¡¡ ð ù.o Fð ¿* H?" 0 øFtlz !. <-ffiA,íctr.69 ( å Ì r,.")

e BAÄ¿rlrf - l. Í.-HL.wþ t_ { r. * T. cD ?Hr. -(_ n1)xrJrlEL ùlrLd'o. FåË:I t.þùr-'x ?^Ètä ð 1."

a ) : Ø^Ì17 ./ y 7"'/vë v l þffi. { !. å /¿ u. å,8:11.6"b) 7 ) y åi:!.åË)ÉùÌ. 7./ y rt/\ù. È¡ Li1./¡r,. L. EA^à.{> Ld'¿lJr,.,

c ) 4 ØhÉl|*,o))vì, t-u-"*J ì: t\,

d ) *6#ØlÊÊ9.ItE+Ef"ó å.e ) ¿ Ø^lÌ. +,#ø tiå.i:ñE ò H: lcØIì ô i "

nilnntr

[¡.utaffizri ¿ ) o¡.AËÆff¿''* ( òtrtffiÈw

chopsticks

:FÉ b VJ

Kamakura-style carving

r,t¡.lfEtr

I1c6ct4@{,f

merchandise

affordúIe

to wrap

IE ilÐlw

o 7-+Tr. v / u hØ*+ØãtJJffil¿+fi8ä=< "

ôÈq

E.tIt HÃ ft+^

ffiEc

Fu'FÆ¿ÀËI¿t-îr.6 i Èù:. \,-)0)*ü:È.-E tr:/Ì,->{ L* r.* LÈÈ¡. ft+t*l6lúF,(*[. à : L+ t,. * -fà.o 7ct, Èr¿t,. tóæt. : ¿ T- l, ¡ i. BAù* 4 À,/¡

t¡ è-y ìtv-À0,{tl¿Ì1t.À,i,æt.t.T. f 1È. È. 1., òÌñ.à.t..-L -, -þÊ'C.-õaffiu-/ v ? z?l*,u.{l,.*T"

ð "c. Ëì80)è y l= --Ã ¿å. lnør EäÄøffiffiüÉffiHt-W¿Ìfru/¿ ¿ ¿ -c"T"

Z o)il'tå OL -C". frl^øH#øäl^t"c'3'Èr. t+Øffià. à Ø,$- 4 z v v l'" åffiflâ

t I¿Ø'f î" B^{.'ö - à./J b Èi¿. à. Eâu.ffiíìF} b r#FfiÉfrÊøfrùttt ( /¡oft-â4 i.r"Tdâ" L ¡o åCI'c < tl,l¿Øù*. ffiÆwæHù:+Ëf+ðf¿l¿lìùl{.'.

=ì¿: ¿*fEf#ð {t Ì¡,ù.-> l; : å {" Lt. Elä-c"¿x,. XffiP#ffi,z¡ Ð. A5ù:lf L.H{fiØ

Ä/¿Ë Lå.=t¿:ff¿Sùu¡¡¡. t ffit.{HÈ * L/;. 4{L7r'b. *6#þ++-r{l..å./Jül

d'uùsu. ùl /J u. å u. ) : å ð. fl,¿: ttt+IJÐ'c.Øl#w'e L/¡. *ùt. xE ò E#)',øF.

)ÉØF"ffiWffiF¿:ry¿x-fr,{ r,. â À,11ùt. fÁùÌâsdêàìÆ. b ä ( {wo'c. !- å Ø{"-

¿i Lt àu.r,.t'å )ù'L,E,.'{ì..*T" 4{Lù' à. -äóN: À,r¡ / v ë v | þ ò 6 -r È L å -C L /¡.

Kn'R-'CfÃtJ'C ô-I¿ù. ã4 i ä*áXllår-fk]',"t(t,'* Lt" S olf,b T ) Y rt

{"tt. í {tù. Ùffiffiþ Lä ùttrrùx-'ä 6 /J u. Ø'a- +Hùt, : fr{"ftlLL * T. Ð iâå.tf'/¡ ¿'*áôÈ ù:/¡ à/J[.] ?. tôt$ù:/Jð o-C ( Èð t...

lE10Bà.Ll

z-+fv - 1-+.>

.lg#>>>>>

.tr- .,1 -,

-Eât,'ffi49 arranged marriagea-.

*rm plate

complimentary closeused by women

¡{¡,aç,F. ¿ aäì€ffi4$. ¡-ì

â,¿"¿dr.

Fåffi

Tove marriage

ceremony

relationship

I

È.Lð

a) 7-+)'yå.t¡ù-ãØ+{"ÌñÐ.!.-L -, -þÊI¿ b. Er,. / v ? 7þ ttti./¿ b Lf t.â Øt-f zJ,"

b) 7-+): v¿å. Ërf Ba^Øffi,\8tÉffiH¡Ërytå-n¿* L/;Ès. 4 øffit-, BÄ^ØffiÍl*wffiHt:îî./¡¿ å trtbâØî-t- I jå." E ) l,îlàtr. b *f à..

c) z-+lv ¿ÌffiÍF=t¿:öff* L/¿å."

d) 4 {Ltt /J't}'11È."

e) EIA1 ¿t. aØ C ô7î,ÉffiÍF ¿ -ãâç.6¡6 ¿. ¿*t, c,Øfrùìþt_a)f !ù."

+ÐffiA,:aaÈf ,lr

. .: rijtì:i:;r:

'.':: '' :r:,::iijl(i'::.,.::' : : ;

ai:.i::a::t

t:;ra;t:':;::::F!;!:

T#JI6À lþ<

1 'L,.I lìtq-!tt,,rtli1

.. :t!Þú':!ì_r,'1in'-

'lt''trt ,,-..,' I' : I í"t iÌ,1 rl,rf r-r1rf q"rlr r-.t':'jil rr '

LT URB Noaaaao

ULþLÈLShinkansen (trËf,ffi)

tTt h" Shinkansen, or the Bullet Train, started as one line in the 60's, but has since

I expanded to a few lines running the length of Honshu, Japan's main ísland, as well as

part of Kyushu. lt is not inexpensive, yet it is a fast, safe, and comfortable way to travel.Trains are on time 99% of the time, and even if you miss one, you don't have to wait verylong for the next one.

R¡okan (ffifr)

I here are enough hotels throughout Japan, but if you really want to relax, go to a ffiÊE,

I a Japanese-style inn. lt is expensive, but if you wish to experience part of traditionalJapan, splurge one night and stay at an above-average fftÊE in a hot-spring town. Soakyourself in the hot tub, eat the food they serve, and get good night's sleep on a futon.Hopefully you will feel all refreshed the next morning.

Travelling

T apan is a populous country and everyone loves to travel, which means wherever you go,

J it is usually crowded. ln the spring and in the fall, many schools have so-called iäVffii+,teacher-led trips for elementary through high school students. Although it is impossible toavoid these crowds completely, you should at least try to find out from travel agencieswhen the peak times for school excursions are so that you can enjoy at least some sem-blance of privacy and quietude.

aaoaa

>>>>>tft fr

476 E_

' EJR ØffiØA,ëDú)Htrë.

C)v

ffiFC)v

ffiË1

C)v

ffiF

C)v

ÆRE

C)v

ffiË1

tsC)v

ffiE

C)v

C)v

ffiË1

ffi#ffiØqlf+åsHr. /¿ u..å,Í-f ül Ð"

ã>4 :-Øffl,ØLt:F L¿åÆf'ftàìó b * Tå. à. ÉÈ[Å,r ( Èð t'"

ffi*tj*¿*ð b *T7)'"

lñDfltØrt--br*TJ"4i11ù'" ¿tò"

: dnt(.-t. L.T-Tå.o

r.r-TTÌ" D+. tlJlf,þlFb *.-lþ'Èr- Ë * )Lrôß+L ( /ìèt'"***

¿t,1.. ráf+/¿r L * LÌ¿. 12 H 20 E&ËÉ# 15 ffi ßtìØ (Àà. b

RHË¿s 17 ffi 13 â. ÆÆ¿x 6 äF 20 0) D 1î "

ffiËffi#¿*. t- 6 /J ì.- Å,{"1à..

ffiftffi#t*. {+å# å -ffi¿: ÌÌ->t ì.'* To .L 6 ¿l*É#(.'T"

4 ifTzJ," EfUîTdao L'( àf'-Tà..

ffiåf+ê 4,490 Fl. ìEË 6,090 H. âffit' 10,580 Flù: ä b * 1.(-ãHôL L+HtLþ-&îrùH Lf ) D + ¿ trr{""

-nL+FltáFà.b L*T.......t'fsÈl} L * l-T¿" 420 Høta'; b Í"-l-.

Ðt ö.

-l 'lo#>>>>>

ev,It Ë1

s +I Ëi

&Ë1

ft.8

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?1 E

+rE

+rF

2s ì 7-

ft81

U z5 ät 5*x,-^tF U < t lc ì 7-. ìiE;Ñl.ffiffi E ffiãl b6 ¿¿ l; U. JTB effiffi ú) ?fflEï 6 "[.à:L{"t,.*.tù"W B ¿. å ---ÌÉ{t'fÊ4E^f-rÈ È t. Â,1"Tåì. Ð ¿ z).#È.{. ó * b H ( z¡ r.fRÊH

Ùtä t'T l- !' i lt'"*aËfiü,l L * 1ø-c". ,).4 i61+t, ( Èå r,."

***t, ¡i ¿Jð 4 ir¡Ø¿ìðð"r,.* L/¡" fË&lEàÆø KÊH"c. :êffÈ-ÌÉ:EFI{..TÈì"Ð¿,äffrêË{"Tå."

õ* bfÈr,.ffrÊÉD+ó b *È¿,i).6. ffiå.f"ì..u.taffif"TÌ. HJK&){> åtò[.l,.7ci1T"f[ã-("T i fi].Z L- 6 t, ô A,ffiä'e ¿.ð.u. * 1"uìÃ å | 4 v¿*ÉFEù:{úr.{ì..*1à."

ù*!.. zlÃ . 1.4 yffål":.ð'u.*j-.Dçó. 4ø#Êt: Lf ( /¿"ð1,."

{.'¿r. +/8Íft{'Jþ x{L-C &*.T Ø'e _ ¿ øÆ#F¿: tañffi L :lrffiþ åffir,. L++X9"

{ÈFñrr7 r, rtî-rÐ"

h'7r. b * LÈ"

¿frtl"[.f.("l- t jù,"trI o 3- i'CT" ,Þ4 r61+t, ( Èð u..

*"f#l¿l} L * LÈo [.t.taSflffi¿lð r.(*r b

I,l¿ "

¿"i ò"

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180

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10

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d\fC)v

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dr f^Ð-4

a t È, ffi Ë¡t+ú) g +8, il,- JtlrHilJú)EË t- Ë < . -ffi I r ,R lctl rtôft äär#Ë lc 5 ë ff t, ( ur õ.zjr ff : ô.A,t¡W.{vl¿{.L¡).ìt4YY:41îöób*'Ù¿,"

d\ ff : â. ãffi"C"ti'r" ,È.ùÌ^ffiÈ4 )rìù.È,, õ ¿-ffiFåó b *Tdâ. f/.ù*

L ¡ = ¿ tôIl,Eù:Ã:'c < 6tI Ð- r)À,/¡ å j L*-få..C )v: æÙÈtrJkF,Wl-Ì¿L'("f"

d\ ffi: 4{Lttì.- 9È.ø'tþc7>À,Ì¡{"LÌ ) å,H:{[./¿ A,IitJ

c )v : Dç.,fxð tôJÉtEi:^b *f. å¿ ¿: bâ À,'aTù".

zjr ffi : T"C"î k " frÐ LkÐùtb âù. 6. FåËå /J t.'(.. da"

9 t4 f v : b{L ì-" -ffi D ç /¡ L'.å,{"Tå."

dr ff : I v/y vð À,ttt- [.? òft#..trìoù.b " ¿ : ¿ÌtÈ u'Rffi/ìå. t, æyE

L*tÐL b6 À,îT j" zjrð t'RffiDç*aÆl,tr¿s-: L¿./Ju'ül à"- 4 {L

-c" òEØ^¿ 4Ø^l*. Ë) ffiFå¿: xâ 0) !" :-.0)táÆtr8ù*tÈ !.å" à-

{FJ^ö -l#ù-)',{v*TJ.L; +. Æ tò ì 1 v IE L-f#t-Lô i ù'tÃo

táiÉt.Ëtt:^â^¿å. fâæþt#o{r':( ( /¿'ð u."

[tpå.j|J .'CIilfTù'"¿i 6. : : ü: ü>aÊFltø: ¿'cTJ.bb- I fru{'TÈ."

þB,EØoþ"a, ¿ fu¿:ËË ì- â Lí¡fSÈ !. !.{.T Ì o

ù* l..o

b- 4{Lù,Èr- llv l.ð,.4,ù*. EIAø

tôÃ,8It+lJÐ'C.-e l, ¡ i ?

$áJFI.EØ+îí+kffi,b/J r.{" ( Èã t.ùr.

æùt#.ì-* 1à. à- Èu. D * i :;*("T J"

ln{lo

,v

181

.l 'logp>>>>

ì

4â/¡t\¿^Ø ¿ ¿"zq#b HÌË*.JØEËbø[rtþ, !r ü*, ç ¿: w. äßo)"à. lt,ùå#þËI 7C Ù: /'I't E ò ñËæUòÙ:Hç,þdaT..C òAòJi"ËH(ülê&it't E, t{'- -{L-ìtþ,/¡âØ¿tËùå*"C¿:Èt^ìt'Ø7) b FEI'å lL ¿ *i5Hâ 6 ffiuffi ð -c *i äß¿ Ìffi üå¿* b ð Ø ù:i4ffiRç&âF,tóFn:Ét"tX rr "VJ + 6if.rIÞB"{Lçol¿'-)r¡iôr¡ffiHô ( ¿-r* l\lf üßi, Ø \ oÈì¿t.{ð,X TF HFJffiþ rlr& äß ÉtF þ ' ¿. ->R

Ðffi *ó È' {4Ë'deffi, l1 +X-

182

,>,,,fft,,l

Øffit¿â*i:+=tr'-JrtHgJ g É : lf, b {" lrl )Eû {" I T ù: -) H+,J þ f*ö Ê. 7)r't-t Ë l" . I R ã X I r¡ Z L\/; tI m ) ll b -c {., 1

^JJ (" r ti Ë ( Ë( /; 2'c - â r\ jã¡.rr. Ø È f i-ìH ¿ ¿N'

ã, ? É i å î, T Ë-'Æ i:í 2ä ü t;,L\ - 6 S o) Èt "o 5 åì ffi. =.' -> frß o (â )V' l# 7 - r F Ë 11 /¡ þt Tt : 7L- H #Y'"" å s + z H å Ê Ê ß iBþËtt1+r¿'goð7t2;'rtA ffi Ø [r ¿ Ð t2 ø. 7c t: ä13'c r 7

^î Tr Ë åì 7 :1-u; U j ñ'*á I ) ¿Ì¿tTX¿-c"1*,"-î2t:f:e,Þâ ¿å)r, ry ò4'!: {{È/¡ trttl- t E ùÌ' : H /- ¿' À, tl t7 þ ILr'T Ë{L Ø eñØ (.'{LÁ fr,,{+f + , ù: 'C ,,r /r) fï tll ìE !r fl -1. â y4y¿å!r^à2rcFãT¡/¡YÈivrl,FB h * 6 {" .. % Ø - !. t' n- i: If -o) È " m. HËã -^/¡ r')v'+Ëi€B Tt t*çFrt ìEÙÌ!\r¡7-'{7 /¡ # l- A {* )1' .tì ffi FË \ o t' / 7/ Ð Ø !r ùå È tþl 7 Fñ €: - y k

-^ # 7 è ü:'-ft t- trJ X ¿i H f¿ ¡. t)

àr Èr ) Ex ð E /¡ L lL 2 L ãß ^

{È . ùb,r, t) o)ffi.Ø trJ L ø (" À, ilt R ¿ -c"-) /¡ rt +ittr I L 7r'+ Ð ffi ü* {. 7 f'C < b /n't àì v ¿ ,f,' W A i,4 ffi b / Ëffi J/¿Øtbltø åiå/'r{ Jbâ YT+'6 l, úi 3 ; E ifr 't *'õ H F i ß &Æ_ i/\!råìy-c.íí-î. iAâ4 ( z Jå

't + # A; ¿, * 4 t' . å ffi; ß 7^W-C Ë. È ¿:' H iE +rJ ; . # . A /¡ F',1L\ytr HØffi-r RN'{EXffi¿þ, ë"( -c -ì H f+ ü* â ;; EX #. Å ptr t ò år ÞFrT â ¿:',ffi t^3^ËrrÉ!ØbF,ÞL A L R {" Æ. ü t Ø \ o ¿: É â È, r)u Er. * ü* t¡tt Í+*RÌ T. o{L i'c a ô' . /¡ ö !\ /J' i:'rñ H ( ð â T'' i . 1. t.ì 0) J ùJ,' ¿*

^n â o i:

H + ( !. t'È i b '7c Ë ì, o * igH tìttt5 6 ô ¿ì r¿" * H Ø fr {L H t 2¿t'ii -f L ) \ o rH, lþ, Ël¿ H '{ffi f: 6 L\ 7)t iE l¿ ¿: þ î t t )h !r)J il tíizi " Æ U ò -ì äF #ß 7ç iE 1É!r¿" iÉ [8, ¿: A + ù: *tr L\ o) o) ùÌ - o) t,oro2s-ro

..:.\

!ilt:il

:.t;:;|,f,

183

10=#>>>>'

lt+ (

AKIT 6¡t ¡l

ÐJre*t¿lc ¿tKn

to make a reservation

ticket

(ticket) window

bullet train

raikoad stationemployee

desk

request; application

(train) schedule

leaving Nagoya

lname of a bullet trainl

arriving Tbkyo

seat

i, Lt

-äÉu k¡+*-lr¿ffiftffi#¿'. å pri lt /,wa#

11

12

number - car

reserved-seat ticket

special express fareticket

passenger ticket

fee; fare

(passenger) fare

10,000 yen bill

to keep (something) for(someone)

change; balance ofmoney returned to thepurchaser

u'¡,¡J¿"+ ln, tr+f#å¿t¡-l-¿

3 ,ffRE

4zü1,{,t, ¿

F r¿4u t: < ¡¡¡ i

ffi*ü ætJì í + tt?ñÊE#ü.b'b¿ii *-¡-i r¡]<.X.,R ËEÞ*Wffi

t1r'

ffià. (r¿)Lt¡, f

#il'¡a,p.ù¿

È#

Urrl-+lr¿"###tr-iÈ¿,fl#i-¡,¡, ¿"

ìEHt,"*.,1,i-Lè.

-NHfrLa-f -

ffi¡t'â

14

]g'ct' ¡ )

' HdFrtt; t¡ffiË¿'.a ri çt 'l# þffiÐ. â

v-tlt¿-¿--J TB

ut tf <: -ifi

business trip

lplace name]

to rest Uit.,to rest one's

bodyl

Japan Tlavel Bureau

one night's stay;overnight stay

quiet

to check; to look up

[place namef

a17 Iô) b

l4vuoriL¡

16 lÈtî

irt¿¿ < ¡*19 lgffift

11

l- ¡,¡"KßHr: tL¡ ( ¿:ê{úås-[ffit¡rùt 1

Ðbøl, tl--

frä,rì-.X

K Inn

with two meals

inn;lodging

view

Japanese-style room

bath

bathroom; toilet

address; place ofresidence

place where one can bereached

,,l

gti ¡tl,1yfr¡{av" <

Effi

¿-t¿: rÞ9HÐ

¿o'lut¡ @

*È

ctù' -

, [Ê.{16FJ.

5 $áÆ1,8

I tl/t ¡trt L+

3 ffift+rd. ¿-u

5 tfltF

ttct I8ffiÊJç.

s)bt{r¡affil¡?fr,a

alt2 7vyî,1 7

late afternoon, usuallyjust before dinner time

private house providinglodging and meals totourists

to become tired

bath

u ¡ti ri.¿tl n#,,gt' È

16 Yã&r l,ø

18 Ê4ÐÈtàt

I

20 Êæì-â

joke

informal cotton kimono

kimono

to change (one's)

clothes

feeling

comfoftable; pleasant; tofeel good

to wash

Mother Nature lli¡.,mighty naturel

to remain lu.i.l

agríctslture

to receive

cow

horse

sheep

silo

to stand; to be built [u.i.]

scenery

people native to theIand

vE¡tø (-þ)F,Wîâ to see the sights (of -)

f

to b{L z

men's section of abathhouse

women's section of abathhouse

[uttered whensomething unexpectedhappensJ

:'ù¡uo Elñ

å tl,

ftffirå tl, I

-tr2s ffii

domestic t:EIØtr]

pass

travel agency

very big city; metropolist:/tÈ u'rrl

valid

during the period (when

-)rallway

north

south

to run

frontier

t{. u-tr¿tÊf*ø-;-y*âø-i{tiËxi'1

*,Ü 6-E1ú

+i.JFFr{¡v+i¿"i:'Æctt. LåtrÉ,+tLYrti aru

ft{Èe

ú¿i7 Eî]]

*5'¿¿er(-)ffirñ +

17

18

19

ñffiÈt-t-

.l 10#>>>>>

Itg747 Ainutt?f'J village¡rt¿u" ¡

,o 6fÍI lmain island of Japanl

largest t:-ÉtÈ i.l

lplace namef

lplace namel

lplace nâmel

center

ugly

otdet

characteristics

,l¡,tt <

ffiJhl: from north to south¡['lfr'HIE.^*oL¡ ¡.f\FE.¡tr¡*

21 tfüR-1. ,

ffitr¡r( ¿r'tÈEXffiÉ!¿: internationally+- å, t'

22 Ën worldLfiÈli

23 m # commerceÈ¡ril.(ffi.Ê educationl{. u r,t'ñ art

t-:f an t:â#lÈø" l-À'

za f,f,r-F'- i

Bt u'¿-lul c

zs lEÆl,I¿ crowded¿¡ [¡¿

26 ffiYJî â to criticizetrl

27 iv!z7Y- rushhourglcv t

28 ffiffiLt<t,¡tWW

CTllnC

at night

walking alone

vs'i¡tu r.È2e + tJØ- one tenth [>>>*iå.2- ¡ r ]

30 T')t y n 6t b America,for instancer¡ãfr'ts#ia

31 &.t t-â

ü.¿ bËå

¿''" å37 lÉfr vigor; liveliness; vitality;

energy¡J

3, ffiZf. constantly^..1, ¿'

(-åì) Ælb-f â to changea tl ¡ ( tåffi ZT É!(r¡) attractiveah;nffi city; capital

¿.-f(-ù:) [86 (-) would have to be

35

36

37

the best choice [:-rì*Éi. i.l [>>>g;åv- ¡¿]

ú'r: u +5'r'Èì1.+,tffi=nËnf.'Bk wwr

¿¡t rt¡WE damage

ttt*r+ Buddhist templeu],u+ffiff shinto shrine

- t- ì

EÐJ{t T¡t- can't see them allt¡1 täE lplace rLame)r{'¡:./&;fL big statue of Buddha. tr-1,

ElEl [smallest of the fourmain islandsl

La*6fÈ, castle- tr¡-,

F[ffi¡lJ Mt. Aso¡t( 6 uå& H Mt. Sakurajima¿l r¿'XlJl volcano¡l< È

&ffi, various parts of thecountry

lot;ui ln

lñR hot spring

t9; i b leisurely

186

,,,,,* ol

þ

1.7#!

6.-#11. H5Ë

L6.lÈtî

21.ffi)

26.fr,â

3r.ftr

36. ffiæ

41. +

2.qJtr+

7.!Æffi

12.-lÉ

L7.Em

22.w,.ìì

27.ætrn

32.ffiilh

37.19.

42.Tfr+T

3.ffiH

B.#

13.ffil-ì 6

TB.TÊ,{Lâ

zs.ËFffi

za.ffiâ

¡s.ËrS

se. #É å 1'+s.&tfu

+.ff!,

e.xlfltq./r'4

tg.F,W

zq.ffiÊ

zg.tÞ

M.úrtâ

ss.åß

+.ffiftffi9.ffi

tq.Yà&

19. +z¿. ElffiF!

29.ffiffi

s¿.â.Ê

s.ÆñE

ro. -ãEfLrs. flläzo.ÊWJ

zs. ffi¡0. Æ

ss.ffiËqo.ffi-^fW

r.ffFffrfl

ø'ffilt'âu.ìEffiftL6.E'Ðl

zt./.''FE.

zo. Hf,!-

tt.[F,#

so.&,8

z.W*\#2.ffiffi

rz. F,Erz. Élf*

zz.ffilÊ

zz.lHÆ

zz.ffifiYJ

¡z.lñR

s.&ÊÉs.ffià" (/¡)

tt.T,#.

re.ËXzt.ffiFze.fit#J

sz.WE

s.lEÉ

ro. UEÐ

ts.Êffi L â

zo.Rþ

zs.#'ñ

s0.ffiffi

es. ffi

This radical comes from # and is often used for characters representingkinds, conditions, products, etc., of thread.

tfÊt tf;ãt t_#€J rd¿

187

I

.l to#>>.>.

í "* iiäÁ ffraction).È,1ù1 i -Etv

lìffi (fraption) is expressed,in Japanese bÍ l,(nùdbèi)â nùmþer)l.,Notióe' rølapa-nèse; a-ile.nominator comes b.efore a numer4qg er;llir:.A ø:,1:'$};,

=á|r,-,.,,,(:þ;9tc,

Zru SentenCe +lüë l#afii>t.¡o>>>d:(þrõr*¿ãu+¡'4a<l

,l

F li ¿, srl mêans 's2 to the eÍtent sr, or 'itissó tllât st.' S, is'ge.nryifplain'.f-,9, s,'

a)

b)

c)

4 y F-a;h u,-lÌ, t¿a*Ë7îüõlÍëå" 6 t. (spicy/hot) ¿ Ltrtb 6"(Sometimes, Indian curr¡r is so hot that it brings tears to your eyes.)

Ð tt /J tr lÍ ¿ t6 t¡,f:fì!r : Ìf r., {. T"(I am so fuil that I can't move.)

(Tokyo has an amazingly large number of people.)

- ,This construction can be paraphrased,to,[Sr,(f fo{.lq):.S1.¿l T]. as in d).

d) 4 v F- Ølt rz-ùåÈ. à ( (- t¿7¡.fiårgãlf ¿1.'T.

J "' lE[åiJf¡='more than an¡rthing'

a) â- l¡[J U €'lFÈìffiLt-t"Tiâå"(Right now, IwarLt a car more than anything.)

t, tú: ib) l¡[å fJ ú&gÆFÈr*#(.'T"

(Health is the most important thing in the world.)

l#a*z > t. t t >>> lql& þ t.,Eñr)tõ : r]

Qr,,, fiÍt)YEfi|ã lffiafii > t.ts >>>.n*Êßt¿Eõl

Y in this construction can be either a noun or a verb in plain present tense form. This con-struction means 'As for X, Y is the best thing to do; As for X, there is nothing befter than Y'

,ùa) ã1. B ù: ¿Ìht¡ t, è - ¡vþffiùi:ffi,õ.

(Orinking cold beer is the best thing to do on a hot day.)6tt

b) Ét .fl3ãäda/¿ ùll'¿ùx-'. HtrrF' úJ *I "

(tf you want to visit an old city, Kyoto is the best place.)

l#afii > t. z s >>> #)o-ìErì^Eli]

188

ttrrrfft fi

$ ott ^,¡f ¡f lffiuvt > ¿. E ¿ >>> Ëo)t to)ô+Þ#+lät...]

Í.c, l:Lv+a ) Hfl¿: ù*Ëú) * * Ø#++ffi+Ltrt&,t -"

(There are marry old temples and shrines in Kyoto.)Lþ 2b

b) BAE¿liâ/¿tr:f ¡f Êft.å,Í.. Ë¡ *at - L l'.(Japanese rice wine tastes good even co1d.)¿r. ,' r¡

#.þlrlltt¿**86 ¿. F,ff? ¿¡ ( .(If you go to sleep with the window open, you will catch cold.)

E i ëzo*,*r'à Lf ( liÈ r.."(Please come as you are.)

)vt¡ 6 t6#.þlËr) É * *ìEå /J t.Ø ùt_ À ( /J !..(Ifs not good not to return the money one has borrowed f¡om other people.)

c)

d)

e)

189

190

.l to#>>>>,

a) ,,, r#Jïâ >>>>>[âffi2]

1 : When you are making a reserva-tion, use expressions such as -d)?ñl ? *ôÆ r. L t¡ r.. Â,1Tå¡ or

-þ1.#J L/cr-rl,fT7)r.

l,,,HSAAUe Hê*(p.192)þEa, wØHfñ,^æàäð !."

HH¿.6ÉåF*-r". lô¿. bl {'r. ( àà.à. b *Tà../J :' f Lrôt-*&ÉEn tB,H*{.'¿Ì. r,. ( åù.ù,b *Tà.. -ËHu.Ø¿1. !. ( 6-51å." -ãät.Øùt?

a)

b)

c)

(ËÉÉ"c)

ffift+r

ffift+Í

ffift+r

ffift++

ì å-

ffift+r

äËH ¡. 7 ^ìryrT.It: t¡

bØ i - ffË&¿:frÈ /; L.Ør. ffiffiØrffiã,Í¡.FUr L,t¿L,¡Ìv(.Tår1. ¿: ¿.#-¿.t"ó *b É ( ¡¡ t.rfrÊË¿t /J r. {.' L J I È."

¿Ìr,." :fËl*,!.:'r'. l. ¡ i zJ,"ll2rr

^Æ -+E ù, t"ifrØÍË{.Tàs.

*a=nffi,t L * T@f\ *ù'4

J61+t, ( Èð r,."

*af$/¿ri L* L/¡. È ¡ ) å'À ð ¿ ) Ì¡øù::'Èr,. * L /c" mmhKø KâEr". :ê{úå f". *á-^ffi-ÌÉ*U^+Elt'j-àr.ó. D+. Ìñ!?L{ò 6å*Tå..It,r,.. 'c'¿i+Ërf#!þ^{L"c *óÈ * TØ1'"

,>>>>rft.l

/,,,æ,A#úLÁ"ù'l"+L U ; (

e ffiW#&ØWr^lj*(p.193) þ Hr - ^ØHPÃ^Æà

/r ð !'o

a) RÉ¿.6lE,H*îf,r( ø¿:- Ø4"A 107Ë¿Ì'lEñU(.'îÐ'" 4{Lt} /¡¡c*-c'Tà.'lóÈ ð r'

b) HH¿. ùffi^FF.*açTrlØù:. Ø4'-4173äå ô¿. '

40sãt"¿*. ¿'Ë âØËàrffiFåàr

ù,ù, b * Tà."

c ) o) ê- a 113 ä ùt. X¡ÆiË¿. t, *.{L* T à."

d) 3H20Et:ÁËÊrï. àËÉ^lJ( ^¿ì.

¡EHt-F',É-ËË ¡a tÈiù:ËÈ I¿ù">l¿Ù,

&ÉE.þlilWù:HfrÌl'r. !.t L I ) È." a rT,l# (train) ù*{EI å r,' iYIH:cTTJ'"Lfs-r'

e) #lü¿:f,rÈ/:r,.Àlt. o)7¿'a, (Ià. b. :È*Ø+f. EøltlÉt:*.ote' !'!'("LJ) zJ'o

J ',' g-w7,"V{

Ê (2 ¿ IEI DWe^U#.þ1fr.t,'* T") ^{7 ¿: /J þ .

AÙ*FHØ JTB ØT+F¿: /¡ b ä è [.O 7 /Ë!. ä ð l'"

-^tiE^þffi11+Ø7 r' rt L, ö t-, rt Lttt JTBltEt:_ R.o)z Lþ EA#(.'

a) HelShe cannot use the timetabie because helshe cannot rcadkarrl|

b) HelShe wants to go to Kyoto on a Nozomi tomorrow. HelShe must be in Kyoto by

11 a.m.

c ) HelShe wants to know whalfiain the clerk would recommend.

4rrrdV2-,

$ 'o' fF*e l#L¿. ->I¿ffiTr) å r,. jE(".

-É,+ ('6 t. ølFXþ# å ä ã !'.

191

.l toëR>>>>>

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Homestays

s we learned in ffia¡*r) fg+,lËffi1, Lesson 3, there is nothing better than doing ahomestay in Japan to understand what a Japanese family is like, to see how "ordinary

Japanese" live, and to improve your speaking skills. On the whole, they will treat you well:they may put you in the best room they have, cook better (or different) food than normaljust because you are there, try to take you to places they themselves may not normally goto (e.9., a sumo tournament), and they are likely to shower you with gifts. Even then youmight feel uncomfortable: your room will be smaller, you might have to eat food thatlooks completely unfamiliar and unappetízing, go out with the family when you don't feellike it, etc. You might even resent the fact that the host mother doesn't give you enoughfreedom or privacy. As Mami says in âãÉ 3 of the current lesson, howeveç it is very likelythat she means well, and the unpleasantness you experience is most probably a meremisunderstanding, just as much on your part as on hers. lf you come to a point where yousimply cannot get along with your host family, discuss it with æ+EIft, who could makearrangements for another family or another type of housing for you.

Making Apologies

mericans and Japanese don't necessarily apologize in the same situations. Americans,for example, always say, "Excuse me" when they bump against someone. ln Japan,

however, don't expect to hear lArtËlv, ft+Ltrt [,fi, etc., on crowded trains, platforms, andsidewalks although you are pushed and shoved allthe time. Japanese don't usually apologizein such cases, unless they feel they really hurt you, e.9., by stepping on your foot by mistake.

On the other hand, salesclerks and service personnel in Japan would apologize much

more readily and profusely than their American counterparts, at even the smallest hint ofinconvenience they may have caused you.

Also, Americans don't apologize when they fear some legal or financial disadvantagethat might arise. For example, in a traffic accident of which you yourself were the cause,

you are not supposed to apologize in the U.S., because apologizing in such a case might be

interpreted as an admission of guilt. ln Japan, on the other hand, the person who was

responsible for the accident must apologize at once, to show how sincere he/she is. ln fact,the presence or the lack of sincerity could very well be a big factor when settling the issue.

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leg; foot

side

mouth

to butt in

18

27

S'il. * L,'r,- to be fussy; to be overlycritical

¡7 *.¡,fr,[Ft â to endure; to put up

with

o ltlv('

æÈrT*tt¿t/Àä

¡i¿ tt

f Yt¡'7 Æ!'

+.(2ff'1 t-

ìË:"7t--l\ô\-ô

þ4 (t¡)'f

14ait ,)t*4xwr: tô'

iD)ã tt tù'

Ell 6 t'+b L r,.¡ ã¿1

5 ftËi

Jil1

to live

[famiþ narne]

lfemale given name]

short

approxirnately

to spend (time)

various

to gain; to learn

smile (on one's face)

to suit; (something)becomes (a person)

cheerful

kind; sweet

to be concerned about

state; way (a persondoes something)

to express figuratively

such that; to the extentt}tat - [>>>g;ËZ- Fg]

the middle part omitted

she

to melt into; become apaftoî

11

to kid each other

used to (do something)[>>>9tË-/-t.ro]

younger brother

gesture

(hand) gesture

difference

thing which one has justlearned [>>>*;É.2-t.tt]

actively

- F.ì

ffi

+r"*r<t*

'z ffi ffi Fl¿:átlu ù'(-Ì:) âllnt 6 l¡pafticípate (in -;

t;.T .ß ãh6 to inquire l:HHi 6l

F 0þ1ls 7tYùffi, Americanway

cttltz Hl: always [:t.rò]

lwritten expressionJ¿l¿

Ea (something) returnslu.i.l

r¡'c L It8 m:Æî â to underst¿nd; to be

conyinced

Lk u. the end l:#Ki? b l+th -c. )-ft#þfic to make amoYebefore

the other person does it(in anticipation of his/her move)

r. h.,t, ¡'20 RXlh different culture

Itt.t ?

Y¡ãT A

-( åt./¿

Èçtrit+(+EF

¡10>v ¡'&k

, a -f

wftì û

t ô'

a Àð"ù1.âig V(past) l¡ øÈ

*t¿i¿ffi-ì .,

Hffi,b-1 ,,

+ffib,(_€ ? I'

fEË¡¡'t"

Ër..Ì;(Ø

.lt t

21

6tEillr' t.Ðþ D)'c

VÌi- LÐt at*-

Ht:*6

sphere

personally Llit.,withone's own bodyl

for reasons of

to be too much (totolerate)

bothers someone;(something) makessomeone uneasy

to caution; to warn; to

advise

advice

many times [:lEIËò]

critical

behind someone's back

in whispers; secretþ

to speak ill of(someone)

to be lenient

to be unsuccessful; tofaiT

use L:fE). ¿l

to catch a cold

tr ll/nffFE¿:ll'. ¡¡'

ffi+4At+*{tf ( -/¡¡.*ì, - -.

#1þ.t:+ãt <

irhtË

t¿l'tÌ¡, ¿

Ër( b cl¡rr' L.l,

äBüffiffiitt -

Ëå ("(t'

fEsr.'

without limit

result

miso soup

not at all

at the end [:ñ{ø ¡ l:]

7aundry

gradually

spirit of independence

to fade; to decrease

to regret

true [:ä*Ø]obstacle

to weep; to shed tears

by no means; never

wasteful

days

the latter part omitted

one's thoughts/impressions

collection ofessays

first year oî Heisei

[1eBe]

31

rtr ì

(-à¡)fr¿: ù,ttr â (something)

Ëei t'lÈ Ë16

l: ¡Ftl LwÊ,ì¡' t'fEIÆ å r¡ ((tÈf¿'* 'tl EL r.¿lrt

HC--o - o ,çC¿Që¡tat< z rr

#83Ë?at*Êllau!rf¡)EWT â

t t!.i

æÆt' r+

Ãfr?ô(

34lt,Hø

37

rltffitl¡la¡! a5?

¿F ?ffiTrltft | a-l¡ ¡.ù tt'

ffiÆfr(r¡)¡¡. r¡E4Ji l+<'&.w¡'tru 4 iÆfË

28

29

l|¡"vq ¡XR^[.+u'¿]¿+a¿

40 +ffi,ft+

ì

>>>>> iliz l-?r=u-¿ordffi I

iþ

I.ìEÌ,.

6.äBü

n.lD/\ã i16.É*21.^ â

26.tFH

31.8Ø

L.'ffr

o.HtrTTT.Y¡ã

16.ÐTJil

zr.ffiFE

zo.ffiEft

z.Wtrt

z.ÄHl

Lz.HÃâ 1,,

tz.*Ð 6zz.WÊ

zt.ffiRtz.E

s.EHg.,E

ts.'&kra. Èrffi

zz.4L â

ze. ô.41+

ss.#ftf

3.Ã*e.'Æâ

rs.WÌl) üre.ffiæl

zr.Ë à ("

za.ÆfgXF

+. *ñfrs.Wâ

t+.ffi

rs. ffi ¿:

z¿. Ë!.zg.ã \

zq.Yffi,7Êtr

+.EtÈg.Kffi

t+.Hffi,\

rq.EX{LEil

z+. ffiS {r

s.ffi

ro. ffit,.

rs. fHË

zo.ïf czs.kW

s0.ffiffi

s. fr'lË

ro. frìË )rs.ffiffiÉ!

zo. Hzs.ffr¡,1

z.WÆÉ

z. ì&:'Trz. Fffitz.4{tâ22.ffiffi

zz.'¡hw

This radical comes from the shape of a house and is used for charactersrepresenting kinds, parts, conditions, etc., of houses.

tãl tEt fËt rd¿

207

.l t t #>>>>>

I

a)

b)

1 "' - $Lff-lrr à,/ ttOTllI à='because -' lÈ#l > ¿. z >>> rd: l¿ Þ Hâ: tcÐrutrt' a]lÊtr¡ >¿.0 >>> e<gËJËtrnõÈn t;n o]

ft+. : Ð i L I¿ lv-et ù." f r,.sÂ,ì8r,.-6.Tda.(What happened? You are late!)

Y4. : T 6*.-r¡Â," HÈ. tI J, ) L t-I¿ L a ô t:X.ù. à tÉffiÈt7). tt -> l¿ Ë,oTl ñ' ò "(I am sorrSr. It's because my parents called me just when I was about to Teave the house.)

++.(*): ¿ i Lt¿Ø" =1J¡' ùffic/¿øJ.(What happened? I've been waiting for half an hour!)

++.@): ¿'Ð¿,. ðe)¿," Éc*r; à. Ë (road) àìù Øî¿ ( ¿.1,-ct.t¿l¿tvtitt,ò"(Sorry! I came by car but the traffic was incredibly heavy lso I couldn't help being lateJ.)

f ,r, -öf,J= Lã#t > ¿.2 >>>trt cura:ttr]

#fr-o ) 6l=ffiTtþ I /¿f ¿ì¡. ¡..(One should travel while still a student.)

#lt,t¿ ) blifuúfrþ L'C. Jô ¿ i "(I wiil get my study done while it is still quiet.)

Ët,tä bl=fi¡Ø Ll¿t. a- LþL'ct6 ( t r,.1."(You should do what you want to do while you are still young.)

Bäl: ttâ Ò å r:. -Æååirí¿=ff b È r.- å,8,r. * 1.(I would like to climb Mt. Fuji while I amin Japan.)

ËÉt(t"râ) ËEffi¡ñ¿l¡. -c'c,t- *:È.(Time flewby while we were talking.)

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

i'.W,,hèn'.9'3,,þri9,'pr, eded..þi'a.:lê€,a-tiyq:v,,erb,'f.9,r,m;f.ex,Þ,,r-. es

something hapþens.'

f ) ó* bìE( r¡ål¡t,t)b|;'1fr->/¿ã¿ìl.!.f"Lå l"(You should go home before it gets too late.)

g) Ëù: Lz)'È'(t'f¿çtabl=ffiÆþ L*T.(I will do my homeworkbefore my mother scolds me.)

t:

the,,m.e.a.ni. g1 ,, :befþig

>>>>> itiz ¡zz=u-¿ør¡m I

3 ttt Xå¡fi,Et¡$='n weighs on one's mind; to be concerned about -'lÈffi 't > ¿. t o >>>fl ctaa ua]

::r..In,,this'construction,,X'san,bê'either,á¡ôu{r-9r'a,p9n1ene.o-r1rþ ne!|,,2-édl:b. t-4,$ry,bi+þ.Q,,,;:,

a ) FÌñËår'ã,E r¿ú) *t "

(I am worried about my grade [sì.)

b),$ - À 7 î 4 Ø++.ØXffi,¿. å +mÈì-iÉ t *tt !-ø)tÏfi,Erc Úl * I "(I am botheredby the fact that my host studenfs family has not even written a single letter to me.)

{r'>> ¿öVTf) lãffi t > t.t t >>> ¿ã u(€lEnaulø*l

This phrase can be used with either a negative or affirmative predicate- In a negative sentence,

.",itm .:eanl..f (iÐ¡ã'-rnme.i.trow.næ. a ffies,' In an afûrmatile ltê,nce';ít..1i ,tne.-s@

..ói...:.'am.l:.....:.=,:':..:...'.',.'...'.'.,.............:.:'"..'.'.i],

a) ¿a l,< $tìt),à ät'Ëll.,b4ù:Ff,t'( ( /¿ð t'"(When you don't understand no matter how hard you try, please ask your teacher.)

b) i 4It- ¿aV<bâìL*r¡Â,.(I can't tell a lie no matter what.)

c ) ¿ Ò l'( t'-ÆB^nTÍ'>f ð./¡ !'.(I would iike to go to Japan once, no matter what.)

$ ott ?ü l='inadvertently; involuntarily'

a) Êo'C. fÌr.ùÌlJr,.: ¿ àì?tttlt:H6 : ¿ åló 6.(Sometimes, we accidentalþ say things we should not say')

b) ffiþ l,-c, ¡.(- Pürffifñ3Ëþf L * u l¿.(I was talking and lost track of time.)

lã# t > t. t z >>> ?trËÉ1,¿¡vu r :z]

$ o" Nl¿ã,ä?Itâ='to pay attention to -; to be careful of -'lãffi I > ¿ I e >>>.nä' añâ?lttr]

a) Eß#þ#TffiÌÌ. 7 ? t v l' E¡-..ä?tt( ( /iè r'"(When you speak Japanese, please watch for pitch patterns.)

b) A: D+. ó ur¿#Wz(So, you arc Teav íng tomorrow?)

B: ) À,"(Yes.)

A: Ds. -flä2llTtJ"(well, take care!)

209

ft is used in many'idiomatic expressions in Japanese. The following are some of the expres-sions containing ñ.

*. -llñ,1É?( ='to realize; to notice' (cf. Lesson 5)¡l

c) ftiñdEù:Fúo:.bârË^^ -t;fi¿t'2ã:f tf .t-6'.L/¿.(I didn't notice the poster on the bulletin board.)

d ) *õ#.þ w L L T¿Ø l; ft ¿t'2 ¡ I /¡ Ø ùÌ, *n,lñ o 1 lt, t> -ci L /¿ "(It was after I got home that I realized that I had lost my money.)

x V(plain) + ãEäã='to bring oneself to do V; to feel like V-ing'

e ) êffi B ØW*fuffii 6*nt--r¿ t) *, Ë lþ"(I don't feel like studying on Friday nights.)

f ) ?ãã,l:/rftrf. mtðt.å*T.(You can do anything if you put your mind to it.)

| >,> V (plain) åäE*tmLrlâ,/Êö,/ffiÛ+to ask / reil / ask lsomeone]to do [somethingl'

lã#z > t. z z >>> ÊuìctrËå ) t¡ dtffi tì t,rË'rïl lffiarryÀ > !. 1 6 >>> ¿n¿naa * : tr]

. -È, i ù:, in this, cgnstructÌon,: indicate!, that jt, i-s an indirec1 -q.99tg, .9[ a coryqand or a requqsf, [V,,,;:".(p, prqsent)'J't ù:Ë i J is equivalent ro.,a- nè-.w átaiitøqupi" .u-c¡;,tV,i',itt,lÉ.'

ft4t¿:fÉffi{Â?Ét. ( !. /¿ È ( J à l;*¡Eur L /¡.(I asked my teacher to wdte a lette¡ of recommendation.)

*rË ð A, ù: y = - þ,,t y y þ ¿* t. Í+ffi,\ Ttù. t¡,t. å à {:ÈË ä fx É"

(My host mother advised me not to go to school wearing shorts.)

æ+-ffi * -c ù: lÌÆc 1 < 6 J. ) t;Éttl,t"tc"(I was told to come home by 11 p.m.)

$ rtt V(VOlitiOnal) ¿ l¿t¿à=,when I was about to V, lãfr2>¿.tz>>>Ê<rãåLr¿51

1,{- l'^l1I a¿1,/¡å. ñÈrffi¿f å/c"(When I was about to leave for the department store, it began to rain.)

Éffi'e'ß.øF?Ef,l.r- ÊÉZ ) t t,ï¿å- lË¿¡frr È l¿"(When I heard his voice and tried to talk, tears came to my eyes.)

a)

b)

c)

a)

b)

l

>>>>> fiz ¡zo=u-¿ør¡e I

$ rto (X?.)Y< åt,lfÊ='X, to the extent Y' l#uw>¿.a>>>...¿BÊutË<aurtËl

:::',;i'.å,r,.,'like t*I:,'iñdicates rhe degree * "itË¡t*u,ti¡ràffi'*¡iÈrt:,is:õnÈ; ', , 'r, (or x f). Ycan be a t¡-âdjectivc,(¿.g,, r$li.'( à ur("T); an'1.ù ,Sç,f;ul"i rfrt' ( a

i

a) T t y ù t:f -c LlÌ.A,cÌ,.6 Ø(". i€ffiØãàìBAffiÌ b l,+/r < åtr("f .(He has lived in America so long that his English is almost better than his Japanese.)

b) ër,4 i Ès/¡ ( ê 'Tðo(. âffÊ^åft/Jtr< åütf'LÊ.(There was so much food that we almost could not eat it ali.)

uhÞtr'c) EßØL&|Jffir>Èù¡r¿ ( ðl',ó:f. BAÀù:ð*ÉLtr< åü\('T.(There are so many ways of reading Japanese names that they are even difficult for Japanese.)

,, Thê.,( È t . phrase.can precede, the. situ;tion'it,.isi ¿éscri¡in,ii;åi, ñ.i'Y ( "f '¡; ¡1 : 1¡¿

,,, me1!rng, however,' is the sam-e, as lX a-. - fi -(, $ ¡' lÈ'1.; ",' .

:

-

:',,,,'

d) . Øffi,Z)+,ÃI*EF¿ìffi ( î¿ 6 < å trHË L t.-6T"(This reading passage is so difficult that lto the extent that] I almost get aheadache.)

e) ¿ È ÐåÈi¿ì8,å/¿ur< årrÑÈì(,r.¿ ( Kå: ¿¿ìó6.(There are times when it rains so hard that you can hardiy see anything in ftont of you.)

f 0 *' V (plain past) üOlÊ='used to v'lffia¡ry¡ > ¿. s >>> ìE e L tE€ or¿ t. t 9 >>> È z t¿lo Ørê. z tc]

.::i:r..r..':..: ì:.: ;r-::: .. j'ii ::,:...'.,:- : .. ,.'...;t,, :

lV(plain, past) ö ØÈ] is used to express something one used to do in the past, to reminisce

a) Íffiø: óùi- I ( # LII À,h'ãl,t¿t'øt¿"(I used to fight with my brother a lot when I was a child.)

b) ;l(#Ëft¿*- J ( ËÕrrl ( ruãf, Ut¿{¿Øti"(I used to play hard and study hard in my college days.)

11*' V(stem)/c( lffiafi¡ > ¿. t t >>> grìt¿<oE6Eiã]

¡..,,A¡,suffix l¿t aÉtaçhçs to a¡ht4rted.n¡mtø ofverþr (stemof,*'. :,f,oqq):,agd,mgaqs.Íhat

+a ) ffi,ä t¿T Ø',s Y ùÌ,*a!' L !..

(Bread fresh from the oven is delicious.)

b) hI) t¿< 0)/<Y +t:F"þ) ùt( ( Ìa-ð t..(Please watch out for wet paint.)

211

.l t t #,>>>>

a) ,,, yfrä,=ö

(ElÉÊË'îtÈ t.Ër'ffi ? L r ì.. 6

^¿:)ilrH : bØ i - Ta*ì¡Â,àr. $a 6 e c ë.rJr{¡,tþ'1'"

#ã,1,(ürÉËtt* Ë/rh""f : b- tA**.Ëlv" ,r.Ë7)ìt* ( z¡'c"Cl- *:{.

znñ'àã.ãcW*12"illEl: i.ôt- ( *áÆE\. L*1"

I : When you are bothered by some-

one's behavior and want to com-plain about ig you can use expres-

sions such as l> i Þ L-(t.Èlìùl*-t|.1,i., ò c å -'( ( þ*ÈluÐ", {¡ z å -.C ( lul¡ r- ?, etc.

2:You can apologize by saying f4 *, È À," c Iuà, È¡ fr"þ ) ì,, *, Tor Tð.*'tàÁ,.î ('-L*T, etc.

b) "'öP-TEâ >>>>>[âffir]

!rÆ.: 1z Y l' ð Â,. * r¿ËiÛr¡-¿a.

l) v t : -T

^* rù¿,. EH* Lffi=#àrqë e, t¡ \ -c, Ê

t{itÈ l,'t l, *. -t I¿ $ oT T fi, ò 3

"

ftÆ.: El , * l-l¿tt" ¿nñ'à ffË< /J å /JrrJ if-U<<ÈðLrta4.

I i v | : Í*t,r. znÐ à-flã,?l-l *t 2"

3 : - È¡ o)'Cf ¿. È (- ð '1,îtr. à )

is used to give an excuse for youraction.

4: When you want to ask the otherperson to be caref,rl the next timeor not to make the same mistakeagain, you can say I lr,È. â ù1,-J. i i:l,t ( Èã t-ia, 47). à tÌfiþ2tl'c,h, D +.âËùl-f ia,etc.

1¡.¡-

,,,E|-lbJV'l,{zù:r¡ b_ *Ä¿tB+ä. ò i-^¿t,tr4 l. 7 r }. t) -Ø*a&¡ A,^rÌ. t að !.o B

6¿, (

I:*ãJþÉU'* To 8#äl*. ¡¡]¡-Ëffi? tt,tI t¡ù,->T¿o)ù,_ ÌÃr¡')E ( ¡¡ ->l¿Z)tTk#,WI-t¡ð r,." .âffi¿rKb: r¿ r,,

'¡ÈHl (roles) þ^Wt-'c - ò t -ÆffiH L /J ð !.o

f ,,,jV-rZ h,-l7¿re E#ffi0)ft,+.t¡ e,, EAffiøSä¿:ff L a E* /.,ÌÌxaþÊi f.L I ) tr."

"j:ì)v-/þlF-cî_ 7 4 î ¡ 7 þfrLêr.. 4{Lþ' ^

| 7 v Z"t_A_ .fhtr' 7t:##.Läð r."

I * /¿ËËà Ëd-¿l¡ À"1 T ù. " )

J "' E-wJVIe LØ 2 î y 7 b 7 v 7" Lt¿ r,. ô\,- ôr¡XÊJþlÈ.-c-c. _ ft+.L++.Ø*#Z L t ð t..

++-

ftÆ.

++,

.o):ôt <ffi^*i-dâà"Ð t ò -r 4*. ì¡¿," -ìEFå f 6 r,.Èi¿:Æl,ff? ôr,.{. 4 ttù.6ffiØÉEfåsHr,.ò Ø{. 1à.6.4 i 11ù'" : Ø a.óæt.zJ. È'F,þ'c il{ ( /ìð r,."¿t r._ ft?r ùl * î"

4rrrdVz-,e ,{7¿: tÃ->'C.. Ëlâ¿lBÄ^frct å:Jr -a77 4 þ L/¿r,.à. ¿" i ù.tr:-tr.(_ fH+Ø

^¿ffiLât./Jðù.o L/¿ ( f {¡. L/¿ ( /¡ ( {ò. Ðt L-tl-I¿r,.Øå._ Eit-At-

/¿ ( /¡ r,. Øà. z - ffiHÃ L /J ùtfLll't. ùl * È.1,.

5 *'fF)t

e LØ 4(.'ffiLâ:/¡: å þÊ..>A- lf¡t*+ -¿^77 4 þt-T¿u-,/ L/¿ ( r¡1..1 å r,. iffi"c".

-É'+ f 6 t,. øíFXþË.þ /J ð r,.o

213

.l t t #>>>>>

e z-+ly0)^7 | 7 r i. t) -0)*ó1Ëô¿ *rËð À,ùrffiL(r,.*T. CD ?Hr.t_ *.ØN¿ìE L ùtfL¿ÌO. FËË-] { t.ffL¿r^' x ?^frä ð !..

a) :ØJóîðrl,¿:¿1. z-+lvØ-Tâ: ¿åìó* bfr¿:T¡Èrt¡!.6 L!.o

b) z-i'Y¿1,. L't{¡:=:t L{!'å.c ) :-øit,ØÍffir¿È t*. Êià"à À ( táËð À,0)+E\ìþ1,Lt-â"d) Z-+lvtrt7¿s- l.i:ftrr¡¿r,.åão-C.\,-â 6 L!."e) ¿ø*aEè¿,ùt. ãrj7)+ffiTîË¿:ö j. <XEþÊ ) à Ll."

nntrntr

ù¡'À,t¡ Å tJ==31â

tã ¡, t-c,

$álllllftt.

like that l: ö> ø ¡to smile

washing dishes

thanks to -to begin to talk

enough

[:Ët.lâÐ å ]

)l -Ø*aà.t1"("!.' rJ

Ét'ffiTYs'i s]¡u+tì

214

I

lvtU)r^ J=¿,cTt,wä¿¿l

wBA¿:E&YL{t. â7./,) rt )yää.t:- IBAùtÐi{"1à.J tFfl ( ¿. l#Lr,.

'c"T.l LÆì_å ØårffE/ì. Lå. L- lr,.f /¡ ¿ ¿ ¿i,/¡u''l,(.'TÈ.. {4{.' òffi L{( /¿ðr'l ¿Ë, ¿. l,rér\ôt¡¿Lþffi\-'c.<{Lâ. -6u.f /J¿ ¿ù*. 9pguF,È,{Lâ. Lrì7c i /a'" FHù*. .ØCô7 / t) rt

^k t* De). fl-El\¿¡îu.s

¡,& ( rÃ.o-C. Èlu. âØî-- Jrz I uF,e'fuâ a ¿ ¿t¿i L À, ¿* /¡ ( /¡:l¡ùlfr.å'È¡.

HHJ:l,flr¿*. *t'îu.sÀ,)u 9rr-HÈ,{Lâ å L!.o

4ù: t't/¡ ¿ ¿ ÌÌ. ff 6 /J t'Äå. à- "May I taikto you in English?" å Ef,å.

il.â ¿ LIì 4 ) È. fS¿:. ,FÃf,sxËt"ËFf ,s zþ1#-c ( !. 6 ffi¡¡ Ð. . {Ltrt&

u't u'io 41)E^^r)lt€ffiØffiHþt-l¿u-a;Èô ) å t' i a L ùtâà.åÈì. *^'Aë Z#þ L /¿ t,. ffif A þ îñÀ,1 t . å ffi ù:. a {Lk Ê b {L â L - lFIfì ù. u. {" /¡ -F,f*

Ë¿ìf 6 ¿l,.i" $t,6À,, 4A,/¡: ¿à.6- EA^ØË)€àr{"È âaL6bâa)/a'Èì. ÉâårfuÆðùr'(u.6 j ] r¡f¡,f*Ètr;îâ å u. i 7./ y lt ),,ù*Þt¡ ( /Jr."

Eä#ø¡'r¡ þ -c* â7 ) t) h )x,t: L -c"c u.t/J: ¿ ¿*. El^^¿ìäà./¡È.Elä#OæL{ ( {tr¡[. å !. i a LIì7c i È. fiJà¿x-'. /Êr¡ Ð'C". {tå.Ëu./¡!. è,H:( BA#(.*Fû ¿ - 4 ØlÊHùr, Ë#Ø Þl-r' È å,Étr kRu-tffi.t,Eí1( : ¿ àr

et\-o :frrùÌ.0):ôÞ LJ ( ¡¡:(å{. HÄffi-c"æL'c <{LâEA/\årÈ¿,Ìa'À,ÆLÍ È /¿ I i ("bâùt- * È* È. Ba#'Cä Lk ) å Lr¡ t-EÆLøfrn¡ss

l,.¿!.io7c {17J" t. BAffi("ä Zr. < {Lâtããt ð . Ëffiø H^^ØfËb /r r. k ) r¡, Æ.

¡¡BÄffit-Æi-t/"L6 a | $ee¡-4 )l¿" fitåùr-'. l=-v-y -:--L -y-r-_y-f -7) å u. ) Å i r¡ffUfrþ ðfut b-f â ¿.

^Eü:u.tt:ÌÃ,â È Lr."

Jo¿l'i

Ð v E'a to stare

fu f -/3 ¡. almost rrever

- {,'.,ìXË bus stop

I

.l 1 1 ËF>>,>>

o E Al¿ t r õ v / 1) JJ L&#älr ë : etììÐr4 ¿ ¿ ä . w2 tJ 7 l-v v J l.fi¿ v\.

1.

2.

3.

4.

""""""""">âËÉ 1

L¡(À<..e_8Ð_4_Ë_?ÞÞ.Ë.Ë-&.¡

tt.. D.ÊJ.çþg_çIru:r_.ô 9E¡t¡ifi[r¿är&¡rffi<c"

ffil*,ã=dfrzâuÅluei )tf¿VvvvvVVV

. Ê-,!ç5ffiÞÞ-!ËSHefç&;

. -ËrË1 < 5 rrm¿' ajgJ_ë_$ll

.MaffiarÄ{ìËffi _u-)fr E-r_"

LT URB NooaO

ao

Medical and Dental Care

J n America, when you want to see a doctor or a dentist, you first call for on appoint-I ment. ln Japan, too, it is getting to be that way, but there are still some doctors who do

not accept appointments. You just have to go to their office and waít for your turn. Pre-

scriptions are also becoming fairly common, but if you go to a neighborhood doctoç he/she

might still prefer dispensing drugs himself/herself.

Health insurance is virtually universal in Japan, and it covers dental care, as well. EYä,too, should carry health insurance. lf you are covered by your parents' policy in the States,

however, that might cover only emergency cases in Japan. The wisest thing to do would be

to buy health insurance in Japan. Most of the time, premiums will be reasonable.

Before World War II, Japanese medical science was greatly influenced by Germany, butsince the end of the wal American medicine has become more and more influential. As a

result, you might not find much difference between medical practices in Japan and the U.S.

There are, however, small differences here and there, one being that, in Japan, one's

temperature is taken not in the mouth, but under the arm.

The Japanese, as a rule, do not take care of their teeth as well as Americans do. Preven-

tive dentistry is not as common, and orthodontics is not as advanced. As a result, you findfew youngsters wearing braces, and uneven front teeth are not unusual.

Doctors and dentists, like teachers, are always addressed ftfr. Don't make the error ofaddressing them X ðfu !

Food for Sick People

hile chicken soup is probably the most common food for people with colds in theU.5., in Japan sick people, especially those with digestive ailments, eat okayu (hot

rice porridge) with umeboshi(very sour and salty pickled plums). Okayu is easy to digest,

and umeboshi is believed to have all sorts of healing powers.

ooC

oa

>>>>> fiñl-tJ 2 rc 5

e Z-ü, . tJl.JfifräøtÉ#+ l¿ñâärE+ < fdã "

z-+lv : trH"¡Jr ff : ti L* L/¿È". H&¿¡Hu..C"îÀ.

z-¿f v I u9 i,{å_ ( l:€i4 þ:_z_!._¿-g!'?-.-.,ä,¿:-nr#È åìH ( rÃ':I¿ À"eî.12

zJr ff : ?lLt|u.ùl* ÈÀ,tJ" L ¡ o Lfl^Øffin?ØY 7 r-'ctßÀ'fu'/¿ å ¿ir"Tà."

z-+fv: î^*ìù¿,.

o=+tì'É.,zJr ff :

z-iìvdr ffi:

z-¡lvdr ff :

z-c)ìv

zJr ff :

7--t)Èv

zJr ff :

7-ìv

Ë#r)Tffiþ : <. ftäfiiffi4EÉl-Ã: c ( õ'¿" i -c'-Tà". Þl,t*J ( ¡¡ b * Ll¿å."

ð : È [tt,.l¿ 6. Èu'ÀÀ ( /¡ b * Ll; ùl å. * Ètá/Jå'àìffiu"4,-c"T.

4 )îîù." Dçð. tátrãð A'tt:-Ð'C. ð 6:Èäålu't.'TD+/Jì.'å'L 6"

$u,'C-h\ f à t. ØffifT ¿l Ð. Ëùt *'l-È."

f^ttaåHu'*1.(fútr?Ër,.tlEL/¡¿s6) : ¿ f-l-. Ëffi7r'ùTÍctá ( à. 6.

-!l-. D +, rx=þ't tÌ "C tJ"

Ùtr.. ftä. Ði òó bÈr¿ i :'ð"t'* Lt.L - !. å o +E t *+îþ.a>ffi# t :Ix a ø ù* ç e) "c. + ( xn'!ft -> r ffi À'íc ( /¿ ð

L. dâo

ü*!.. 4 i1â24)D +. *af,S¿:.

ft+LL*r.

Tt.3_ç;__6__&/+ e3

15

-llz#,,>..

Q !-1YE ft:l-4lv

s E ft:9-4/vE ft:ì¡.4fYE ft:

10

ì¡.4YYE fi:9-4Yvtr s:ì¡-4lYE ft:Ð-4YYE ft:

l-4/v

E fi:9-4lvE S:

9-4)vE E:

v, E.Ét¿fi<"

Ð i L* L/¿å..

b0) ). ìEFË (' à !.ÈiÈ. e'FJ ¿z¡ ( {AÈs/¿' âtt cl¿.ta"i-Ès. -. = FlÈiù.t- +Ê¿*Ø Ðàì[ffi ( /¡.c'C"

4 ) 1îù."+rJþÈf.l)L¿rffi/mu. lùî-1" 4{tt:- u9),{¿Ì#!ÈìrHr. Kî:,{¡ L* Ll¿.r. ùl * È À,tJ" È&.1* z

b *. , b, *.È À," 4 {ut:, ê*t ò _l CT#ût".Dç. L ¡o ¿ Ø ¿"þH'c.a*.1- Ì i. tÈ ( ErSFfitl-c < t"ð u.. ðð.f : ùf b îu.À.i,fit.'cTd'e" È.Ìl{'T !" #kH L * Tìr'Èr. -ËFñßftA,1a"c ( Èð u."

- El-*E{'f ¿."

!'F. -E=81. '-æÈ¡þ.t:EftH LÍ ( /¡-ð t,../n\ÌJ,, * LÈ.4 {Llr. à. - B l:1n¡q¿.. j Èsu. þ Ua[ ) ¿ìr.j ->'ClaJ1cTù""

##ø gargle Í"T i .ê#¿* Ð i L/¿ È u.!.{" L !. ) ù'"7c )-r:1^tr" êâtð i-frþ¿l'. fFJk

ê^¡t È> !.!.¿,("Tåì. * ó-. =Fl Ù1. ffi È' zJ't'-4VJlÌ tù tt: l- { *d ..'t

( Èå t."

6 E i -c'Tà." ElA,,\¡¡ e, iazï.ùg__('_6_-u-_ù:1 â A,l¿ ùt Ð, táÈ.@ê-lt :¿bb*Tà.. 4

l,.?å.. t6t¡.ù"?H ( L/¿ffi. ,$x l. 7 r i, -Ø*áËð À,zït(F-t ( ( frr*t-T¿" 7 / y rt D+- à.tt'?Or.l;ÂùåJ ( 7+ y 7-/þffi.a*.Tùl ¿.4 {Lî ð !. l,.{"T }.f+I|ffiÀ"/¿-Ëà¡u. r. {" L } ) È.o

7c )11tr" * ó. ffiøø 6FËÌåÇ^o ( bff¿r_ù:_rul,_IC;- è tI Þ__b 8gi!¿rdâ" ("ò. -. =B(.'T ('lå6 åEu-*TÌ.54 iîTþ'" D+. ¿"i È)ð bàlå I :'ð"u'* Lt"*at$¿:

"

220

--' *U,-r*r r. U I

e HåËÉCËf¿9 -4Y2. t äìþ):Eã UcUìõ"

*áËð/L: f )l,I¿o)"ì-4)v*tËË.å,

tdËð.å,

Ìá&È ¿,

É {t':tdËå

'1,

Ê ff:

ls åáËð.1

Ð¡.4/v*á&Ë 't, :

É ff:*áËË Á, :

20 *, ff:

tdËð ¿, :

ì-4)v*a&ð

'å, :

2s 9-4)vlá&ð ¿4, :

Ê

Ê.

âB ù*{dÈ¿.ffi¿r,É ( {"b tr&Æ' -t- Cffiträ ã A'tr:Tto /¿ Ì*. ) åìr'!' À o i t' ØffiWäð .å, ¿:Ë

ffiÈ. ùl "C 7) â¿. | " (*'Ëð.L. ËEãð l,¿:€#T å.)

8il6ffif+(*T"

ó. ËH(":'ð"u. * Tàì.

ü* l,'o

Ft*. i Ë"c+-^7î 4 þ L{ì,- â7 )' ù /\ØE++åì. âÉAå,1:6

¿ìrffi ( r¡ b *.l-î "

ùt l..o

æf,*t'T¿s. +n-Ðr u.tÈ < bt| ù: fi,!'È./J ì.'{" L ! i ù'"

7c i 1l tJ" ó. âB t!+tLfl,i- å ùå1/¡': /¡Ë,åð Â,r)r. -^*e' {vt¡( ¡¡ b * Ll¿à. 6_ =H*/¡ 64r,.{ì.. * Tùl ¿.

(9-4yvt:) =H+Ds¿"i.

/¿r.DÌ iÀf'T"Dç. --H*¿:filt.*Tøt"- I ô1, ( *áFEt' L*f.i6ñffitJ?

I v/y v LF L*T"I v ly v ë A,Tî*J" 4 {Lícttt- -ffiù: E^ ) 4--"

("ü*. ØLttt ¿*" (æffiþtlJ6")

¿i ò bbùì- å ) ¿.ð.r,.* Ll¿"

r,.[.åo .c"ò ] lt.oi¿tt. t, ¡i å*u.-C(. E[6ft+., -L+f'âf rË(

/¡ ¡.¿r 6. t..? ð [.n('. â Ø ! "

4 i f-f ù'"

I - 4 y v ttt - I't À, Lùl)Eàìt'l,'u\da"

221

-ll2#,,,..

¿ Ð dâffi(")e Ìå-'c^t- Ë¿¿i F ; q F, t Y - W l å å t' t /= € !' /i +A ri Y rÊ,ffi Ã {" -c M' tr Þ,.: ù_: -¿" i^, H À #r. Ê __. ñ,ü -â ¿å i J F tr ò +' ^ h åì tñ . ffi? A É "h *'ð rì i k ß ¿r ) tu â /¡ u ¡' t í:

i f 5 iii å å H Ë å Hå ? ã ä i ÉI-; L?

ifrräFËçä riË ftËffi$ H5 i t'ì,*r-årrf.Hår:'-e!- ,ù':' ( À, r'l ç R D t k ¿ E I,É ¿:Zà r"ùit9ít ù.iEØ;lû' +tr, -oTf¿y¿-*át'aií, Ë¿ dat, ¿str,T+3 ÈrØ ¿åç*fr 6H, "z,if ,; i:\iF=;SÉ "+;;,Al.t=;q3þffi')'À,À,"oÈrãoio)Jû,þtykË rn ft ¿-- /¡ iilt,^:_ Hu E È f:4 L ì- ¿ Ë Ð Ør: (Lì ü* !r î+Ëi Lr I L o) tr ¿Ì ,{ :

"C L,Z' Ìa- å;/: t:iþ 0)!rîF-tùü:iÐÉfd*dr;Þãrts*|iÏ?íå#$FðätriiEit:. \ ul f,? +g1'H 4 ååä'g i:" É í- :tfr, ,r 6 ffi;H f ö r; Ð k'à F i + È i I iV +¿är¡ É4 Èìl-{L? ¿.à.rFt' x

,g i t 'L ð 9 ¿i'À t ;i * ,' î 4 ( *1Ê ù:-c r,-.ù.Þ'¿äË+?, 1¿tf yr kAi;';å?,€gl ËL i.í'=Z Ë?Øful¡ î''oi"i:,1^,! dâa

ä f-?¡;Y,t:;gRgfiä HLåþ i1 ?zibtrZ'î Ë'lT" 'ffi ðâ!. tùAÀ"à ÈE;¿iþ, i) tr ,!'ãtâ-.C+^Iljí¡-+,¿Lãat#,! L .¡,j

^ U S ¿: /¡ 6,1 I -C"

r^ -r,? ¿ ò a h aH þt '-å 2 1z Ì :l È L\ + ¿: #F r¡ ¿r ,r ï þt

=L:,¿*/¡tJlUþrÀ,¿?# ¿ r* #'' ( I . t¡ ,Ei6¿x* :

.Ë È9#ffiF{, r*c Èì iiÀ,!o êÌ 9F--:- T t¡ â ¿å e' JiH +b t- ffiâ rr: tiFË ¿

222

6¡5c¿iffi Ðt the condition of a

disease or illnessjtl¿ -

# L6 to complain ofÈ

-.x.1,

t Ã,tl feeling¡I¿u,a

3 ffiþ complexion

a 6'l ¡3-/¡¡- not much; not enough[>>>*t*,/- l-'1]

Èl' because lused when

t¡r¡a, ì3,fEI¿ä(

Èb.u'

somehow

to feel tired; to feellangvld

throat

to swallow

to feel a chill

appetite

diarrltea

medicine

f

Y7T-ll'rL(,'tLçE#

-l

f26

ruEtT..u' u

*aÅ=F¿:

t¡t¡u'

2s lÈ6

10

11

14

20

something affects onenegativeþJ [>>> JÕ'Êl- F 2]

sofa

to throw up

doctor; physician

to examine (a patient)

map

T. ']r.:e care!

¡1 ¡i13 nRH-l â to take (medicine)

t:#àÊftÛlrs i'¿r¡. gargling

çt¡ I

zr ffiÇ¡.¡, soft

22 tõ'lìtþ hot rice porridge-aI

za (-¿;¡¡[Ll¿¿å¿l/Jt.

o oito)t ¿

6 ffi,aìLlî¡ttr u.æfrÈrî åu¡?¡ <

? È.ffillrtt

STffi<1¡rc#

nothing canbe better(than -) [>>>Eiâz- ¡s]

to getbetter; to recoverfrom illness [¿i.]

-Tl

ËÈ 6 to get up' cÈ

l,ì¡a) -cffi grimacert'ffi tooth¡r-ËÈ L ¿'

6 E[6ffiÊt Ozaki Dental Clinic

L'2È luD*m-tr f

ß E'ì-âltrlu' +

Ëå-f

u +.(

suddenly

lpolite verb meaning X6l

patient

to become Yacant

I

-112*>'>>'

-lni*>>>>>

Japanese has arich system of sound symbolism. Roughly, they can be subdivided into two

categories: ffiËffi (phonomimes, onomatopoeia) and ffiffiffi (phenomimes, psychomimes).

ffiËffi represents words that imitate acfual sounds. English has some of those, too, such as

sounds that animals make. Compare the following:

I{l¿Ilt¿

ffiffiffi are words that express states, feelings, manners of actions, etc., impressionistically.

English has some ffiRËfl"-like words, too, such as roly-poly and shilly-shal/y. In this lesson's ffia+n lFfl:#l,wehavequiteafewffiffi,ffi, suchas È b È b, L < L (, ¿f¿,¿flÀ",ìì4trî4,andØùb<Èr\.

There are three important differences between Engtsh and Japanese here. First, in English, ifone speaks with too many #EËffi or ffiffi,ffi, one may run the risk of sounding childish. In Japa-

nese, there is no fear of this unless one uses onomatopoeia specifrcally used in baby-talk, e.g.,

b À,b Â, for t. Second, English is actually filled with verbs and adjectives that originated as

ffiËffi or ffiffffi but are no longer regarded as such, e.g., slam, whack, flash, slick, smooth,

plump, glisten, etc. In Japanese, on the other hand, many ffiË# and ffitrffi are used adverbially,

often with the addition of å, as in the following examples:

åbåb(¿)tËtr to have a piercing pain

L( L( (¿)ffitr something (usually, stomach or teeth) hurts in a dull, persistent way

æÀ,ttrÀ,( ¿ )HFñT6 to ask questions in rapid succession, i.e., in machine gun fashion

tÌQtî4 ( ¿ )trT to talk in a subdued tone

Ø6b<àb(¿)trr to talk noncommittaþ/evasively

CIOl\CO TAICO I

ffiwI! /v,/T ¿ lv

bÀ,bÀ, Sound dogs make: bowwow tsÂ,.l¿Å, Sound of a gunshot: bong

¿:s-tó Sound cats make: meow l*-/¿ if /¡ Water dripping.' drip, drip

ü- Sound cows make: moo ÐL't- å'Èe H eavy obj ect falling : thud

tUL,ttëc

226

>>>>> fift|-fd ? f¿ 5

t 1, * ú) (¿)tFt r< r< (¿)ffiri

Third (and this is related to the second point above), there are very often cases where, in English,

completeþ different verbs are used for related actions while, in Japanese, one and the same verb

will do with the addition of different ffiËtr or æffi#, as in the following examples:

tl Èrtl ÈrX,) to guffaw <'r <'rx, to giggle

t:*-> LK) to grin ¿:¿¿:t,æ, to smile

æffitl6Ll àt) <T <Tæ'

Í:f : ëtã r-2t-2ëÈ2lLLlLLTt.,

227

228

12ffi>>>>

I tt' 6(l¿-t¿Ll='not much; not enough' lã#l > t. ¿ >>> ã < t-ËrdD a tctùrrD]

This expression is always followed by a negative form of a predicate.

a ) ô < t=fut&L t¿v¡Øi:Xø¿fr' b Ê i Ø¿Ì816.(Ifs not good to complain without studying much.)

b) ffifrøffiÙf. å ( l¿ê^råÈ¿/¿ut.(When yoú are sick, you can hardly eat anything.)

/rr, ^,{t[r/t-'perhaps because -'

i, -È. l.':r witlìout à.i.SrVe1 a reason or a cause,i-::,i.i '..,,

a) yä¿st È /Ju. Øttft+.o)ËLtlì ô i tt "

(Is it because of the teacher that students don't do well?)l¡ l:¿'

b) ÉlâøFñËr,,þftL1)Ërrù:T â0)åJ ( /J!."(It's not good to blame others for your own mistakes.)

c ) 4 {Lltfr,ØËütlìJ.(It's just your imagination.)

d) ilffiÈsffiÈ.r/¿tf t,rá¡. ftfr,¿sl¡¡."( [He] looks dispirited, perhaps because he did badly on the exam.)

e) ffi*ilffi¿rìEL.tlürár_ ifrô.ùt&u,"(There ate marry absences, perhaps because the final exam is near.)

lâ# I > ¿.¿ >>> ã < t-€t¿rûra/ettrrrtr]

>>>>> fiñltl4 p lc 5

J >o' V<¿àLf¡{¡,r='1ry V-ing' lã#'l > t. I ¿ >>>lî: (ð ãtuEêrr]

å,/¡ ð 1., and is used, for example, by môthers in talking to children.

a) rlLI lùTîàlvt¿ðüt. È: å#¿:/¡ b *TÀ"(Go and rest for a while. I'm sure you wili feel better.)

{,,, N <åtl lã#,z > t. z z >>> ör)ìro < 5tìl.lõ]

fá/J¿.ØtË!-F¿Ì- 7-7" (åurù: L/¡ãàìt.t'f.. L I ).(When you have a stomachache, you should limit your diet to something light iike soup.)

-St'Ë= r¡Ë# f å ttãùt /J t,. å 6l b * T.(You should be able to write at least the kanji you Tearned in the first year.)

ffiftØFÌ*€ã Eru l,ftz ë.l*äür.(When you ate sick, sleeping is the best thing to do.)

BA#Èrffi{ù â !, i r:ä b t¿tt'->l¿ Ù. Bä^ff < Eruuf¿z t ßr¿rr ¿,8i ùtþ¿.* 17 t

' ù ("Ë + À, Lfu1frl,îÌt, tft-> /¡Ëå1r.. !. ¿ ,E !. * T.

(If you want to become proficient in Japanese, the best thing is to go to Japan, but I think you shouldfirst study properþ [i.¿., the basics] in 'A.merica.)

$ ttr E åååE='as one wishes' l#aryt > n a >>> B ã t ã f rEi*r)ìHãrì]

a) fts¿*/¡f./¡¿:, , ) ea lilÌÈ. Ð 6 r¡ l. ö ØÈ"(Work generalþ does not get done as quickly as one wishes.)

ô t\.-Èlu

b) A : ffiX¿* å if.1å." låå.¿a-ct.*TÈ."(How is the thesis coming along? Is it progressing well?)

B: äÈ.tJ7).F.ã .|ãfg¡1/¡ ( (Elc(1.*T.(I am really troubled because I can't write it to my satisfaction.)

This,is a polite,form oJV tAaJ.èt1,,Sìnce,1li,ð,lir,ìs,a,f.o.1m'¡ ,b¡-qo.rneo4øhigheiü,status to give a command to someone lower in status, - ð å Àr¡ Ë r,. camot be used by apêiso+1õwer.in,si4tus.J ,i:z\tà:,.9,*iE, 1i!-:ì;å..ô.Ì]q tiô,Í.ê::iilf.ô,,,9¡ !*ú:rì{rt:=o,f},,:V,.4ra'à

N'(',ì6 1., in this case, indicates that,N is thè ininimum fevel, degree, etõ¡ Gg.; eqs st,,lightest,

etc.) f åt. isoftenreplacedby ( ài-.

a)

b)

5 rrt -liff l¿t¿ZëJ*ll¡lt='¡olhing can be better than -'lã#z > t.zs >>>tt{ìtrtruËi aeao *u,r,]

',r,nii einte is mostftequèntry,$wittr the plarn, present t"4tëtfUfiíof;léîti$;

a)

b)

-lP#,,,,,

| ,r, ,vl¡{þ¡-'lstend to -; to be apt to *; to be prone to -'l#æM > ¿. z o >>> /tu) 5 urlrtS tr]

a) BAffiàì,,Lffir( òffia#È ¿Ìâf f.'È /Ju. Lt- i Ø¿t. t{-El^ØEÈürt)tf bt.¿ Ìì"(It is not unusual that a foreigner who can speak Japanese a little can't read or write it at all.)

b) 7 ./ r, Í'.¿*ó * b ÌËËrîb t: L/¡ ¡-;þ-¿ì¡- ¡-o(It is better not to be too modest in .A.merica.)

a) o," ffiträlfriñrâ >>>>>[Ê#t]

184. : 7 -+ vã A,, ¿^ ) U* L/¡à¡o æÉr)f#üì

Ttz'?-1"

z-i'v : ì,9 i ^ìå ( t:€äÈ.e /¿ìl¡.¿:. !fi7)t'ffiütr{,

Tr" z¿r#å¿ v*t2"ft\.: ffiùi ?

z-+lv:mùl/J!.ÀiÍ'T"ftE. : Dr ó. âBl*+ \ XE'lñ->(fñÂ,ÈË¿ìt.

l.-ÕTdâ"

z-qlv: ftL.. 4it-*.î.ftÆ.: t¡*EFl: 3.

1 : When you notice that someone is

not feeling well, you cansay WêÐmr-'cTÈr, ñfiÈr/Jð ¿ iîT{x, Ð ¿ r.mr.¿,"cTr" erc.

2 : Some of the useful expressions

for descúbing symptoms are:

-?,r4i.//,Êû (Ê, ø ¿, *r¡ ¿.,

É, El, etc.)

-àrff6 (#, Èå, ( Lç4, ùlt¡îî,etc.)

,i

-ù¡tâ(æfr,ftåfi,Ð*r.,etc.)

tl\

-þ:fâCFffi) L¡(r(ffiùtb 6,167)rlì6 !., ê ffrrä t.,

fifËüz)sfft'3 : To someone who is sick, you nor-

mally say lát$ù:.

--tffiñ1.14?r'c5 |

| "' E-wJVIe ,{ 7 ù: r¡ b - -Âùåg+ä. ò i -^¿È A*XøÈÆ¿: /¡ b /J ð !.o g+ät*å.Ìl'? ô

t.t- âEå¿: HâØffinþffiHÃ L-C !. * T" *ØH#þLfr,-c ( ò À r,.,

¿tt *-E head<?o# medicine

r¡f,'*,1,¿t r'{älñ;J thermometer

Ø à' throattrl f f a?a

u.S/J'ti È r)sfl 6 to have abad cough

f ,,,g-IVJVle ,{7ù:z¡ b- -Ä¿tB+ä. ò i-^t*È-À 714 Ø*d&ð À,tr:/¡ b /¡ð t." g+4.

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^0)H#þ1fr,:{ {> I !.o

rltbTffiþt 6 to have diarrhea

i ut r).

i EtÈ Ã,lrtT 6 to feel like vomiting

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231

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L ùt t?tr.O. FåË

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b) HÍYÆ.t*, lüEl ¿ i' r,,\{..ó å.c ) ¿ Ø-^ù*. -ffit:7+-t,-ft-> /c: å ìrìbâ"d) zøEÍV4l*- z +-þL{1. :-Æ.þift-r¿.

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órLr .àl

Eþffi â

à.'bt. di t:

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to break one's leg

I feel sorry for you.I sympathize.

to break down

C J- C :e - [the sound of the howlingwindl

¿¡[:<Éñ (r¡) ironic

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232

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-l I

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iEtoffiffiãiË^6

o ¿øFá. v /uhî)Ëfêh\

,.i'1',

l,'ii

'11

URE Nooocoo

Errors and Laughter

T ust as Japanese people make many errors when they speak English, non-Japanese

J naturally make lots of mistakes when they speak Japanese. Making errors and learningfrom them is part of the learning process and should not be avoided. Japanese peoplemight laugh more than Americans would when they hear mistakes, but you should learn toaccept that because their laughter is well-meaning and good-natured.

trtråt,r ¿Loanwords (or ft'lFH>>>>>

r¡ oday's Japanese vocabulary consists of three categories of words: wago (l1"+o, i.e.,

I Jupun"re words), kango (Ê#, i.e., words that originated in Chinese or made-in-Japanpseudo-Chinese words), and gairaigo (tl*F", i.e., words that have been borrowed fromlanguages other than Chinese). Most gairaigo come from English, and their number isincreasing rapidly. ln this lesson alone, we have seen several English-based loans: F4lt, <>! =), Z/ (- l'., I t r-, etc. Loanwords are troublesome for English speakers because theyvery often change their shapes. For example, many words are cut short. A good examplewould be l'.1Þv l'. (from toilet) shortened to l-.1Þ. Loanwords frequently change theirmeanings, too, as you have seen in the case of <2! =7. Loanwords undergo significantchanges in pronunciation also. When you pronounce them, the best thing would be toforget they were originally English. Pronounce them just like any other Japanese word. Youwill then not only sound more authentic, but will be understood much better.

Japanese Attitude Toward Foreigners Speaking Japanese

efore World WarII, the only Caucasians who spoke Japanese were missionaries, andeven they were not all that good. Japanese people therefore developed a mistaken

notion that their language was simply too difficult for gaijín. Even today, when foreignerswho can speak Japanese are no longer oddities, many Japanese still hang on to this same

old myth. When a foreigner, especially a Caucasian, suddenly speaks to them in Japanese,

they sometimes just freeze, i.e., answer with a blank stare, unable to say anything. Thismight be particularly true if you go shopping at a store where you are not a familiar figure,or if you stop a stranger to ask directions. Don't be discouraged, however. At the universitywhere you are a&#Æ., you will definitely receive better responses!

@

6ôoe

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15

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^ FF 4 7c b o) A ¿i fr H #. ¿Ì, ti,, /Ã 2

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v {4 HÌl"c¿"þËftaØË'#4=*Få)¿*rå r\ r:. t' ¿i a.þf"L')frËili¿ÌÀ"ùfr4 tþ # Ì ¿" -\T * Ø þ:t. æ1 tÈ. S )+. Éi. L /¿ r¡ /¡ù ÍF,t {& I þt 7c

Rx ?qi..i,ÉÅtt /;ftk o)

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15

.l t ¡ #>>>>>

tf,'lt¿6ffi¿J¿)E*Øt -

Ð'¡a*"'¿J U ¡¡,ì¡t o;

FÐ

personal experience

past

to state

funny

lname of a prefectureJ

¡'- ¿f ¡ consíderably; real7y; to agreat extent

[>>>*]t-l- t'21('

Ë'Èt l- living;1ife stylett¡" l

(,-¿;)S¡. /¡ ¡- it mustbe (-)[>>>git-z- ¡¡]

bathroom Llit., place towash one's handsl

reason; explanation

hard [as in "work harü']

lname of a templel

pronunciation

't Ð¡,g *a$iJhr,.

u t;tJot ur i rl¿ø1.

-4ffi6x-¡u¿i v

#yú+alcta¡,

mÊ

11

¡t)ùyl^¡r[.o iEFæ.

nl..

(-Ø)*Èi.F-

x,

Hollywood

actorlactress

this side (of -)to laugh

t8

4 lù'À,zc À,t â

ã'1¿sY-'4

l:trLEJJñr¡fttr'Ef,ür¡tJ

ÉT

¡t( Ë.

&Æ(t¡)rtt. ¿.

ffiffi

to be modest; to humbleoneself

'/ Y thafs worthy ofyou, Jason; thafs trulylike the great studentthat you are, Jason

l>>>x;Å,t-¡-q7

particle(s)

opposite

to correct [uf.]

¡|¿" L.

21 lpl'CÉ.Î lr whatever eise might besaid; after all

complex

honorific language[if., respect languagel

r:5t t22 (-ùr) Ë+ (/J) not good/skilled

t{,+vs i23 ñ,FË

(at -)practice

242

v't si72 ËlË

ttvß F,merSJ

selÊstudy

unfamiliar l:ffit'Ì¡t^ /F,/¡: åØär.l

Chinese food

in those days

fixed-price htnclt/ dinner

at most [>>>*;Ê/-t'9]

( to come by (a meal)

to agfee to; to accept

Taiwan

around (someone)

finaþ; at last

broken le. g., J apanese)

summer cottage

to invite

to loaf on the job; to idleaway one's time

to encourage

to urge (someone) to do(something)

usual; that which wasmentioned before

anti-Japanese sentiment

embarrassing

but; although t:-ülÈ?, ¿'l

[>>>*tå-l- l-. 10]

first of all

average; ordinary; likenormal people

desire

14

16

17

18

19

tç5 ¡, ¡!¡ u

tr#f+æF _l-

4 o)tAt['u¡ <

Ëê¡at'U. $'f,.

(-ù:) ù¡'bc*5(-t:)trñD å

t['¡-¿¿\ìditr¡lE- ì-L07l'

E EI¿:

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tE<

+¡l+'a

24

25

26

r¡[t '2? m*.-l

*L

ffiøa

i¿t¡28 ffiJa)

artut:tJJf LU t iEBÆ ffirtt f

zs ||[f']: I ¡.

-äåì ò

Srrf¿¡¡a

^ìû¡t( rti

(r¡)

30 mÆ

o F^'Ìtv t'. +-r[' u*

r Éfr¿:Èqri:( ¿'

+Effi'trå: (-t:) *Ð â

L-i v5ffi-cf

3 mÐa.

r;t't¡¿X+. tr.,

4ffiL¿?

s [H(r¡)

6 t-'ål¿: È)

ïl'À,ô'b l-l¿¡l.*¿-x^.r;rz T*(r¡);t( ¡{ri,

RdE1a8+tft'Â L/¿t),+ tx

ÆÞ_tr

#'Ð âg -l¡ØØ

r.t ¡rti

-fr-e

'Y Donald Keene

formally

Chinese language

to decide (to -) [u.¿.]

in those days [: 4 Ø ¿ 4l

extremely [writtenexpressionl

most of

woman t:A{S. kØLlfree [time]

truiy l:Ft:lcarefree; slow-moving

one sentence

not good; unskilled

blackboard

to copy [u.t.J

significant; great

improvement; progress

to notice; to recognue

although - [>>>*8,/- 1-6]

on one ttand or on theother hand (depending

on the context)[>>>g,E/- t 7]

[Chinese lamily name]

Tãng dynasty [618-907]

poem;poetry

one day

I1brary

t'zF-f-

¿ti utÈ¡ro Hffift

t

ñü-ö12 bâE

¿ I, l¡,¡,EXËÊH

.l 'l¡=#,,,,.

t àr. L"-i: (

3t 7 ì y rtã ftW United States ofAmerica

).- A )t v 1',1 Ì North Carolinal-c

33 ffiù:ù' rYsli-lu

RffifEI

ffia34

36

40

çl¡¡ ¡'(-þ)ffi#-î to point (to -)¡.Þ r¡ b al|of a sudden

+l'27yrÈ cherry¡h¿îúã,t a to commemorateu¿r5¡V.¿i¡Jr ?& elementary school

å ¡ri ¿'rL ¡ä f+É textbook

akeady l: {, ,lorchard

to snap

content

even so [>>>*;ã.2-¡tz]

age

4t i b well [used when makinga modest or hesitantstatementl

- å L'C¿* for; considering[>>>g;tz- ¡ll]

t'¡f a+Ð

42 Q'{Lt: t i{,¿?

43m;.¿ r

(- å ) ftt¡ a to be different (from -)t:Ë, I [writtenexpressionl

l< ¡r¿-ffi6 Japanese reader

reader; reading book

as far as -; as long âs -[>>>gitz- ¡ l¡]

motaT education

l: [¡¿ ;44 HÆffi

¿t( t¡.t4s -ffi,^

¿lå

-[E b

vsli v,\'46 IøH

47

48

49

50

È tL¡ i& ,t' a little l:,Þ1,)t'i ¿ l¡,¡,Ëffiffi view of moralit¡rJ.-

;lçt- ùl much; considerablyl:xÆl

tt tli "/u(-å)7Ê-îâ to contradict (-)

r¡'¿tJ¡'lEÏffi {, many times more -¡¡ã¿'l'

#ffið difficuþ to understandu-t¿r'

É6 itself;t(¡(

ÉEET 6 to master; to overcomeutru¡u.Àøl'

5? -Ffmft'¡bt* i¡

r#w.

rlrJ[¡\

Tf¿ ù ¿ò

¡î; ¡;Bd;t(+ÈuriEtffi-hlå

¡lì-ct- a.l)7

-tT'lÌ¿'Ìu t iûff

hard [:-ätrô]lfamily name]

[male given name]

together with; incompany with

again

with respect tonationality

on the contrary[>>>E;Ëz- ¡ r+]

as far as - is concerned

mountain cottage

t:üØ.ElJ#l

owner

other

to give up

to drop out

to understand

n.L

-+.È-lþø

5z b'* È, ù; ârIr¿ <

Ãfr,wt ab -r,,'

ss æffit â

.l t ¡ #.,,..

1 ,r, Ntcà ,/ N z /c å lâ#t >¿. le >>>ôËÈÁ,rc5]

3 t* ^,1!Ët rtC[l='it must be -'

lPt_og.ó.r,v¡n9....1¡.,1¡,s.ta msofæ

a ) ó Â, 2¡^ È rÌ,X.t :IÈ.À"î u- â À,TÌ lt, t - t.'> tf à#r¡ 4åìÉ þ l' 1. lr 6 l;lËü r /J ü to

(Since he lives in a big house like that, he must be realþ well-off')

b) b4 aî*rÉ+ffi? LÍr'â0)ttt BA^Eætr/JLro(The person who is bowing over there must be a Japanese.)ù'L¿ < l:lv

c ) ffiElÂ¿: L'¡t BAffiùttð Lt"l;Ëür/JLt.(Japanese mustbe easy for Koreans to learn.)

d) É,Ft ø/¡ t .äffi ùiõÆ[;SUtt¡ ¡t"(It must be inconvenient to live without electricity.)

a) i LØEct¿à- yçEll'à. b É i Ø !"(My mother complains ali the time land I feel frustratedl .)

b) ù¡o))yct¿b- a à"rÌ,: ¿Ë i Ø ¡."(He said this. lCan you believe it?J )

2 rr, .l a ffë ='considerabty; really; to a great extent'lã#,z > t.¿ >>> å : tãë#eE 5 uâ...]

J ,lÍ å" is a còttoquiat form of Ì ¿* ¿", which indicâtés that something is of a degree con-

..;¡ùaàùiV,@m*¡,uu1,,,.,'.:.r-: ..-'...,,.:r:.r..-::r,Ë:',,,-.,.'.

a) ËìEø 7 r yr^tÌ. N+ØïE+.I*iff ¿Ëiå?)ìô 6 ¿,Hz(t'6 1 i /ì.(Most,{mericans seem to think that university professors have a great deal of free time.)

b) trØêãllj pffE *1't' 6 Ll-.(It seems that the dormitory food is really bad.)

lã#,z > ¿.t >>>ËeLìÊI5 Lä uctìãt-Etìtðtì]

,,,,, EäÈf6sl

Qrrr, ËTår(fE) ='¡ndeed; as may be expected' lãfri > u >>> È3-rïv¡ I v >reaf

a)

b)

BA t: *ff ò {lÂ,t u. /c Ìi ùl ã> c t - ë f rî El4#àsI#/¿""(Since he has lived in Japan for ten years, he speaks excellent Japanese indeed.)

lþ) V

r6B+Øft8l¿ùl ó z f . ð Trïl:f ÌÌ' å L t.?li.(He is an excellent calligrapher, as may be expected of someone who teaches calligraphy.)

5 "' NtslvlÎ,lNtcrl?

Both /¡å,å. and l¡A,1 can follow a noun, wittr the meaqing of :things (or people) like-.'Only t¡ ¿"'ç, however, can follow a sentence. Ì¡ À,'C, is a contraction of many forms such as

tj å'ÌÌ- /¡ à'I. tj å ¿ t. i o)lt. orthelike.li:lirlr:::Ì lii: 1 li li:l:..:i ':. ,.: .::. :':::, :r::l:::: , l:.. .. --

a ) Þl;-¡ilr¿ hfii (t¿ ¡7 ) ffi t t. t ,Ba l¿.(I thought things like particles were difficult.)

b) tfl'ùll ¿ rfÄÈìrÈìÐ)Biù't¿,1"( (=t¿EEtraAÉ)- ðz¿f bâà.ùtÃltoI¿.(I didn't understand at ail things like how wøtashiwa anduatashi ga differ.)ttr' í

c ) Wffiþæ.b/J !. å ft?L¿: Ì¡ â f¿ lvt (:t¿ t, ë) Êi>{vr¿z). 6.,ù'ÉÉL Ë ç = t¿.(Since I was told that it would be impolite if I don't :use keigo,I was worried.)

$ >tt -*¿0)0)='although -' lffiævt > t.s >>>fle)5nãára/t€øo)l

a ) 1ãlffiøfùt¡frþ=+L /¿ úOO. É+#ä l-îffifÃþffi,tp ¿ ¿ ùÌ * l¿(" È /J t."(Although I studied Japanese for three years, I still can't read newspapers without a dictionary.)

r¡r.l i À.,!d)r. ù, t ù,/!b) BäflÉl+ølÛÃþW.b ),,fi.r¿$oo, fiffñÉlz¡ftrfÉffittÆ.L I i ¿ ¿* LrÌ,t¡.ct¿"(Although Japan adopted western culture, it would not change its traditional values.)

le#z > l.z >>> ÐJÐãÄtrì !. 1 2. 26 >>> #letvh\ !. 22 >>> ¿O)tâO)*+*.fílv< 2.24 >>> *l||Ãréárålu< !-26 >>>the books Etu<]

.l t ¡ #>>>>>

| ,r, -fr( (f*) ='on one hand; on the other hand' læ¿¡ry¡>¿.gf

ÈEi:aiïi.i,iÈ t"i'nse¿fi;4,Þn*.êlÊø;.r: *È:Jii'Hu*.êi.éi,j "r

itoften omitted.

a ) ø < q'ËuffT æ z.c !. 6 àì. -ä't'. É4r¡ ff x Ì. ¿: r r.' r !. 6 4Ël*ido t,4/J r,.o

(The number of working women is increasing every year, but, on the other hand, woman who holdimportant posts are quite few in number.)

b) H)KHffi¿Ì. -ÈV' rf Erå v.t)v0)9çlLä*ftàrffi1,/i¿ì. füÉ'?. ttRÐÆffitr¡tÈ r¡Fñ

ffi å r¡ ->'c.\. â o

(es for U.S.-Japan relations, while, on one hand, cultural exchange in the private domain is quitepopular, on the other 1nand, trade friction is a big probiem.)

8'* FFlD&äfi='almost every day'

It means that it appears like every day, although it is not actually every day.

replaced by ìEû, Fl, +, El, FFÉ|, etc.

a) *_vË Â,ù*. 'Ea&¡

rfi#n+æ?ê-rr¡ e it¿"(I hear Mr. Keene ate Chinese food almost every day.)

b) 86ffiø' I ^-c'ù1,.

EËrdo&a t:ffiffi¿r6 6"(In Japanese class, we have homework for almost every class period.)

lffiarvÀ>!.91

¡.8:'cãh:ibè

9 *r.Ü[r{tüt='at most'

It indicates a maximum limit, which is still a small amount.

lffiaNl > t.tz >>> titìËtìElr-Ëtlì-Ë]

", ^ u r, ) ix (* ti- -ffiHl ¿: tt ü ttt ür-. :Æ5 /¡ þtÌ'r' !.ä/¿'.

(In aTarge class, on a good day, you will be called on at most once or twice.)

b) EÆØt)-i y -3vtå.- lfraþIfial¿ Ll,aLÙ- tft,rütrEf. ãElf Lr ,.(Japanese white-collar workers, when they take vacations, take at most four, five days.)

1O * -l¡,lf b='although -' lffiaw > n s >>> EùËl¡' L r*bt 5 ]

a) Bäùr. d\ã r.ÉEl/Jáf åffiËtEil/¿"(Although Japan is a small island country, it is an economic superpower.)

248

,,,,, Eä#ftffii

b)

c)

d)

îåãt¿ år å. â El ¿r,fEl å * rÌ ô.(I am sorr5r but I can't visit you today.)

B ä ¿: {Ì Â, -e r. /J ár å El äffi ,)ì-Ë ü ffi ì} /J r,. ø l* å,å# f¡"(Ifs curious that a person who's been living in Japan can't speak a word of Japanese.)

t', 1¡ i ttÀù) t.lJù'e, /Jù./Jrïà*äffiô CD ?Ef,t.( !./¿ à. /ì¿,ril,,Jltt,â J i ¿: rJ ? t È /¿.(Although I didn't understand, I listened and listened to the CD, and then I st¿rted to comprehendit.)

í f *" N ¿ LÍH ='îorì considering'

a) ÈîH¡ ¿¿*. BA^¿ t?Í*t€ffir)r-h+f T"(Maeda-san speaks good English for a Japanese.)

b) HHI*. tfltF¿ t,<ßïtr#trì¡!./¡¡..(fokyo has few crimes for a big cify.)

12 *' Z*t'J¿[r?t ='even so'

lffiuW > ¿.¿ t >>>,1 \+ll-+¿+ e uzm]

læaø>t.tzl

a ) F-ñI*Wlffitlffi r,. å,H = ( t- /¡ Èì. Z tt t= L ( t, H r. Ø ù: tÌHt. l¿.

(I had expected that prices in Tokyo would be high, but even so, I was surprised how expensiveeverything was.)

b) T t yrØHæ¿i. #Hffigtr*eiär.å ( I r. ¿,8, i ùì, ztrt=a,(t, ü i,,¿ffiffið riÍ ü I' t.ØîÌtä t,Ìì ô ) tt,"(I think it's great that American high school students can spend. lots of time on extra-curricularactivities, etc., but even so, wouldn't it be better if they made students study a little more?)

c ) EAØt+¿*. &âl:ffi âffi7)o) À,d b (--å å ffira'¿ Ëòl¿f u. â " z nEUÍ t,. trÂ,-c..ù$à. bt-âitùl¿: ù ¡.frl¡t./¿ó i.(Japanese colieges are said to provide time for students to relax before they go orlt into the realworid. Even so, I don't think they should just goof around.)

Í3 -" ^,FU ='as far as -; as long as -, lffiañt > t.ts >>>lÀo)flãßþl

It is used to set limits within which the fo[òwing statement trol¿S true. tt generAty followsplain forms of verbs and r,.-adjectÌves. Nouns are in ÍJõ å-form (t.r., {+.X.cA a m I l,

,,'.r id'..rarãdjeòti., either in t. ó a rorrn,a!,ø.¡jr.Þ,,rl .'(i. .,)Èi.,::',.,r.,

a)'cå åw.q o)¿ ¿ ¿tT â)$ b î1"(I intend to do whatever I can.)

b) ffifinr¡ t.FU. +&Hfñ* /¡ ¡.;þ¿r¡. ¡..(As long as you are not sick, you should notbe absent from school.)

I

"l 13 ëF>>>>>

c ) A | ,h+.- 'lEI¿.1' l'9€fi1É*41¡ /¡ u'(" l- ¡ ) ù'"(Sensei, do you know of any good English-Japanese dictionary?)

B i Qt f"î{a" fl¡Øffic'(.t- 6FrJ t'¿*. BAÀørcoøfüälÌ'å' b (". 7, Y ù Lt:ffit,-\àf !-Øùlt¡ u.Â,f.'f ùl Ð. trÀ b ¿¡r¡i€fllf*Fi È t. ) øÈ;ó b * TÈ.6- æ

.z'C.b.f¿ È ¿if'fÈ'"(We11, as far as I know, all the dictionaries are for Japanese people and there is no good one for

Americans. However, there is one called Fûngana English-/apanese Dicttonary, so you mightwant to try it.)

14*" IIã-CT--'on the contrary' l#aflø>¿.ss>>>zfilrrr5,ã.a(EÄFãEãt<ltÂD:lt*;rl

.;¡¡l* ...a¡çÈid,à poti (otconseeuence¡ii1l.0,nhä tL*,...-..h.'$1..i .'"',-,,:

a) fit.-L -r-VffiÆUfcÙ, frà"e(È/¿/J ( /¡cl¡.(I washed a white sweatèr, and now it looks dirtier than before.)å ')'!'b) ffiffi,øffi.u,frþffifJ ¿- 7t'ZcTillt' å /¡ ( /¡ 7ã a Llrìbâ"(When you read instructions for a machine, sometimes you get more confused.)

c ) ilffiØÈîØHfi t:fu,ffiLT å" â L - h' ì-cT c* 6 ¡¡¡'ffiSl' þl 6 : ¿ rìð 6.(If you study too much the night before an exarrr, sometimes you end up making silly mistakes.)

"," Eä#Ëffi1

a)'-lf ë*,Uùöâffiãf â >>>>>[âËÉt]

1 : When you start telling a story, itis customary to preface your sto-

ry by saying cØfã-G6ù. 'tÃ,/ffiÉi.) ¡' ¿ rsð c /¡Å,'cî ll å'

or a similar expression. Whenyou had abad experience, use ;Øfdlô ¿'t- El ù: ù> -:lc À,ît (llE), ftEJrÆÌ¡El ù: ó r. * Ll¡,or the like. In Japanese, having a

terrible experience is conceived

as "meeting a terrible eye."

2 : When you are listening to a storyit is good to give aizuchi, wordsthat the listener gives to indicatethat he/she is listening and toencowage the story teller to go

on with a story. Common aizuchiincludes 4lLt?, ? iîTtr,,¿å r,., ¿ å, /¡ 6 li Ð, etc.

3 : In nanating a story, try to use

sentence connectives (4 l.î, 4lLù, Ê¡, e Ìt t, erc.) and adverbialclauses which indicate the se-

quential nature of occurrence oftwo events (-l¿ ù, - å, etc.).

," EI-IVJV'(Ë r, t/,1

â# t (p.237) þÆfr, (to recreate) t-t¡ ð r..o -i 7 tt:/¡. b. -^¿lÃ -+l'y- ü i -

1

e

^¿ìft4.¿: Ì¡ b t¡ð r.. É#ùtâ ( IEI Df /J ( { ò

¿ ¿ . âffiàì#$ir ¡ 'r¿ 6, iúHJ (roles) þFWt--t -

I t.à1. /a'r. /¿ r. Øff¿ÌlEl D ù: T 6ü t-Ëâffi?L/Jðt."

A-+lv: #tfrat: ¿ { öåá'1,,/¿Z¿tttürct¿IvTT[t¿ 1"

drfó: ^.i. ¿^ À,t¡ ¿ å {"-l-à."tiùt o)

^-ql v I F-W0>FìÉøãt:Ë¿l t:Tt o{. *rË'ð ¿,ù:

rJrff :

#Ë/ì'¿ d'¿t"

Zt\T'?2*óËð .t, ù: [*a+ifti. ^.fJ È l¿t- À,{"-1ùl

ÐJ :(Ezt¿à3- *óËð A"ùt l4i" tJ+,

HÅEô.À,tÃ,îfrrÈ * t- ¡. i )-t'C.ã i A,f-f i."à-? ¿ Òvt) r.ltõ l, *. Ò 2.

dr{ :

7-+ìv:

251

13 #>>>>'

f ,,,iliOtv-J7-,e E6^'ltolc ¿ å 0)ù)âLùt, 1<t=u.l¿ à - 4Ø)x.(f¿È)3F,ù'¿- V-c. ijl,Z"rr-l

þlF b. ElAt' ¿^ A,r¡EAffiøFåËt'- þ l-l¿ å.. Ef, È ä È L.o Ëf,ü. T¿#þ - l{f ,, 7Ø),,fcYt:##.L/Jð !."

3 *' dV'1-2e XrrfuHg€# (Bä(.'{F 6þ.t¿+¡ffiør i /rÈ#) ùÌ. AEØt€ffir'ùrlEI ¿ Ë t r' t- t i tt,"

"<7 1â z - ffiJo) J. i t¡àffiþffiH L /J ð r,."

a) r-7aYb) Ìi'v , v zß v f"

c) :r?-Yr)vYvld) f-rr-3-^

tfit 1l lzrs- þ J

Yä e : 17 x- l. j c {'€ffi'c'Éà ¿x"{4t" l- !. i ù'"

.Æ^g : apartment 0) a L D + /¡ ì,.{' L J I à.o

++.A: bb_ 4 i-tîìt,"lhtl2l I ,t -17 v l' l

YÆ. e : I t - I z v ¡^l : {9€ffir'Ëà ¿i'{FJf" I, i. I ù""

Yäe : ðô. tlt¡b *.ÈÀ,trZ"

Y*^l: D+ó. ft+.EËf,t,.f &.*.1,¡)"

{,,,dVv-te,{7 ù- tÃ->f , âJ}ø L l¿,fEIà.*áå. L r¡ffiffit:o r,.fffi L.âr. lJ ð !'" {E* (partner)

Øffiþ H, À: -C. i6 t. (. få-c, i 7 Ø )',f¿ tt l:ft6¿L /J ð r,. "

5 *' 4tTþ-J|-,e 4¡ìy-7"t:rltìtLî. Ela#ø Ð: Èì-æffiLr,.à.?ffiL.âr./J ð t.o ffiLu.,fi?É

ì,.-c *; t,l. - 4þ.î, 7 7 Ø )yf¿L t:#*.L ä ð t,.o

252

t rtt Eä#ftffi I

S "' fF*,

Ê Êâ¿: ¿

IEAffi¿

o-CEÆF*o) ¿'a àì-ËffiL (. ¿: àr-æffifrt.¿.þZì-. 4{tt-?r.{fÅl ¿ r. iEf.:É+f òt-IxFx.þÉÈ /Jè t,'.

Ê lfiflj€#J ¿ r. i Ø¿r.fFl-c. t_ ¡ i zJ'" co ø#,aÅ?Ëf,r.{. ^.øHYãt:_ÆålJð

r,."

eã, È Èt ('

€fi,å#R electrical appliance

a) f[rut€ffi L u- i o) ¿Ì{trJ(.'îà."

b) 17y-r-J ¿r.iØlÌ. åiu.iËffi'c.ïÈ."

c) EA#ø I I v-f -) t t€ffiØ trainer iÌ. Ð I Ëu'* TÈ'"

d) 17y-+T4 1l ¿i. Ëffir",fEl¿Éirl,Jiù."

e) Electric outlet o) a L þ- EAffiî{4¿ÉL' *i-à..

f) fE#r€ffi¿å. 7 ./ y rt )',t:ùttìù'b tf t.f.Tà." ¿^ i L -c{" 1å."

-l t ¡ #>>>>>

tH# vfrJw

) = - vîð ¿¿*. FHt¿bâ7 / y )t øãïtt:WÐ'c.t- â" EAffi¿Bil/J r."cElÄ^*/;ør". RÉ¿:Ër,.rT C EÆ#þffiifr-r a ¿ ¿ ù: LÈ. Y&nTr ( [HÌt/¡!.Øf.. lffi/\#.ffi.þrÊ.ry a: t ¿: L. H^^ØlÉffi¿: HAffiøft+-þtr4 L( ð 6-cl¿" 7c Øjl,tllå u. i ftE.t*- 7./ t) rt Lþ#.ì-/;; å ùå/¡

l..Èì- BAF"+&{"ãS f å u.+El^fHffir 17 Ø)yr¿Ë ù: ElAffiþW.ì;-Îu.å àËf,l,./¿" lE]ffir)ìË#'cjl,tlJra+¿fft'c <{L'c- ffixtÌE - zk.#.øW:, = -v Aã À,Øæ'a-ffiFËî:. 7c l-'C+*Xt¡-l¿t-EIãfH ¿ ltr* c È.

-EIH o)ffi#tt ¿ { òHÊà.: l;. ftrllftäùÌffi.ì-frrltL+1- ) = -v AË.t ¿ifg#øwh b *r¿:. lE^#ùÌHÊr,.'cTl ¡¡ Ð å u. )ffi.H/¡x¿¡Ëàâ t ) ùJrÃ..t /¿. ffi#årf&b:-¡. y'

= - yf.ð À"¡t. Ftfrù, È,*fr L r.ã+HllLþfrUr, l¿ i òl ÈËu./¡n;t,ftE.ù:ÌÆT ¿. ftä¿tL ¡,c ¿ffir.t¿Ì jt¡ffiþ L l;. lElffià. 6fg#Ëlùåã+Fl ¿ Ëf,r. r r. /¿ Ø{"- ¿" 7 L {itå¿ìffir.I¿ Øtt.- 9 = - v 1ð lvlt/ùtr. e, t¡, ù, = I¿ " L È. L- ä'fío- t t-cT,/JÐ'c.11ù,

->I¿o EA{"ùåft4ü:fq#f+þ+Li ffil: ¿*,. *a#þ 4 0)I¿ÐØ¡Jrð /¡#fffiù:Ã

d'r{iqð /Jùld'r¿Ì'r-ùlär.Øl¿. LFlffiùt#.¡--c ( {tI¿0)îbâ. , =-y Aã À"ùr/(ØffiËÑØ El * {" i: 51ffi &Eã : { *' r. /¿ Ø Ìå- 6 t, ô À,Ø a L'c' b 6 "

t: u.tÈ¡.iupIEL#.+9

ÌÌttØ+îftk#ì-â.envelope

¿lindividual instruction:private lesson t:*^

A ;RØYE#,tu e. jE U U I t, ú) l- O. FdlË : ( t t õ ü ú) lE x Ë 2 It fd Ë U l.

a ) y'' = - v1ð i\,|t, 7 r, h'er)'t-EÄ#þffi,$frl-I¿"

b) )= - v Àð A,ØàTI¿:¿*. EA^òÐÐ{!.6oc ) ítwftÆ.øYiñ¿:¿*. 7 J y rt LØÈlftrJìes¡. t, l¡,"d ) fgx¿*æ)Eü-øfb â.e) y'=-v1ðÀlÌ¿rã+FlUù.+Lr;'tÃù,->tØî- jllJJft+.ltô': ( b L

Í1,*.-cl¿"

nnünn

254

âùoÊ'E,äÌËdã ,:

tì lJtu 0)VVV ,iÌ..'Vv"rr* .., ,.:#,'.\¿

-., ",, .::tïr.',v:.,' . 1;lr;'1:'.¡::' :'l:l¡':: '

' . .',,,-¡-:lål'..:'i,¡t,,:id:1¡;!jt.

r Flt JtËl ä =þfd

ttrSì 5:,',Ë,.ll.t.li:t:ä,

_,'n

:ì'L.:,j ì-l'1\:i:iilÌ-

I I i-,'rìl r.,-,,ì.,*,

1,,,,^-, . i i_ : "Ir I I ir.t r iì-rf t l

ñta <Ef f fcsrïffi #U¿¿l7v<utãþ-ti_914_t_l&E-Ë_Þ_):__.'...'...>â#1

.T lu7,ltTluåfil¡,',¡'l,,,".-,:;::.,E ärt E äfi rr pn rÍÙrùìÉGU*ffi u a

"

+,!\t t)?äo,.o.rì'.õ,d"iËê=d.Èf$;,¿e_. >Êffi3

ô & < L < t r < Se fc, +A¡*t*Ël:t# , "" " "'..'.. ... ... "::'. Èffi lÉg^cz ã rã^Ërd¿uì ã 0)t-tt.

¿rtùËLl --:.-::r;-:;-:;:..:::::tilt+--.-HtrEËttlfuo .,Ël:i,.,'.,:,::';.;:, |.ãl* ç e 6 qtvo :...::::iifii.lli,:,.: irijrliS.

'',:"::::::.a,'.t::a',:,::ij::4.:a

,,ì:r.::i:,,,.:..11;r,.,,.r;ii¡:.Ì

LT URE Noococo

Man's World

Ithough Japan is changing from a man's society to one that is kinder to women, thetransformation is quite slow. Women are enteríng all phases of Japanese life, but still

many positions are closed to them. Female office workers, because they are not given

important jobs, have more free time than their male counterparts. They save money andoften spend it on traveling. Housewives have to spend much less time on household chores

than before thanks to modern conveniences. As Susan's host mother explains in âEÉ 1, theyhave more freedom to engage in other activities. Men, on the other hand, especially if theyare corporate workers, have to spend too much time working in the office. They comehome late and exhausted and thus have very little time or energy left for their families. As

a result, mother-child relatíonships tend to become excessively dependent while husband-

wife relationships suffer.

ëlþ ¿a3ñ

Q ince Japan's mythological times, the lmperial Household has held in its possession the

J so-called "Three Jingi," i.e., the Three Sacred Treasures: a mirror, a sword, and a

crescent-shaped jewel. A set of three to make up a meaningful whole has always fascinated

the Japanese. ln the 1960's, the new "three treasures" were a refrigeratoç a TV and a

washing machine. ln the 70's, "3C" (notice its singular form because of the lack of plurals in

Japanese grammar) represented a cal a color TV, and a cooler (r.e., air-conditioner). "äH"íntroduced in âËÉ 2 is a term coined in the 80's and refers to three qualities young womenwanted to see in choosing husbands.

aaaoo

e 7-+Jy,7'-+rv

$á&Ë r{,

7-qìvjdEð /t,

7-qfv*á&å Å,

7-+lvjó&Ë À,

7-+lv

$á&È Â,

z-¡fv*¿,&ð /t

>>>>> E60)Êl!Ë

ffi ëÊFÊÊdr*Di5. fiZ 1..7 z ì U-ú)ôElêtu¿ff UcUìã"

âB ð táîð À,yÈ.t:'lñ-r -¡ !. t' -t l- + à /J u.Å,".',-da.

7c1t.o L.?l>4i{"Lt"Lì-- 4 i-AtII t^, t^ ) U{*rËð À"YÃ,t¡A.,:cTù."

YF=c-c ?

¿ i L'(.yãJþÊb /¡ u.îfÌ,lE Lr L. å : L + â lvîî ù'"

ft{Ë L l. â rÃ, A.,'c. H'cÈ : å /J u. ùl Ð"

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't4 {Li ftË 6 å t * â ¿* â " ("30 25 20

*114*,.,,,

r.tltrlËF, opinion^[, s

o *fr(¡¡) unperturbed; caTm

ro ¿1.'¿'l¡- unfair; cruel

tt *¡'L /¡ l,-t. quiet; submissiveù,rc I a

n ffifit¡ ¿ L þ-l â to have one's ownway; to do what onepleases

rs -o1i'6 within the domain of -..*#N ä b l: in N's own way

[>>>g;tz- t'z]

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Efñ da5rtime

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husband and wife

to keep (someone)company

American st5r1e22

¡tr¡ -

ffLu',f-

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tr ,,LÉ

7./ y ùfr,wife

1ft# one's senior (in job,school, etc.)

lfamily name]

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lfamily name]

lunchbox

thick omelet (inJapanese style)

to be envious

to be popular (with)

ideal

3 high's

L'¡u¡, ¡ iHF,Lq)l:ry2ry^¿{< n*+Æ¡Jux#

o¡tëg{.{'¡,ffi

height

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level of education

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tt' ¿'11 [ÊTl â

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lfamily nâme]

lfamale given namel

input

document

serving tea

taking turns

although; in spite of[>>>*;â./- F3]

to work

increase

marriedperson t:ffi{ËLf r. ã^l:7Inl'ffi,â

to do two thingsconcurrently

problem

labor; work force

comparcdwith theprevious year

continuously

Ministry of Health,Labor andWelfare

to put together (in areport); to summarize

current situation(status)

wltite paper

clerical position

making copies; xeroxing

rcgr7ar position

planning

rrracf,tine

self

to continue

to agonize

ratio; percentage

to indicate

- rate

to rise; to increase

unmarriedperson [:6ÍF L t r,. r¡ u.,,\l

to suppori

conversely

canbe observed

in contrast; as opposedto

to decline lu.l.l

:?HþÉr-r+ffir)rH ( /rðuC

child-rearing

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to st¿rt a business

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actually

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flexible

zt -lJ ¿ Þ: l/a to manage to -

t7

18

12

13

14

15

o[.¿<ffiffir¡[.cr ¡Æ#r'tB Èr, È ¡.,r#Jdfi-f

+tf â

continuation

to close one's business

a 1itt1e over 10 percent

to give - las a reason, as

an example, etc.]v sri t¡ lu

*W.Q¡)

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triple afflictions

[family name]

[ma1e given name]

society; world

together with -[>>>*;t,z- ¡s]

industry; business

spectacular; amazing

toward

to change oneself [: P¡

5ìþA.Lâ)

to adapt

to end; to finish [u.r.]

to give a birth

to raise [u.r.]

husband

to rnanage all by oneself

wife who devotesherself to houseworkexclusively [:Èffi/¿'llLf r. å^l

l.lt -¡l ìilùt¿

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, ì- _\ ò)Ért

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(-þ"'l:) *'¿.l}'a to enhust (some-

thing) to (someone)

[>>>*;tz- t'o]Ùtru? ¡ i

76 # # holding two jobs at thesame time l:*tØtt#?lEffi¿:f 6. Ll

<t6 I

te #L t) suffering

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¡otù t:

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burden19

20 (- å ) ÌÃ'Ë' A,1 side by side (with -)f :- ¿ -ffit:1holding a lower position

hardship; suffering

to endure (-)superhumanly

22 ll'rl'T 6 to cover up; to make upfor

(-t:) *ilz¡u. cornparable (to -);equal (to -) llit., not tolose to -l

Qttutl t-

Æölî â to respectftD¡('qt )J effort

¡ã+¡(-ù:) Hffi't a to agree (with -)

DINKs ldouble incomeno kidsl

furthermore

family register

to reject

to have one's nameentered into the familyregister l:ffillâL-C.- FÆt-462VùLâ. Ll

living together in a defacto relationship [:ffilFLär.r'-ffi¿-.fÈtr: ¿l

a groltp of people doingthe same thing

tobreak:up

to be to one'sdisadvantage

way of life; life style

individual

freedom

to say this and that;to meddle in (other's

affairs)

to expect; to count on

sa f ,1-v?Z

I

3e Ëàù:- Ç'¡

Fffio ?r.Ãft.T 6t:q5r¡È7tÆï â

È ¿'i Etu2e Ë^Jìb

¡o -/¿ CJìl:

¿5'q')J

, ù>'øt'asa ¡,'¡t$6

being like a superman[:Ë,,\É'!r¡{ffi È ]

every time -[>>>*tÊl- F7]

strength

to carry (something) onone's back

unfair

not acceptable [-- t.ç/¿']

to remove; to get rid of

to throw (something)away; to discard

to combine

so-called

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This radical comes from the image of a house with a hanging roof andwas originally used for characters representing kinds, conditions, etc., ofroofs and buildings.

tËl tEl fHt rd¿r

268

>>>>> Eäú)g1!Ë

I t>> NEftNø ^.ltfútâ='N has its own -' lÈ#t >¿.g>>>ötËtut¿t*atr¡'øg¡Er:raaul

#I=I*#,OEiÊrrr ô â.(Parents have their own lives [to live].)

f. {^ü f: fÍ:F l* O# ì-trr b 6 À,1ì ù, à . * fH r,. t S å ; ¿ ¿ì¿,Ftì"(Children have their own ways of thinking, so we should first listen to them.)

2"u Nrf*Nr/¡Ul;V='lu., does things in its own way'NrlÍNt/¿úJONz='lur has its owlr N2' lâffr >¿ rs>>>=t*Eaotr]

a) A: t) it"x->Lfulfrl-T¿È'?(Why don't you study more?)

B : ¿ trtt {r. fÅfåÍ/¡/J U |Ëltt lv|{,cT t\6r {¡ b {*îùt ¿".(I am doing mybest in my own way.)

b) vrrJfiEtr*vtufitåú|0)Jër)ìô b. EËEf*Eä/cú10)&ðÈìð âù,Ù. ¿Ë 6

|ì¡. ¡- å ò Ëà /¡ t..(Both America and Japan have their respective good points, so we can't say one is better than theother.)

J ot' ^,<{ff; lã'F: > ¿. z >>> öñä.r.n<õf tõ c cÊl'å'r*ur < Ëtc]

. ', :,,likó,Øù:,'gxþreçses-the i4q 'of,ja|thou-gh'.l.Ho.rv.gve.r," (,ì¡!: exp-rclse-s the spea$ú.,s,.,,

,,,':féi.ti¡È'of,displeasure, ¿isiguÈi óiicô-ntêiñii.irüsjþ-Íùäi-éi,ið.Ïlii*ç [N øl, [r*-adjective+.,r:ff,i.t

;'ario,þran@¡r:t¡:;¿iæti+¿3"44'.'. ;;,;:",,.'t,,':'::',:.-,,. i+;rr.. ,{r,;,i,-+'-''.;t-tr1:t' :n-

a) lHø < rf Etf-ftrüìl¡È¡å l¡r.ølÌ. Elð.(It's troublesome when a child does not want to play outside.)

b) TSr¡< Ël:1 f S b /¿Ès6^¿Ìt.çÈ.(A person who is poor at doing something but loves doing it is a big pain.)

c) *râü /Jr'( Ër,:-ãt-fØttÌ'È. bH i^l*Elb *T.(It's too bad that *tere are people who have absolutely no money but keep buying expensive things.)

d) N->'c t.6 < ËI=ffi.L( ( È¿lJt..( [He] does not tell me although [he] knows about it.)

¡

a)

b)

269

14gn>>>>

Qrrr, ^, ??ürä ,/ fJrröl$ÉT=,for such and such a reason'fã#3 > t. t t >>> tbÐã : (LìãEÈe]

,;.,, ,t' i, isa,eøflwra ¡o or' t¡',1),,Td this ptrase

{o11"*r " 9_q"j",,,, r,,,ÞJui.ng ,,'*

a ) ùi.tt' Ø r - 7 ØfuifrtrtfltL t. L ut ã IErfi Tffiffiþ l- 1 ¿ rsr'+ä ò r. * î.(There are students who don't do homework saying that they are too busy studying for othercourses.)

b ) B ä-c" ùt ffiÍF -f â ¿ ¡ t ) IE É ".â11

? ç Ð 7a fll*tr'l & \. "(Many Japanese women quit companies for the reason of mariage.)

c) BAr¿ÌA{&ÌÌffiiffLt+ Ð6cTtt) tEÉ?'É4/JftS¿*Ër}f ò à À/J1.o)Èrgffil¡ À"-C1"(In Japanese companies, it is normal for women not to be given important positions for the losten-siblel reason that they will soon quit to get marcied.)

$ ror ){¿¿,úEY læawz>1.7 >>>Htr¿å€tr*(E:<rr(l.. ir' : ' : ': '

' canbe,a,nounloiaverb(plainfo{m), X L ¿ ö¿::'háir¡vôjÚà¡iórieänr4Èi:,,r,.j,,'':'.,,',,"':,,1,. ,

(1) N ¿ ¿ ö ¿::ttogetherwith; along with'

A) HtrùIâE¿ ¿ T EBAøÉU'trJacb â "(Kyoto, together with Nara, is an old Japanese city.)

(2) N ¿ L l> t:7V lplain, present) å & È¡ ¿:

¡¡,¡ffis'tiìidicáte-s':,thatr:lAqjX:dápp.e ¡s,.grdoe¡.Y',It"often'indicàtes that ¡vo changes'p_roè.eæd-,

11P.4.!..9.9ouslY.

b) +þWâ¿¿i)r¿',er.. rrtÀ¿=iuÅ rù: r&âbt-u-"(It seems that as one grows older, one begins to worry more about triviai things.)

c ) Ë*¿rffift¿ ¿ trYÆl\t 7a "

(Langtage changes with time.)

$ "' XãYl¿ltärüã='to leave/entrust X to Y' lnawz > ¿.1 s >>>ffiãætr*t'taøe]

ffiiH¡¡ : ¿ lf. ffiffir *zt'tf ( {¡ t-!. å,8 i.(I think we canhave machines do simple tasks.)

jrÐJt¡ ¿ ¿ fÍ. ^E:f

h,Ët¿,v\frùì¡- ¡.o(It's better not to leave imporiant things to others.)

*#þâffiu,$' y l. ¿: :f á,ü ã ffiftrr* å tì ô ) tt,"(I wonder if the day will come when [we] leave all the housework to robots.)

a)

b)

c)

''''' EäøÊËI

l r> X/eüÍ:V læa*¡z>1.30>>>Ë ,srãatá.lcrÍt f

.ii j.i,òi1ô*s'tnèþtàiti.lpr ,tè è'io r'òr'v-é fiar.néali-'1eîê$,4,ña.'*.,¡,also happens.'

a ) â à /¡üEIEI Dff?EåÈ'ð È¿6 Øù* t'SÈ"(I dont like to be told the same story every time I see lhiml .)

b) î v è-Vñ,â/¡Ot; r?- v r )vØ&\,ØtrJ i¿,ã" b T6.(Every time I watch TV, I am disgusted by how many commercials there are.)

c ) B;6Äùtffeîrù:11< ÉL|t; 7c Øtfuî)*ôas tlþHi "

(Japanese peopie by souvenirs whenever and wherever they go on a trip.)

$ "' V?< ttt¿SEEtriFT='l wish someone would do something; I hopesomeone does something.'

læa¡v¿z > !. 3 o >>> ttttht: < ( frlc 5 èEtrtr]

a) ffift¿:âÌr+îHØLtrt*.ttcT (ttt¿à ¿,8t,I:f f"(I wish men would change with the times.)

b) {¡ c åX$r¡)nlgþ ð{f( (ttt¿å¿Bt,r:f l"(I hope fthe company] lets me do more important work.)

c ) i trØ+ætt. ffi.'4,("¿å-'ù.1) !'6 À'lTlrt- {¡ c àfrif;l.T (ttt¿å ¿Etr¡f f.(My child is just having a good time. I wish he,/she would study more.)

t

272

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L.âr./Jð!.o fr{åÈË_H,þr) z l7 vzlt-'c.*6r,.t. få{" r 7 7ø)yI¿Lt=ry,p¿/J ð t,."

I : When you want to express youropinions, you can use expres-sions such as _¿ì È f¿ ¿ ,8r,.* T, - ¿: ùl ËÞl'c å * l} l',,-(1,) D r ä !.à: ¿,8,1. * Tor -(.1,) D + /¡ r...6 L r i z)..

Obviously, when you use -lå'should,' you are expressing youropinion in a very assertive man-ner. Framing your opinion in a

rhetorical question, as in -Â,ljçt¡¡.¿:¿Hì..*T or -.t D

+ ä t"e l, ¡ ) ìt, makes it lessassertive.

2: When you want to disagree withsomeone, it is best to first ac-knowledge his/her opinion andthen state your opinion, as in )À,,4ÌLìt? )tt,6 Lþär.ùl Ð,

4 TLTù ?' fT I,Ì E, 4 {LTù,rtUt. ¿ ,Br. * T. -e ù, etc.

1/<¡-

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Ã,-a)

b)

Qr,,, 4t¡j lV-7"2 -trj )" ¡v - 7" þ lF -c 1, *.Ø - -c 0) Hfã t : -c t,. Í # L.â t. /J ð !. o

ã:t¡Ì¿ØElf" ¿*. A{* ¿ nl1giøiÈHl (roles) ¿ìË!. * T¿."

Ê L+ å -e ¿t, lPHlrJ'.Æ.boI¿ L,Bt. * Tå..

4 {L e {L0) ì tv - 7" t t - Æ À: 3 Ét. { $á !. {.'&'t I I z Ø )tÌ¿ t' t :#*. L /J ð !. o

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i- å,8t. * T ùl ål r¡ E þffi.2f#l- /J ð t.o

6*'dv2-,O t>Ì¡l¿ØElf"it. Â{*àìîfâ¿:Hf ftSVT âffi. ËEtl (discrimination) åró 6 å,8,t.

* f à." t¡t Q i,Bt. * TÐ.. ffiUãc-C, th"e , I 70))yI¿Vt:#*, Lä ð !.o

7 ,,, fpjte [A{* ¿ fr+J å r,. i ffir. :E?¿. ù=É.E++ f 6 r,. o)(FX_þ#â /J ð !.o

273

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L

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a ) )Éffið ¿,¿1. :'ÈÄ L*lüt:ØYT a'c ò b {.. ó 6.b) Ëffi4lùØ:È^ù1. &ð À,lrtÆ+ L( ò à.* b¡¡1. t,E,:-6 \. åo

c ) Ëffi¡'lØ.È^l*. Èi¿:BYL/; : È Trsbâ"

d ) ,Ëffið À'o)H+tt, -+fãrì 4 I "

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"

h) Ëffið A,ØcÈ^tr, Ht*a¿7, , rt,-flr ( à Lr,.,

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nnnnilntrilntr

(zØffiar+nEltg¡#æi)rõ D tttÁr. â75' 5lÁUì+=ØËffi äãzã Ð\ 5 ñard ð r \. )

fþl F'7JW

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1

URE Nooóocc

Kawaii (r}þtrtr)'Cute'

1 n Ëffi in Lesson 2, Sachiko used the word kawaiito describe a squirrel. The word kawaii

I was originally used to describe only babies, small animals, and dolls, but in recent years,

it has come to symbolize Japanese pop culture. Hello Kitty and Pokemon are no doubt themost famous examples of this "cuteness" culture, but cute elements are found not only incharacter goods but also in fashion, personal appearance, mannerisms, etc. You even see

these cute characters on the body of commercial airliners and many government officeshave cute mascots, so they are not just limited to children's goods. A young female officeworker might characterize her male superior's mannerism as "kawaii ." Once a seal

wandered into a river in Tokyo and became very popular because it was "kawaii." The word"kawaii" has indeed become a handy word to express one's positive feeling.

Group Society

J n Japanese society, the group you belong to is very important. So, when you meetI someone for the first time, the first question you are asked might be which companyyou work for or which university you are attending, rather than what type of work you do.

Within the group, maintaining group harmony is considered to be very important.Conciliatory and cooperative attitudes are more valued than strong individualism. 50,

confrontation in public is avoided as much as possible. Japanese value unanimity in any

decision-making process, and so, consensus building is sought before any importantdecision is made.

úòl¿<þ')¿Òtrffi¡Eü (job hunting)

Ëf ffitÉÐ that is talked about inlñA*,)2specifically refers to somewhat systematized,J!/b activities that college students go through in the process of looking for employment

after graduation. These are for jobs in well-established companies with good prospects and

higher job security, and usually, students start tfrHt)ÉÐ in their junior year. Once you missed

this chance, it used to be rather difficult to get a good job. Howevel these days, it seems

that there are more options available for people who seek jobs after graduation or forpeople who want to change jobs.

oaooa

II

I

I

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>>>>> tTh\ãñfcEä. y l-.?)ìSFlttEâ I

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to praise; to make muchof Lu.t.l

architect

fashion designer

level of name recognition

to raise lu.r.l

current

condition; circumstance

nation's power

to recognize

to absorb

to imitate

to transform

to adopt lu.t.l

to be good at

to imitate

to be indifferent

o Èi b rules

-l¿"'à ùl fullof - [>>>gitl-].71f,4 Thailand

)t)v2Yv.7à¡l7T*yb.rt B + t) lname of the authorl

impression

capitzl

ç!1. * t'u..,f-

B,¡¡ art.rI¿tr.IËEFJ*t¡-*at{¡¡' <

ffilr.¡,:t*'lr6 L

nolsy

to spread olut lu.i.l

complete opposite

to observe; to keep(ru1es)

strictly

objection;counterargument

6

I

t0

?3 E=#

^-y=? Bangkok

*h'la |$¡. dirty

r.È-6;þff!¿ì/¡ ¡' there is no room for -

[>>>liåz- ¡e]

I

>>>>> ìJllh\òHlcEA. Y l..l)t5Ef¿Eâ I

16

u¡ri Lå73 ffiffi

14

t7

t8

19

uãEr./\tã

common sense¡¿[' ¿ ¡É5 (r¡) proper; reasonable;just

(-ù: ùå) ¿.'f¡ ir-Z¡ r.. to be no matdnfor; can't win

[>>>*;å.t - t"s]

(-ù:) ¡{¡'tl a concerningLpriLrì(à'2Èiffi ffi lÉÐf job hunting

r¡-¡+'¿. for some reasonv'ruz ã u +ffi+â :##urcùf¿'b Ø^ui < a

ffi l:: ( :Ffrffif år¡5r

Eø l: somewhat long¿[.¿ <

âffi(r¡) cruel;heartlessr*?(-à. à ) |lfua to be out of

úvv>ffi.fr (t¡) excellent; talented

¡{< ut-ffitr-t a to believe firmly;t u*

zr ffiffi(r¡) funny;comicaldt'tx¡

22 fÊÉ heatingrut.rr ihÉ air conditioningrt.

B IHT to turn off lu.t.)

z¿ I¿'*. l: occasionally

25 d+ a little

26 t)'Ètà. D Ð beforehand; in advancevõ ¡,vs,, Ê+-î 6 to observe (the rules)¡ttÈf tr-

Hll,*r..

za fiil (I

Ëåù: :òcå

U'À,€ b Ll â tobe chi11y/cool

2e ôÞ (one's) lap

person oftalent

chilly

to work effectively

Lt ç46 ffi,w

tti ¡2s +fi blanket

à''-l#l,f â to put - on

30 b'* {L6 to be dumb-founded¡Ínt r tuir '

31 ffigJþH,Z â to feel impressed,4,,

37 õffi discontent

:g -j- å l- :-ù: ( t. [>>>*8,/-l..to]a-l

44 Êt',VJ 6 to declare; to saydefinitely

qs -lJ ¿ iìi, 6'r¡ ,.. not to be pafür;rt7ar

about; not to be picky[>>>*;t,z- ¡ t t]

perspective

to make a judgment

possibility

to tie (someone) up

psychologically

room; space

to liberate

pleasant feeling(sensation)

-ÉÊ )

almost

materials; ingredients

cooking

development

consciousness;awareness

to get used to -to get frustrated

¡'ttffia

rf¿r¡{. ¡ ¡tifá flû!i ù

ffiæt{.t ¡,#æ

l. -

Ëffi

)t

56

57

êtnt:¡, < F¡

+Iffi?TT,r, ro) i

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ffiar[.u¿rÈffiTFÉ!¿:

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(-ù:) r¡'U.tr

tJ6r.åf66t

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þ

t.tffih

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zo.ÊÉefi

sr.ffiffi

so. ÌHT

+t.-#â

r.ffiffiø.*Iffi

rr.Ér,,.ElL

to.þX

zr.ffi (

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zz.t\ø azz.ÊH

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zz.B.lfT22.ffiffi

zz.#ffi¿z.Hll,€t,.

az.ffiâ

z.#.t> â

s.ffiffr

rs.ft¿Nz (

rs. ûEË1.

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se.õffi

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¿.ffiffiÉÍg.friã-

r+.4

ß.'È,ryEc

zq.lRffi

zg.ÆM

sa.WE

sq.EIÊE

+.frâffi,g.Wffi

tq.Y# (t¡)rq.ä4z¿.ffiFñfi.h

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ga. Ft,.sg.@fr

44.+-48

s.ffi

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rs.Xflm

ra.tlpÈì üzz.Jlffi

za.fFlx-'T

gs.Ë{0,{

se.hffi

¿g.fU (

qe.Rlà

This radical is based on the image of grass and is generally used forcharacters representing kinds, conditions etc., of grass.

tï¿t t_Ël t_ru rd¿

290

I

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lã#¿ > ¿. z t >>> <urã D'ÊÌ.ãurl

a ) * Ø i Å 4 þ lF -z /¿ - ( Lr 5 *(F â Ø þ #ß -z /¿ /¡" Ùl /¡ Â,/ì ùÌ È".(Yesterday, Imadeapie,orratherl helpedmake apie, and. . . )

b)A

B

c) A

B

ò¿D + fqfffiù:ffi -:l¿ À,1ì -t f¿ à, *Æ å à.S ol¿ ?

(So, you went to Aso, and did you do horseback riding?)

*Æ: ? tr ã zt'-,8¿: ã b z l¿ /¿"ù1"(It i¡¡asnt reaþ horseback riding - it was more like just touching a horse.)

È¡rti!'Èi¿: Jü#'c" BAffiRc f L. /¿+4.Èìt. /¿ t L ¡ i .(At that time, there were brothers who took Japanese, weren't there.)

n#T r\ã 7tr. À/c:'-6Tùl Ð"(More preciseiy, they were twins rather than brothers.)

f ,,, E, c$/lt EÊö E =,rather (than) ; if anything' le#z>zzal

' 'ðh'- tweerl.the'two alternatives,',,, ll .,

a) '&/dl*Ecbh,¿E) E&#,t:il;) (!'6"(She looks more like her mother lthan her father].)

b) BA^fr ë, c bh'¿,É ) ¿Nfr-þffi * /J !'"(The Japanese people, if anything, do not like confrontation.)

c ) fA¿*. Bäffi¿*. t, cbh'¿Ê) ¿ffiîfrùìî+ËÌì.(If I have to choose one over the other, I am better at speaking Japanese (than reading it).)

J tto ^,*å/CãålTã='to have a feeling that to have the impression that;it seems to me that' lã#,2 > t. zz >>> Ërìäìõ ã Ji ã f.f ñtÍ Lt3-]

a) BAæàì,r'LÏEL/¿i )t¿RtìL:f f.(I feel my Japanese has improved a little.)

b) BAÄl* HJJ ø lv. ( l- å I tv - / þ ÊÀ' D 6 J i /J -ã"t$ l' * I "(It seems to me that the Japanese people value a group that they belong to.)

291

.l t s #>>>>>

{,,, *ë,1î(Ëä) ='to (say) something like -' l*#l > t. t z >>> l¿nDþrìrìJ ¿ñ'l

+EÆffiØ+äàìtËå.f !- å ¿ 7t'HÈ * t/càr. ä5t. L Ì i È."(I heard something like the number of students in Japanese Tangaage classes is increasing, but is ittrue?)

f : È¿7)ri? tì lrj ¿ á'l ( Ëbd't,* L /c.(They often said something like, "This is cute.")

5 ''' N (¿) |f,fiÞ='similarly; just like' l#uryn > ¿. z s >>> e ru e è E{Ël

læa*tz > z. oo >>> H ðÄr EËl

7 z, ùl BA¿ IAT*- 7 ) Y rt f" ù

^frÈrð 6.

(Anime is popular in America just like in Japan.)ù'L¿ <

ffiElffi¿: ö EA#H+*- öfffi¿ìö å.(The Korean Tangtage has honorifics just like Japanese.)

l$ t>> !ËE-?t*/¡!t='¡o1 merely/simply -' l#atvl't > t. z t >>> ël¿vÀãñ z ?:ta ør t*aur]

a ) ElälÌ+EtÍF-livþffiffi,L Í t. â ØT' ttt¿L\"(Japan is not merely imitating foreign cultures.)

b) & ( øLtt.- g'ì=r6+.þffif /¿p) ùI,1ffi¡.f r- 6 o)T,Itl/¿,Lrtìô i "(Many people are probably not working merely to make money.)

7 ,r, N/Èåtf='full of -' læa¡ry¡z >t.( ¡- l! >>> lËt þ I t'¿ 5 tto)]

èÌ,ô¡',+.Ud,r'ffi

7 t y r"c"Ìlffi4^t¿à110)9-.,{ vþlt!.f !. â++.þHù'tr} â.(In America, we sometimes see students weartng jeans full of holes.)

FËË u. r¿ à v øfFxþ ÉT ø ¿tffirñÈìÈ. å. 6 .(It is time-consuming to correct compositions full of mistakes.)

8 *'ruøåfftf¡fJ[l='1¡1.re is no room for -'Èàii I Ëa) *tfro)*lüÐr¿tt"(There is no room for compromise.)

a)

b)

a)

b)

a)

b)

292

lmary¡z > !.13 >>>F:ffia*üeaurl

'tI

I

I

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I

>>>>> tf àì5.ElfcEä. y l'.r)tSElcEä I

a)

b)

b) fH+¿rff?Hr.( ( Èrljt.^ti ¿. -#ffio)Êtür$/Jr,r.(When the other party does not listen to what [I] have to say, there is no room for discussion.)

$ "' Nt! (l*) åtl¡ä/¡(rt='to be no match for -; can't win -'læarytz > !.1 4 >>> ¿o)=^æct*i5,aar*ur]

a ) E A,t¡ù:fr5/JffiÉ ð : ØÉ#Ef*rt'lc t)/Jr,r.(Even the most legitimate reason can't prevail over this word.)

b) *Ä¿*r.- ( 6 àìÂ,1Ì..2 1l>/p l;l*á¡ t¿þï¿çt"(An amateur, no matter how hard he/sbe tries, is no match for a professionai.)

f O *' V (stem) Cåür='difficult to v' læa¡v¡z >z.-ls >>>="Rt J5ur]

Ø ÐàìlË1. ¿. 5Ø¿sf;de àt"tlìôi "(When one has a sore throat, it mustbe difficult to eat.)

âtìo)XW.Ilfü,,\¿: ¿ÌËÉ Li å tr.(I find it difficult to talk about my own failures.)

11 *' NE¿/iþã ,/¿t¿þå/¡¡,r='1¡tot) to be particular abouü (not) to bepicky' lma*tz>¿.4s>>>-20)ã;år¿út-¿tËþDrdrì]

7 r+ v l. ù: zt¿rJ.:?t,r6 ¿. Bäffiþ#TØtÌ*ÉL!-å.ö Lù¿lJt..(tf you pay too much attention to accent, it might be dìfficult to speak Japanese.)

äffit--z t¿þ å /c tt ft rt. æ < XtrtHL 6 "(Ifyou are not picky about the location, you can buy a house inexpensively.)

12u NE*Jül?='aû in' Læamz > ¿. s 6 >>> t 1 t¿aurct*]

ËfiÉrcrcr*tt,(4tf Èìg Yt a ØåfÆÞL r- : ¿ /ic /¡.(In the Meiji period, it was very unusual for awornan to study abroad.)

ffi-F,ø* t) v ë v 2 tt+ì | / r titst'rHË¡ ù¿r¿"(The first Ol¡rmpic Games were held in Greece.)

a)

b)

a)

b)

293

.l 'l s #.,,.,

a) ttt

1 : You can start interviewing some-one by fust introducing yourself.

2: First, let the interviewee knowwhat the topic of your project isand then ask if it is all right toquestion him/her on this subject.

3:Conclude your introductory re-markby saying I ó L ( ÌáÆt. Lx 9.

4 : It's important that you preprre a

number of questions ahead oftime. Your questions can beframed in such expressions as -ùl,lEüf L ¡ i Ð. and -t:zr-.r Ð

i *"'4LîTù..

5 : When you did not understandwhat the interviewee said orwhen you need more explana-tion, you can say, for example,ð i-Ë*dÆL. L*.1, l) i,tl.#t ( ffLrr.t;È¿t*+¿,à.or - å t,. i d)ll ¿' i t. i ; ¿'Cf Ð'.

6: You can end your interview bythanking him/her. ftÆfúffit-- t¡b * L l¡ means that you learned

a lot from the interview.

lrtë,2-ålâffi+: FFE*+øI¡Ë¿ ¡fr L :f; 11. +Et* I ù I

¿. àF,/¿ FläJ ¿ rrã 7-vt. BAØlÌâà à.8äÂ¿:rì,.f B råÆ D{ L. ù -c I,+â .- L ts, E ã, vtôrrå+JH:Iã L Êrr¿,Etür

*f2 ør'. eôU < *rffirr L:f f3"¿ËÈaQi.ôU<J6ffit.L*T"llzì-Yð.1,¿lù ,F+EA¿:{È¿,f.. L. È cL + å.t-cTÈs. Bäf"G{l,r â Øtrt-æffi|-ù.-tf¿ a ¿ lffif f U t )lta"

***D + ó. èø#ãl=cü\( ft ¿ a tr# x-Tfñtno

**t

T e*.ì¡¿,. ú ã-ËfrEtr L *T5.***

âE Htr,ft Ltr ¿ z ô ãL\ ât r 6 ¿ 2 E t, t)

hì¿5 ¿'ë-'tr:f l.,t¿" **.ffitf,ElJ t)*1.,t¿6"

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294

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>>>>, t îbt ò Hl¿ E ä. Y l.'') à51È E ô I

t >'> E-rvJVle -s7 ù: ¡¡ b. -,,\¿i4 v, c- -1å^. -^¿Ì 4 v 2 C- - þ ð {Lâ )"ù: ä b ä ð !..

4 v ì c,,-þî â^l*. €#t'4 v ) c:--kã/"Lâ)',t:4 v / c---þf¡Êa. T,Ë4vl)YlþLrlJðt.o

f,,, jV-27 h-ì7,ie ËâØEù:ÈÅ,Í.'r,. å BAÂ¿: 4 v, c:- - þî â /¡r)ù:. = )x.î'tøìy-7"þff->-C.,

e^ A,i¡HFãþ l,t¿t, ìt'ë ì-lJ ð !.o 4 l-1. îþ"C Z I z 0) )uI¿ t, t:#tL ä ð !.o

J>,, 12rv,z-e *ffi¿: EAz\¿: 4 v I c-z - þ l,'C. 7>*. l- !. i " 2 -aâ i/cHFü?fÉt,. /J ð r,.o

Qr,,,[tlllr-ï2-,e Eãrfto /¿: å 0)b â.L ?F,ù,i: L{. ¡Jr ìv-lþlF b /J ð !.o 4 0)/\t:- _ Bä^

¿ÌËi ¡¡ å,H ->T:lt' ¿ i È"- E A,r¡,f;¿ìË ) È,H: /¿È.HÈ /J ð !.o 4 {L4 {LØ ì ¡v-7" tttþîæ Zþ 2 i 7 ù-#*L /J ð !..

$orr 4V.1-,e atøhÏÊ¿óåò 0;î, à.:'r,-L.t,Hiò o)ùtt)t*Tù'o el,LrÌ,fElf L¡ jà., E

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a) 4 vi C:--Ø+l-tLr)þlâ.>t -tvþÉ* äðl'"b) +jW,ø4 vr' c-- þUr¿ÐãI*, 4o)4 vy' è- --þ*. Lø...(FXt:t,/¡. ð ìu.o

e EÄØâlf"r"ffilé ftr^rn¡ng) k Lr!. â7./yhLTvl-vvùs, -fAøfi¡(n¿ffu"c !. * 1" CD ? H r.'C .

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¿'t.tt¿81ffi1.1

økEIE

äÈ TL

a selÊservice sqylesushi restaurant

fat

rolled sushi

z"ç¡ ¡.^

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avocado

t1'l.na

tuna salad

a) Effiî.uØT LùÌ. ä(t*aù.Lr,.àLr,."b) 7./ y h Øllv7 | i v0)æå, ltL A,¿Ea^6 L!."c ) 7 ) rr^ùt. TL¿Ì{4û:1.1. t,Hz-cì,.å J iÈ"d) 7,ìrt Þ"?Ê:/¿TLtl. H+Ø'î LËù:ùi,/Jì,."

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296

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Iur

(/lt, Good fortune

&#ØXì*.) - | ØÉE ?l+ÉnF¿:iú-ì. -# ¿ fl*)-lØ&EvmLÈ"

Lå.-t*L¡ L.2-6

9- L.5-7

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--Ëî(B) L.13-7 ?iÌ¡,ë.Êoî L.5-4

Òt>lc t.11-2 4tt'lz 1.2-3

,8.ì À ì ùc L.12-6 ZILEU<4> L.13-12

-w 1.5-9 leLl¡, L.4-3

ÌttÈ-->î L.13-14 Ìclà

-È.-zl.è (,ù.FüLl¡) t.6-7 -t¿->ùJ,tïèoIT L.7-2

(å ¡*) [Eà r*v¡ -Ì¿î 1.11-11

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-pn9 1.13-i3 t¿d> (ù=) (because) L.8-7

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-fr1*'tcl L.1-12 tcÈ> (when) 1.1 -1 0

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Ë ffiffi)tt j-L..tf,t.D¡i 1.3- R 3

# rftË È À,'l¿( L.11-R22

B

ffi EFIÉPË à.:. f (

1.9- R i4 ffi ffiæE u.6i.ì-À,L.7-R20

1.9- R 3

@*=*'Bf,t,'ffi ffi( fr¿ã. ( 1.8- R 22

316

æft tþÒ'Èlù 1.3- R 23

ã#ØHæ t) 7 | t:ô 6 4#þn+É¡ltF¿:lû,sl¡o fTJ ùl

t 4 | ¡v.<-ì. lâl ¿l lâtrJ. lffil å1ffi4+n-lÆ)tiIìEÆffiHI. IEf,I ¿I IEf,åM D ffiËI. IËJ ¿I |trffi] ?TT"

ù>Tì¡'6 [ffi¿.ã]to keep (something) for (someone)

ùr?é Ì- lFfËf;ü] Mt. ^aso 1.10-#

ð?.5ì tË"lll to play 1.1-â2

ã>fcà-âl+Zâl to give

L.2-T ù>Ì¿tcìt Ut [Ez].v.]pleasantly warm fwith reference to weather]

ù>tcteì¡,1 tñ¿.t¿*.1úl head 1.2-â1;1.12-E

ð /¿ * årU ¡ /c u I [fr ÈìtËùr]to have a headache [i¿., the head is hurtingJ 1.3-Ê4

ù>t¿g lìLt¡l viciníry 1.6-â31.8-Ê2 bìcâl?lc)5t¿âl to correspond (to -) L.2-ñ1.10-ñ ðz¡r ¡g¡.1 hot [with reference to weather]

L.14-ffi,2 $'t *, 6 t* È ð I to gather [u i. ] L.7-ffi

1.1-ffi $'td> 6 lRù âl to gather [u.É.J L./---"ñ.

1.9-â1

1.10-â1

@o**' 1.5-T

öìrrä? greeting

ö\\lâl*Tâl tolove 1.1 2-Ë

ôt,¡/¿ùC [f€ù:]while; during the time when

ðì,¡( [ffi+]addressee; the person you are talking to L.2-#,

ù>vtîêTâlffi+ëTâlto keep company with; to be a companion to

747 Ainu

ðlr¡lCi liB#l one's partner

ð$+Ë tËül lfamilynameJ

t>û'lfrl red

bìJtâ l1.ùrâl torise [ui.l L./---Dñ

&>/¡t6Ut [Frlåù.] cheertul

trä [female given namel

ûr?l?k] fal]

ðåttlÈà t?I#Æl lplacenamel

ùrZ ÈrlÊÅl [ma1e givenname]

ã>3 È>Ìt'Ic. [qàå.13] clearþ 1.9-ffi

ûrä Èru>6 to give up

ô å ä lAåå äl to getbored

ãr8 tLâ tobe dumb-founded

ô < t4 < ] to become vacant

t>1Dø lrÌtrÀ,|#ffiffi1 vicious circle 1.9-ffi

bùTâ lffiùJâl to open [ut.] 1.9-â1

&rùTâl+ùâlto give - las a reason, as an example, etc.]

bùTâl-Lùf âl to raise [¿t.]

b ¿ùrtulffirLl- longing; yearning

ðË I#l morning

ùrLlEl leg; foot

t>LlclüHl tomorrow

öz&Ê/c*ðlFÆËfi1thick omelet (in Japanese styie)

L.4-ã

L.14-+2

1.1 1-ffi ð<ä Ë lùr<ft1 address to send mail to 1.3-Ê2

1.1-â3 ùrrc lnl (one's own) older brother 1.4-â1

L.4-^2 7 =t cartoon Uit., anima(tion)l 1.7-Ë

L.7-^2 72{- l. $flþ apartmenthunting 1.1-ffi

L.12-ffi ùr(ìÈâ [ÌâürÈã]to shower (someone) with (something) L.12-:úr

L.1 3-ffi ô"1ìà tffil fat 1.1 s-t€

1.15-â3 7,Èl¡ Ìr avocado 1.1 5-FÉ

L.1s-#,2 ãr* <Tâ tË< 9-äl tobe lenient L. I I -ãrÌ

L.12-^3 7 J r) l¡ blc!¡ tmenca,for instance 1.1o-ffi

T)t)ìtìtr-> Loi ð 1lr¡,trtÈF'ølUnited Stâtes of America 1.13-ñ

7 , t) h Ll7 t t ù*l American history L.4-ã1L.14-:úÌ,1 7 tt) ìt L8 17 t, ìttl,A,mericanstyle L14-A1

1.1 s-ffi 1 7 t t) tt 0 wi lT r t rtffil Americanway 1.1 1-ffi

L, 'J-

Eî õ+*,â to apoTogþe 1.1 1 -T

t.2-+1 btra lllÊt) towash 1.3-Ë;1.10-â3

1.11-â3 bÈ>ì¡tT.d> beforehand; in advance L.15-ñ2

1.7-ê3 ùrtrbtL6lfr,tLâl appeat, aníve 1.7-Ë; 1.8-ffi

(-I?)bq2< to comeby (ameal) L. I 5-õr¿trLê tð â lËtÍfr âl to break one's ieg L. i 2-FË

ùrâ < lË<l to walk 1.1-ffi

bbtâ'[(-lc)â¿rta] to adapt (to -) L:4-ffi2 tr¡,a à.V¡ [-E] per occasion

bbÈâ'z to combine L.14-#,2

ãr6UlùrâHl one day

bfvzluttered when something unexpected happensJ

ù>hfeutT6 t*Ê9-älto show someone around

bLtaà,5 likethât

Ur [H] stomach

ì/¡ì/rË å ¡Ét,.flålto declare; to say deûnitely

t,¡L¡/¿l [ãv.ilT] tobegin to talk

trrV¡ * t2 L [Ér,.El L] expression

¡rfr¡r [Þl,l]J other than

ù¡åììr¡lc [Ë+lc] unexpectedly

1.13-ffi

L¡ LË lËæl consciousness; awareness 1.15-ffi2

V¡L/¿[ÉE] lfamilynameJ 1.8-â1

Vr L{, [Eä] doctor; physician L.12-^1

vìL+* [ãü] lfamilynameJ

vr LÞ < ,.ä tæffiÈ61to be dispirited; to feel intimidated

ù¡? C [,ä<] to hurry; tobe in a hurry t.2-ã2

L.1 3-ñ ì,¡Ë9 þ i0)l-ffiØl first-rate L.f,-ilù

1.10-Ê3\\trbi l'Êßl[ma1e given name; often given to the oldest son] 1.2-â3

L.4-#,

V \ 2 - ìJ\t) ÌJ\ ò 14 ¡ r [u r c - årâf r ] t¡ t¡ r ldont know when - 1.2-+3

1.2-Ë;1.7-Ë U\Oëb[t,ra$] aroundwhen L.12-ffi,

1.11-F€ tr¡"¡ L¡ [-ffi] together L.7-E^1

t.12-fr, L¡? L å a l-+l throughout (one's) life 1.8-ffi

L.1s-ffi2u¡., LÀ iùTl'ù>u' t-afmôlvery hard 1.5-ffi;1.13-Ê1

1.1 1-F€ ì/r, L Å ùT l"d>U> t..Ffffiôl hard

1.1 5-ñ 1 t,¡a?( [-E] apairoffoorwear

1.3-ffi v\?0)È 13¿ì before I knew it

1.1 3-#

1.4-Ë

L.4---oñ

L- b- õr1 t,¡atJ( [-ÌË]one nighfs stay; overnight stayùr¿ìù3ð truly

u¡Ë (t¡) [R(re)] stylish; chic 1.1 5-ffi 1 ì,¡-> lJÀL¡ < t*ffiel clericalposition L.14-^3

t¡ É å./c t!ÈåËl way of life; life styie L.T4-=,tN2 ù¡a ÌJÀ( É ù3 [*ttÊffilc] generaþ L.¿--ñ

tr¡Ë/Á9 allofasudden L. I 5-81 t ¡ -¡ lf i î t-Ë?l on one hand or on the other hand

U¡< D[ËrE] child-rearing L.14-ñ,1 (dependíng on the context) 1.1 3-;ñ

¡r(zfr afew L.7-^2 ì.ì?þ [ìEÊt] anecdote 1.10-Ë

U¡ùl/¿ [iUEl] lfamily nameJ 1.1-â2 l.¡Ø* /¡ [ä[Ë] lfamily nameJ 1.1 3-ffi

urùtÀ[H_R] opinion L.14-r t,¡.1ìÀz). [84,ft] different culture L.l1-#,

ì/rd[Þlæ] after L.B-â1 t ¡ * v¡ [â#] lfamily nameJ L.6-+2

!r ð¿ Ëåtì/¡ì/ì [Æi/ù,Ð¿rì/rì/¡] to be comfortable 1.15-â2 ì,rA [Ë4] meaning 1.2-Ê i

ùrEå.+ [EiÉE] Japanese style pub L.s-â3

1.10-â2

r,¡öi ¿äÌ"lffië/"1(someone else's) younger sister 1.4-+1

ì'¡/È< lfr<] tohold [ut.] lwrittenexpression] 1.8-ffi U\blþl color

t,¡Ë ¿'[-Æ] once t.1-+2 U\bU\b (rß) lêÀ (rÂ)l va¡ious

ì,ìËùfÀ[-æ] most L-5-fl U\þW6 so-called

t \b àì0) tô Ìrfâ ?ffiØ*l some women L.|4-ffi,2 U\hl. Xi tm*l impression

U¡Ë,1ìÀ [-A] one sentence L. I 5-E1t u\hv x jùc0¡¿âlñ*8ffiâ7- left an impression on (me) [u.i.]

t¡ r.p /a.¡| ! flar þ [rrr& reÈ å årH 6 ]to have a bad cough 1.12-Ë

1.1-â1 L¡ à ur àlä to get frustrated 1.15-ffi2

(-f ) U¡ à -> l-+ â [honorific form of TT] 1.1-â 1

1.12-:út (-rr) U¡ä to need -; - is necessary L.b-ãñ

u\It"ù\ à-â ll.tl,æ à-âl to change L.1s-â3

1.9-â1

1.1 1-ffi

L.14-:û,2

L.15-:n2

t \b t. 1,, à- /-ë 2 l-E H+Ll 10,000 yen bill L. 1 0-â 1 L.1s-â3

,ì VT'r 7/ Atnencanlndian 1.8-ñ à Ë tml frain station 1.4-â3

t \l"N iTâ LíIHTâl to quote È.Ëì'rÀ[Htr] railroadstationempioyee 1.10-â1

å.L+ ( T6làffitâ)to greet by bowing slightþ

) /ì¡r gargling L.12-^2 ;LXJL7 [SF] science fiction

a ù,lJti t [lEli ] lhumble form of lÍ ( and X6] 1.3-â1 à-ëirl-lÌfFËl Edo Bay 1.8-ffi

ZTFT '¡ V * fried shrimp burger

1.6-T

-ì àt¿* [--Lrtt]as far as - is concerned L. I 5-õtr 1.2-Ê 1

i å.Èìi ' [mi]lhumble form of Ëõ ( (to ask)l

j ùtzïtà-â can be observed

i ùTeIl l9ttl receptionist

iù<l*t¡+l receiver

i ùtå t(tmä) *etðl to take (an exam) 1.3-â1

iÛal*ryal toreceive

i ¿"< tøl to t5rye (messages)

i z ( LV. [*Lr.] beautitul 1.1-ffi

àà-¿Well. lused when looking for a right expressionJ

1.7-E

1.6-â31.5-â 1 È. à.-ìì tË"ììl to choose 1.3-ffi

L.14-ffi,1 à-â læâl to gain; to learn 1.1 1-ffi

1.8-â1 à-l-l#l fate;karma L.14-*2

1.1 5-# 1 à-l'ÈutTâ IËffiÈãlto visit a far-away place to compete in sports

1.1o-ffi àl'b xÌÈrLD¡ i iÉËffi-Ll extension 1.15-ffi 1

1.7-Ë à-l'0 xr¡( [ËR¡¡(]without hesitation [li¿, unreservedly]

L.t-fr,

1.9-â1

1.1 i-ffi *iL¡t)ù\ [Èj#lù.] cetebration L.7-^1

1.14-â1 tå i à- I'T 6 tI6#9- ä I to cheer for t./-="ñ

L.4-:út tôì D6 '[(-t3)¡6Dð]to agree to; to accept 1.1 3-ffi

i2Tl+Tl to copy [ur.] 1.1 3-ffi þi D6't¡ü D6l to adapt

Ò ->l¿à-6 L#Zâl to complain of 1.12-r ¿5¡.rvr IBXJi2âl(-1.)1*61 to move (to -) [r.i.] 1.5-â2 West Ui¡., Europe and Á.merical

a EL [type of noodle] 1.6-â1 Ì5àâ to end; to finish [u.r.]

i * [Xg] horse 1.10-ffi *i*iðÐ lltñl downpour; heavy rain L.2-^2

,*tuâLeO+.ãILâlto be born Gn/ at -) lu.i.l

ISJSI¡¡ [åt ¡] there is/are a lot

L.14-#.,2

L- l --erÌ

L.14-:n2

1.1-â1

*i *i ùt /ù ùÍ*i *i t \ lt, ë lÐùT rLdt Lr lÍ ålthe more (students) Ihete ate, the more - 1.3-ffi

1.5-+3 rt;frþt6 tunny 1.13-â1

1.1-â3 *j*jù\ùC l/çlìlc] much; considerably L. I J-Ëñ

i ûtaåtrl tolay (egg); to givebirthto [u.r.] 1.6-Ê1 t-r)VlOLli Û tË¿tl to give abirth L.14-ffi,2 female office worker(s) [i¡., ofÊce lady] L.õ-E¿

i à+È Lì/\ tobe envious L.14-^2

ì âlæ,â1 to sell [zr.] 1.6-â3

ì Àå¡tr.trr [B¿ìVrLr] lucky L.12-^3 *s*sëå.[iffi] lplacename] 1.10-ffi

i hbl-lÆÊJ (passenger) fare 1.10-â1 *i*içÛ i ltfH#l the professional sumo 1.7-ñ

Ò L(/'LW tëffi+l driver (byoccupation) 1.6-ffi *i*i$if [tül lfamiþnameJ 1.6-â3

àL¡åì[4É] movie 1.7-â3 tôIð Xb¿ ö'tJtgûl $eatioy 1.3-Ë

å1.å¡aLF¡s] influence *SÈ.å L t*JìELl reciprocal gift

Luro)TlI lX¿Wl fmale givennameJ (-ø) lezl.ùT(f) thanks to - 1.11-tË

*sÈ¡ Lv¡ strange; odd; funny

àlJttõlfiffil smile (on one's face) 1.1 1-ffi ft;frlþ hot rice porridge L.12-*2

*i¿s*, [/¡,11] lfamily namel

tiå ä tËå äl to set up

*o' < t4l the back

*; 1 u) l¡à:f- tË 12 ì89-l ro send back 1.8-ffi

*i < ä tËðl to send

#<tLâlÆÌLâl tobelate

iS¿feì 11Íìl to carryout; to conduct lusuallyusedin written languagel 1.3-ffi

L.11-^2 *i¿ tËl sound L.7-à2

L.12-â3 *i¿i ¿ tffil youngerbrother

1.7-Ë ti¿ ¿lO tFBl men's section ofabathhouse L.1O-â3

*5¿ L/¿* t+J+:Ël NewYear's gìft of cash 1.9-ffi

1.9-T J5 è t¿ LV¡ quiet; submissive L.14-È1

1.3-â2 to'¿å < lR < I to be surprised

L.¿-^¿ ÈifiDtlElDl same 1.1-ñ

J5l3r,¡ðÀ [*iEëÀ,](someone else's) older brother

L.14-*2L.1s-ffi1 *ilfàå l*Hzâ)

to learn; to commit to memory; to remember L.2-#û,

1.4-Ê1

*i¿ ã to scold angrily 1.11-â3 *jlaå¡V¡ [*sffiv.] request 1.3-Ê 1

*iëå totreat (someone) to (something lusuallyfood Jsla¡à¡v¡ L:lT [lsÆu. LËT] please. L.1-+2or drinkl ) L.6-È2 tili L t*iäl chopsticks 1.9-FÉ

*sså Lå.18ffiËñ*l ozakiDent¿lclinic 1.12-â3 *iÀå t*rE[E] bath 1.10-â3

t5.tÀ¿ i t*.-f$l tunchbox*jðe)å lwÒ:á1to put away (to include) [u¿]

*ið à tÈrml plate 1.9-Ë

*Së àôàr,¡ [*j¡Ûrht.] washing dishes 1.11-FË

tòLà-âl#Z6l toteach 1.1-â1

J5 DS ¡o'"

*5L¡ i åÐ [{¡iËIl] NewYear

È LA ti.'#l castle

i5"ûV¡lf [+sffiË] end-oÊthe-year gift 1.9-ffi

*; ¡t b E re â lt.Ëãfr ù: rs ã ]to be indebted to someone [ui.]

t:tåù¡ [ìEùr] to be late L.i i-â1*ô?þ â l(,.-â)A,bâl to learn L.1s-â2

*i/¿ trJ.El lfamily namel

¿5/Êù¡ Dlc [*¡ÌlFl:] rbke care!

*j/¿z)¡U¡ [*sE^v.] each other

*sË+ t*s#l (seen) tea

*SË+ ( Atl$X<ttl servingtea 1.14-â3

*¡b w j IT Ì-låð+ñl mid-year gift 1.9-ffi

*iËä t(ilBl!)Wbâl tofail (anexam) [u.i.] 1.5-ffi

L.14-ffi2

ti e) ùa å.¿¡ 6 [*¡ H ù:z].å.6 lto meet lhumble îorm of à i I lu.i.l L.B-â1

1.2-â 1 È6 (¡¡) t+(/d)l main L.5-õ'¡

1.9-ffi *.;ûL¡È9-[,Bv.HT] to recall L.ö-il

1.1o-ffi *S6 LåU¡ [mîÉr'] interesting L.4-*úÌ

Jsða(þþtrrlfi2ffþ¡rlheavy; dull; leaden L.12-:ú¿

1.9-ffi *ið ù3 i!ãffi1 burden L.|4-#2

tõ$l-l)6let)Ê.Ì"Dâlto value -; to give importance to ,- 1.15-â2

1.15-+3 tó+ t#l parent 1.6-+ 1

L.12-^1 *j t lfï [Ã'lffl to exert linfluence] [¿¡.] L.1 5-ffi 1

1.1-ffi tåì2 l"t¿l:,4-ltrvY^l Dutch (person) 1.8-ffi

1.6-â2 tô ì, ì"t¿È Ì'lrf , v Yffil Dutch ship L.at-8,Ì

*i9*iÀSttttvÆllname of a movie theater] 1.7-â3

tô9 6leë)w9 âlto get off -; to get out of(a vehicle) L.O-8 1jo=¡ å [*] husband

*¿'l 9 change;balance of money returned to the 15â Lffi6l to snap

purchaser 1.10-â1 *¡þtr¡ [*¡&] gift of appreciation

Js(ðàv¡ [*¡?tftv']bathroom llit.,pTace to wash one's handsl

$bâl$bâl be finished; be over [ui.] L.2-È2L.i3-â1 *jÀÈr< tË$l music

1.1 3-ffi

1.9-â3

L. J- õrÍ

*ô<à tt'+l Buddhisttemple 1.1o-ffi *i¿iùÀ,tññl hotspring 1.10-ffi

,,,,,ë#*Etl

tS Ìtte@ lkÐl women's section of abatlhouse 1.1 0-â3 å.llî[Hf] behindsomeone'sback L. I l-õî

å'ùlÈrL+ tËrfi#l [amoviename] 1.7-â3

@tt-*' L.1s-ffi2ìJ.lI6lWTâl to put - on

-å¡- x or Y z).ð [lË*] past

¿¡ì/¡år¡r [iEtI] abtoad 1.15-Ê3 ¡ä.SÀ[/<ù] volcano

¿.ìrrå.À [t*ffi] pleasant feeling (sensation) 1.15-ffi2 ñ.D [ã:F] housework

å. L è complimentary close used by women 1.9-Ë

1.1 3-T

1.10-ffi

L.l4-*2

¡þ.v¡ð[/r#]looking after one's aged parent(s); care L.14-ffi1 å.DoÈ.À[$Ëffil] orchatd 1.1 3-ffi

¡à.v¡ð ( lffiEl]to open up the country (to foreigners)

È.T tËfl to lend 1.3-+31.8-ffi å.9" tryl number L.5-ffi

å¡V¡ð ( [!tþl] foreign country; abroad 1.6-â3 ¡ä.tlåtI( [ÃtrËA< ] to catchacold 1.1 1-ffi

È.ìrr? < l*Ë] super express train or bus L.7-+2 Ì¡? 1 l*ffi] family 1.1-â2

lt ut:CÀ,TL tElffiTLla selÊservice style sushi restaurant

å./êU¡ [#Æ] problem

1.15-FÉ å./¿ð å [hÉ] broken [e.9., Japanesel L. I J-fl

¿rì/rùÍ i I â 1ffiffiÈ6.1 to liberate L.15-ffi,2 ù\l¿ÒùI â lfrttlT âl to clean; to tidy up lu.t.l L.6-ffi

ùÙVr- counter L.6-+2 Ìt>fcâl#âl :#T L.15-:úr,2

Ì¡.à->î on the contrary 1.13-# l¡rbñrlrlÌfrfiÊffi1 one's sense of value 1.1 5-ffi 1

l¡ràÈ>T UfrerTl lwritten form of Æà r¡r,'t] 1.5-ffi l¡rbâ DW /|füfÈ#$] standardofvalue 1.15-ffi 1

ù,à-âlWâl togohome 1.1-â3 z).Ë ¡ ì t#El section chief L.7-^2

ì¡ràâ Liliâl (something) returns [ui.] 1.1 1-ffi Ìt¡->ì¡'0Tâ tobe disappointed 1.8-tr; 1.11-â1

È.tS lffi] face L-Z-ãn 7D\'2 å llÉfi] vigor; liveliness; vitaliry; energy 1.1O-ffi

È¡JSU¡å [trê] complexion L.12-^1 ìr,o<râ,¿¿tTâ [Hf*r¡ð ¿è'f â]to have one's own way; to do what one pleases L.14-^1

ùrìrru) 0)$0)ltr.Øãlperson who handles a particular business matter 1.8-â 1 ùr.> ltT 6 tffiËTðl to stride; to swagger about L. 1 5-ffi 1

L.l4-ffi1

lltllrâit takes lwith respect to time or moneyJ [ui.l

å.c&( TâlfrffiTâlto play an active paft inL. I -8,I L.7-fr,

(-lz¡¡,¡'Y6 concerning 1.15-ñ2 å.(t,¡ [*Ë] home; family

È.Sàl t(-Ì:)Eàfl notiimited to 1.9-ffi ¿.¿ i tfiffil lfamily nameJ

å. I à t¡ V. [ (- å lÌ) F à /¡t.]not necessarily -û.Ë'9 l-ffi 12 I as far as -; as long as - L. t5-ú¡ àìta LL¡ [7ËLt,.] sad

t Ê.å l(-¿c)mãl(-) would have to be the best choice

ñ.fÁåTt [¿.9'] withoutfail1.1 0-Ëñ fJ,fsòf, lù,ll surety

1.3-ffi

t.1-È2

1.6-â3-ùr/eI wonder fgeneraþ used by male speakersl L.4-*,2

1.2-Ë

1.3-Ê

1.8-Ê2

¿t( vrÀ[-ëH1school loften used for names of schools]

å.fa à 9- L ö - f4ì/\ l¿.9- L ð -rÁùrlnot necessarily1.8-â1 1.3-ffi

ù' 1 Ll,T 6 LWEf 6l to believe frrmly 1.15-ffi2 ì¡rte\ fairly

zl. ( Ë [åtü] various parts of the country 1.10-ffi (-tc¡f) l¡teþt¿t¿tåì< .,ìì t+fl] college, undergraduate L.l-^¿ to be no match for; can't win

L. / --oÎt

L.15-ffi,2

¿ì< /L* t+Æl level of education L.14-à2 È.Øi tEIËEl possibility L.15-ffi2

321

lt)v?Vv.7tr\î7ltyl-[name of the author]

ù,0)D¡læf.1 she 1.1 ù{À'll,â to do one's best; to ry hard

Ì¡,À,tÞì lÐffilinviting someone to join (a club)

Ìt ts-ç U to cover up; to make up for L.14-ffi,2 Ë z).V¡ [#St*] machine

à.*ù¡ËÈÂ, it'sallright; onedoesn'tmind 1.4-â3 S frt,r7)r fffiffif[] mechanization

å.* < à ùC9 lffiÈW) Kamakura-sryle carrring 1.9-FË Ëåìàã lÊæì-âlto change (one's) clothesùì*,LTâ t*EÈ61 to endure; to putup with L.i 1-â3

á.4r lffi] paper; sheet L.3-^2 å å. ( [âú] planning

â'à /è [ff] body; health L.4-ffi, äì¡,TâlñlYTâlto become a nafinalizedcitaenâ.à/¿ä+Te>â l#ëþfe>âl

to rest [lif. to rest one's bodyJ 1.10-â2 ã¿ùt'ä le|i r¡)fiÈìl6l to feet as if - L.Õ-att

ìt,9 â lffiu¡ a1 to borrow 1.4-Ê3

ù trtL.15-:n2 1.5-â3

1.14-â3

L.J-rX

1.10-â3

1.14-â3

1.12-Ë

,, )Vît*! a v 7 culture shock 1.1-ffiÊå¡"r( [(-?c)fi¿Ð<]to notice (something) 1.5-Ê 1

ìr )vîr'tY , -a kind of adult school Ul¿., culture centerl

Zf¡hbùÞi t(--)Hrðtr1during the period (when -)

ùrfLlÉl lthird-person pronoun for a male] L.B-ffi ÊË¡ì tâ#l industry; business L.14-#,2

å\þìlìì/¡ cute; lovely 1.2-Ë;1.4-â1 È S¡ ilâlæ#fâT tostartabusiness L.14-ffi,1

ìJ'b\\Ziùci feel sorry for you. I sympathize.

Ë < tftl â l*bal to change [ui.J 1.4-õñ

1.14-â1 1.1 0-ffi

L.15-#,2

Ê¿<TätÀ+Er9-ålto return to one's home country L.J-õ'T/¡,*>61?ë)l\b6l

to replace someone [¿i.] 1.8-â1 É ðÀL+ tB[ffiã] marriedperson L.1A-ffi1

fjtfufis lf¿tf¿lë àfr1 way of thinking L. I -õn SD¡oz l*æl technology 1.15-â3

å.ÀÌt!r [Hffi] relationship 1.9-Ê; 1.11-â2 3Èa ¡49P1 season L.9-#

È.Àùlt,¡ñ.t,¡ teüâl welcome parrSr 1.5-â3 Ë'ÈÀ¿L<t#*¿L(l boldly;firmly L.12-ffi

ìt,1,ë j l) X ¿ a 1ffifrffitr1 sightseeing frip 1.9-ñ Ë/¿ [Jt] north L.1 o-ffi

å.À D tË+l Chinese eharactet L.4-# Ë/ctr¡Tð tHffif ål to expect; to count on L.14-iñ,2

ùrÀ,1,T [(-l:) ffi Lf] concerning L.f-E,T $ /¿14¡r [¡5¡r¡ dirty 1.15-ffi2

z).ÀDç [,8ä] patient L.12-ã3 Ë Cå. ì lftìg i I to be concerned about L. 1 1 -ffi

ñ,L1.â [(-¿)ffi Då] to feel that - L.O-=fl å"rã(À[4trÆ] coffeeshop 1.11-â1

l¡, L L l,Þ ù>.tB) ã [Bð,ù. äJ€Ð å ]to gain interest

â oîl9lîl posrage stamp

t.7-ffi, å a è for sure; surely

ìtrlr? ) lffiÆ,1 one's thoughts/impressions 1.11-ñ å c,à [S16] ticker 1.10-T

ù'À,tcLte) [ffiS(¡¡)] simpte; easy L. O- ãr¡

L.5-T /

L.7-à3

Ë Ù3ì,¡6 [(-Èr)fiÌ3^ä]to like -; to be fond (of -) 1.1-â3lt,l'EìTâ\ffiüTâl

to be moved; to be impressed 1.8-ffi

ù' L ë ì t iô E à- â lffiüã.È, z alto feei impressed

å ¿cå.¿.å [(-Èr) fil:r].¿.ãl (something) botherssomeone; (something) makes someone uneasy L.11-ffi

â ùcfa 6 [ (-tr) fi ùc r¡ ð ] something bothers one; tobe concerned (about -); to worry (about -) 1.1 1-â 1

L.15-:n2

¿.À¿ < tffiËl movie director 1.7-â3

I

I

II

I

tttt'ÊËã*El I

8tJì"Tâ tBBâTål to commemorate 1.13-ffi *bv>< tüù)<lË..ììÂ, tfiä'l feeling 1.1 2-â 1

extremely fwritten expression] 1.1 3-#

Ë Ìf i i#gl wish;hope L.J-õn !è.>l¡'j tfrä-tri I to worry about 1.9-â1

å Ìf ì L+ tñS#l one who wishes to do - 1.3-ffi âtoÙaleÊ)frt2ùIâlto pqy attention to; to take caret*.cLùTl'lÐl*ilffi1

final exam [l¿f., semester-end exam] 1.3-â 1 ä /-tJl-lìE+l in recent years

å * I rules L.15-:úN2 <'ðì.¡ [Râ] condition

Ê* I {rÀ< tÌ*Ë9I@l setphrase L-¿-ãn <i¿it4Ël airport

å * ä ti*Ë äl to be set/fixed [ui.] L.z-fr, Cì{ùÀtlB*l bvchance

I 7|lH you [Itis generallyusedbymale speakers

toward someone equal or lower in status.l L.1'^2<lD t*l medicine

( È¿C although; in spite of

3Ðâl#'e>âl to decide [¿¡.] 1.9-ffi < /¿6o) t+ryrl ÍÌuit

åÐä i(-13)i*Ðål to decide (to-) [r.r.] 1.13-ffi ( Ë t [n] job opening üit., mouthl 1.8-â3

Ë öË tfr#Ël feeling 1.10-â3 ( Ë'[n] mouth 1.11-â3

Ë {¡Ët,¡t,¡ [fi#Ët,.¡.1comforlable; pleasant; to feei good

< Ë+?).* Lì/¡ [E[ÊLù¡] critical

L.10-â3 < ËäÌf ËÈl [BälåðÈr] tobuttin 1.11-â3

Z$o)lÉWJl kimono 1.10-â3 -{At-ffi1Ë+( t#l suest L.¿-úÌ a group ofpeople doing the same thing L.14-ffi,2

Ë"+ < ùc [üÌ3] conversely L.14-ffi1

Ë ¡Þ i å. ttf[E] vacation 1.1-â3 L.7-ã.2

Ë p ì LP i Ur'llll lthe name of one of the fourmajor islands of JapanJ 1.8-ffi

< +û t{E+bl to regret

< àìrr/¿ such that; to the extentthat - L. I t-#r

å ro ì L¡e ilâlWMf âl to absorb 1.15-ffi1 < à L Iæà Ll living; life styie t.13-+2

3wÒ0 ¡i tffifll salary 1.1 2-Ê < ÈrTlæòTl tolive 1.1 1-ffi

Ê ¡i t(1#J)ffi1 alittleover- L.|4-#1 ( à'r<[(-¿)E l<] comparedwith L.O-En

å¡ìUt< täËl education 1.10-ffi V t) 71* 7 Ch¡istian 1.9-ñ

å À i ¿.ì'. [äâ] church 1.9-ffi < 6L7rl#Lbl suffering L.14-#,2

É ¡ iå.L¡ täñlêl textbook 1.1 3-ffi < ôa l#Xl hardship; suffering L.14-:il,2

É ¡ ì LtäÊnl teacher 1.8-â1 < å ä *, tRiÃl lfamüy name] 1.7-Ê3

Ë ¡ ì Lz [äË] classroom L.J-ÃJ ( þ Lr,. [# Lv.] detailed 1.8-â1

å ¡ ì Dre iä#l professor 1.7-Ë < ì"1-Å1 [a form attachecl to a name in addressing

å ¡ i ¿1. tRPËl interest L.1-È2 someone] L.l-È2

8 xjV t.<lâlWTâl tocooperate 1.15-â1 {/-ù,1-lÊffi1 warship 1.8-ffi

Ë ¡ å. lffi¡I] permission L.4-r llVrlfÀ[#Bl experience L.4-ñ

3 StJÌ'l*+l lastyear L- I -È1 lÌt,¡ ð [HT] [female given name] 1.14-â3

ù]t,rð[tr#lhonorific language llit., respect languagel

t âlÊâl to wear 1.9-â1 lvtè) [üiÉJ tendency L.)-õn

1.4-ffi; 1.11-â1

L. / --in

L.12-ffi

L.1 -;ñ

1.4-â3

L.12-È2;L]2-E

t.14-+3

L.11-ffi

1,7¡t¿Tâ lffiåürå]to assemble; to put together

L. I l-dtt

å I Ë I (ffib) to have a piercing pain [esp. inreference to a stomachache/headachel L.12-#, 1.13-â3

Z 6lqâl tohangup (aphone) [l¿t.,to cut] 1.12-â3 lTt,¡8Lr [#Ë] economics 1.3-ffi

323

ùlu\ë lwTâ13ÍHTâl to calculate

lll¡ DùË¿1, [fi]¡¡fEl bulletinboard L 8-â2

ùlì.ìDÌgt[ä'dj] art 1.1o-ffi

llVr?( [#ffi] continuation

lltrt/¡trttÀt¡ t#ffi€ffi1 cell phone L.4-ffi

r$ut\lvè, i lf < {fÀ t.R¿e¡fit*fiJlname of a train line]

ùtìrr¡ i lâlMæTâl to express figuratively 1.1 1-ffi

¡-ðfulKffil rlnn 1.10-â2

f-YI ce1l phone

ùlð tâ#l this morning

ùlLå tFêl scenery

ùlT tlHTl to turn off [ur.]

!1.¡¡ä.lffiR] resutt 1.11--ffi

ùI->è j tTtffiffifr-l fine;good

L.þ-Ërr ùlÀSuro) l&EØl curent 1.1 s-ffi 1

t'I/-Zl-Tâto be modest; to humble oneself 1.13-Ê3

L.14-#,1 ùfÀÈV¡ [ÆE] original title 1.15-ñ1

llÅ,/êl¡ L t${t_Él contemporary history 1.5-â2

ùlÀl¿ì,r ð ø) l#¿ß,Wl contemporary drama 1.7-ËL.7-^2 lT /.b <¿.tig$*l archirect 1.1 5-ffi 1

Ùl'àt"tTâleâ)ngf â)to see sights (of -) L. i 0-â3

1.2-â3 ¿ì,¡CJt¿ [Æ^] lover; sweetheart 1.9-ffi

L.2-+1 ¿ i ì.r i Àì ùc this way; in this manner 1.2-â1

1.1 0-# ¿ jù,l"T6L*Wf â1 to exchange 1.9-ffi

L.1s-#,2 iìl¡'LTsT, ^lÞ&ïv/,alexchange program L-5---on

ùI.>èLUba à/-l#MßeE.)wedding reception

lla Ë ¡ < t#El finaþ; in the end L. I-E d ¿i St;Ë#l lecture

ùla ë i [ffiffi] fairþ; pretfy; quite L.5-^2

L. l- õn

¿ì Ë Oi tË#l highclass; first-rate L.O-úù

a ì ¿ i DÈu¡ [Ë&Ë{t] hish school years 1.2-â3

¿i LàÀ|IF+EI][name of a baseball stadium]

L.i4-ffi1

L.J-ãñ

L.9-^2 L./---"ñ,

trI o L( - fe U¡ [i* L(-14 t¡¡]by no means; never

II "> L /'T â t (- ¿ ) i*,ù'Èãlto be determine¿ ¡o -; to resolve to -ùf oTv\T6 [(-ù3)i*ËTã] to decide 1.8-#

Ì19 tTffil diarrhea L.12-È2

t'T l) êl â lf ffitT âl to have dianhea 1.12-E

ùI Ì-lRl prefecture

ùTl-läl sphere

ùT Ì"1ül decrease

llÀt,¡Ë lB-l lmale given name] 1.6-â3

IT l"z1'1 lc lffitttlc] strictly

ùl kìJrÌ'| l9'Ð) front hailway

ùT/.ù,lu'z lË,ffilentrance (to a house or a building)

II l'8 w , l-o lffinÉl (professor's) offrce 1.3-â 1

ùlÀS¡ i t*#lholding two jobs at the same time

lll'Z Llnel cash

-dì Lzt-ËËl Room- L.s-â 1

1.1 1-ñ -ëì L+ t-å#l number - car L.i0-â1

ðÌ L¡ i tæÈFl' nesotiation L.ð-õr¡

1.8-ffi ði L¡ aïó-lf'iúf â1 tonegotiate L.J-ñ

¿ i.tlurã ì E) l- ¡ i lEÆfrMÊlMinistry of Health, Labor and Welfare

¿ i'rtilFl lplace nameJ 1.1 0-ffi

¿ i À i iil#l fall colors (of leaves) L.4-ffi

1.1 1-ffi ¿ ì I + < tæffi1 the iatter part omitted 1.11-ffi

L.14-#,1 ¿ à tËl voice t.2-*2ðâl< tffi+l language srudy 1.8-ffi

1.15-ffi2 (-Ìc) ¿ 82ù16 to manase to - L.14-ffi1

1.4-tr ¿å ¡ i o)t.iple$ØWl hometown 1.8-Ë

ð< tffiAl words and phrases 1.1 5-ffi 1

L.f,-Ã I ¿ < årU¡ [Elrl.] overseas; abroad 1.8-ffi

¿ < Ë ì,r70r< ,ìì lElH+*ülInternational Division

L.14-:úÌ,2 è ( ä v¡( å ùa [ElHÉllc] internationalþ 1.1o-ffi

1.9-ffi ¿ < rlÊ D¡ i lå lElffi.l]with respect to nationality

324

ùlÀðu¡ t4&l now L.12-ffi L. I J-Ër¡

è L/¿è è låt*u¡ [(-13)üL/¿¿ å!Ìler¡]nothing can be better (than -)

rrttrH#i*El

1.1O-ffi ë,ÈìË /cTä to neglect to write for a long time; not to

L. I5--E I correspond for some time L.4-ffi

¿ if 6 [(-Ìc) Eã] to have difficulty (with -) L2-ffi1.1 3-ffi ¿ tr lìðbl to be crowded L.6-^2

1.1 5-ffi 1 3lî 1 - comedy 1.7-E

ðù)À sony. linformal] 1.2-â3L.12-à2 ¿û>Ì"f¿ not acceptable L.14-ffi,2

è ( /at,¡ [Eñ] domestic

¿ < lfÀ ljRæl blackboard

¿ < À< TâIfrEETâ]to master; to overcome

¿( I ¡< tEltll nation'spov/er

è DÀ,å À i Dlo l'lE^ä#lindividual instruction; private iesson

ðD¡Þ i ¡¿¡t fnfftl in one's fifties 1.6-â2 ð&* [rJ.¡l¡] lfamilynameJ L.1s-â1

è LÌ i TâleWTâl tobreak down 1.12-FÉ ¿ À tffil navy blue L.9-^2

ê Lâlt ùI â lFtìr,tI â) :r.îr,Æå 1.6-â2 ë lvì¡r.> å tâ+Hl this semester L-4--ñ

¿ DÀ, IIE^I intlividuat L.14-#,2 ë1"3'> L/¿ [ùE*ËL/c] crowded 1.1 0-#

¿ À ¿' tâËl one of these days L.1-^21.1 3-Ë il'teà,ì ù3 [¿Ài4Ãù:] inthisway 1.15-ffii

¿Dl"V v 77 llÛ)t v v zv) private tutor 1.8-â2 aì"Ê,/,'l+WJ tonight 1.1-ñ

¿rlÊ tF#l famiþregister L.14-ffi2

@t=--'¿Z ¿4 ¿ in whispers; secretly L.i 1-ffi

(-lc) ¿È*¡àr*u¡not to be particular; not to be picky

¿b?iEfeâ tobe treatedby someone L.6-^2 f-+j--,ìì9 t+Ì-ll-Krl pouringrain L.2-^2

è 'r llt,r (¡¡) [iÊffi (r¡) ] tunny; comical L.15-ffi,2 ü-È)(q À i lÌ-È;aHl $atuity L. O- Erù

(-Ø) a¿ it's about - 1.3-â1 - ë l¡ [-ffi] - years old 1.7-â1

-¿ ¿àrîË ä can - 1.3-ffi ðV¡åÂ,[ËlÊ] recentþ 1.5-Ëñ

ðì,¡ðùc lËælcl atthe end

1.15--ñ2

qf- / tVù,2ëa l+T-, )v#ü)extracurricular activities L,5-õ,¡

ëë,fe6 [(-è)Rreð]to be different (from -) lwritten expression]

-¿¿IcTâ to decide to -

-E L,I?tsot¿it has been decided/ ananged that -

-Zë,1=f¿,.aa66it has been arranged that

¿ ¿ lf tÉ#l word(s); expression(s)

ë è lfC¡ä.t ¡ [ã#ø*.r,.¡ choice of words L.12-ñ,

¿ ¿"ð t+Bl child

:tÀ connection(s)

¿Ø&lff arl fiking; taste

¿ 0)Û t*fðl to like; to prefer

¿ ÌË+ L t{'ffi1 lfamily name]

d¡fÀtðtr1 cookedrice

1.1 1-ffi

L- I J-õn ä V¡ L ¡ [ËäJ] beginning; first L. I ¿-úÌ

1.1-ffi ä t,¡/ÈV¡ [Ët] iargest L.1 o-ffi

ðu¡À[Fåõ] wallet 1.4-â1

1.1-# SV.9 ¡ i tf¡fl] materials; ingredients L. l)-ôta¿

*ll u silo L.1 0-ffi1.1-â3 ð ìr¡t2ì/¡ [+L¡] fortunately; luckily 1.8-ffi

L.2-f Ëå even L.4-ffi,

ðårît#Tl tolookfor 1.8-T

L.¿---on ðå.Ð ¿ trEäl [famiþ namel 1.9-â3

1.8-â2 êl¡,1, (fe) lÆl,1e)l thriving L.7-:út

L.1s-ñ,1 ðåù3ltElc] ahead (ofsomeone) L-¿-E¿

1.15-â2 ã ålÍ¿'trElräl awhile ago t. I ¿-út

L.7-Ê1 ð < à D* teÊl Mt. saturajima L.1 0-ñ

1.6-â 1 ù2a7zf cherry L- I J-õn

ð Ìlä tTllðl to lower [¿t.] L-2-È1:1 U- ¿ !) maklngcopies; xeroxing 1.14-â3

ð ¿ < t#Ell national isoiation L.ö-E ¡

ððà6lf.Z6l tosupport

ä9-å¡ as I expected

Srùå tÆffi] seat

äZì L#il to invite (someone to do somethingwithtlre speaker) L.7-T

3.¡ L [*ËÉS] magazine

ëo11-TâL+fr-Tâlto lose no time in -ingä a ùf I -/At¡¡ not at all 1.9-â2

L.14-ffi,1 y-r-T U- lcNPl gross national product L

1.13-â3 ! z1 7-lVlJN Japan Railways L.t-^21.10-âi Ð t'l 14 -È- [mB] JapanTbavelBureau 1.10-â2

Lâ.-t*tr¡ only; no more than L.2-ffi,

D¡ã.( Tå tÊHTãl torealize lu.t.l 1.1 5-ffi 1

L-Õ- E 5 þfr þ however; but 1.3-ffi

Ll¡rt¿lltÈl way (of doing something) 1.1-ffi1.8-â3 Lår/càìlÀ ì/ r [ (- ] ! ) {f tr/sra¿rl

to have no choice but to -Lz)./¿t¡V¡ l{fËr¡u.l rt can,tbe helped. 1.3-Ê1

1.9-â2

ä< well; now [used when switching to amore important, topicl

Ë ¿ i t{Ëffi1 lfamily namel

ä tìLV¡ [trLu.] tonely

s,lì¿À [m..¡r¿¿,]a small cushion for sitling on

üTJäto loaf on the job; to idle away one's time 1.13-ffi

ë å t [&] fpolite from of ð.t J

ä * ' [#] stâte; way (a person does something) 1.1 1 -ffi

ð Ë l¿ùl tlá¡ll obstacle 1.1 1-ffi

é/'ù'lâleÒ*ffiTâ)to particþate (in -)äÀ¿i t3Ël 3high's

ðÀDoi < i=!ãËl tripleafflictions L.14-ffi2

é À'l.l-l=ffi1 strike-out L.7-ffi

äÀ.tlu¡Tå [(-lc)ËÆTã]to agree (with -)é l-Z i lú#l mount¿in cottage

*lV t rú-7 SantaClaus

3 Ì,t¿1, (re) \fr,ã tòl regrettable t.7-È1

L ttrl poem; poetry

Lìttd> ->'z È> [ Lå.r)cffi] grimace 1.12-â3

L.s-â2 Låt{¡ moreover;besides L.2-^21.14-â1 Ll¡tâ to scold 1.11-â3

l)ìtrl"lt¡t¿'t lffiFf,ÐtÈa] time passes 1.1 1-â 1

1.7-Ë LÊ tfrl ceremony 1.9-Ë

L < Ig < I to 1ay flat (to sit on) L. / -lx

1.6-Ê2L < L < (ffiür) to have a dul1, persistent pain lused inreference to atoothache/stomachachel L.12-fr

new, usuallyL.12-ffi

L¿ < [EEI]lsmallest of the four main islands] 1.1o-ffi

ð ¿Jì/¡ [æì1r] cold [with reference to weather] L.2-ffi D¿< AÀ ì tffiå'Jæl (train) schedule 1.10-â1

Ë bùlå$f å tæfi¿$d'äl to feel a chi11 L.12-^2 Dð L¡ i rä.V¡ [Êa#t/t] self-introduction L.t-frð Èr à tr¡ h$l samurai L.7-+3 Däfit[ffiËfit] jetlag L. t-úi

Ëàùcr furthermore L.l4-ffi2 DLro ì tHËl selÊstudy L.1 3-#äàlc':u'¿ t.15-ffi2 DL¡ ttrål dictionary 1.1 5-ffi 1

ð t, <' tffi <"1 to make a lot of noise 1.7-rÉ èl-l-l9Ðl self L.l4-^3Ëþbà tlX+fl ffamilyname] L.7-ffi, LTå. (re) [ËSr. (rÁ)] quiet 1.10-â2

D/¿1,ì [H#] itseif L. I 5-õn

L. I t-úr D/¿Lr [ffi{t] age; period L.s-ffi

L.14-^2 D/Èv¡ ü ø tffiftørl period drama 1.7-Ë

l.t¿'Je¡tTË41 holdingalowerposition L.14-ffi2

Lbùcl-ØëTtàì,r [t^øffi][a movie name] L.7-ã3

L.14-:û,2 Dz Ë v¡¿c [*Hùc] actuaþ L.14-#1

L. I 5-úr Dz D ¡ i t*'lf5l cunent situation (status) L.14-ffi1

1.8-â3 Dtùc [*ù:] realiy; truly 1.1 5-ffi 1

D?lù [*et] actually; in fact 1.1-â2

1.1 3-ffi Lplfu¡Tä IXWTâlto be unsuccessful; to fail

326

LðLr lilâ] same L.7-È1 1.1 1-#

I

I

I

Ittrtt !Ë Ei * El I

D?.1ì? l*Ðrl actual thins 1.6-â1 t:wiTi D¿.Àtfryffirf,lten plus a few hoursLz*¡À tHF¡ll question L-Z-fr 1.1-ffi

L2 tL\ \ 1T ìrr [* it ?l,rr]Excuse me (, but ...) 1.1-+1

Dwitc( DD¡ i tÈ+SrÊrlhousing conditions L.J- út

Lrl,rÈÉ rlÀ,lhâÊffi#lresewed-seat ticket

LO ì è trllill state capital L.4-^21.10-â1 Dø i Ìe l' (re) tæ$i (r¡)l flexibie L.14-:ffi1

U<Al6 t##tïðl to pointout 1.15-ffii Lwìùcwi tn^l income L.14-^2ùïl"L+tÊffilfl bicycle 1.4-â3 DP ì 'à¡Àt+âl enough 1.1 1 -FË

D¿'i Lå tHÐ*l automatic Dp ì'l¡Àøv\bl+ftØ'l one tenth 1.10-ffi

D¿"i <Ë 13 lÉtÉ9lcl automaticaily 1.4-Ë L¡O i ìtr? tìE*l weekend 1.9-â3Lt¡ [ffi] merchandise 1.9-FÉ Dpi ÀÌ (r¡) l¡ã}e(re)l imporränt L.s-ñLùf,å ( ,àì I for the nrst time in a long time 1.2-ffi DroS¡ i t##l ciass

LÌJð lffiãl to tie (someone) up L.15-ñ,2 D¡oS¡ jU ¡ j t#*Hl tuirion L.5 - Ãtt

DÀÀtËâl oneself 1.1-ñ Dp ( t4l after-school school 1.5-ffi

L* tEl island 1.5-â3 LrO ( /Èl¡ [ßE] homework 1.1-â1LÈL¡ the end 1.1 1-ffi L¡e(li( I ¡i tffiiÉHl hotelcharges 1.6-ffiDûv¡À [$#F] office clerk L.s-â 1 Uwfz x aTâ l*iÉTâl to assert; to insist 1.12-ffiLù3 9 lffie>Ðt)l deadtine 1.3-â2 l-w.tl)¡,iTâ\frâT6l

to parlicipate in (an event); to compete inLe>TlñTl to indicate

1.2-ã2

L.14-#,1 L./--ú.

L+ tægfl perspective L.15-:úi,2 l-w2Ll'lfrhl one's home 1.7-ffi,+,¡7yy Giants lname of abaseball team] L.7-^1 l-w ->b À i tHtEl business trip L. i 0-â2L+å.r,¡z)¡( t+fâ+l sociology L.s-â2 L¡e å tË^tr] capital L.1s-ffi,2

L.çå.Lrååiù.< tifâäËlsocial education

l-wl=Ìtl*El a person in charge 1.8-â11.2-fr, L¡PÀ tlñl housewife 1.8-â2

L¡¡4 tðuñl hobby L.i-â2L+å.r,¡ l)l,l&àLla working, fuli-fledged member of society L.1s-Ê2 Dwl"LWTâ iË+fäl toobserve (theruies) 1.15-ñ2l-+LLl$Hl picture; photograph 1.2-È; 1.4-â1 Dw I'If,l'ùc lilH#lc] taking turns 1.14-â3L+'\å to chatter 1.8-Ê2 LÌ i tæÆl use L.1i-ffiDùÞi tÉÈl freedom 1.14-ffi2 - D ¡ ì t--tl for reasons of 1.1 1-ffiLrÞ i ìr¡Ìc [Hml:] around (someone) L. lJ-õrÌ L ¡ i r\lrr [#11'] introduction

-Lw ìå.À [-t!t|ül] - week(s) 1.1-â3 L ¡ Ì z)¡( Ë Â, tæ+êl scholarship 1.3-+2Løìì¿,À,lBßl custom 1.4-Ë;1.6-ffi L¡ iå¡aèì lrJ.Ë&l elementaryschooi 1.13-ffiLoìåÀitñäl religion 1.3-ffi L¡ ì S¡ i tË#l commerce 1.1o-ffiDrE ì L ¡ tËFfl address; place of residence L.1O-È.2 D¡ ì å ¡ i tfiWl condition; circlrmstânce L.t5-ffi1

Løì l- ¡ ( å.2âì ttretrtljob hunting

D¡ i L[-hEr] one'ssuperior

LwìLx<3-å|ffim9-ålto get a job le.g., aI a frrml

l- X ì l.ì¿rL,Þf./iþl decrease in the number ofchüdren due to lowbirthrate 1.5-ffi

L.l-# D¡ ì LË tË#l commonsense L.15-ffi,2

1.9-ffiL.15-ffi,z

Lø j Ll'lWhl moral education L. tJ-# Ù xj l'+lïl"t*if#l passengerticket L.1O-â1

LÀ{àå t#Hl relative(s) 1.9-ffi

1.8-â 1 LÌ"?c L+ t#Säl :+XL/¿tdn.b Ø^ L.1s-ñ2

L¡ ì D¡ i t#tßl symptom L. I l-ûf; Ll,b xa lhÊl height L.14-È2

D ¡ ì L ¡ i tlFl to dse; to increase L.14-ffi1 Ll'Icw ì Ètr. [m¡+] new student L.f-d5

D¡ ì T(¡¡) [(-¿Ðl*(¡¡)] sood (at-) 1.1-â2 Ll'o)lêØl true 1.1 1-ñ

Lx)Ìcu¡T6t#lffiTål toinvite 1.7-tr;1.9-ffi LlvIJt \l â t,ù.mïãl to worry L.O-8,¡

l|x)lèl'lnf*l joke 1.10-â3 LÀùJùìÈ [,ù,mÈ] tobe wo¡ried L.s-â2

D¡ilf ì t##l information

L¡ìL¡ìI+*1a little; short (time) lformal lor Þl,l

1.8-ffi

L¡ ( ¿ca( [F*lczq ] :mm¡'¿ L.1s-#2

LÀ<À< tÈml appetite

D ¡ ¡llv [üÉ] advice

D¡ LtÐãÐl particle(s)

D ¡ D ¡ 13 [æ¿ Ìc] gradualþ

D¡.ùV¡ [AÌ*] woman

!ay7 shock

L ¡ ã V¡ [êäi] document

fvrÈÀD ¡ i tffiËfi1letter of recommendation

L.12-^2 fVt,lìÀ quite a 1ot

1.1 1-ffi T j D'>t. ålc [trHtrlc] several days ago

1.13-â3 7-Y suit

1.1 5-# 1 Ti l!/-lff.^l severalpeople

1.1-â3 Tà-lx1 end

L.4-ffi -l Ê t-if å I fond of -1.14-â3 -T8 6 to do something too much; too -

?- < tffi < I to llke [urJ

T ( /et¿¡ [,]/¡v.l few; 1ow in number1.3-#

lðL¡ creat!

T¿< (to rain) hard; terríbly; tremendously L.2-^21.11-Ê2

1.6-â2

1.3-Ë

LÀùå?ùfùì ttr*Ëlnew producl on the market L.1s-â3D¡iÈ( t**Tl treaty

L À i à ù¡ [F¡f] in the tuture L.s-ffi LÀ.,lrttrñl bride

L x i 9 < lã [(-ù:) -hE"ETð]to land (on -)

V/.àìl-á D ttrHÉ¿:fl newspaper articie L.4-ãñ

1.8-ffi V l-lï lìÉBJ improvement; progress 1.13-ffi

L¡ ( DtÈ+Fl meal L¿-úT L /, âUt lffiffil retative(s)

L¡ ( Dä/êllâ¡fÈHfl to offerameal L.2-ffi, L/-6a l#Bß1 sroom

L¡ ( å"Ì tÈËl diningroom

1.8-â2

1.9-ffi

1.3-â2

L¡ävr.ìlÀ¿i täffiìæ#lscreening by application forms; selection byexamining one's papers

LbÈâleY'&)fròÈâlto inform (someone of something) 9-ðltþCTl to spend (time)

Là.Èå [ffi^'ð] to check; to look up L.i0-â2 x:r y l. rvFl:l-17:v l.7vFÀl scot

,)v Jill 1.1 1-ffi TD plotofafilml'ôi ¿l#Ll Tayman L.12-#

TLÈTCä6ITLëEâ]to make sushi by handl.ô < Vt, ùÞ i lEt^*Ftrl ail the time 1.12-=,^,

,úrú716 lTavu967 to st¿re 1.1 1-E T9-b tìËtrl to advance

Ll"ù,ìuÈ/,t#S+ffi1 butiet train 1.10-â1

DÀ¿ i t^tll population

DÀSt t [Àfå] person of talent L.15-#,2-f-t - each

l-l'ë"llþ#l examination of a patient L.12-ffi f "> t. far -etby fatDÀDç tfr+fl Shinto shrine 1.1 0-ffi Tfùc [trf:] alreadv

L.4-+2TTùâIWùâ]to urge (someone) to do (something) 1.13-#

328

Ll,Èvrll,ltræñl newproduct L.1s-â3 Tt6 to throw (something) away; to discard

L-4-õn

,,,,,+=*Erl

l

I

l

Il

Ir

j-lf à Lt,. wonderful; terrific L.4-â2

l.l( ¿l L.iO-ffi

1.4-Ê1

.Ètr¡ because lused whennegativelyJ

.ÈU¡å. ( [1frÊ] character, personaliry L.3--õñ

qÌU¡å¡1t [!ËÉ] life L-4-õn

.ttÀå*¡ ì L¡eÀte+Ìffi1herself to housework exclusively

wife who devotes

1.14-ñ2

TÈ¡tËÈri :wr'â 1.4-Ë "èlvùT2lftnl lastmonth 1.1-â3(-lc¡¡6 to decide (on -); to haveltake (-) 1.4-â3 rlÀ¿ ì D l#YÊ+l [name of a templel 1.13-â1

lþ6 l(-lc) Æ61 to sit (in,/on -) 1.1-â3 È/.¿iTâleë)ëürâlto major (in -)rà tËl one's height

.üÂ,¿ < t+Ell the entire nation

1.1-â2

.f ¡rfr2f ¡r D ro À ttåtÉ¡lr#lstandard of living

Èùrå ùoì L¡ tãÈ:FÊl bill;invoice 1.6-â2

'tlt,¡ð ì [Æt]l success

qùì,¡ D [4]å] politics

Èì,r LË lc [iEfrùc] formally

ÈV¡ LÀ( å ùC [#5TfrÉ9fc] psychologically L.15-ffi2.Èlz¡'ülr¡ at most 1.13-ffi

'Èf,¡'ÈË [E#î] grade; academic record L,5-ür

'tfL¡/¿ ( (rr) [HlX (¡¡)]extr av agant; luxurious

qtV¡ å [!åft] student; pupil

Èv¡ è ì (ra) tiËg (r¡)lproper; reasonable; just

.lÌù¡ùtÀ/¿r¿¡ t¡EEfül comptete opposite

'ÙJ5 i to carry (something) on one's bacl<

.tàâ.v¡ lttjt] world

È* iffil seat

.rÌËù:z< iffir3Ë<lto seat oneself (at a t¿ble)

fl/¿ì,¡ [ü{t] generation

.tl-2 ¿. ( with much trouble

"Èa Ë ¡ < (Ë ¿c [Ël&É9lc] actively

ClzÐU¡ [il98] explanation

Èô by all means

{¿ ì a group ofstudents that meets regularþ with adesignated professor to study specific topics

Èe)<ù¡Ë ¿lÈÐ<-Ël atleast once

1.12-Ë Èl"Dwa 7,À,1ft,t+æ1people native to the land

1.12-ffi ËlrÈlr-f*Ur fffg-la¡rl not at all L.4-+2

1.3-ffi ÈÀl¿( tiftml laundry 1.1 1-ffi

L. I 5-õ,B Èl'b x i tËtæl captain of a ship L.B-ffi

È/-<ë421ft+èfi21to make a move before the other person does it(in anticipation of his/her move) 1.1 1 -ffi

È /"A l"l â lÈEf âl to advertise L.b-Eî

1.9-ffi þ2 l- 7lV. r) - I CenttalLeagae L./---øn

1.5-ffi 'È¿'ltì'ì [rEË]one's senior (injob, school, etc.) L.14-^2

L.15-#.,2 'ÈÀlåÀtffi+l fißthalf L- l --oti

L.15-#,2 ìÌÀ,,1ì tâtr] all L,5-õn

L.14-fr,2 Èl'9 +( (Ë¿C[ffiffiÊ9lc] stratesically 1.15-ffi1

1.10-# Zì lÉl demographic L.14-:úx1

1.7-â i ¿) Vr IÌHìSJ difference 1.1 1-ñZì fJiùc l?tùtfl¡ü]:l initsownway 1.15-ffi1

L.O- ã 5 êilt,lBlnl increase L.14-#1

1.14-ffi,1 Z i ìt, ë u t.> î lZ ì /¿, ëâ -> îlbut; and yet

L.s-â2

1.1 1-ffi ?i ¿i L ¡ ( i#âffi1 regular position 1.14-â3

L-Z-ffi ?iT¿À.Tâ Iffi#Tå]to consult (someone) about (something)

L.1-Å2êì ¿i aÀ tffiäñl :Mr+rr 1.9.FÉ

1.7-Ë ZÈlr'1Ðft1 ancestor(s) 1.8-ffi

1.9-â3 ?l¿2L(-?)È21 togrowup (in-) t¿i.l 1.1-â3

something affects one1.12-â1

L.7-ffi,

Èl-LT â lWfrT âl to die inbattle L./--ñqèl'l)2lft,Hl the other day L.2-ffi

.tlÀL¡o tË*lplayer seiected fot a team lusually athletic]

1.1o-ffi

L.s-â2

L.s-â2

L.7-ffi

ÈÂ,V¡À[ñÈF] crewmember 1.8-ffi Zt¿<â [Ë<6] toraise [u.t.] L.l4-ffi2

Z2€ xaT6let)+#TâTto graduate (from -)Z¿1911 outside

ZØi b before long; one of these days L. I-EÌ

L.12-#

?o)¿lzØælsince I saw you last; since that time

Zo) ¿ ô lZØEl in those days

Zo)TcL?ØMl and others

?o¡È,ù>ut lZØEÈl in that case

?Øtrtlt' besides; in addition

?üËç i?l{El noodle shop

t7 T- sofa

?ttl¡È> and then; after that

?tLÙ? morcover; besides

Z|Lù3V<6 even so

? lrtlst¿V t L< Lz tLI.î{ l-<lin response to that

?l'IIutT6 tëüTål to respect L.14-ñ2

/ct,¡ Llcð è t*tr¡ [tL/¡ð è/*ù¡]not too good; not great1.1-â3 L.7-^2

L.2-^.2 (-l:) /¿t,r ¿'¿' ,o*u.u L.14-:n2

/Èu¡Dl3Tð [7tSÌcTå]to take a good care of - 1.15-â3?Øìbo) amongthem

?Ølt't¡\lcl?Øß,bt)t.l inplace of that L.2-ñ /cìr¡ Lrp i tt*l the general public L. I )-ãrd I

lct,¡ Dtp i t#Él ftody) weight L.4-ffiL.4--õîi /cì,¡ L ¡ i tfü*l target; object of L.B-â1

L. I 5-õ,l Èì,¡Då)Àì allright 1.3-â 1

L. / -Eñ l¿\tT6 l(-Ìc)lüTãl toward - L.B-ffi

L.5 - õr1 /cL¡lÈ? (¡¡) lÌfl (r¡)] import¿nt 1.5-61

1.3-ffi Èù¡lc¡¡1.6-â1 approximately; in most cases; in general L.3-F,ñ,

1.12-â1 /¿u¡è[trÆ] anitude L.J-ñ

1.1-ffi /ÈU ¡ è L ttämñl very big city; metropolis 1.1 0-#

L.2-È2 È u ¡ 13 D.Èå.ì, r l¡ ¡ rÈ'1" fffi -: *ürFttr]WWII 1.1 0-#

Zl-ëTâ\ffiëTâlto be to one's disadvantage

1.13-ffi

/cU¡lùÀ[i#] mostof 1.1 3-ffi

L.¿'ùi lÈU¡,1ì fairly well; to a large extent; pretty much 1.4-ffi

/iu¡,ììP [;t{À] big statue of Buddha 1.10-ffi

¡¿¡r.r.U r À a È 1"" i iz\+lËtr{þlPaciîc WarL.14-#2 t./--ñ

@,=*"'

/¿t,¡J5ÀùlU¡ t#ffiãfl tlermometer

/cL¡rÀ/ê [t4È] oh, no! L-L'^¿

/¿Vr9 ( [lÞE] continent

L.15-ffi2 l¿L ¡ I z [lüü] opposition; confrontation 1.1 5-â 2

L. )-dD t¿U\blllâÉl rbiwan 1.13-ffi

1.12-E t¿ZTlffiàtl constantly 1.10-ffi

l.l-:úr Ì¿à-âleÒßì-6.1 to endure (-) L.|4-ffi2

t.1-^2 /¿å.Ê" tË*l lfamiþnameJ 1.15-â2

/¿å.liL[Ëffi] [familyname] 1.6-â1

L.1-^2 t¿Ìt *.6 tÉË61 toincrease [u.i.] L.7-ffi

1.1 3-T ÈÊ ¡ ì 16l*ffiTâl to compromise 1.15-â2

I¿ùìL fmale given namel t.1-+2L.14-ffi,1 l¡ Lå. if t remember correctþ L.4-^2

L-Z-f, t¿Llt l?. [ffiø.1:1 certainly L.f-ilù

tcLxi l*Þl alittle 1.1 3-ffiL'1o-ffi ftTñ'ã.lwÌ¿'âl

tobe saved; (something) helps [u.i.] L.4-#,

t,l Thailand

-/¿ì,¡L¡Ë l-ffi-) - flrst

/Cì/¡rÞrì¿¡ [tâ] (big) tournament

/ÈV¡å¡( U¡Â, [/t+Ë] graduate school

/Èr. ¡ås ( V r Â,.tàì, ¡ ti+H¿f lgraduate student

lcytùI l"l#ffi1 personal experience

/cr.r L [(-]c)ff Llin conÍast; as opposed to

/Èt,. D (/e) [f,S (¡¡)] important

/Èv¡L€À[tÉf*lMother Nature [Zif., mighty nature]

330

/¿ù¡ Llc [tL/¿] significant; great L. I 5-ó't

t¿TùIt> j lÐù¡6i1 to help each other 1.9-ffi

t¿TùT 6 lWrùJ âl to help [ur.]

tcTtaâ tÊüte6l to visit

tcTkâ [ãteã] to inquire

/clê just; only

/c/¿å.Ì [tri ] to flght; to compete

t¿t¿l¡,i to frght L.14-ffi,2

/¿/c Ë ë, üt [ (-lc'..ä) W å ìÄÈl]to hammer... into -'s head

t¿lÈLt.tsl [ma1e given name]

/c/ê Lrr¡ [¡E Lv.] correct

Icl¿7¡.l$l matfot a Japanese-style room 1.4-tr

-/cË t-i*l plural form

fcbttz instantþ

tc'21 (time) passes

t¿'t' lÈ'zl to stand; to be built [¿i.] 1.10-ñ

tèoÈl'T6 tffi#f,9-ãlto derail; to digress; to ramble

Èa( [Æ/ëc<] I, aiso

lc->î,V> 6 lÉc(r,rål tobe standing 1.2-Ë

tè'tb l1ã-LMWTâI to drop out L. I J-õÎ

tcîÈ>o)lÊWl building

/cå åùf [fr]àlf] for example

/c/eà. lEtr] lfamily nameJ

t¿0)lÌüøl other

lcØLf¡I! L(t,¡ * T [ (-ä) * LïrÌ. L<r,ì t T]to be looking fo¡ward (to -) L.7-^2

t¿o)Lt: t+Ltjl to enjoy 1.9-ffi

/cØÛ¡ [#lb] to request 1.3-T

-/cô'ÙC whenever -; everytime - L.S-Ë; 1]4-ffi2

Ì¿àil"l*ft1 probably L.Z-ãJt

/¿Ë ðtúFl ess

/¿ìn ù: occasionaliy L.15-:û2

I¿1,â to accumulate [¿i.]

È¡à (¡¡) not good; must not do

l¿dtÙ= inorderto

ï¿d> È> ) to be hesitant L.12-#,

-tcb when --t¿òtT tul1or-

/êäV¡ to feel tired; to feel languid L.12-*21.9-ffi /cÀ,1¡ [lF{ü] credit (for a course)

1.1 1-ffi lê¿4,'Ètr¡ [4T*] man; mate 1.1-ffi

1.9-ffi ÈÌ"f¿/-¿ gradualþ 1.1 1-ffi

L.7-ffi, tc Ì'IC. - 1 lt /eì/ r l$lc -<¡ tù tr ù r lnot merely; not simply

t¿l-lgi lF,æl heating 1.15-#2L.1 s-ffi 1 ËV¡Ë [tüÐ] region L./--ñ

L. I 5-ú¿ 1-^ team 1.7-^1

Ë àrìr¡ tßtr¡ [ (-lc) ìgÌrtsv¡] it must be (-) L. I 3_â2

Ëåìi tËi I to differ; to be different 1.1-ffi

L.1s-ffi1 Ëå.( IijE( ] nearby; inthe neighborhood 1.1-ffi

L./---on Ëå.C( [(-Ìc)ìEc< ] to approach (-) tur.l 1.8-ffi

1.4-*út tcì¡'È> l1¡l strength L.14-ffi2

Ë D tm¡fl governor L.4-*2

Ë LË tfrffil knowiedge L.l-^2t.12-ffi, bDÌ-tNLl acquaintance 1.1-ffi

1.7-â3 At-tüEl map t.12-*1

b'zl)x1ffitr} order 1.1 0-ffi

lvT ¡p 1.6-ffi

1.5-Ê 1 -t>+ j lcont¡actionof f L* i] L.2-ã^2

L.z-ffi, Ë + ( I-Ël [counter for suits] 1.9-â2

L.14-â.2 t>+/,þ.L<U\âL.1 3-ffi to be proper; to be solid; to be in good shape 1.5-â2

1.1 s-# 1

-bwi l--+1in the middle of doing something L.s-â3

bwiu\Tâ [ÈËTå] to caution; to remind; towarn; to advise 1.4-*; 1.7-Ë; 1.11-;ñ

bw i lsi ¿¡t ¡ëa ('Ë []F4ülfLtrlcentral ticket gate L.t-^2

1.6-â1 bw j *; j ¿i dl" ttr*â#llname of a journalJ

L.15-^2 Ë re i ås( ttrSl junior high school L.1-^21.11-+3 bw jì¡,0 À i I ttr#H4l chinese food 1.13-ffi

L-l-# tcwj¿i.ttur[trË!È]junior and senior high school students

1.1-ffi Ë ro ì ð( ðttrEl#l Chinese language 1.13-ffi

L.15-#,2 bwil'x < tEßl lunch 1.6-â2

L.1s-ffi1

1.8-â1

t¿9 â IEU âl to be sufficient L.4-ñ bw j l-l"l+'ùl center 1.1o-ffi

t>ø j t¿l'14+l middle-aged

t> w Ò +¡ /'T â lÈff âl to order (something) L.6-T

bx)Dl'à:9 tffi^-lìDlbeing iike a superrnan

1.1-ffi îôi t(-l:)Hâil toruninto (someone) 1.2-â3

<\\blvTâ tæ*9-ålto suggest; to propose (a plan)tcWjU t,< t+ffi] themiddlepartomitted 1.11-ffi

ä¡ ì ð tffiäl suwey; investigation L.5-úÌ (lrr i år or rather L.1s-â2

Ë¡i Ltffi+l condition; state L.s-^2 <v\ù\T6 tüT9-ål to decline [¿i.j L.l4-#1

tt x ) Dl'<ä lC [ü^trlc] superhumanly L:4-#2 <V¡L¡ < tËêl fixed-pricelunch/dinner 1.13-ffi

<ùriaì.¡ (ra) polite

1.1 s-ffi 1

L- I -dr:

L.l4-ffi2 T,l V , 7 DINIß ldouble income no kids] L.14-ffi2

Ë ¡ ì ÈV¡ [colloquial form of ( Èð Ir; mostused by chüdren or womenl <å*ji9-å [(-t:)üËfå]

to adapt (to -)

often1.11-â1

<åsA [+ffi] letier 1.11-â2

Ë¡ ì/cV¡ð < tËtþ¡l superpower 1.1 5-# 1

ËÀì å" exactly 1.9-ffi < Ë ¿ i (¡¡) [ü5 (¡e) ] âppropriate; suitable L.1-ffi

6 ¡ ì ¡f tffi4l cooking L.15-ñ2 îCË tHEl exit

laaV'h chocolate 1.9-ffi <¿6 affordable

ä ¡ L+ [tr#] author L.1 s-ñ 1 7ìf l f - fashiondesigner

b t2 L [a kind of sushi; a box of sushi rice covered with (DrOÂ,[?ffi] procedure L.12-ffi

small slices of fishl 1.6-â2 <-)< t) l+fÊ91 handmade 1.8-B

?i+< tìüãXl interpreter 1.8-ffi <?¿.i tg^ìËl railway L.1 0-ffi

?årì/¡&ì [Ær.¡i] :&r,'ä L.1s-ffi1

clt lt,â l#tLâl to become tired 1.10-â3 1.8-â2

cåôr¿¡ [f.f åê'v.]socialization; friendship; association

(?ç [ffiæ] staying up all night

1.5-ffi îtettt¿[*H{trl¿] familiar;welþracticed L.12-ffi

e8&ri tfüåâilto keep (someone) company

<ùCu\ÌLâ l+E^lLâl to obtain

L.14-ã1 (.,5ì9 t+üF9l (hand) gesture

2€o)¿l-l/.Ø+l the following year L.s-ffi <Ë à t(-ø)+ffi1 this side (of -) 1.13-â2

?< [(-13)Ë< ] to arrive (at-) 1.1-ffi (9Såvy, )t-rÌ- teriyakiMcBurger 1.6-â3

?< àttll desk L.i0-â1 ar5 ( ùrltì t¿ttâ1frâtfr,ttllÌ¿ttâlStand out from the crowd and youjust invite trouble for?ðj fr¡t¡r [äüâårù¡ì/r] be convenient 1.1 s-â 1

1.15-â2-tõùTâlffiITâl to continue 1.14-â3yourself.

t?ü lf,Èr] to wrap 1.9-FÆ<À, tÆ] mark; score; grade; point L.s-ffi

2¿Òâleì.)wÈ>âlto work (for -); to be employed (at -)

< /.'U> ÌtlÊHl clerk; shop-employee 1.6-â 1

1.1-â3 îÀ,å ñ¡V¡ t€fiHl electronic store district L.7-â2

Yft, f tnasaTaà 1,15-FÆîÀ Ë å <' tEfi#Rl electrical appliance L. 1 3- H

?leù3 [Hù:] always hvritten expressionl 1.1 1 -ñ îÀå¿iår< [Eñr+]electrical engineering?* t*l wife 1.14-â1

2t,l) namely; in other words; in short L. ¿- atl(Â,Ë t,¡ [1T] genius L.Õ- Eî

v2 À ì/r [ffiì/¡] strong L-l-õn 1/-Lâ Ë tE+æå*leleclronic instnrment; gadgets

-Cþtrr :-t: ( t' L.1s-ffi,21.1 5-ffi 1

L.|4-ñ2

L.7-*2

1.9-FÉ

L.1s-ffi1

î">ë0 ¿È+Lr [+,ÐtD+vr]quick and simple

1.7-â3

L.7-+2

1.1 1-#

1.1-â2

332

2tL<\\( [iÉfu<v.< ] tot¿kesomeoneto 1.1-ffi îÀL+ t€¡Fl rrain L.4- õn

II

I

II

Ir""+æ*El l

îÀ.1à? [Eil] legend L. õ- Èrr

îl-¿a <Ê (ra) tEffiffi(/¡)l traditional L.7-ffi

î1"¿.i ( Ë ù: lËffiÉ9¿:l traditionaliy 1.9-ffi

Cl-bll,l,'¿i tfËtræåltelephone number

¿ùt¿ù[Ëllì¿¿r]to melt into; become a part of

- ¿ ùtlf lcontraction of -.rà-¿ltf] 1.7-â3

¿ ¿Ø* [rFØfñ] alcove 1.7-È

L.i 3-ñ

1.10-Ê1

L.1s-â2

1.1-â3

1.1-ffi

L.14-#2

1.1 i-EÊ

¿i'tàì'¡ [FlË]living together in a de facto relationship

1.1-â3 ¿ ¿+ trFÆl barber shop

l. 1V bathroom; toilei 1.10-â2 ¿¿ô1ilr| ptace 1.1-â3È"i å ¡O i.Èì,. [E#ä] classmate 1.2-â3 -¿¿bQÐ tobe-ins L. i -Ê3èi å ¡ ìËç( t¡fixËl arrivingrbkyo 1.10-â1 (-/¿) å ë, ä/ê have just done something 1.4-Ê3¿ i D tgffil in those days 1.13-ffi ¿¿ôî bytheway L.l-*2å i D/Èt,¡ tþffiftl rhns dynasfy L. tJ-il ¿ L tffil ase 1.1 3-ffi¿'i L? tlãfËl same room L.2-^2 ¿Li à-l+f] older L. I -õr¿i L< ö no matter how hard (one) rries L. i 1-â 1 -å L( as- t.7-^2åì D¡ ïTâIET.)HETâ]to appear (on TV, etc.) [ui.]

- ¿ L< ùt for; considering

1.1 5-ffi 1 è L ¡ å¡À [EtËÊË] library 1.1 3-ñ

L.l4-:n2ëttØë ?"à¡\-tl*Wø*Wl local product 1.9-ffi

¿i ¿a ûnaily; atlaståzËpiITl,,lWR#lspecial express fare ticket

¿"i ¿ < å.À tìËffiffi] view of moratiry 1.1 3-# ë.2ÈÌvl*Fål suddenly L.12-â3å"Ì ùC O i tË^l infroduction L. I ¿--srÌ å.2Ëz).èt,¡ì è [è"2Ëå.èËì è]

ifl have to choose one over the otherë j ì'¡'tlffiVtl animaT

¿'i {,somehow; no matter how hard one may try

¿<{, very (much)

L. l-õ7i å ( *¡ -/ætr¡ can't possibly - L.i-ffi¿"i À i t(-¿)mël justtike - 1.1 s-ffi 1 ¿ ë*t'T 6 lE'ùÌ âl to deliver [¿r.] L.e-ffià"Ì I ¡i tlÉûfttl colleague;co-worker 1.6-â1 è fe I [ts[] next door; next to L. i -â2è ieUr [Ëv.] far 1.4-â3 Ìrt/¡, F' +- Y Donald Keene L.1 3-ffiÌ. -r-l 7 Ì. tournament L. / ---oit èõl¡z( lftcla1] tojumpat L.1s-â3¿ *"' I l-lÊ I I jort

"r - L. I )-ãn I å * ã [ÌÉ* ð] to stay (over night) lui.l 1.1-Ê3¿ < t#ä-1üB>âlto have - stay (over night) [u i.J¿ < S tffi#l special t¿lent; skill

å ( L ¡g i tffiÆl special issue L.1s-ffi1 ¿ {r/¿Ë lÂël friend 1.1-â2è ( Ë¡ i tffiætl characteristics 1.10-ffi å {¡ èÛ together with; in company with 1.13-ñ¿ < ùC [f+fc] particularþ L.5-õ,I (-¿) ¿ Ûù3 togetherwith - L.14-ffi2å (.sç [f+FJ] special 1.4-Ë àðüf/¿àÉ [Jtlf/¡àå]

husband and wife both working¿ < It,/-!ffi7rl rcader; reading book 1.13-#

ë 1 0't Ll¿[T4üL/¿] independent 1.11-â2 å&¡ä.( t¡ìto say this and that; to meddie in (other's atrâtus) 1.14-ffi 2

1.13-ffi

1.9-â1

1.8-â3

è'( I ç.rlr,' Ll" tätsü#5#lspirit ofindependence 1.1 1-ffi Ì¡7:f 7X Dragons lname of abaseballteam] 1.7-â1è ùltr¡ lFãfl clock; watch L.2-^2 ¿ I t,Rl chicken tltf.,birdl 1.6-â1

¿ u) u\tLâ IWV ^tLâl

to adopt [u.t.J 1.1 5-# 1

¿ tq Vä â to manage all by oneself L.14-:n2

è'9¡(tgrnl effort

telxùTre ( ü-¡ûfi¡e( lwithout much thought

L]4-ffi,2 rÁA tülL. l-ãJ

(sushi serving of) medium quality/price

r¡ 7¡.1èâ te ù*l' tiE å ùã9.lto weep; to shed tears

f*Èð [{Èb] to agonlze

1.1 5-ffi 1

¿:a-lEn6l totake

¿ l.j, )l pork cutlet 1.6-â1

¿Ìtël- quickly and steadily; atarapidpace 1.11-â i

L.6-^2

L. I t-úr

EÌ"à\!) ÛØ [+üØ]lname of dish; bowl of rice topped withpork cutlet or fried shrimp, etc.J

rtà [fr.Ë] lplace nameJ 1.10-ffi

te È> u t t¿î, ol lË ù. lc f ølthing which one hasjust learned

/eà,ìi [lE'l¡] to stand in line [u.i.] L-l-^5

(-¿) f*È> I'f síde by side (with -) L.14-ffi,2L.4-út

fe I lc lfrm] Narita (Internationat Airport) 1.1-#1.13-â3

-fa\ì:. in-'sownway 1.14-âi

b6lÊâl to ring [u.i.] L.2-^2L.12-^2 /eär\( ifpossible; as - as possibie L.5-E ¡

L.4--ñ. /a ã lÍ è' I see. 1.6-â1L.12-#, tefu6l?lc)Htuâl tobe accustomed (to -) L.4-ñL-ð-lr

-tgfufi>:t¡¿ L. / -ÃJ

leÀà.¡¡Ë tffiHËl difficultytounderstand 1.13-ffi1.15-ffi1

t* lutèÌt, l$tèl¡,] somehow 1.1 1 -â2L.2-È2 l¡À( thingslike 1.4-â3

1.1 3-â 1

fe luî,U ¡ o î, 4> [f¡û<É o < {¡ ]whatever else might be said; after ali

1.10-â2fe h ëU t o T 4> [{-qt è É a r ù ]undeniably; no doubt; by any accountothers may sayJ

L.15-ffi,2

L. I -út

1.14-â3

things like fried1.6-â1

@r=**'L- I t-#

- /a t, r tT Èr [- rd ù. tlË b]to get by without -ing; to come offwithout -fa*á9- tËTl to cor¡ect [ut ]

/e*åâLtââlto get better; to recover from illness [¿i.]

faÈìì/¡ [jêù¡] long

r¡ålL¡ [ã(tf] [famiþ nameJ

fiålë å t€ffi1 lname of a ciw]

/s/¡t/¿d¿9Tâ U+ÊÞTâlto make it up with; to reconcile

t¿y'¿tfg/¿t- fg¡r¡ not easily

/*à¡Ø [FÐ] [name of a prefectureJ

bÌ¡f¡.1*Ðl content 1.13-ffi 1.13-â3

/aã¡Ð [HtÐ] view

/aÈ¡tDlc [Ë¿lc] somewhationg [it., no matter whatL.7-È2

-teù¡È> but; although

lafisfuc < [(-lc)ffiþË< ] to drift ashore

1.1 J.ËR

1.8-ffi leltë,t¡t somehow L.12-#,

1.9-â3 leÌ"ë-(4¡ tl-ùÆ-<ülno matter how many times -

L.7-^3 /el'EL.ta< tl¡¡g¿a < I manytimes 1.1 1-ffi

L. I - -otù teìub.te( [fif è¡* ( ] somehow L.12-^2

1.10-â1 t¡ÀÌf!¡{¡ t.ltffiðl manytimes more - 1.13-ffi

L.15-ffi2 f¿Ì'IfTâ t#&f äl tobe shipwrecked 1.8-ffi

L.1s-ffi2 fefuI!1.13 [ffiJtùc] from north to south 1.10-ffi

L.4-#"

-/e Ë + lcontraction of -¡¡ Ùl þll"]

-ta! ç/aþlaùrhave to - lcontraction of -â llþlÌA å ä ù']

bÛâl#tiâl topitch

t*ðSlùz IåËE#l leavingNagoya

(-l:¡ fa Db to get used to

/ttf¡à. ør some reason

fe'tlâl summer l.ùra l0lãtlto suit; (something) becomes (a person) L. I t-Erte->ë.1Tâlffi#Tâl

to understand; to be convinced ùcår< (rs) [ (-¡ÞÐ Ë? (¡e) ]not good/skilled lat -J

334

L.i 1-ffi

1.13-â3

,,,,,H**Erl

-ùC ( l¡ hard to -; difficuit to -::t:lTä to smile

lC L À < ?Ë [:êff å] with two meals 1.10-â2

1.1-ffi tabã IÉEål to sleep L. I -ú¿

1.1 1-FÉ t¿â lBâl to sleep; to go to bed L.2-+2

-laÀÈv¡ t-+ftl the -s L.l -ãn

ÙCËD¡ iZJ'V'*IIHËâãfr]everyday conversation

ù3Ë.\ùr IH?ß] Japan and the U.S. L.2-:út

ùcz Ê [Hlü] diary

ùC(ì/¡å [(-lc){X<v.a] to resemble (-) 1.4-â1_lc.ëoî fel _; fe _

Ùclt Ì-e)Ia [-æ H ¿c (Jtå v.) ]second (largest)

ùclt,Ì"ù'TâlqãlbTâlto Japanize; to become Japanese

I=El-â Àå¡v¡ [HäiEiE]Japanese waters; offthe coast ofJapan

ù31ÍÂ,ð¿ < ¿tÀ,tBä##älJapanese reader

t¿Ì't¿l'l+.+ I every year L.s-ffi1.1 s-ffi 1 -t¿Ì-t Èà.å [-SËå.à]

since - years ago 1.1-â1

lC ¡P i ë < t^Ell to enter a country

L- l--fl t¿l'*,21+*1 end of the year L.e-ffi

o>) € xi të#l agriculture 1.1 0-ñL.7-Ê2 ) -)l v I. uncut L. / -EJ

) - \rt ú, ,¡ I North Carolina L. I 5-ãtù

L.4-^2 0)¿6\ffiâl to remain [¿i.] 1.1o-ffi

o).?tJ t$Èßl to desire; to wish t.14-^21.6-â3 ØËfÍ ¿' later [formal expression] L.12-*3

Øå' throat 1.12-â2;1.12-E1.8-ffi 0)¿J9-ltFrfi]

to cultivate; to develop (one's ski11, etc.) lu.t.l 1.1 5-ffi 1

1.1 3-ffi Ø.1ä [ìü.1ã] to state 1.1 3-T

ØZ^af¡ ltraìÀðl to swaliow L.12-*21.15-ffi1 ØÈr0 < Èr9 @)

noncommittally; evasively; in a roundabout way L.12-ffi

to ride (inlon -); to take (a taxi, a bus, etc.) L.4-:út

1.5-ffi 0)Ìv(ì9 Lte carefree; slow-moving L. l5-õr¡

L.ö-ffi

ù3ùÉ¡,'ìlLì lH4rylJapanese rnade; made in Japan

lCö?|ffiøl luggage; baggage 1.6-ffi

ùC rp ì à¡( [.tS] admission to schooi 1.3-ffi Ø6l -rÒ*âlùcroìå¡( Lùt¿,t^+fiHlenffance examination

@tt*-'lc ro ì qtËTå lL#Tâl to have one's nameentered into the family register L.14-#,2 ¿ù tffil tooth 1.12-â3t¿3.þì v) À < t^Jfl input L.14-+3 tf*þ.7 l- percent 1.5-ãñ

ìc 1"3 ùrbâ l^fi,'råãl popular L.7-ffi llv¡ S Ì i tÆ*l to close one'sbusiness L]4-#]I!.1-Û l" L^lÃl person; human being L.l1-^2 lfl¡/¿t,¡ [Hff] medium 1.1 5-ffi 1

rc. Ll'ZT â lAffiT âl to recognize 1.1 5-ffi 1 /ì¿ h :7.¡vìy' | 1.8-â3

ù!.Ì"blâ l#NTâl to acknowledge 1.1 5-ffi 1 Itt,¡lÞÌ [ãFÆ] actorlacûess 1.7-E; L.i3-â2IC Ì"t, E læHÉl level of name recognition L. 1 5- ffi i (-f¿) lf¡ä.9 have just done - 1.1-â1

ÈLtÌl owner L, I J-ú¿

iaÈ Hey! [a way of getting someone's attention] 1.5-â3ùÈÉùtå¡f6 tüåfi?tsfãlto feel like vomiting

*ac t*l fever 1.3-â4 ùt< te<l tothrowup

taoLl"Ùc[*,ul:1 intently; eagerly L.4-ñ. lÌ( L¡ tÉål whitepaper

-*aÌIteÈ>fe\¡ have to L.14-:û,2 lå < D¿, tÉ^l Caucasian

teÌïi T â lF.þÈT âl to oversleep 1.1 1 -â3 ¿f < À t#ffi] the Shogunate

L.1 2-E

L]2-È1L.14-#,1

1.8-ffi

L. Õ- E'T

ìJtt?i (¡¡) [ffi?Ì (¡e)] iooking sleepy L.2-â,2 ÌÈùÌtl Im*Tl to encourase L. I 5-En

335

ùt ¿ ta tffiæl [place name] 1.10-â2 tìt)ùy F Hollwood

ll¿'lì[ì9..!ì] tocarry 1.6-ffi ùù 0 åra m9ffil,fy7 1 y I . r) -/- Pacifr,cLeagae L./---on paper posted (on a board, a wali, etc.)

¿å DÐ t(-ä)rÊÐlstarting with -; including -

ùåð t#l spring

L, '

-ùü 2{!- power

lÈ DÐ< lþlÐ<l forthe firsttime 1.1 -T tl/a2 Bangkok

-I*.1)ù â l-MÐâ) to begin v-ing 1.7-ñ ùf,ÀðtùÂ,trfr¿tr1Ê.1. t lthnÍ) place 1.5-â 1

drner llít., evening meall

ltLâlfr,âl to run L.1 0-ãñ ùÈÀSL¡ [àE#] crime

2lZ bath 1.10-â2 tfÀËÅ,å,irfiÈ{El)\7 pass 1.10-ffi :+&þÉ{r@ffi7)sÉ( äå ¿ tlåfÈ. Ltr¡ [Íùfà.Lv.] embarrassing 1.13-ffi ùtÀl¿¡¡ [trf,{] opposite

Ìùlt- to remove; to get rid of L.14-ffi2 Itl-t¿LT â lfltrTãl to judge

/r7Tâ to pass (an exam) L. l-út tt/-t¿tua < t¿ltflJträTllto make ajudgment,¡ìX<U¡ [r\XF] bus stop 1.1 1-É

Ill*Lâ l?ù,e>) F*tt'âl to be out of L.1s-ffi,2

1.13-â2

1.5-Ê 1

t.4-Ê2

1.1 5-# 1

L.1s-#,2

1.11-â1

1.10-ffi

L.1A-ffi,1

L. i 3-â3

1.15-ffi1

L. tJ-û¿¿

tÌ/¿SÈJ.uì [Ðt*r.] chil1y L.1s-#,2

Itt¿òIÌt ITâ løå¿.ùlålto approach (someone)

ùå/cà( t@(l towork

IttcÌ'T 6 tü#Tål to break up

ùtË D ¡ ì t¡fål eight-mat room 112'x12'l

It2tål-lftÊJ pronunciation

It-> ä l) T â to become clear

t\v þ- batter

lf¡>t¿V (to meet) by chance

lÈ'r(Àt#El development 1.15-ffi2

2ty l!-aY F happy end(ing)

ùåcö¡ aT6l*æTâ1 to announce

Ilt"cl¡t¡¡ 6 l#Ll),ùÌ âl to talk to 1.1-â3

BrsL¿¿rl#L¿blto become absorbed in talking

Ìtlt¿l.ãl,r [tFËu.] wide

ùttrì/r [#ùr] fast; quick

It + â lffi1î âl to be popular [u.i. ]

ÈÈr a l*Li I to pay

llà (¿r)^å ¡61¿r¡^.ãlto be hungry lused by menJ

It /-E bl¡ lv l> ¡ i [E H ffilÉ]anti-Japanese sentiment

l¿tÀ,b /r,l[ffi] objection; counterargument 1.1 5-ffi21.15-â2 ôtffi+Itl comparedwiththepreviousvear L.14-ffi1

L.14-:úÌ,1 E,rEl- hero t. / ---"ri

L.14-:úr,2 ôårì,¡ [&#] damage 1.1o-ffi

1.7-Ë UÌJtV lname of abu]lettrainl 1.10-â1

1.1 3-â 1 $( Lrffilvr] low 1.7-Ë;1.12-Ë

L. J- õr¡ 0'¿iËtftfiffil aþlane 1.1-â3

L.7-:úÌ, ôS (one's) lap L.15-ã2

1.11-â1

1.1 3-ffi

ôË L,ìì9 t4L.lì¡rlfor the frrst time in a iong time 1.4-â3

L./-re A D À i ùC [tFH¿c] extremeþ; very L.2-#,

1.5-â 1 U-> 19Tâ tobe surprised 1.1-ffi

ôcthÀè i.û¿" tHf'f4E#lInternational Date Line

L'11-â1 ôpðTtãraüll1.15-ffi1 to move to a new piace ofresidence L. I -8,Ì

1.4-ffi ¿1.?D[+] sheep 1.10-ffi

L.1s-â3 U o LI? I'X'fti'cl desperately 1.1 5-ffi i1.3-ffi U->lcV Qe) perfect fit 1.8-â3

ë.vft* pitcher L.7-^11.6-Ê3 O'2 N i t3t¡r [,l.Eft¡r] not necessary L.O-út

L. t-#

336

ItÈ>êt¿î â lffiêtcî âl to set ansry L.12-:úÈ õÌ.(t,¡Tã lãÊT âl to reject L.14-:fi,2

,,,,,+#*5rl

tlÐù¡1 terrible; awful 1.4-Ëñ À( So(re) [Ë#(¡e)]complicated; complex 1.4-Ë;1.13-â3ö å"tr¡ 2 unfair; cruel 1.14-â1

tl'¿ ¿ ¿ t-Ël one word 1.1z-ffi À< *trå [(-ù3)ât116]to be included (in -) [passive form of .âtr]Utte&.(r¡) [Àüa*(¡¡)]

average; ordinary; like normal people

L.O-8'i)

1.13-ffi À< ¡iTá.lEeHTâl totake (medicine) L.12-â2

¿1.¿lf¿,t*41 onenight 1.1-â3 Àëi.lv¡lõâ+l unfair L.14-ffi2

f)¿t) ùrâ Ê t¿l.¿ 9lFål walking alone 1.10-# ÀSùlôi tÀSttâil tokideachother L.i1-ffitlùc( (¡e) [ÆH(re)] ironic 1.1 2-FÉ ÀLStT,B*l mystery

Llt¿tlwTâ t#flTäl to criticize 1.1 0-ffi ÀDÀtffi^l woman

ôô[H.+] days 1.1 1-ffi Àl¿lcö[Fîús] again

ô* (rÀ) [üH(¡¡)] ftee ltime] 1.1 3-# àIc'zd>¡-zEJ second

È;r.- È:r- lthe sound of the howling windJ 1.12-FÆ Àzi lÈrÊl common; usual 1.2-ffi; L3-ffiOs¡ i LrÀ t*äffi] beaury salon L. O- õr¡ ,ììcå.[4äftr] (commodity) prices L.b-ffi

¿¡'¡ìÊttrfi] sickness t.2-ffi ,lìaå¡alIL#) Buddhism L.4-ffi

ö ¡ i ðùl'L IEHRI Hyogo Prefecture L./---on À¿1.Àtflffi] parts L.7-^2U xì l-Tâ\ffifrTâl to die from an illness 1.8-ffi ,àì"ììÀ, t*ilâl part L.12-fr,

À.\À (ra) tTæ(/Á)l inconvenient

1.3-Ë

1.13-ffi

L. I 5-õrX

L.7-^2

tl.'¡iD¡itffittlthe condition of a disease or illness L.12-r À*ÀtTi#l discontent

L.Õ-m

1.15-ffi2

U x,i 9 ro ì L+ lHffiäla person who goes adrift on the ocean L.B-ffi 7, z l. V- ! a 7 frustration

Àtþ tel w'inter L.4-È2

1.15-â2

öäif lEfðl da¡ime 1.14-Ê1 77V l:v¿i 172 71,'ËÊl Íü.,brand-oriented,6ôÌJrâ [ËÈrå] to spread out [u.i.] L.15-ffi2 i.a.,llking for namebrand goodsl 1.8-Ë

OZVltLl fmaie given namel 1.1-ffi Tt)?7^¿a Lîr)?7Êl [nameofashipJ 1.8-ñ

A Ìrl¡rl, es) tff¿ffi (rd)l sensitive; susceptible 1.1 5-â3 à,6 lÞäl to fal7le.g., rain, snow, etc.l L.2-+2

Lf Ì'IË.kùi [trX¿c] Íiequently; often 1.1 5-ffi 1 7tr+å rÐ i l7'trFff] professionalbaseball L]-ñû l"+ u) ¿T â to be chilly/cool L. I J-út¿ TVVV 'l 7 frontier 1.1 0-;ñ

-,ìì t-#l club 1.5-â3 ÀÀV¡å læffifr1 atmosphere 1.12-ffi

77-7.1.i.-À firstname L. I -õ1 -lì1"å¡ [tlL] culture L.1-â2

ÀV¡¿1, ltrF] member of a club 1.5-â3 'lìÀål< tÏ+l literature L. J- ilt

Ài¿it#ffi1 envelope 1.13-Ë ìÅ/tl-W a lf,€l collection of essays 1.1 1-ffi

Ài À t*ffi] husband and wife L- l4-^ I "lìÀÈÊ tã'tr] analysis L. I )-ilr I

È,j L on,really.; Really? L-l-E j ,lìÂ,lfi tÏËl sramma: 1.1 -;fi.å'àä t(-rÞÐJËàäl to increase [ui.] L.5-Eî .lìrLåç < tfffil context 1.15-ñ1

7È-Ì..9s-Ì Fortceorge 1.8-ñ .,1ìÀ+târy1 field 1.15-ffi1

À¡Þ.( [fi€( ] deeply 1.1 s-ffi 1 ':t,¡Ê (/a) [*fi(re)] unperrurbed; calm 1.14-Ê1

,lìå.c å'ì tfliÊel club activities lin the sense of'extracurricular activities'l 1.5-õñ

.\ì/ ¡ ìlì/ ¡ ¿rÀ h /- l+ Ê,ft ,+lfirst year of Heisei h9891 L. I t-È1

-:|. Really?; Gee!; You're kidding. L.4-*2,lìËð¡ù3 [Tfi4ù:] weird; eery 1.9-ffi

.\É (È) should L.5-iin

337

-./c (tæ) [T* (¡¡)] not good; unskilled 1.13-ffi

.rz?ì [FJ#] summer cottage

¡\? ù3 -t¡Lì lflJlC -fa¡.1 not parlicularly 1.4-â1

^ç [#E] room L.2-^2

1.8-Ê3

It,l"Lø i t+ttll lmain island of JapanJ L.1o-ffi

1.1 3-# E./-¿.413 [+Elc] rea1ly; truly L.4-+3

ItÀ'lg/-(Ê, ) (to speak) withoutreserve ormachine gun fashion

1.1-â3L, ¿- õrÌ (-ä"'lc) *z).'ltã

to entrust (something) to (someone)

L.7-ffi, å Ëf LtËå9-Ll rolled sushi 1.1 s-Fd

ãß\â runa 1.1 5-FÉ

lnL. I ¿-ûr,

^i'747 fluently 1.1-ffi ¿tÀ+ < tffiã[] translation 1.8-â2

¿{, - Commodore Perry L-õ-õn It, l' ò\\Ø l#*øl original 1.9-ffi

^å [Hð] to decrease [ui.] L-l-õn

@t=--'".r.Â,(/r) l*Qe)l stranse L.2-ã.1

.:lult Tâ l(.*ff)*l[lâl to change 1 1O-ffi f ù, well lused when making a modest or hesitant

.\lvùTt/\'l â INMT â1 to transform 1.1 5-# 1statementl 1.13-ffi

.ìÂ,¿'Lt##:Ll iawyer 1.4-â1 - * lr¡ [-&] lcounter for thin, flat oþects such as

sheets ofpaperl 1.3-Ê1.\/wLwi ttriJfil editins

.\/-L/-Tâ l*Ðf âl to change oneself L.14-ffi2 *.vâl8âl [humble form of 11 < /Xâl 1.6-â2

*à/ÈttrEl lfamiþnamel,: lu te ù, tô ê T 6 l*te ffiþ T â lto look annoyed; toTookprzzTed

.ì¿,9 (rÁ) [ÆfU(re)] convenient L.5-õn

Iti Zu\TblffiW"f âl totelevise

ùË i ål [-o)Ëår"'] - is more ... than L.2-ffi,

It i À (¡¡) iËË (ra) I bountitul; pienty L.l-*2¡t i lt i tfì*l method L.B-ffi

Ita ùl.lfrffi1 direction; area

Iti t¿ /-l â tÊüHlTãl to visit

fi*4 porter

,tr- ^

77 1 ð å [,+-Àxr,f rE]:g+4'7)ì'h-À 7 î 4 þ l-1 t' 68

(-ø) ùÍÈ. besides -rr< lÆlI [It is the most neutra] form for male speakers.l

lÈllurÈÀtffiffiñÊl whaiingvessel

lf,þìrtfffiþtr] towant

tï?ùfä¿ (#9.)(to speak) in a subdued tone

lÍ"rå.r,¡âÌ tJtùEËl[the biggest island in the north ofJapan]

lÍå¡1,å" almost

ItÈÀå"-tet ¡ hardly; aimostnever 1.3-ffi; 1.11-Ë

lfù* almost L.15-ffi2

,+ 7 -Ì.ùrÈl[,ir7-48[] hor¡or film

L.14-ñ2

(-lc) * ¡treu.not to iose to -l

comparable (to -); equal (to -) [ltf.,L.l4-ffi,2

1.8-ffi i.l|âlAtTâl tolose (agame) [ui.l L.7-ffi,

L. / - -oJî ìIf firstofall L, I J-ËÎ

L.O-M ?73 t h mascot 1.9-+ 1

*9-*9- increasingly L.9-#,

L.4-+1 */¿ also L,f,-úr

L./-iñ. ìt/cô å f [È/¡&î] See you later. L.2-^2

Ë /¿ ìf /êfT (I am) not good yel L.1-+2L.1-*2 * Ë tFJl town; city L. I -õ1

L.Õ-út *,ËùrÈ:ÈlrcizÈi;,È) to anange to meet L.7-à2

L.7-+2 t!ùtà-âlfåËÈ.ål tomakeamisrake L.4-*.2

ifËîtËîl intown 1.1 1-â 1

L.12-ffi ìf z/ê [fÄet] [family namel L.14-#,2

t a/c ( -tar¡r [g( -r¡¡r] not at all 1.1 1-ffi

1.8-# tcð è tfÄ*l lfamilyname] 1.1 1-ffi

L./--ñ ìf ¿'CË t,$El (ticket) window 1.10-â1

*,¿Ò6to put together (in a report); to summarize Lj4-ffi1

1.7.8 Ë /eÀ [S,ì¡] to learn; to study 1.8-ffi

338

,ß, Yî ,I 7 vohtnteer 1.8-â1 *ia< I#<l toinvite 1.1 3-ffi

*,W7, lfemale given namel 1.1-â2 ðrà.L tËl the past; the old days

* I ¿ t* D +l ffemale given name] 1.15-â3 f]Û hÙa[trmlc] withoutlimit*.þ9 lBîl around (someone) 1.15-â3 tsl)w/,T6le¿)frÊ'f âl

to contradict (-)7¡ ù>u t trT -> ð À [F,åv.ffiffi ]anangedmatrtage 1.9-* bLb rather

7ràâlnà.âl lpoliteverbmeanins*6] 1.12-â3 ür9.¡ä. LU¡ [tr Lt.] difficult7¡ättt¿Vtl.EflÌur¡t.] can'tsee them all 1.1O-ffi bTe) tffil daughter

7¡.2 I'L+ t*ffi#l unmarried person L.14-ffi,1 f3l¿ (rá) l^trffi (/r)] wastetul

A Då\ìr¡ lÆùìl short 1.1 1-ffi {¡Ë+ (¡¡) [*#(¡e)] unreasonable 1.12-#,á^l-òùàl.Etràf¡] unfamiliar 1.13-ffi f: ë ktz + < t^trüÈl to be indifferent L.I 5-ffi 1

TrTi arlffil lake L.4-+2 {rà lffl village L. I U-ilAÈ tËl shop; store 1.6-Ê1 Ðt,r [Æ] niece 1.8-ñAIZU6lar?#l misosoup L.1 1-:út Ðt,¡L[å*û] (name) card;businesscard 1.1-â34¡-[--EJ [famiynameJ L.i-â1 ¿)t,¡A (/¡) [åä(¡¡)] honorabte L./--ñAËÈ tËtEl fmaie given name] 1.14-ffi2 e)i å tH-hl

person ofhigher statlls; one's seniorfìbùcã. Ì i [ìËù:ìËi ] to set iost

b.'zltrâ ln2ù\âl - is found [¿i.] 1.1-ffi ) - l, - manufacturer; maker L.I-E¿

7¡'tII â ln?Û âl to frnd -[¿¡.] 1.1-ffi ) - )V e-mat7 L.Z-85

âa å {¡ l*tr¡ indecent; unsightþ 1.11-*3 ÐSìt Ltr¡ spectacular; amazing 1.14-fr,2

*.teT 6 lÊ"MTâl to imitâte

Ë A lÊ+l lfemale given name] 1.11-+3

it ð tA ( not much iater; soon

ìf ð ã t+äl to obsewe; to keep (rules) L.15-ffi,2

h¿ùâ tile)ålto tecognue; to approve; to notíce

ZrëE [female given name] L. I t-úr

Z¡teä À' LËë Ì"1 all of you

Z¡te7¡lñl south

AIC < ì/r IHLr] usly

erØ L b q ØÈ b lÐ Ø *. t, g o)þ#lcare in one's home life

L.1s-#1 7tl'LW < tEßl private house providing lodging andmeals to tourists 1.1 O-â3

Èr.z)ri [(-/\) ¡¡È\i ] to head toward - [u.i.] 1.8-ffi

ð¡à.åä [ì4àã] toweicome; to meet; to greet L.i-ffi

L.7-*2

1.1 1-ffi

L. I5-E¡

1.6-ffi

t.2-^21.1-ffi

L.11-ffi,

1.7-Ë L.2-ffi

Ðsìf L¿"ùlv¡ [HË* LF*t] alarmclock t.2-^21.3-ffi;1.13-ffi e>VöÌrtâIAUl,ùrâl

lhonorific form of ê-¡ a /fr{l]L.4-+2 r)9-à LV. lVàVu,l tate 1.4-Ê1

1.10-ffi dlotcÙC-teu¡ rarely L. / -ÃJ

L.io-ffi e>rcùr*.âIH¿RâIto be too much (to tole¡ate)

L.14-*û,2 lå¡-- menu

1.6-Ê2

1.11-ffi

1.6-â17rà\l) lÐWV J gest"e 1.1 1-ffi ÐääËTlHäË*Èl towakeup L.2-È27r4ù3Tâlnrcg61 :rd( L.1s-ñ1 ù>Ì"1úl aspect L.1s-â2A+¿ lìil] city; capital 1.10-ffi ùlwÈ2lffiWl interview L.5-úd

7¡.0 x1(Ë (r¡) tAüÈffi(r¡)l attractive L.1o-ffi ù/-ëi (r¡) lEîf;û(¡¡)] troubresome L.O-ãr

Atâ l#âl to examine (a patient) L.12-+1 6 i ùr, ùf [{, i -lF] to need just a linle more7¡è4>oîlhëÞr<lpersonaliy [l#., wittÌ one's own bodyl

improvement [lif,, just one more stepJ 1.5-â2

ð ì L¿A [+U¿a] tequest; apptication 1.10-â11.1 1-ñ

ð i L¿¿' t+ LìÀðl to appty 1.3-â2

ð iTtFTl lhumble formofË i] 1.1-â1 +if ø<ÈÀlù+Hl lname of atrainline] L.7-^2

ðiÀt+fr] bia¡ket L.15-ñ2 +ìf {, ¿ tllËl lfamily nameJ t.14-+2

ð < <Ë tHffil purpose 1.3-ffi +Ð¿ËËT lcontractionoffÐ{Jôå*f] L.6-*.2

fJbT/" ofcourse L-l-õ1 +Ò6 to refrain from -ing [¿¿]

{¡ a è {¡ [Ëð] : t'Ë tfÅ, L.14-#,1 È& alittle

ù<ùå+l topraise;tomakemuchof [ut.] 1.15-ffi1 &i¡àà.U¡ [Éiàå.t.] soft L.12-^2

Ü < ä to be popular (with) L.14-^2 W jttrlclgfrl€f.¡1, fashion model 1.8-â2 late afternoon, usuallyjustbefore dinnertime 1.10-Ê3

ir ¿Ðâ [:&Ðä] to request; to ask for 1.4-â3 lÞi ¿ tffi+l [female given name] 1.1 5-ffi 1

ð ¿*ð tFål to return [u.i.] 1.8-ffi Wa¿jLãrXl valid 1.1o-ffi

4ro)lãl person 1.3-ffi WiLWì (¡e) [ÆÊ(¡e)] excellent; t¿lented L.15-#,2

ðØlð< tremendously t.s-+2 ÙÞì L¡ i tÆtr] championship L.7-ffi,

-öú)È usedto (do something) 1.1 1-ffi Wjl.x < ttÊl dinner [lit.,eveningmeal] 1.4-â3

-410)0) although - 1.1 3-ffi Wi l>l-lh,Ll friend L.¿- -otl

4>Ei I A lffiMT âl to imitate 1.1 5-ffi 1

4>v>â to have a dispute [quarrelJ with 1.1 5-# 1L.J-ãñ

ð I /¿ t#El lfamilY namel 1.14-â3 ¡þì Ðr,. (ra) [ã^å(¡e)] famous L.4-ã2

ð I +Ë [*ilJ] lfamilY namel 1.8-ffi ¡Þ¡ä.1¿ [lãã] informal cotton kimono L.i0-â3

ð¿,< tÏãl complaint 1.1 1 -T Wo 19 leisurely 1.10-ffi

EVJ)V Mongolia L.7-=,î, WØblñØlrl tea cup (for green tea) 1.9-â3

Èr¿,/¿l,r [Flff] problem 1.1 1 -T lÞö'ðl t(-ä)fË#Tl to point (to -) 1.1 3-ffi

lþAì lfemale given nameJ 1.6-â 1

L-O-EZ

L.15-ffi2

WiÈl-TâlWftTalto give priority; to prefer

@t=--' tÞð ¿ tË+l lplace nameJ 1.10-â2

&¡Þì( before long; soon 1.8-ffi Wt0 lfemale given nameJ L.2-*2

&å.* Lv¡t tobe fussy; tobe overþ criticai 1.11-â3 W6Tl#Tl toallow 1.8-;ñ

&å.È Lv¡2 noisy 1.15-ffi2 Àìr¡:t,.t. L,L'ùú

&Ë ro ì tÐnel baseball 1.7-â 1 À i ðtÆ#l terms L.2-ffi

&Ë¡oì D¡ì t4f$#l baseballstadium l. / --ãñ ¡i LtHffil form L.3-+2

+ < t*ttl approximateþ 1.1 1-ffi À i D tÆ$l errand; things to do L.7-^2

+ < ð tån#l Japanese equivalent 1.10-Ë XiTëfìâ [Ë+å.8ã] to see howitgoes 1.5-â2

+ 1 tobe usetul; tobe helptu1 1.8-ffi -xircTa.? ( lCl¿z [&lcU.r¡ to be usetul L.¿+-8,Ì to try to -; to make an effort to -+ð Llr. kind; sweet 1.1 1-ffi À i lù tg¿Ìl in a word; in short

*/cå (lC) excessiveþ; indiscriminately L.1s-#,1 ¡ i if t#fðl western-sgrle room 1.4-Ë

Èc[fl] achap;agay 1.1 5-ffi 1 À < tgl thenext (day/yeat/etc.) 1.8-ffi

&u è at last L.12-#, À ( Dz tSHl the next day 1.7-Ë

+¿tæl inn; lodging 1.10-â2 À < lf i tfrgl desire 1.1 3-ñ

L.4-ffi,

t.7-^2

1.1 s-ffi 1

+¿i tErl tohire 1.8-â3 À ¿ tËl side L.i1-â3

À ¿ U ìf tËFl [place nameJ 1.10-ñ 9 ù'vtT â tI[Ê4Tã] to understand 1.1 3-ñt ¿+* tËtlJl ffamilyname] 1.8-â1 9 3 Llh*] sumo wrestler

Ar:ËHø=v)i--¿ 1.2-Ê3 9<ËtEül land

Ì L/¿ tãEl lfamily nameJ 1.2-â3 r) 7 squirrel

À Lrg i t}Ël preparation (for class) L.s-â2 VZi t#.fl ideai

À Ë [-øâüårret.1 there is no room for - L.15-ffi,2 -9?t-¡Fl -rate L.14-ffi,1(-l:¡ ¡ oa't depending on - L.¿- -orÌ 0 e ë ( å À [üElffi] ttreory of nation building 1.1 5-ffi 1

golg¿ci*mtffi(-l:¡ ¡ -tî2 by

I !Þi t4Èl reason

L.7-ffi

1.8-ffi

1.2-E

L.14-^2

ÀzlSè'considerably; realþ; to a greât extent

L.s-#1.13-â2

J,0)Ì*,1¿, tËøtr1 sociery; world0roìå¡(Ëåtg+rEllschool where a foreign student stuclies]

À ¿F'¿ i tfffiæl school designed to prepare students 9 øi/¡¡11âlË+Tâl tostudyabroad 1.1-â1for college entrânce exams L.f-õ,l

9 w j Ìt¡ ( $¡r7)rfr | lg+aËffi] lperson who dealswith matters pertaining to foreign studentsl 1.8-â3À ô ¿ ù) å [nf A'nÐ ä ] to flag down L.O-8,l

À,5ì l(-ä"'î) F.tll to call - by .. 1.1-ffi I ro i ås ( .rlu¡.ì'a å¡ [B+!ËHtf+]special division for foreign studentsÌe<lå ll*fTål tomakeareservation L.1O-T

À l&i tâäl room; space L.15-=,n2 0 x)lRl dormitory L.2-^2X â læâl to stop by 1.3-â4 I ¡ì-trû-l borh- L./-="tn

X.âlel at night 1.10-ffi 0¡ìËÀtH*l fee;fare 1.10-â1

X6¿ accordingto - L.f,- E'T 9 x ) l.Ì"lñffi1 parents [lir.,bothparents] 1.1-â3

À å ¿À tË..ììlto show joy; to be pleased; to rejoice 1.2-*; 1.9-Ê 1

V Èilâ tî|JÆTðl to make use of L.J- EÎ

I ¡ì I tflgl cooking;cuisine L.4-ãñ

L.14-fr,2

ÀãðÀf lËÀtl gladiy; withpleasu¡e 1.7-â1

X.bl.< t¡'ttcà- ( ÈË t ¡ l(.-Ò x,7, L< *iGà < tið lrl Say hello (to -) for me.

x b l. < *jiaå¡u¡ Lt T lx aL ( ÈÆr¡ L*Tl[morepolitewayofsaying EiëtôL<] 1.1-â1

L.4-fr, 9 xiqei#4Elhigh class Japanese sqde restaurant

9 xùrl'ltftffil Japanese inn L. O- õt¡

9 x ¿ì L+ [üft1Íl*] travel agency L. I U-õ'T

9 x¿ jT6lffiftfâl totravel L. O- õr¿

9 6À,1Æffi1 theory 1.1 s-ffi 1

L.5-Eñ fLì,¡ [fif] example t.2-I1.1-ffi þv¡ è ( (re) [¡*ffi(¡a)] cruet; hearttess L.15-#"2

tLl"\o)lwØlusual; that whích was mentioned before

þv¡lf i [;âF] air conditioning 1.15-ffi2

þË LtÆÈl history

L. t5-úù V ,'t) t-, a 7 recreation L.7-1

t. /---"ñ, lz.\Ìz leve1 1.5-â2

1.5-â1

L.5- úù

9 xì 9'tlñülto do two things concurrently L.14-ñ1

L.b-ffi

@u-*'à ( (¡e) [#(r¡)]easy; comfortable; leading an easy iife

- à LV¡ it seems that; evidentþ

tzL x j ðÀ|ffi¿fFTl [amoviename] 1.7-â3

9y!t-TV- rushhour 1.10-ffi

,l)Vl:.?, I:+)V ls RanaldMcDonald L.Õ- E ¡

b /-1fl,1 [a movie name]

I t+l lchinese family name]

r) - I Teague

1.13-ffi

t h ffemale given name] L.14-*2 lr,Ë- l- rcportjpapei

34'l

tLlvbU\ùI 2 ¿ /- lÆ*:ffiffi1 iove marriage 1.9-Ë

tul'LW i tffigl practice

tLl-ê < LÆffi1 continuously

*tùI rcason;explanation

1.13-â3 t¡ùltù*/et ¡ ifs not the case that

L.14-ffi1 *rS*rS

1.10-â2

1.4-B

*>â1bâut) t*EäÉilto speak ill of (someone)

L.Z-ffi

1.1 3-â 1

L.3-ñ,

fLl-Èr<äËtËffittlplace where one can be reached

to go out of one's way to do something 1.9-â1

4:'V?lffiäl a tatami room; Japanese-st¡rle room1.7-Ë;1.10-â2ã ì å. [ÆT] hallway; corridor

ô i ëi E È < lfrøz-l labor; work force L.14-ffi] bTfLTìa [ËÌtTùc] :Ëi¿/¡ r.''c

b a l! LhELI unemployed samurai; a high schoolgraduate who is spending a year studying for a college

bT*LâlË,tLâl to forget

z.:'fcTlËTl to hand (somethins) to [¿t.] 1.6-ffientrance examination L.f-8,Ì irlcr¡.r[iËË] lfamiþ nameJ 1.1 5-ffi 1

b 1ìC-teLt not much; not enough L.12-^1 (-ùt) t>t¿v) :-o)lã 1.1 5-ffi 1

b /-àìÌ"lffiXl article; essay; thesis L. / -rË b t, ì l$rl to laugh; to smile 1.3-Ë;1.13-â2

þårtlr [Ë!¡] young

bìJ\â l(-'àr).ftÌ)\âl to undersr¿nd - 1.2-Ê 1

1.3-Ë

1.3-â 1

*r 9 ôlr¡ [flà] ratio; percentåge L.14-#,1

L.5-út1.1-ffi þ ä ìrrùl ¿. [#ùrùl ä] r am sorr5r, but ... 1.3-â4

@t=*-'

*>l¿'ltâ l(-¿)flltLâlto part (from -); to say farewell (to -)

1.1 1-ffi

342

an integrated approach to intermediate japanese

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