an essay on the principle of population, 1 vols. [1826, 6th ed.]

8/12/2019 An Essay on the Principle of Population, 1 Vols. [1826, 6th Ed.]

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HJLMDJDQ K L FKKLQ G> JL F L GEHDKEFL F<GF<ML G> FLJMK, F< F L GFDEFL G> LJ GFKIMFKFKKJDQ D<K LG EFQ GLJ NK.

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K mLK, F L HJKFL KLL G> KGLQ, KE LG HJG<M<F L >GDDGOF EFFJ. ODD KMHHGK L EFK G> KMKKLFF FQ GMFLJQ MKL IMD LG L KQ KMHHGJL G> LK FLFLK. GFKLFL mGJL LGOJ<K HGHMDLGF, O K >GMF< LG L NF FL EGKL NGMK KGLK, FJKK L FMEJ G> HGHD >GJL EFK G> KMKKLF J FJK<. >GG<, LJ>GJ, O>GJ KMHHGJL< DNF EDDGFK, EMKL FGO <N<< EGF

DNF EDDGFK F< D>. HGGJ GFKIMFLDQ EMKL DN EMOGJK, F< EFQ G> LE J<M< LG KNJ <KLJKK. FMEJ G> DGMJJK DKG F GN L HJGHGJLGF G> OGJ F LEJL, L HJ G> DGMJ EMKL LF< LG >DD, OD L HJ G> HJGNKGFK OGMD< L L KE LE LF< LG JK. DGMJJ

LJ>GJ EMKL <G EGJ OGJ, LG JF L KE K << >GJ.MJF LK KKGF G> <KLJKK, L <KGMJEFLK LG EJJF< L <pMDLQ G> JJF >EDQ J KG JL, LL L HJGJKKG> HGHMDLGF K JLJ<<. %F L EF LE, L HFKK, G> DGMJ, L HDFLQ G> DGMJJK, F< L FKKLQ G> F FJK<F<MKLJQ EGF LE, FGMJ MDLNLGJK LG EHDGQ EGJ DGMJMHGF LJ DF<, LG LMJF MH >JK KGD, F< LG EFMJ F< EHJGNEGJ GEHDLDQ OL K DJ<Q F LDD, LDD MDLELDQ L EFKG> KMKKLF EQ GE F L KE HJGHGJLGF LG LHGHMDLGF, K L L HJG< >JGE O O KL GML. KLMLGF G>

L DGMJJ F LF F LGDJDQ GE>GJLD, L JKLJFLKLG HGHMDLGF J F KGE <J DGGKF<; F<, >LJ KGJLHJG<, L KE JLJGJ< F< HJGJKKN EGNEFLK, OLJKHL LG HHFKK, J JHL<.

K KGJL G> GKDDLGF ODD FGL HJGDQ GNGMK LG GEEGF NO; F< L EQ <pMDL NF >GJ L EGKL LLFLN GKJNJ LGDMDL LK HJG<K. L LL, F L FJDLQ G> GD< KLLK, KGEDLJFLGF G> LK F< <GK PKL LGM F EM DKK EJ<,F< F EM EGJ JJMDJ EFFJ, LF % N <KJ< L, FGJoLF EF, OG GFK<JK L KML <HDQ, F ODD <GML.

F HJFHD JKGF OQ LK GKDDLGF K F DKK JEJ<,F< DKK <<<DQ GFnJE< Q PHJF LF EL FLMJDDQ PHL<, K, LL L KLGJK G> EFF< O O HGKKK J, FFJD, KLGJK GFDQ G> L J DKKK, N FGL EFQGMFLK LL F <HF<< MHGF, G> L EFFJK F< MKLGEKG> LL HJL G> EFF<, OJ LK JLJGJ< F< HJGJKKNEGNEFLK oQ L HD. A KLK>LGJQ KLGJQ G> LK F<, G> GF HGHD F< G> GF HJG<, OGMD< JIMJ L GFKLFL F<EFML LLFLGF G> EFQ GKJNF EF<K F DGD F< FJD

JEJK GF L KLL G> L DGOJ DKKK G> KGLQ, F< L MKKLL FoMF< L; F<, LG <JO MJL F>JFK MHGF LKKML, KMKKGF G> KM KLGJFK >GJ KGE FLMJK OGMD< FKKJQ. K JF G> KLLKLD FGOD< K, G> DL

QJK, F LLF<< LG F KGE GMFLJK,9 F< O EQ HJGEKGMJKDNK DJJ FKL FLG L FLJFD KLJMLMJ G> MEFKGLQ >JGE L HJGJKK G> LK FIMJK. BML L KF EQ K< QL LG F LK F>FQ, F< EFQ G> L GLK, GF O LOGMD< <KJD LG N F>GJELGF, N F LJ GELL<GJ FGL KLL< OL KMpFL MJQ. AEGF LK, HJHK, EQ

JGF< L HJGHGJLGF G> L FMEJ G> <MDLK LG L FMEJG> EJJK; L PLFL LG O NGMK MKLGEK N HJND< F

GFKIMF G> L JKLJFLK MHGF ELJEGFQ; L GEHJLNEGJLDLQ EGF L D<JF G> L EGKL <KLJKK< HJL G> LGEEMFLQ, F< G> LGK OG DN JLJ EGJ L LJ K; L

NJLGFK F L JD HJ G> DGMJ; L GKJND <mJFK FL KLL G> L DGOJ DKKK G> KGLQ, OL JKHL LG K F<

HHFKK, L <mJFL LEK <MJF JLF HJG<; F< NJQMJL JKLJK G> JLK, <LK, F< EJJK, O J G> L MLEGKL EHGJLF F LK KML.

A >L>MD KLGJQ, FDM<F KM HJLMDJK, OGMD< LF< JLDQ LGDM<L L EFFJ F O L GFKLFL MHGF HGHMDLGFLK; F< OGMD< HJGD HJGN L PKLF G> L JLJGJ< F<HJGJKKN EGNEFLK LL N F EFLGF<; LGM LLEK G> LJ NJLGF EMKL FKKJDQ JF<J< JJMDJ>JGE L GHJLGF G> EFQ FLJJMHLF MKK; KM K, L

FLJG<MLGF GJ >DMJ G> JLF EFM>LMJK; JLJ GJ DKKHJNDFL KHJL G> JMDLMJD FLJHJK; QJK G> HDFLQ, GJ QJKG> KJLQ; OJK, KDQ KKGFK, HGGJ-DOK, EJLGFK F< GLJMKK G> KEDJ FLMJ.

A JMEKLF O K, HJHK, EGJ LF FQ GLJ,GFLJML< LG GFD LK GKDDLGF >JGE GEEGF NO, K L<mJF LOF L FGEFD F< JD HJ G> DGMJ. %L NJQJJDQ HHFK LL L FGEFD HJ G> DGMJ MFNJKDDQ >DDK;ML O ODD FGO LL L >JIMFLDQ JEFK L KE, OD LFGEFD HJ G> HJGNKGFK K F J<MDDQ JKF. K, F<<,ODD FJDDQ L K, > L FJK G> EFM>LMJK F<GEEJ KMpFL LG EHDGQ L FO DGMJJK LL JLJGOF FLG L EJL, F< LG HJNFL L FJK< KMHHDQ >JGEDGOJF L EGFQ-HJ.10 BML F FJK< FMEJ G> DGMJJKJNF L KE EGFQ-OK ODD FKKJDQ, Q LJGEHLLGF, FJK L EGFQ-HJ G> GJF. K K, F >L, JD >DD F L HJ G> DGMJ; F<, <MJF LK HJG<, L GF<LGFG> L DGOJ DKKK G> L GEEMFLQ EMKL J<MDDQ JGOFOGJK. BML L >JEJK F< HLDKLK J JGOF J >JGE LJD HFKK G> DGMJ. J FJKF HLDK FD LE LG

EHDGQ JLJ FMEJ G> EF; F<, K L HGHMDLGF <HJGDQ KMmJ< KGE >JGE L JLJ <pMDLQ G> KMHHGJLF >EDQ, L <EF< >GJ DGMJ, >LJ JLF HJG<,OGMD< JL F HJGHGJLGF LG L KMHHDQ, F< LK HJ OGMD< G> GMJK JK, > D>L LG nF< LK FLMJD DND; F< LMK L OK G> DGMJ, F< GFKIMFLDQ L GF<LGF G> L DGOJ DKKK G> KGLQ, EL N HJGJKKN F< JLJGJ< EGNEFLK, LGML HJ G> DGMJ EL FNJ FGEFDDQ >DD.

%F KN D>, OJ LJ K FG JMDJ HJ G> DGMJ, L K DLLD LG

<GML< LL KEDJ GKDDLGFK LGG HD. F HGHMDLGFK FJK< FJDQ LG L MLEGKL DELK G> L >GG<, DD L

HJNFLN F< L HGKLN K ODD FLMJDDQ GHJL OLFJK< >GJ. GMK LK OL JKHL LG L KP ODD EGJFJD, L PHGKF G> D<JF EGJ >JIMFL, F< GL LHJGDLQ F< >LDLQ G> OJK F< H<EK ODD GFK<JDQJLJ; F< LK MKK ODD HJGDQ GFLFM LJ GHJLGF LDD

L HGHMDLGF K KMF DGO L DND G> L >GG<; F< LF LJLMJF LG GEHJLN HDFLQ ODD F HJG<M F FJK, F<,>LJ JLF HJG<, LK >MJLJ HJGJKK ODD F < QL KE MKK.11

BML OLGML LLEHLF LG KLDK LK HJGJKKN F<JLJGJ< EGNEFLK F <mJFL GMFLJK, O OGMD<N<FLDQ JIMJ EGJ EFML KLGJK LF O HGKKKK, F<O L HJGJKK G> NDRLGF FLMJDDQ LF<K LG GMFLJL, L>GDDGOF HJGHGKLGFK J FLF<< LG HJGN<:i

1. GHMDLGF K FKKJDQ DEL< Q L EFK G> KMKKLF.2. GHMDLGF FNJDQ FJKK OJ L EFK G> KMKKLF FJK, MFDKK HJNFL< Q KGE NJQHGOJ>MD F< GNGMK K.123. K K, F< L K O JHJKK L KMHJGJ,HGOJ G> HGHMDLGF, F< H LK mLK GF DND OL LEFK G> KMKKLF, J DD JKGDND FLG EGJD JKLJFL,

N F< EKJQ.

nJKL G> LK HJGHGKLGFK KJDQ F<K DDMKLJLGF. KGF< F< LJ< ODD KMpFLDQ KLDK< Q JNO G> LEE<L K LG HGHMDLGF F L HKL F< HJKFL KLL G> KGLQ.

K JNO ODD L KML G> L >GDDGOF HLJK.

B LG D G> CGFLFLK

B33/ I, C%475 III

O* T C'/ T3 P340%7-3 I T L37S7%+ O* H% S3'-7<.

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NJQ HHJF F<LK LE LG D> KLJN<, F< OG,KNJF OL GD<, F< GNJ< OL nDL F< NJEF, DN F GFG> L EGKL FGKHLD DELK F L OGJD<, OLGML NFKLQ FGM LG HJGN< LEKDNK OL KM GFNFFK KEL ELL LK KNJLK, F< JF<J D> F KGE EKMJ EGJGE>GJLD.14

PL LG LK, F< DEGKL K DGO F FMK F< JKGMJK, NF HD< L FLNK G> F EF'K DF<;15 ML KGE DLGMFLK N JHJKFL< L KDF<K G> AF<EF F L KL K

FL< Q J G> KNK KLDD DGOJ F OJL<FKK NFLF LK. NJQ LF LL NGQJK N JDL< G> KN D> KK< LG >DD KGJL G> L JJKE G> LK HGHD. J OGD LEK KHFL F KJ G> >GG<: F< K LJ OGG<K QD< LE >O GJ FGKMHHDK G> FEDK, F< ML DLLD NLD <L, LJ HJFHDGMHLGF K LL G> DEF L JGK, GJ JGNF DGF L EJFG> L K, F KJ G> HJJGMK ED G> nK, O, <MJF LLEHKLMGMK KKGF, LQ G>LF K >GJ F NF. J KLLMJKD<GE P<K nN >L; LJ DDK J HJGLMJFL, OL KGMD<JK, DJ <K, F< DEK <KHJGHGJLGFDQ KDF<J. JGMFLFFK PL L PLJE G> OJL<FKK, GJJ<EPLMJ G> >EF F< >JGLQ; F< LJ PLFML< F< <KK<nMJK HDFDQ F<L L OFL G> OGDKGE FGMJKEFL. GEG> LK MFHHQ FK N F >GMF< GF L KGJK F L DKLKL G> >EF.16

%F L FPL KD G> MEF FK O EQ HD L FLFLK G> O $GDDF<, G> HJL G> OGE O N KGE GMFLK LL EQ <HF<< MHGF, >JGE HJKGF OG JK<< GFK<JD LEL GJL KGF, F< < >JIMFL GHHGJLMFLK G> F OLFKKLG LJ LK F< EFFJK. FJJLGJ G> CHLF CGG'K nJKL

NGQ NF EFLGF< L NJQ KEDD FMEJ G> FLFLK,LL OK KF GF L KLJF GKL G> O $GDDF<, F< L

HHJFL FDLQ G> L GMFLJQ, >JGE LK <KGDL KLL, LG KMHHGJLEFQ EGJ, GKJNK, "BQ OL EFK L FLFLK G> LKGMFLJQ J J<M< LG KM FMEJ K L F KMKKL, K FGLHJHK NJQ KQ LG MKK; OLJ, D L FLFLK G> ODF<, LQ J <KLJGQ< Q L F<K G> GLJ F GFLKLK

>GJ >GG<; OLJ LQ J KOHL Gm Q <FLD >EF; GJOLJ LJ K FQ MK LL HJNFLK L FJK G> LKHK, EMKL D>L >GJ >MLMJ <NFLMJJK LG <LJEF."17

GMFL O J. CGDDFK K NF G> LK KNK ODD, %GH, mGJ< F KGE <J KLK>LGJQ FKOJ. Q J<KJ< K, F FJD, FLJ LDD FGJ ODD E<. J JEK,DK, F< LK, J LF, O K KJ< LG L HGGJFKK G> LJEG< G> DNF. GK OG FL L K-GKL <HF< DEGKLFLJDQ GF nK >GJ LJ KMKLFF, JDN< GKGFDDQ Q

JHKL GF KGE DJ JMK O J >GMF< F L G<Q G> L<OJ> ME-LJ. NJQ KFLQ KLG G> FEDK F L OGG<K, F<L NJQ JL DGMJ FKKJQ LG L LE, H L FDF<FLNK F K HGGJ GF<LGF K LJ JLJF GF L GKL. QJ GEHDD< LG DE L LDDKL LJK >LJ GFQ F< L KEDDJFEDK, KM K L oQF KIMJJD F< L GHGKKME. F LKLEK J G> JL L, F< OLGML JFK, O K FJDDQL K F L >GJKLK, LK K HJGKK G> JL DGMJ, F< KmL< Q MLLF FGL OL LJ KLGF LLK >GJ >GGLKMKKNDQ, OD LJ D>L JE EJK L LJ. JK OJGKJN< FGL< F LK EFFJ LG L L G> LQ >L >GJL nJKL JF, OJ L MFJQ KN GMD< GH LG EL OLFQ JOJ< >GJ KG EM LGD.18

OGG<K, PDMKN G> L FEDK GKGFDDQ >GMF< F LE,mGJ< ML DLLD KMKLFF. A >O JJK, L QE, L >JF JGGL,F< L oGOJK G> L <mJFL FKK, E MH L OGD G> L

NLD LDGM.19

A FLN OL K D<, KMJHJK< GF L FK G> L $OKMJQJNJ Q KGE G> GMJ GDGFKLK, DMF< K FG F MJJQ, F<

D>L F< E KHEF G> K >GG<, F< G> L <DQ G> KKLGE. JGE H G> OLJ-KG< OGG<, >MDD G> GDK, <F PLJLF F< LF DJ OGJE. KEDD GL G> LOGJE F< LK LLGF OK F L KL <J GmFKN. KOGJEK, F L DFM G> L GMFLJQ, J DD< C-JG; F< LJ G> FLNK <ODDF FDF<, >JGE L JMEKLF G> LFLK DGLKGE OGJEK, K FE< C-JGD. OGG<-FLNKDKG E HKL >GJE< G> L >JF JGGL F< L DJ F< KEDDFLK, JMK< LGLJ; F<, F L KKGF, << L K G> LKFKL.20

%F GMFLJQ, L FLFLK G> O J <JNF LG KM JKGMJK>GJ KMKKLF, OJ L KMHHDQ G> FED F< NLD >GG< KKG PLJEDQ KFLQ, F< L DGMJ FKKJQ LG HJGMJ L K KGKNJ, L K N<FL, LL L HGHMDLGF EMKL NJQ LFDQKLLJ< F HJGHGJLGF LG L LJJLGJQ. %LK MLEGKL GMF<K EMKL

NJQ FJJGO. BML OF O <NJL LG L KLJF F< JJGMKMKLGEK G> LK HGHD, L JMD LJLEFL G> LJ OGEF, F<L <pMDLQ G> JJF D<JF; FKL< G> F KMJHJK< LL L<GK FGL EGJ >JIMFLDQ HJKK LG HKK LK GMF<K, O KDD JLJ FDF< LG GFK<J NF LK KFLQ JKGMJK K EGJLF KMpFL LG KMHHGJL DD L HGHMDLGF LL GMD< JGO MHMF<J KM JMEKLFK.

HJDM< LG DGN F LK GMFLJQ K NGDF, F< G> L EGKLJMLD FLMJ. KN KDLK K FLF<< O> >JGE L OGEF

G> <mJFL LJ, FJDDQ GF L FELQ OL K GOF. $ KLDKMHGF J F L KF G> J HJGLLGJK, F< NF nJKL KLMHn<J OL DGOK G> DM, GJ OGG<F KOGJ<, GF L <, , F<KGMD<JK, NJQ GF G> O K >GDDGO< Q KLJE G> DGG<, <JK J LJGM L OGG<K Q GF JE, JJ<DKK G> L KLGFKF< JGF HK G> LJK LL EQ D F K JGML, F< FPGMKGFDQ LG GFNQ K HJR F K>LQ LG K GOF HJLQ. OGEF LMKLJL< GEK K O>, K FGJHGJL< FLG L LJ LG O DGFK, F< ML KD<GE IMLK E >GJ FGLJ. GMLJ K FGLJKFL< Q L JDLGFK G> L >ED, OG GFDQ JLDL Q KEDJ GMLJ OF L K F LJ HGOJ.21

MFGF G> L KPK LK HD L F JDQ ; F< FKLFKOJ FGOF LG GMJ GDGFKLK G> NJQ QGMF JDK NF F EMF< KE>MDDQ MK< Q L EDK.22

GF<ML G> L MKF< LG K O> GJ ONK, KEK LG FJDQF JLJ OL LK KLJF F< JJGMK EG< G> GMJLKH. >EDK J GF LJ <K L LJK G> L KMHJGJLQ G> LEDK, O K PJK< DEGKL K KGGF K LQ nF< KLJFL FLJ JEK LG FoL DGO. GE G> LK MF>GJLMFL FK N

F GKJN< OL EGJ KJK GF LJ KGJF <K, ML F NJQ<JLGF, LF GMD< ODD GMFL<. J. CGDDFK >DFDQ KQK," GF<LGF G> LK OGEF K KG OJL<, LL % N G>LF, GFKF >ED D< GJF GF LK EGLJ'K KGMD<JK, FLHL<L EKJK LG O L OK GJF, F< LGML L OGMD< EJQLG <KLJGQ L."23 %F FGLJ HD, KHF G> BFFDGF'K O>F <DNJ< G> D<, KQK, "% J nF< F EQ HHJK FGL,LL >GJ KGE GmF BFFDGF < KNJDQ LF LK OGEF FL EGJFF, KGJL LE >GJ K OK <DNJ<."24

GEF LJL< F LK JMLD EFFJ EMKL FKKJDQ KML LG>JIMFL EKJJK, F< L K HJGD LL L MK G> NJQ

QGMF JDK, EFLGF< GN K GEEGF, F< L LGG JDQ MFGFG> L KPK F FJD, OGMD< LF< LG HJNFL L >EDK >JGEF HJGDn. %FKLFK G> HDMJDLQ G> ONK OJ >GMF< EGJ>JIMFL LF G> KFD O>; ML OL K PLJGJ<FJQ, J. CGDDFK<< FGL JGDDL NJ LG N FGL< D<JF Q EGJ LF GF.

$ < J< >JGE KGE G> L FLNK, LL L nJKL O> DE<F PDMKN JL LG L GFMD EJ, OD L KGF< OKEJDQ L KDN F< <JM< G> GL.25

AF KGDMLDQ PDMKN JL F L nJKL O> LG L GFMDEJ KEK LG J<DQ HJGD; ML L K HGKKD LL LKGF< O> EQ FGL DDGO< LG JJ J GmKHJF. AL FQ JL, > L GKJNLGF FJDDQ LJM, L HJGNK LL EFQ G> LOGEF J OLGML D<JF, O F GFDQ GMFL< >GJ >JGEL NJQ KNJ J<KHK O LQ MF<JG, GJ >JGE KGE

HJLMDJ MKLGEK O EQ FGL N GE LG L FGOD< G> J. CGDDFK.

%> L EGLJ G> KMF D< <, L DHDKK F>FL K MJ<DN F L KE JN OL LK EGLJ. >LJ EKD> HDKK DNF D< GF L G<Q G> K << O>, F< NF LJGOF DJ KLGF MHGF L, L JN K FKLFLDQ nDD< Q L GLJ FLNK.K <J<>MD L OK HJ>GJE< Q CG-D-, FLN ODD FGOFLG GMJ GDGFKLK, F< OG, GF F LD< LG GF L KML,

MKLn< L HJG<F, Q <DJF LL FG OGEF GMD< >GMF< OG OGMD< MF<JL LG FMJK L D<, F< LL LJ>GJ LEMKL N <GJL LFFKK G> L HGHMDLGF.26

M MKLGE, LGM F LKD> HJHK L EL FGL EM mLL HGHMDLGF G> GMFLJQ, HDK F KLJGF HGFL G> NO L<pMDLQ G> JJF D<JF F KN D>. GEF GD< Q LJLK G> DNF LG GFKLFL F G> HD, F< GEHDD< LG FMFJELLF <JM<JQ >GJ LJ MKF<K, HHJ LG KGDMLDQ

FHD G> JFF MH LOG GJ LJ D<JF FJDQ G> L KE. %> FGLJ D< GJF >GJ L GF GN L F K>L >GJLKD>, F< >GDDGO LK EGLJ GF >GGL, GF G> L LOG EMKL DEGKLFKKJDQ HJK >GJ OFL G> J. LK G> JJF NF GFF>FL, F KM OF<JF F< DGJGMK D>, EMKL KGLJGMDKGE, F< HF>MD, LL O J FGL LG KMJHJK< LL FGOGEF F >GMF< LG MF<JL L OG K FGL HJGEHL< Q LHGOJ>MD >DFK G> EGLJ.

G LK MKK, O >GJDQ JHJKK L JKF FJLGF, EMKL

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LJ HJHLMD GFLKLK OL GLJ; LJ KLJF KHJL G> JLDLGF F< JNF, O HJGEHLK L E<FL EMJ<J, F<L >JIMFL K<<F G> FFGFL DGG<; L KEG F< nDL G> LJ EKJD LLGFK, F< LJ HGGJ EG< G> DNF,HJG<MLN G> DGLKGE MLFGMK <KGJ<JK; F<, GN DD,

<J<>MD H<E D L KEDD-HGP, O KOHK Gm JLFMEJK.27

%F L QJ 1789 LQ OJ NKL< Q LK H<E, O J<EGF LE OL DD L HHJF F< NJMDF G> L KEDD-HGP. <KGDLGF, O L GKGF<, OK DEGKL FJ<D. GL DNF HJKGF OK LG >GMF< F L QK F< JGMJK LL OJ>GJ L EGKL >JIMFL<. GL NKL G> MEF >GGL OK LG LJ< GF L KF<K. Q < D>L L << LG MJQ L <<. PNLGFK F L JGK OJ nDD< OL HMLJ< G<K, F< F

EFQ HDK L HLK OJ GNJ< OL KDLGFK.28

J. CGDDFK OK F>GJE<, LL L LJ G> CG-D-, L FLNEFLGF< >GJ, < F J<M< Q L mLK G> LK <J<>MD<KGJ<J LG LJ HJKGFK, OG >GMF< LEKDNK GD< LG MFLOL KGE GLJ LJ, LG HJNFL LJ MLLJ PLFLGF.29

F<J KM HGOJ>MD MKK G> <HGHMDLGF, O KGMD< FLMJDDQ FDF< LG KMHHGK LL L FED F< NLD HJG<M G> L GMFLJQ OGMD< FJKF MHGF L LFDQ KLLJ<FLFLK, F<, <<< LG L KMHHDQ G> nK >JGE LJ KGJK;OGMD< EGJ LF KMpFL >GJ LJ GFKMEHLGF; QL L HHJK,MHGF L OGD, LL L HGHMDLGF K F FJD KG FJDQ GF DND OL L NJ KMHHDQ G> >GG<, LL NJQ DLLD <nFQ>JGE MF>NGMJD OLJ GJ GLJ MKK, GKGFK <KLJKK.JLMDJ LEK, OF L FLFLK KE< LG F JL OFL,J EFLGF< K FGL MFGEEGF, F<, L LK HJG<K, KGE G> LFLNK OJ >GMF< J<M< LG KDLGFK, F< DEGKL KLJN< LG<L.30

B LG D G> CGFLFLK

B33/ I, C%475 IV

O* T C'/ T3 P340%7-3 A3+ T A5-'% I-%.

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JKF HGHMDLGF LF F LK KMKIMFL <KLJMLGF.

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KGELEK PKKN.37

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GMD< FGL DGF HL DGO LK FLMJD DND OLGML L EGKLPLJE NGDF. $GO >J MJGHF GFLL EQ GHJL FLL OL LK PLJE NGDF, F< HJNFL L >JGE JGNJFLK >GJEJ HGHMDLGF, K HGFL O PHJF GFDQ F<LJEF. BML, KGMD< LK L K, % N FG <GML LL, GFLJF L MKK G> L, O KDD nF< LE LG JNL< NF< EKJQ.

> L GLJ KDF<K F L n F O N DKK FLELFGOD< LF G> LL; ML GMJ F>GJELGF K KMpFL LGKKMJ MK LL L KLL G> KGLQ F DD L HJFHD JGMHK G>

LE K F EGKL JKHLK PLJEDQ KEDJ. AEGF L JF<DQ F<F<O KDF<JK, L KE >M<D KQKLE F< >M<D LMJMDF,L KE PLJGJ<FJQ HGOJ G> L >K F< <J<< KLL G> L DGOJ GJ<JK G> KGLQ, F< FJDQ L KE HJGEKMGMKFLJGMJK EGF JL HJL G> L HGHD, N F >GMF< LGHJND, K F LL.

%F L JF<DQ %KDF<K, LGM L HGOJ G> L F OK K< LG MFDEL<, F< L D> F< HJGHJLQ G> L KML L K <KHGKD;

QL L HHJ< LL KGE G> L GLJ >K L< D HLLQ

KGNJFK, F< >JIMFLDQ LOJL< K EKMJK, G> O G>LF GEHDF<. "BML GONJ F<HF<FL" (CHLF CGG KQK)

"GF L <KHGL HGOJ G> L F L JL EF EQ , O KOFKLFK FGM LG HJGN LL L DGOJ GJ<JK G> HGHD N FGHJGHJLQ FGJ K>LQ >GJ LJ HJKGFK, ML L L ODD G> L >K LGOGE LQ JKHLNDQ DGF."42 >K G>LF L LF>JGJ HGHD EGKL MFEJ>MDDQ;43 F<, OF FQ G> LE OJ

ML F L>L GF GJ< L KHK, LJ EKLJK, >J >JGEFLJ<F >GJ LE, OGMD< G>LF <NK L DDF G> LE,44O, K L >K LEKDNK HHJ< LG N FG JL GJJGJG> L JE G> L>L, GMD< GFDQ JK >JGE LJ GFK<JF LDNK G> LK HGGJ HGHD K G> DLLD GJ FG NDM.

CHLF CGG, F K nJKL NKL LG L F<O %KDF<K, < JKGFLG LF LL PLJFD OJK F< FLJFD GEEGLGFK OJPLJEDQ >JIMFL EGF L FLNK.45 AF< CHLF FGMNJ,F K DLJ GMFL, KLJGFDQ FGLK L <J<>MD <NKLLGFK F

EFQ G> L KDF<K >JGE LK MKK. %FKKFL GFLFLGFK <GKGF< DLJLGFK F L <mJFL GNJFEFLK KF CHLFCGG'K NKL: FDQ GF > G> DD LL OJ FGOF L LL LE OKDNF; F<, GF FIMJQ, L HHJ< LL >O < << FLMJD<L, EGKL G> LE NF F DD< F LK MFHHQGFLKLK.46 HGOJ G> L >K GNJ L F>JGJ DKKK G> LHGHD F L F<O %KDF<K HHJK LG KGDML. HGHD,GF L GLJ F<, HQ LE L EGKL EHDL G<F; F< LKKLL G> KJNDLQ K EF>KLDQ JL mL F <KF GL LJEF<K F< G<K.47 J<LGFK G> JF KE LG NF EGJKLJGFDQ EJ< J LF F L GLJ KDF<K, K L >K G> J JF N LG LGK OG J DGOJ F LK KD F L EGKLMLQ F< GHHJKKN EFFJ.48

%L K FGL FGOF LL LJ F L JF<DQ GJ F<O %KDF<KF>FL< K HJLK<, GJ LL FKLLMLGFK J KLDK< KEDJLG L JG KGLK F LL. BML L KEK LG KLL< GFMFIMKLGFD MLGJLQ LL HJGKLLMLGF K PLFKNDQ <mMK<,F< HJNDK LG JL <J EGF L DGOJ DKKK G> OGEF;49 O EMKL DOQK GHJL K EGKL HGOJ>MD LGHGHMDLGF. %L KEK DQ HJGD LL L LGMLGMK, GJ KJNFLK,

OG KHF< L JLKL HJL G> LJ LE F LLF<F MHGF L>K,50 <G FGL G>LF EJJQ; F< L K N<FL LL L HGDQEQDDGO< LG L KMHJGJ HGHD EMKL LF< JLDQ LG FGMJ F<JNL L N G> HJGEKMGMK FLJGMJK EGF L F>JGJDKKK.

J L F KLDK< >L LL F L EGJ >JLD KDF<K G> Ln F NJQ DLLD GJ FGLF OK KMmJ< >JGE HGNJLQ F<OFL G> >GG<, K O GMD< FGL PHL LG nF< EGF KNK F KMDELK FQ JL <J G> EGJD JKLJFL, L LGJQ GF L

KML OGMD< FLMJDDQ D< MK LG GFDM<, LL N, FDM<FOJ, OK L HJFHD LG LJ HGHMDLGF. GMFLK

O O N G> LK KDF<K KLJGFDQ GFnJE LK GFDMKGF. %FL LJ JL JGMHK G> KDF<K O N F FGL<, NHHJK LG EGKL HJGEFFL >LMJ. %F KLJ %KDF<, >JGE LJL <KHJGHGJLGF G> L EDK LG L >EDK,51 L F KJDQ <GML< LL F>FL< HJNDK, LGM L >L EQ FGL N

GE LG L FGOD< G> FQ G> GMJ FNLGJK. ]JGMK KE< LGLF LL L OGEF F <KLJL OJ GEEGF HJGHJLQ LG LEF G> LL <KLJL,52 LGM L FMEJK G> D<JF O KO53 OGMD< JLJ LF< LG GFLJ<L LK GHFGF. oMLMLGFK F L HGHMDLGF G> KLJ %KDF< HHJ LG N F

NJQ GFK<JD KF LK nJKL <KGNJQ Q GOF F 1722,LGM L FFGL N F EM mL< Q MJGHFFLJGMJK. JGE L <KJHLGF G> ]JGMK L HHJ<, L LLE G> K NKL, LG JGNJF LK HGHMDLGF, O < F F NJQ DGO KLL, HJGDQ LJ >JGE <JGML, ND <KKFKGFK, GJ

L HJNDF F F PLJE <J G> F>FL< F<HJGEKMGMK FLJGMJK. F CHLF CGG NKL< L F KKGF< NGQ, DMDL< L HGHMDLGF L KP GJ KNFMF<J<,54 ]JGMK L LOG LGMKF<;55 F<, >JGE L FMEJ G> D<JF O GKJN<, F< L FMEJ G> FO GMKK LLOJ MD<F, GFN< LL L HGHMDLGF OK GF LFJK.56

%F L JFF %KDF<K, GJ<F LG J #GF, NJQ JLFMEJ57 G> L QGMF EF JEF< MFEJJ<, DNF D LEEJK G> L JG KGLQ F LL, F< <KLFMK< Q KEDJ FE.58 %F L KDF< G> GJEGK, L K K< LL LOGEF OJ FGL DDGO< LG JF D<JF FLG L OGJD< >GJ L G> LJLQ-nN. %> LQ OJ OL-D< HJGJ LG LL HJG<, FGJLGF OK mL< Q L HJKLKK, F< LDD L MKF< OK>GJLQ QJK G> L O> GFLFM< LG DN F J >LJ'K GMK,F< OK GFDQ KF Q KLDL.59

LJFKFL NKLK O N F E< LG KGE GLJ KDF<K,F< L EHJ>L GMFLK O N G> LE, <G FGL FD MK LGFLJ FLG FQ HJLMDJ <LD G> LJ MKLGEK; ML, >JGE L

FJD KEDJLQ G> LK MKLGEK, K >J K K F GKJN<,O N JKGF LG LF LL, LGM LQ EQ FGL EJ< QKGE G> L EGJ LJGGMK HMDJLK O N FEFLGF<, NGMK LK OL JKHL LG OGEF, F< OJK, J LHJFHD K LG LJ HGHMDLGF.

K GONJ J FGL DD. F L KML G> L HHQ KLL G> HDFLQ, F O L FLNK G> L GML- %KDF<K N F K<LG DN, % E FDF< LG LF LL GMJ EFLGFK N FJJ< QGF< L LJML Q L PMJFL <KJHLGFK O N

KGELEK F NF G> LK <DL>MD KHLK. FGL MF>JIMFLHJKKMJ G> OFL, NF F LL, EFLGF< F CHLF CGG'K

DKL NGQ, K MF<N< MK OL JJ< LG L EGKL >JLD G> DDLK KDF<K; F< >JGE L KKGFJQ NGQ L HHJK, LL, LJLF LEK G> L QJ, OF L J<->JML K GML G> KKGF, DDLEHGJJQ KJLQ. AL LGG, GF G> L JIMKK, LEGMFL< LG MFJ, F< L NJQ FEDK OJ HF< >GJ OFL G>

>GG<. AL GFLGG, L HJFHD G> L JF<DQ %KDF<K, L>K LG KMJ HDFLQ F< LJ G<K LG GLJ KDF<K,60F<, L LEK, EFQ G> L FLNK KMmJJGE OFL.61 %FL F<O %KDF<K DGF <JGMLK KGELEK GMJ,62 GK F<

QEK J G>LF NJQ KJ,63 F< NKLGJK J JN< OL FMFODGE MKLJLQ, NJQ <mJFL >JGE L HJG>MK FNGDFG> LL. %F O CD<GF L FLFLK >< MHGF KH<JK,64F< J KGELEK J<M< LG L JL HK G> KLLL LGHHK L JNFK G> LJ MFJ.65

K >LK KLJGFDQ HJGN LL, F OLNJ MF<F LHJG<MLGFK G> LK KDF<K EQ >GMF< L HJLF HJG<K, GJGONJ LQ EQ < Q FGJF, OJK F< GLJMKK, L NJ HGHMDLGF, FJDDQ KHF, HJKKK J<FKL L DELK G> L NJ >GG<. %F KLL G> KGLQ, OJL DNK G> L F>JGJ GJ<JK G> L HGHD KE LG GFK<J<Q LJ KMHJGJK K G> DLLD GJ FG NDM, L K N<FL LL O J

NJQ DD LG <N< OL JJ< LG L HHJFK G> MF<F; F< O EQ KDQ GFN LL GK F< NLDKEL PF< F JL HJG>MKGF >GJ MJGHF GEEG<LKQ L HJFHD HJGHJLGJK, OD LJ NKKDK F< KDNK OJKMmJF KNJDQ >JGE OFL.

% FFGL GFDM< LK FJD JNO G> LL <HJLEFL G> MEFKGLQ O K F DKK< MF<J L FE G> KN D>,OLGML GKJNF LL L GFDQ <NFL F L GN NDR< D>LL % F <KGNJ, K L HGKKKKGF G> JLJ <J G> DKMJQ L EKK G> L HGHD. J K DKK OGJ LG <GF, F<GFKIMFLDQ LJ K DKK DGMJ. F O GFK<J L FKKFLLGD LG O L DGOJ DKKK G> KGLQ F NDR< D> JGF<EF<, LK FFGL ML HHJ LG MK KLJF <NFL; ML

L K HJGDQ GNJDF< Q EM JLJ <K<NFLK. %F DDLGK GMFLJK OJ HJGNKGFK J HJGMJ< OL >DLQ, EGKLLQJFFD, <KLFLGF G> JF HJNDK. BDGOK F< NGDLGFK G> HJGHJLQ KE LG ELLJK G> GMJK; F< L DGOJ DKKK G> LHGHD J F KLL G> GEHJLN <J<LGF, EM DGO OLK FGOF F NDR< FLGFK. %F LL HJL G> KN D> OJ JL <J G> IMDLQ GLFK, L <pMDLQ G> HJGMJF >GG<F< L J<KHK G> FKKFL OJ JL <J G> DGMJ FGLF>JGJ LG LL O K PJL< Q L DGOJ DKKK G> L HGHDF NDR< KGLQ, LGM EM EGJ MFIMDDQ <N<<.

BML LGM O EQ GEHJ L DGMJ G> LK LOG DKKK G> MEF KGLQ, LJ HJNLGFK F< KMmJFK ODD <EL G> FGGEHJKGF. GLF HHJK LG E LG HD LK F KG KLJF HGFL G> NO, K L OGD LFGJ G> <MLGF EGF L JM<JLJK G> KNK F AEJ. NJQ LF LL F GFLJML LG

L L EGKL MFEGN< HLF MF<J L KNJKL HFK F<EK>GJLMFK, NJQ LF LL LF<K LG J<F L JL, F< FJJGODD L KGMJK G> KQEHLQ, K EGKL K<MDGMKDQ FMDL< GF LKN. NDR< EF, GF L GFLJJQ, LGM EQ <NK< LG J ND OL HLF OF L GEK, K FGL FKLJML<LG DOQK PHLF L. LJ NJLMK J LG DD< FLG LGFK<K >GJLLM<. $ K LML LG >D >GJ K FGMJ, GJ NF KFEQ, F <KLJKK; LG FGMJ F< PHF< K KGD mLGFK;F<, F FJD, LG FDJ L KHJ G> HDKMJD EGLGFK. GNGMK F>JF >JGE LK LOG <mJFL EG<K G> <MLGF K,

LL L NDR< EF GHK LG FGQ, L KN PHLK GFDQ LGKMmJ.

HJHGKLJGMK KQKLE G> HJLF <KHDF, F< LL MFFLMJDKGJHLGF G> NJQ HJNL >DF F GFJF >GJ L HMD, OK KGELEK F KG KMJ<DQ <EJ<, GMD< FNJ N PKL<ML EGF HGHD PHGK< LG HJHLMD J<KHK F< HJNLGFK>JGE FKKFL OJ, F< F KLL MF<J L GFKLFL >J G> <J<>MD JNJKK G> >GJLMF. %FKL< G> GFK<JF LKHFGEF K F<LF FQ HMDJ LF<FQ LG >GJLLM< F<HLJGLKE F L <KHGKLGF G> L HJLFK, % KGMD< EJDQGFK<J LE K KLJGF F<LGF G> L EKJD F< DEGKLKN KLL G> HJL, F< G> #J F FJD L LL LE. L GEEG<LK F EJL, LGK NJLMK ODD HJG<M< F LJLKL IMFLLQ, >GJ O LJ K L JLKL <EF<; F<OJ HLF MF<J HF F< HJNLGFK, F< PLJNFLHLJGL KJnK, J L EGKL DD< >GJ, L K EDFGDQF<LGF G> L EKJQ G> L HGHD, F< L FKMJLQ G> LKLL.

B LG D G> CGFLFLK

B33/ I, C%475 VI

O* T C'/ T3 P340%7-3 A3+ T A'-7 I%&-7%7 O* T N357 O* E534.

A KLGJQ G> L JDQ EJLGFK F< KLLDEFLK G> EFF<, OLL EGLNK O HJGEHL< LE, OGMD< DDMKLJL F KLJFEFFJ L GFKLFL LF<FQ F L MEF J LG FJKQGF< L EFK G> KMKKLF. LGML KGE FJD DO G> LKFLMJ, L OGMD< KE K > L OGJD< GMD< FNJ N FHGHD<. A KLL G> KDGL, F< FGL G> JKLDKKFKK F< LNLQ, KEKN<FLDQ LG L FLMJD KLL G> EF; F< LK DLLJ <KHGKLGF

GMD< FGL N F FJL< ML Q L KLJGF G< G> FKKLQ,LGM L EL >LJOJ<K GFLFM< Q L, F< L FOKKGLGFK LL OJ >GJE< >JGE L, L KHJL G> FLJHJK, F<L LJKL G> EJLD DGJQ.

J LGD< LL AJE F< GL < KG JL KMKLF F LLD,LL L DF< OGMD< FGL J LE GL, LL LQ EL <ODDLGLJ. J OK KLJ> LOF LJ J<KEF. AF< AJEHJGHGK< LG GL LG KHJL, F< K<, "%K FGL L OGD DF< >GJL? %> LGM ODL L L D>L F<, LF % ODD G LG L JL; >

LGM <HJL LG L JL F<, LF % ODD G LG L D>L."66

K KEHD GKJNLGF F< HJGHGKD K KLJF DDMKLJLGF G> LL JL KHJF G> LGF O GNJKHJ< L OGD JL OLHGHD; F<, F L HJGJKK G> LE, <JGN KGE G> L DKK>GJLMFL FLFLK G> L DG, QD<F LG JJKKLD HJKKMJ,LG K KFLQ KMKKLF F L MJFF <KJLK G> AK F<

A>J, F< L >JGRF JGFK G> J F< GJL AEJ. nJKL EJLGFK OGMD< FLMJDDQ nF< FG GLJ GKLDK LF LFLMJ G> L GMFLJQ; ML OF GFK<JD HJL G> L JL< F HGHD<, LGM ML LFDQ, L HGKKKKGJK G> LK<KLJLK OGMD< FGL QD< LE LG GLJK OLGML KLJMD; F< LJ<MF<FL FLFLK G> FQ G> L EGJ FLJD KHGLK GMD< FGLnF< JGGE >GJ LEKDNK OLGML PHDDF LJ FJKLFGMJK, GJ L DKL HKKF LJGM LJ LJJLGJK, OOGMD< FKKJDQ N GKGF LG >JIMFL GFLKLK.

E<<D DLLM<K G> MJGH F< AK KE LG N FGMH< L F JDQ HJG< G> KLGJQ Q FLGFK G> KHJ<K.MQ<<K N L K K GHFGF, LL L NDR< KLLK G> MJGHF< AK, F K LE, GMD< FGL JKKL L QLFK MFL<. L

GMFLJQ F HKLMJ FFGL HGKKDQ KMHHGJL KG EFQ FLFLK K GMFLJQ F LDD. BML OL JF<JK FLGFK G> KHJ<K KG

>GJE<D, K L HGOJ O LQ HGKKKK G> EGNF DLGLJ,F< L FKKLQ LQ >JIMFLDQ >D G> PJLF LK HGOJ FKJ G> >JK HKLMJ >GJ LJ J<K. A LJ LL K J F LLDK F EE<L HDFLQ G> >GG<. NF L HJFL KLG EQ <NGMJ< F K G> KGDML FKKLQ. OGEF DN F JLJ

K LF EGF FLGFK G> MFLJK, F< J GFKIMFLDQ EGJHJGDn. EF, GD< F LJ MFL< KLJFL, F< GFn<F FLJ HGOJ G> HJGMJF HKLMJ >GJ LJ LLD Q F G> HD,>D HJGDQ ML >O >JK GML HJGN<F >GJ >EDQ. KGEF< MKK KGGF HJG<M LJ FLMJD F< FNJD mL,F PLF<< HGHMDLGF. A EGJ >JIMFL F< JH< F G> HDLF GEK FKKJQ. A O<J F< EGJ PLFKN LJJLGJQ KKMKKNDQ GMH<. A JG<J <KGDLGF PLF<K DD JGMF<LE. FL HFK L DKK >GJLMFL EEJK G> L KGLQ; F<L DFL L EHGKKDLQ G> KMHHGJLF KM FMEJ LGLJ

GEK LGG N<FL LG JKKL<. GMF KGFK J LF HMK<GML >JGE L HJFL KLG, F< FKLJML< LG PHDGJ >JK JGFK,F< LG F HHJ KLK >GJ LEKDNK Q LJ KOGJ<K. "OGJD< K DD >GJ LE OJ LG GGK."

KLDKK >JGE HJKFL <KLJKK, oMK< OL L GH G> >JJHJGKHLK, F< FEL< OL L KHJL G> J<Q FLJHJK, LK<JF <NFLMJJK J DDQ LG GE >GJE<D <NJKJK LGDD OG GHHGK LE. FLFLK G> GMFLJK DGF KLLD<,F< F L H>MD GMHLGFK G> LJ< F< JMDLMJ,OGMD< FGL G>LF D LG JKKL L FJQ G> EF LF MF<JKM HGOJ>MD EGLNK G> PJLGF. AF< L >JIMFL GFLKLK OLLJK F L KE JMEKLFK OL LEKDNK, OGMD< KGEFQ KLJMDK >GJ PKLF, F< OGMD< >GML OL <KHJLGMJ, FKHJ< Q L JoLGF, LL <L OGMD< LHMFKEFL G> <>L, F< D> L HJR G> NLGJQ.

%F LK KN GFLKLK, EFQ LJK EMKL N F MLLJDQPLJEFL<. FQ HJGDQ HJK< Q J<KHK F< >EF.LJK; OGK D<F KLJ < NF LE HHJ <JLGF,E JL F< HGOJ>MD LJK, F< F LJ LMJF KFL Gm >JK

<NFLMJJK F KJ G> GLJ KLK. K OGMD< L nJKL GODDF LG LJ HJFL LJ; ML F KGJL LE L LK OGMF< LE OGMD< DLLD >DL, F< LQ OGMD< JEF >JF<K, GJGE FEK, GJ<F K LJ HGOJ, LJ ELGF GJ LJGFNFF, EL <LL.

HJG<GMK OKL G> MEF D>, GKGF< Q LK HJHLMDKLJMD >GJ JGGE F< >GG<, OGMD< EGJ LF KMHHD< Q LELQ HGOJ G> HGHMDLGF, LF F KGE <J MFKD<>JGE L GFKLFL L G> EJLGF. A HJNDF GH G> LLJF

LJ GF<LGF Q F G> HD, GFKLFL PHLLGF G> HDMF<J, HGOJ NF, > <KLJKK<, G> KDDF LJ D<JF K

KDNK, <<< LG L FLMJD JDKKFKK G> L JJ JLJ,OGMD< DD GFKHJ LG JK HGHMDLGF, O OGMD< JEF LG JHJKK< >LJOJ<K Q >EF F< OJ.

LJK LL HGKKKK< LEKDNK G> L EGJ >JML>MD JGFK,

LGM LQ EL OF LE F< EFLF LE Q GFLFMDLLDK, JH<DQ FJK< F FMEJ F< HGOJ, >JGE L FJK<EFK G> KMKKLF; LDD L DFL L OGD LJJLGJQ, >JGE LGFnFK G> CF LG L KGJK G> L BDL, OK HGHD< Q

NJGMK J G> JJFK, JN, JGMKL, F< FLJHJKF, FMJ<LG J<KHK, F< <DLF F OJ.67 D L <mJFL nP<GNJFEFLK G> MJGH F< AK, Q KMHJGJ HGHMDLGF F<KMHJGJ KDD, OJ D LG GHHGK F EHFLJD JJJ LG LJ<KLJGQF GJ<K, LQ OKL< LJ KMHJoMGMK FMEJK FGFLKLK OL GLJ; ML L EGEFL LL L OFKK G> L

KLLD< GNJFEFLK, GJ L KMD MFGF G> EFQ G> LKOF<JF LJK, N LE L KF<FL F HGOJ, L KLGJE<KJ< LKD> GF L >JKL HJGNFK G> L JL; F< CF,JK, QHL F< %LDQ OJ GNJODE< L <mJFL HJG<K FLK oGG< G> JJKE.

K JEJK J KLJGFDQ PEHDn< F L >DD G> L GEFEHJ. KHJ<K G> L FGJL G> MJGH OJ DGF D< F Q L NGMJ G> L GEF JEK, F< L LJJGJ G> LGEF FE. >GJE<D JJMHLGF G> L CEJ F KJ G> FO KLLDEFLK, LGM KFDR< Q L <KLJMLGF G> nNGFKMDJ JEK, OK L DFL JJKL< F LK NLGJGMK JJ QJMK; F< L JJFK OJ LML LG JHFL LJ JKFKK QL DEGKL GEHDL PLJEFLGF G> LK HGOJ>MD GDGFQ.68 FEK G> MDMK CZKJ, G> JMKMK, JMK, F< #JEFMK,EHJKK< GF LJ EF<K Q L KDMLJ G> LJ GMFLJQEF,GFLFM< LG FKHJ LE OL >J G> FJGF GF L GEFLJJLGJQ. BML LQ OJ JLJ LJMEH< GNJ LF NFIMK<;69F< LGM L JEK GJ GDGFK O LQ KFL >GJL OJLJ ML Gm GJ >GJ< FLG LJ GJFD KLK, L NGMJ G> L JL #JEF FLGF JEF< MFEHJ<, F< J<Q LG HGMJ

>GJL J J<Q KGFK F GFKLFL KMKKGF, OJNJ LQ GMD<>GJ F GHFF >GJ LEKDNK Q LJ KOGJ<K. >D JFKG> MK, #DDMK, VEDFMK, DJF, F< #DDFMK, mGJ<< KMF GHFF, F< OJ F GFKIMF EJ< Q FJDJJMHLGF G> JJFK. #GLK, OG OJ KMHHGK< LG NEJL< F L GMJK G> KGE QJK >JGE F<FN LG LMPF, OJ J< LG OL<JO LJ NLGJGMK LJGGHK Q FFFMD LJML. BML FG KGGFJ OK L <FJGMK KJL G> LODL F< OFKK G> L GEF EHJ LMK JND< LG LOGJD<, LF FO KOJEK G> JJFK KHJ< <NKLLGF LJGM

L >JGFLJ HJGNFK, F< LJJGJ K >J K L LK G> GE.70 JFK, L ADDEFF, L #GLK, F< <NFLMJJK G> DKK

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G HMJKM, NF F L EGKL MJKGJQ EFFJ, L L< G> EJLGFF< GFIMKL F AK, L JH< FJK G> KGE LJK, F< LLGLD PLFLGF G> GLJK, OGMD< DJ. MJF LHJG<K G> L >GJE<D JJMHLGFK G> L $MFK, L O<-PLF<<FNKGFK G> L GMDK F< JLJK, L KFMFJQ GFIMKLK G>

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A HJKGF LJNDDF F JLJQ <MJF L KMEEJ EGFLK OGMD<HJGDQ K PLFKN KLHHK MFGMH<, F< JKK F HJG>MKGF

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L KHJ< KLL, EF K HMDJDQ PHGK< LG mL< Q LKKGFK; F< JL EGJLDLQ G> HJFL KLG K F ND EGJ >LD

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AK EGF L JLJK >EDQ K DOQK GFGMJD, F< OGEF

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N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

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N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

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N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

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N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

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N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

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N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

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A HJL G> L GJ<FFK G> FM K PHJKKDQ <<L< LG LGFK<JLGF G> LEK G> <KLJKK, F< FKLJMLGFK J NF LG L<mJFL DKKK JKHLF LJ GF<ML <MJF LK HJG<K.BJEFK HFF OL MFJ F< OFL J >JIMFLDQEFLGF<76 F< JLF FFL F< NJLMGMK JLJK J<KJ<, OG < <GF EHMJ F< MFDO>MD LK, ML OG OJGFK<J< Q L DKDLGJ K MKLn< GF GMFL G> LPLJELK LG O LQ OJ J<M<.

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%> LK JL F< NJLMGMK EF G> L KL DKK, OGE DDHJKGFK OJ MF<J L GDLGF G> KKKLF, GMD< J<M< LG


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

KM PLJELK, O EQ KDQ GFLMJ OL EMKL N FL KMmJFK G> L DGOKL DKK.

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GEHGK<; F< O N JKGF LG LF, LL LQ N GMJJ< LJJMDJ FLJNDK NJ KF. F G> L KMLK KQK LL L KEHGKKD >GJ E LG <KJ L EKJQ LG O OK OLFKK<MJF L LOG-QJK' >EF F 1737 F< 1738;78 ML L<KJHLGF O NK G> L, F< G> L EGJLDLQ O LGKGF<, K KMpFLDQ <J<>MD OLGML >MJLJ <LD. AFGLJ

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HGKLN K LG HGHMDLGF OGMD< G> GMJK >DD HJFHDDQMHGF L M<JX DKK, F< LGK KLDD EGJ EKJD FK, OGJ L GMLKLK G> DD L DKKK F< J FGL NF KMmJ< LG DNOLF L LGOFK.80

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N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

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AEGF L QJK, L K L MKLGE >GJ GF QJ OGEF LG N

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DGOJ KLK, KM K JHFLJK, JGFKELK, F< GLJK, N>DDF FLG L ELLGF G> LJ KMHJGJK, OL LK <mJF, LLL GFL GFJF F GF OGEF K GFnF< LG JGLJK F< EDJDLGFK Q DGG<, LG L F< LL FG DFLGF EQ L HD FL GMJK G> L KMKKGF.83

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N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

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N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

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N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

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N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

LMFLGF K FJD F CF. %F L FDGKMJ DGFF LG GF<ODDF, GKJNK LL OGD >EDQ G> LJ FJLGFK, OLDD LJ JKHLN ONK F< D<JF, ODD >JIMFLDQ >GMF<.F KEDD JGGE K E< LG KJN >GJ L F<N<MDK G> >EDQ,KDHF F <mJFL <K, <N<< GFDQ Q ELK FF >JGE L

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N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

OL K GOF F<K L DF< DGFF LG K HD, O GD<DD L EFKLJK F< JL EF G> K GMJL LG <G L KE.99

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N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

JJLGF F< Q J>MD F< M<GMK F<MKLJQ G> NJQ F<. DGMJ G> EF K DLLD <NJL< >JGE LL F<MKLJQ, LG EFKLJ LG LDMPMJK G> L GHMDFL F< HGOJ>MD, GJ F EHDGQEFLK G> FG JDMK. NF L KGD<JK G> L CFK JEQ, PHL <MJF L KGJLFLJNDK G> L MJ<K O LQ J DD< MHGF LG EGMFL, GJ L

PJKK GJ GLJ GKGFD KJNK O LQ HJ>GJE, JEGKLDQ EHDGQ< F JMDLMJ. IMFLLQ G> KMKKLF KFJK< DKG Q GFNJLF EGJ KHK G> FEDK F<

NLDK LG LL HMJHGK, LF K MKMD F GLJ GMFLJK.105

K GMFL, O K NF Q J #GJ LMFLGF, K GFnJE<Q MD< F< L GLJ KMLK; OG J F <KJF LHJKNJF F<MKLJQ G> L CFK, F EFMJF, MDLNLF F<OLJF LJ DF<K, F< LJ KMKK F HJG<MF HJG<GMKIMFLLQ G> MEF KMKKLF.106 mL G> KM KQKLE G>

JMDLMJ GF HGHMDLGF EMKL GNGMK.

KLDQ, L PLJGJ<FJQ FGMJEFLK LL N F NF LGEJJ, O N MK< L EEFK HJG<M G> L GMFLJQLG <N<< FLG NJQ KEDD KJK, F< N GFKIMFLDQJF<J< CF EGJ HGHMDGMK, F HJGHGJLGF LG LK EFK G> KMKKLF, LF HJHK FQ GLJ GMFLJQ F L OGJD<.

CFK FGOD< LOG F<K F EJJ;107 L nJKL K,LL G> HJHLMLF L KJnK F L LEHD G> LJ >LJK;F< L KGF<, L EMDLHDLGF G> L KHK. MD< KQK,LL L NFJLGF F< KMEKKGF G> D<JF LG HJFLK, O KL JF< HJFHD G> LJ HGDLD GNJFEFL, GFLFMK NF>LJ <L, F< LL L KE <MLK J H< LG LE K > LQOJ DNF. %F GFKIMF G> LK EPEK, >LJ >DK KGEKGJL G> <KGFGMJ, F< K FGL KQ F K EF<, > <G FGL EJJQ Gm DD K D<JF; F< F D<J JGLJ, LGM FJL FGLF>JGE K >LJ, EMKL JF MH L QGMFJ D<JF F< EJJQLE, DKL L >EDQ KGMD< GE PLFL, F< L FKLGJK <HJN< G> L GFGMJK F< <MLK LQ J FLLD< LG >JGE LJ<KF<FLK.108

J #GJ LMFLGF GKJNK LL OLNJ K KLJGFDQJGEEF<<, F< FJDDQ HJLK<, K L DFL GFK<J< K F< G> JDGMK <MLQ; F< LL L EJJ MFGF K KM LKHD F CF, OJNJ LJ K L DKL HJGKHL G> KMKKLF>GJ >MLMJ >EDQ. K HJGKHL GONJ K FGL DOQK JDR<,F< L D<JF J LF F<GF< Q L OJL< MLGJK G> LJ F;109 ML NF LK HJEKKGF NF LG HJFLK LMK LGPHGK LJ GmKHJF LF<K MF<GML<DQ LG >DLL EJJ, F<FGMJ HGHMDLGF. CGFLEHDLF LK PLJE JKGMJ

>GJF<, DKK >J K FLJLF< G> FLJF FLG L EJJ<KLL; F< L HJFLD >DFK ODD DOQK KLH >GJOJ<K, LG


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

LEK K EM LJJLGJQ OGMD< FKKJQ LG HD LE L LJK. %F CFLGF DGF, LJ K, OLGML PJLGF, EGJ LF EDDGF G> KGMDK, F< F LGOF LJ GJ >GMJ DMK <KLFL KLDDJLJ FMEJ. G LF F GMFL L FLFLK G> LKHJGNF? BML OL K LK LG L OGD EHJ, O GFLFK

n>LF JL HJGNFK, DD IMDDQ HGHD<? G GO EFQ EDDGFKOGMD< KM DMDLGF EGMFL? A LJ< HJL G> LK FnFLHGHMDLGF OGMD< J<DQ nF< KMpFL J LG KMHHGJL LKD> HJGHJDQ.

"%L K ODD FGOF, LL PLJE EKJQ EHDK HGHD LG L EGKL<J<>MD PKKK. A KHLLGJ F CF, OG PEFK LFKDGKDQ, ODD FGL KMJHJK< LL EGLJK <KLJGQ GJ PHGK EFQG> LJ D<JF; LL HJFLK KDD LJ <MLJK >GJ LJo; LLL HGHD KGMD< FLJKL<; F< LL LJ KGMD< KM

FMEJ G> JGJK. KMJHJK K, LL FGLF KLDD EGJ <J<>MDKGMD< HHF; F< LL F L LEK G> >EF O J J MLLGG >JIMFL, EDDGFK G> HGHD KGMD< HJK OL MFJ, OLGMLNF JGMJK LG LGK <J<>MD PLJELK, G> O O J<PEHDK F L KLGJK G> MJGH.

"%L FFGL K< F CF, K F MJGH, LL L HGGJ J <D, F<EL F KMKKLF, > LQ OGMD< OGJ. DGMJK F<mGJLK G> LK HGGJ HGHD J QGF< GFHLGF. A CFK ODDHKK OGD <QK F <F L JL, KGELEK MH LG K FK FOLJ, F< F L NFF K HHQ LG L DLLD KHGGF>MD G> J,F< LG <JF L FKH< OLJ F O L OK GD<. K K DD LLLQ N F FJD."116

A JL HJL G> LK GMFL K JHL< F MD<; F<, NFDDGOF >GJ KGE PJLGF, L KOK F KLJGF HGFL G> NOLG OL <J HGHMDLGF K F >GJ< F CF, F< LOJL<FKK O K F L GFKIMF G> L. HGHMDLGF O K JKF FLMJDDQ >JGE L >JLDLQ G> L KGD,F< L FGMJEFLK LG JMDLMJ, EQ GFK<J< KFMF F< <KJD; ML DD LL K F <<< Q L

FGMJEFLK LG EJJ K FGL GFDQ F F <<LGF G> KGEM HMJ EKJQ F LKD>, ML K GEHDLDQ FLJJMHL< LHHFKK O L JKL EL N FGQ<.

LJJLGJQ G> CF K KLEL< L GML L LEK LLJJLGJQ G> JF.117 F L HGHMDLGF G> JF GFDQ L 26EDDGFK, L LEK LL FMEJ ODD N 208,000,000; F< OFL LJ HGOJ>MD MKK G> HGHMDLGF, O N F KLL<,J GFK<J<, L ODD FGL HHJ FJ<D, LL L HGHMDLGF G> CF KGMD< LG L HGHMDLGF G> JF, GJ<F LG LJ

JKHLN KMHJnK, K 333 LG 208, GJ DLLD EGJ LF 3 LG 2.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

FLMJD LF<FQ LG FJK K NJQ OJ KG JL LL L ODDFJDDQ KQ LG GMFL >GJ L L, L O L HGHMDLGFK >GMF< F FQ GMFLJQ. EGJ <pMDL K ODD K L EGJFLJKLF HJL G> L FIMJQ K, LG LJ L EE<L MKK,O KLGH LK >MJLJ HJGJKK. HJGJLN HGOJ OGMD<, OL

K EM >DLQ, <GMD F LOFLQ-nN QJK L HGHMDLGF G> CF, K LL G> FQ G> L KLLK G> AEJ; ML O FGO LL LFFGL <G LK, >JGE L HDHD FDLQ G> L KGD LG KMHHGJLKM F <<LGFD FMEJ. L LF GEK G> LK ELQHGOJ F CF? AF< OL J L F<K G> JKLJFL, F< L >GJEKG> HJELMJ <L, O H L HGHMDLGF <GOF LG L DND G> L EFK G> KMKKLF?

GLOLKLF<F L PLJGJ<FJQ FGMJEFLK LG EJJ FCF, O KGMD< HJHK D< FLG F JJGJ, > O OJ LG

KMHHGK LL L HJNFLN LG HGHMDLGF <GK FGL GHJL.MD< KQK, LL L FMEJ G> GFRK K GFK<JDQ GN EDDGF, G> O LJ J LOG LGMKF< MFEJJ< L F,K<K LJ MF<J< F< n>LQ LGMKF< EGJ F LJ LEHDKKLDK< F <mJFL HDK Q L EHJGJ'K HLFLK, F< LLL DLJJQ DGJK DGF J GML FFLQ LGMKF<.118

HGGJ, LGM LQ OGMD< HJGDQ DOQK EJJQ OF LKDLKL HJGKHL GHF< LG LE G> F D LG KMHHGJL >EDQ,F<, >JGE L HJEKKGF G> F>FL<, OGMD< JMF JL JKK FLK JKHL; QL LQ OGMD< MF<GML<DQ <LJJ< >JGE FLJFFLG LK KLL, MF<J L JLFLQ G> F GD< LG PHGK DDLJ D<JF, GJ LG KDD LEKDNK F< >EDK K KDNK; F<>JGE L PLJE HGNJLQ G> L DGOJ DKKK G> HGHD, KM JLFLQ OGMD< G>LF HJKFL LKD>. BML L K EGF L KDNKLEKDNK, G> O, GJ<F LG MD<, L EKJQ F CFHJG<MK HJG<GMK EMDLLM<, LL L HJNFLN LGHGHMDLGF HJFHDDQ GHJLK. A EF KGELEK KDDK K KGF, F<NF EKD> F< O>, L NJQ EG<JL HJ. GEEGF EG<K, LG EGJL LEKDNK OL GF<LGF G> J<EHLGF, F< JL FMEJ G> EF F< E< KJNFLK J LMK GMF< F

>EDQ.119 $ME, F KHF G> L HJL G> KDNJQ EGF LFFLK, JEJK NJQ MKLDQ, LL L ODD FJDDQ HJ LGMQ >MDD-JGOF KDN, LF LG JJ MH GF >JGE D<. KGKJNLGF HHJK LG HJLMDJDQ HHDD LG L CFK.

ADD OJLJK J F EFLGFF L >JIMFQ G> L <JLK FCF; F<, <MJF LK HJG<K, L K HJGD LL KDNK OGMD< KGD< F JL FMEJK >GJ DLLD EGJ LF J EFLFF. %LGMD< NJQ JJDQ LJ>GJ FKOJ LG L EKLJ G> >EDQ, LGFGMJ K KDNK LG J<; F< O EQ KMHHGK, FGFKIMF, LL JL HJL G> L KJNFLK F CF, K F

MJGH, JEF MFEJJ<.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

LG HGHMDLGF, JKF >JGE NGMK FLJGMJK OL LKP, <GK FGL HHJ LG NJQ GFK<JD F CF. OGEFJ K< LG EG<KL F< JKJN<, F< <MDLJQ K JJ.CGFMF K GONJ FJDDQ HJLK<, F< F L DJ LGOFKHMD OGEF J JKLJ<; ML LJ FMEJ K FGL JL, F

HJGHGJLGF<, GJ<F LG J #GJ LMFLGF, LG L KEDDFMEJ G> MFEJJ< HJKGFK, F< G> MKF<K KFL >JGE LJ>EDK.120

HGKLN K LG HGHMDLGF >JGE <KK, LGMGFK<JD, <G FGL HHJ LG KG JL K EL PHL<. DEL K F FJD PLJEDQ DLQ. F G> L EKKGFJKGK KG >J K LG KQ, LL HDMK GJ H<E <KGJ<JK J FGLKF GF F FLMJQ;121 ML LK K MF<GML<DQ F JJGJ, K LQJ EFLGF< Q GLJK K > LQ OJ Q FG EFK KG

MF>JIMFL. %F KGE FKLJMLGFK LG EF<JFK, JDLF LG LMJQF G> L HGGJ, OG N F FJD FG JMDJ HDK G> KHMDLMJ, L K GKJN< LL OF H<E <KKK HJND, LJG<K J >GMF< GNJ< OL G<K KMpFL LG F>L L J LG JL <KLF;122 F< L PHJKKGF G> QJK G> GFLGF123GMJK KGGF >LJ, F EFFJ O KEK LG EHDQ LL LQ JFGL MFGEEGF. F L nJKL F< n>LFL <Q G> NJQ EGFL LEF<JFK KKED, F< N LJ HGHD DGF <KGMJK,OJF NJQ GNJFGJ LK L HJL G> >LJ OG FKLJMLK K>EDQ.124 %F GF G> LK <KGMJKK, O MD< HJG<MK, L>GDDGOF HKK GMJK: "BOJ G> LGK QJK O HHF>JGE LE LG LE, OF H<E <KLEHJK, GF< LG KJLQG> GJF, E DD HDK <KGDL. GMJ <MLQ K LF LG NGEHKKGF GF QGMJ >DDGO-LRFK, F< KKKL LE OL OLNJ

QGM F KHJ."125

%L K HJGD LL L H<EK, K K MKMDDQ L K, >DDKNJDQ GF L D<JF. F G> L KMLK, KHF G> L FMEJG> F>FLK OGE L HGNJLQ G> LJ HJFLK GF<EFK LG <L LEGEFL LL LQ J GJF, OJLK LMK: "J K KD<GE QJ, FO L MJK L F <G FGL JGF nN GJ KP LGMKF< G>

LK D<JF HMJn< Q L OLJK G> HLKE. K JNKL KEGJ GJ DKK MF<FL GJ<F LG L FMEJ G> LKLK OO F EFLF. %> O < KMpFL FMEJ, LJ JK F<FGL GFnF< DGF LG L <QF F>FLK LL J PHGK<. JOGMD< GLJ GKGFK >GJ LE LG PJK LJ RD,HJLMDJDQ L JLF LEK G> L QJ, OF L KEDD-HGP GJH<E <KGJ<JK JJQ Gm F FJ<D FMEJ G> D<JF."126%L K F<< DEGKL EHGKKD LG KMHHGK LL L PLJEF<F G> L DGOJ DKKK G> HGHD KGMD< FGL HJG<M<KKK, DDQ LG >LD LG GFK<JD HJL G> LGK D<JF

OGE LJ HJFLK EL LLEHL LG JJ F KHL G> NJQ<pMDLQ.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

KHLF L FMEJ G> F>FLK O J LMDDQ PHGK<, L K<pMDL LG >GJE L KDLKL MKK; ML, > O DN L CFKOJLJK LEKDNK, L HJL EMKL NJQ GEEGF. ALLEHLKN F E< L <mJFL LEK Q L GNJFEFL LG HML KLGHLG L, ML DOQK OLGML KMKK. %F GG G> FKLJMLGFK >GJ

DDM<< LG, OJLLF Q EF<JF DJL< >GJ K MEFLQ F<OK<GE, HJGHGKD K E< >GJ L KLDKEFL G> >GMF<DFGKHLD F K <KLJL, F< F GMFL K NF G> KGE FFLKLDKEFLK G> L KE F<,127 O HHJ LG N >DDFFLG <KMK. %F LK GG L >JIMFQ G> L PHGKMJ G> D<JFF< L <J<>MD HGNJLQ O HJGEHLK L, J HJLMDJDQ<KJ<. " K," KQK, "HGHD KG HGGJ, LL LQ FFGL>MJFK L FGMJKEFL FKKJQ >GJ LJ GOF D<JF. %L K GFLK GMFL LL LQ PHGK KG JL FMEJ. %F L ELJGHGDK;F L HLDK G> L HJGNFK F< F L HDK G> L JLKL

GEEJ, LJ FMEJ K L EGKL GFK<JD; ML EFQ J>GMF< F HJLK LL J DKK >JIMFL<, F< NF F L GMFLJQ. AKL GMKK F LGOFK J EGJ JGO<< LGLJ, L HJL KEGJ GNGMK; ML NJQ OJ LK HGGJ MF>GJLMFL F>FLK NF< G> KKKLF."128

%F L KE OGJ, HJL G> F <L LG HJNFL L <JGOFF G> D<JF JMFK LMK: "F L LF<J GmKHJF MKL HJG<M< KLJGOF OLGML HLQ FLG L ONK, F L K< LL L EGLJK NF GJ LL L D< K JN< D>, OF L K DGKL K KGGFK L K MF LG FGQ<? HGNJLQ G> L HJFLK K L MKG> LK JE. Q N J<DQ FGM LG KMHHGJL LEKDNK,EM DKK J LQ D LG HQ FMJK F< HJGN< >GJ LPHFKK FKKJQ >GJ L KMHHGJL G> LJ D<JF. K <JNKLE LG <KHJ; F< FGL F D LG JF LEKDNK LG KMmJLOG HGHD LG < LL GF EQ DN, L EGLJ, LG HJKJN L D>G> J MKF<, GFKFLK LG KJn J D<. %L GKLK EM,GONJ, LG L HJFLD >DFK; ML L JKGDMLGF K MDLELDQLF, F< LQ LF LL LQ J MKLn< F <KHGKF G> L D>G> LJ D< LG HJGDGF LJ GOF. %> LQ PHGK< LJ D<JF F KJL HD, L EL OGJ MHGF LJ GEHKKGF OL LK

JK. L <G LQ <G LF? Q LJGO L FLG L MJJFL G> LJNJ, LL LQ EQ DGK KL G> L EE<LDQ, F< L >JGE L LGF DD F G> D>."129

M OJLFK HHJ LG EGKL MLFL <GMEFLK JKHLFL FJD HJNDF G> F>FL<.

J #GJ LMFLGF K KLL<, >JGE L KL F>GJELGF O GMD< GDDL, LL L FMEJ G> D<JF FFMDDQ PHGK< LF K GML LOG LGMKF<;130 ML L K DQ HJGD LL L

FMEJ NJK PLJEDQ >JGE QJ LG QJ, F< <HF<K NJQ EMMHGF KKGFK G> HDFLQ GJ KKGFK G> KJLQ. A>LJ FQ JL


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

H<E GJ <KLJMLN >EF, L FMEJ K HJGDQ NJQ KEDD;L K FLMJD LL L KGMD< FJK J<MDDQ GF L JLMJF LG JGO<< HGHMDLGF; F< L K OLGML <GML L JLKL, OF FMF>NGMJD KKGF LK HD, L HJG< F O L NJHJG<M K DJ<Q FKMpFL LG KMHHGJL L GNJoGOF

EMDLLM<.

K MF>NGMJD KKGFK <G FGL HHJ LG MF>JIMFL, F<L >EFK O >GDDGO LE J HJHK L EGKL HGOJ>MD G> DDL HGKLN K LG L CFK HGHMDLGF; LGM L KGEHJG<K L K >JGE OJK F< FLJFD GEEGLGFK N FGLF FGFK<JD.131 %F L FFDK G> L CFK EGFJK,>EFK J G>LF EFLGF<;132 F< L K FGL HJGD LL LQOGMD< nF< HD EGF L EGKL EHGJLFL NFLK F<JNGDMLGFK G> L EHJ, > LQ OJ FGL <KGDLF F<

<KLJMLN LG JL <J.

F G> L KMLK JEJK LL L GKGFK OF L EF<JFKHJLF< LG KO L JLKL GEHKKGF >GJ L HGHD J, OFLQ J HHJFKN G> >DMJ F L JGHK, LJ >JGE <JGML,>JGE PKKN JFK, GJ >JGE KGE GLJ <FL, KM K EMDLLM< G> DGMKLK, O KGELEK GNJODEK JLFHJGNFK.133 MKK J FMEJL< J HJGDQ LGK,O HJFHDDQ GFLJML LG L >DMJ G> L JNKLK F CF;F< L EFFJ F O LQ J EFLGF< KEK LG KO LLLQ J FGL MFGEEGF.

JK KHK G> NGDFL MJJFK, Q O OGD JNKLK J<KKHL<, F< >EF >GDDGOK. JGE KEDJ MK, KQK,GEHF< Q PKKN <JGML, EGKL <J<>MD <JLHJND< F 1787, LJGMGML DD L KGMLJF HJGNFK G> CF,Q O F FJ<D FMEJ G> HGHD HJK<. %L OK FGMFGEEGF LF L CFLGF LG K L >EK< OJL JLFK DKL, OD EGLJK LGML L <MLQ LG <KLJGQ LJ F>FLD<JF, F< L QGMF LG N L KLJG G> >L LG L <, LGKN LE >JGE L GFK G> KM <DLGJQ <L.134

KML JFFF, OJLF LG EEJ G> L GQD A<EQ G> FK, KQK, "AFGLJ LF LL QGM F KJDQ DN K, LL<JLK KGMD< KG >JIMFL F CF;"135 F< F L GFDMKGFG> K DLLJ JEJK LL, > >EF << FGL, >JGE LE LG LE,LF L EEFK FMEJ G> FLFLK O CF GFLFK, LOGMD< EHGKKD >GJ J LG DN F H.136 MKK G> LK >JIMFL >EFK F<NGMJK LG FNKLL; F< FK QGKJNF, NJQ MKLDQ, LL F LE G> <JL CF F GLF FGKKKLF >JGE J FGMJK, F< EMKL FKKJDQ <JO L

OGD G> J JKGMJK >JGE J GOF HJGNFK.137 $ LF<KJK L <DQK F< JLnK, O G>LF <>L L EHJGJ'K


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

FLFLGFK LG KKKL, >JGE L HMD JFJK, LGK HJLK G> LGMFLJQ O J L EGKL <KLJKK<. F JNKL >DK F FQHJGNF, LJ >JGE PKKN <JGML GJ KM<<F FMF<LGF,L JL EF<JFK N JGMJK LG L HMD JFJK; MLG>LF nF< LE EHLQ, GOF LG L <KGFKLQ G> L F>JGJ

EF<JFK, OG N L J G> LE. PEFLGFK F<JKJK J LF E<, F< F MFODDFFKK HJNDK LG F>GJEL GMJL G> KM <KJD FLDDF. EGJDK J GONJL DFL HJKFL<. K EEGJDK HKK LJGM EFQ F<K,F< <G FGL J L EHJGJ LDD >LJ EFQ <QK. JLGpJK G> KLL J LF GJ<J< LG KKED, F< LG <DJL GFL EFK G> JDNF L EKJQ G> L HGHD. DJLGFK >MDD G> PHJKKGFK G> GEHKKGF >GJ L HGHD J F L EF LEHMDK< LJGMGML L EHJ. JKGDMLGF G> L LJMFD KL DFL E< FGOF; ML FMEJDKK GLJ JEGFK <DQ LK

PMLGF; OD LGK OG J KMmJF N LE LG < OLMFJ, >GJ L JE<Q JJNK. GK OG <G FGL OL >GJ LKDKL PLJELQ JOD K ODD K LQ F FLG GLJ <KLJLK, OJLQ GH LG L KMHHGJL, ML DN L JLKL HJL G> LJFMEJ << GF L JG<.138

%>, OF <JL GMJK, L GMJL <G FGL E KGE LLEHL LGJDN L HGHD, KEDD HJLK G> HDMF<JJK KGGF GDDL, F<LJ FMEJK FJK Q <JK, KG K LG FLJJMHL LLJFIMDDLQ G> L HJGNF. F LK GMFL FMEJGMK GJ<JK JDOQK NF, F< EGNEFLK J GFLFMDDQ LF HD, LGEMK L HGHD LDD L >EF K GNJ; F< K L EGLNK LGJDN L HGHD J FJDDQ JLJ JKGFK G> KLL LFFMF GEHKKGF, L K FGL HJGD LL LQ KGMD< JDN<L L LE, F< F L EFFJ, LL LJ OFLK JIMJ.139

DKL MK G> >EF, O K EFLGF< F LK FNKLLGF,F< GF O L OJLJ DQK GFK<JD KLJKK, K L NJQ JLGFKMEHLGF G> JF F EF KHJLK;140 ML F KLLF LK K MK G> >EF, K N<FLDQ >DDF FLG NJQ JGKK JJGJ; QLF L A] #JGKJ'K FJD <KJHLGF G> CF LK JJGJ K

F GH<, F< L MK GN EFLGF< K F GFK<J<K GF G> L JF< KGMJK G> L ND.141 BML, F JDLQ, L OGDLF<FQ G> LK MK K F GFLJJQ <JLGF. GFKMEHLGFG> GJF F FQ GLJ OQ ML LL G> FKKJQ >GG<, K LHGHMDLGF >GJ L JJNK L L MLEGKL DELK G> KMKKLF; F<K L JF EQ OL<JOF >JGE LK HJLMDJ MK F L LEG> KJLQ, HMD JFJQ K LMK GHF<, JJ HJGDQ LFGMD< N F >GJE< Q FQ GLJ EFK. F KM GFKMEHLGF K F GF KLDK<, F< K GEHJEFFL, LK mL K PLDQ K > H G> DF<, OL DD L

HGHD MHGF L, OJ JEGN< >JGE L GMFLJQ. JKL G> LHGHD OGMD< JLFDQ HJKDQ F L KE KLL K LQ OJ


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

>GJ, FLJ LLJ FGJ OGJK, F QJK G> NJ HDFLQ; ML FL LE G> <JL L HJG<M G> LK DF< OGMD< JLMJF< LGLE, OLGML L EGMLK LG DH LE LG L L. CF, OLGML J<KLDDJK, OGMD< JLFDQ EGJ HGHMDGMK; ML GF >DMJ G> L KKGFK, OGMD< N KLDD DKK JKGMJ LF K K L HJKFL;

F<, K >J K L EFLM< G> L MK OGMD< GHJL, OGMD< FGFKIMF EGJ KML LG >EFK, F< LGK >EFK OGMD< EGJ KNJ.

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LG JMDLMJ.

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N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

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N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

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N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

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N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

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N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

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N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

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N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

B LG D G> CGFLFLK

B33/ I, C%475 !IV

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N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

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F L IMDLQ G> HJGHJLQ, O < >GJEJDQ HJND< F L

GEF LJJLGJQ, < F <KLJGQ< Q <JK, F< L DF< <>DDF FLG L F<K G> >O JL HJGHJLGJK, L LRFK, OGOJ Q LK F KMKKNDQ <HJN< G> L EFK G> KMHHGJLF LEKDNK, OGMD< FLMJDDQ N FG JKGMJ LGHJNFL LE >JGE KLJNF, ML LL G> KDDF LJ DGMJ LG LJ, K F EG<JF KLLK: ML >JGE LK JKGMJ LQ OJGEHDLDQ ML Gm Q L HJG<GMK FMEJ G> KDNK, O,FJKF Q GFKLFL FoMP OL L FJKF DMPMJQ G> GE,nDD< MH NJQ EHDGQEFL GL F JMDLMJ F< EFM>LMJK.F<J KM JMEKLFK, KG >J >JGE F KLGFK< LL L

FMEJ G> >J LRFK KGMD< <JK, L OGF<J KEK LG LL FQ KGMD< PKL K<K L HJGHJLGJK. AF< F >L EFQGMD< FGL N PKL< ML >GJ KLJF F< HJHGKLJGMK MKLGE,O, GONJ, L KLJF F< MFFLMJD KLL G> L LQ ELHJHK JIMJ, LL G> <KLJMLF NKL IMFLLK G> GJF LG LHGGJJ LRFK JLMLGMKDQ. OG MF<J< LGMKF< JN< LK<KLJMLGF F AMMKLMK'K LE; F< L K DQ HJGD LL JL HJL G> LE < DLLD DK LG <HF< MHGF. %L K KMHHGK< LGN F NF LG NJQ EF G> >MDD QJK; ML L IMFLLQ OK FGLFGM >GJ >EDQ, F< LGG EM >GJ F F<N<MD.16 %L GMD< FGLLJ>GJ FD LE LG FJK; F<, >JGE L EFFJ F ODMLJ KHK G> L MKLGE G> PHGKF D<JF EGF LHGGJ,17 LJ K JL JKGF LG DN LL EFQ OJ <KLJGQ<F KHL G> L MK LJME D:=JGJME. HKK F LMK, FO, KHF G> L #JEFK, DDM<K LG LK MKLGE F GE,KEK LG HGFL LG L KE GFDMKGF.18 L mL, F<<, GMD<KM DO N EGF KL G> HGHD, OG HHJ LG N F KGGEHDLDQ PDM<< >JGE DD L EFK G> IMJF KMKKLF,PHL LL G> JLQ, LL LQ OGMD< KJDQ D LG KMHHGJLLEKDNK, EM DKK O> F< LOG GJ LJ D<JF? %> D> G> L KDNK < F KFL GML G> L GMFLJQ, F< L HGHD <

F EHDGQ< F JMDLMJ F< EFM>LMJK, L mL OGMD<N F LG FJK L FMEJ G> GEF LRFK OL EGJJLFLQ F< JH<LQ LF LF LGMKF< DOK >GJ LFGMJEFL G> D<JF.

%L K HGKKD LL L MK LJME D:=JGJME, F< L GLJ DOK G> LKE LF<FQ, EL N F G> KGE DLLD MK EGF LJ DKKK G> GEF LRFK; F< F<< >JGE L FLMJ G> LK DOK, GFKKLF K LQ << HJFHDDQ G> HJNDK, L OGMD<HHJ LL LQ OJ <JL< oQ LG LK HJL G> KGLQ. BML

NGMK LK G> NJQ HGKKD F< HJNFLN G> HGHMDLGF19KE LG N F KG FJDDQ HJNDFL L LK HJG<, LL FG


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

GJJLN DOK GMD< N FQ GFK<JD FoMF.GFLKIMM MKLDQ GKJNK, LL "L GJJMHLGF G> EFFJK <<KLJGQ< L Gp G> FKGJ, O < F KLDK< LKD> LG<KLJGQ L GJJMHLGF G> EFFJK; ML OF L GJJMHLGF G> EFFJK GEK FJD, FKMJ K FG DGFJ FQ >GJ."20

JLQ->GMJ QJK >LJ L HKKF G> L DO G> AMMKLMKJKHLF EJJ, L GEF FLK <EF<< LK JHD. FKHJLF L EJJ< F< L MFEJJ<, L HHJ< LL LDLLJ GFK<JDQ P<< F FMEJ L >GJEJ; KLJGF HJGG> G> L FpQ G> L DO.21

%F EGKL GMFLJK NGMK LK HJNFLN G> HGHMDLGF HHJ LG GFKIMF, JLJ LF MK, G> L F>JIMFQ G> EJJ; ML F GE L <HJNLQ G> EGJDK KEK LG N FL <JL MK O < L EJJ MFGF, L DKL EGF

L J DKKK. %L K EHGKKD LG J< L KH G> LDDMKME<MK F K FKGJKH OLGML F<FLGF F< <KMKL. "%> LOJ HGKKD," KQK, "FLJDQ LG G OLGML ONK, O OGMD<<DNJ GMJKDNK L GF >JGE LK ND; ML K L DOK G> FLMJN KG GJ<J< L LL O F FLJ DN HHQ OL LE FGJGFLFM L KHK OL GML LE, O GML LG N EGJ JJ<>GJ GMJ DKLF KMJLQ LF >GJ GMJ LJFKFL HDKMJK."22

GKLN DOK LG FGMJ EJJ F< HGHMDLGF, FL< GFL MJFQ G> L GKGF, F< FGL EP< OL JDGF, K FCF F< KGE GLJ GMFLJK, J KD<GE DMDL< LG FKOJL F< O LQ E L, F< LJ>GJ FJDDQ F<LFGJF F L DKDLGJ OG HJGHGKK LE; ML L HHJFLFKKLQ G> KM DOK DEGKL FNJDQ F<LK NJQ JL<J G> EGJD F< HGDLD <HJNLQ F L KLL; F< F LGMFLJK F O LQ J EGKL KLJGFDQ FKKL< GF, FGL GFDQ

NGMK EFFJK ODD FJDDQ >GMF< LG HJND, ML HGDLDFKLLMLGFK PLJEDQ MF>NGMJD LG F<MKLJQ, F< GFKIMFLDQLG HGHMDLGF.

F LK GMFL % FFGL ML J OL DD23 F LFF LL

$ME OK OJGF F K KMHHGKLGF, LL L GEF OGJD< OKHJGDQ L EGKL HGHMDGMK <MJF L DGF H MF<J JFF< L AFLGFFK.24 ODD FGO LL OJK <G FGL <HGHMDLEM OD F<MKLJQ GFLFMK F NGMJ; F< LL H ODD FGLFJK L FMEJ G> HGHD OF LQ FFGL nF< L EFK G> KMKKLF. JFOD G> L DOK JDLF LG EJJ MF<JJF, F<LK L GFLFM< HJNDF G> NGMK LK F< G> DFMKF F<MKLJQ, F< KEK LG FGFKKLFL OL LKMHHGKLGF G> JL FJK G> HGHMDLGF.

%L EL K< HJHK LL L NKL HJG>MKGF G> KDNK OGMD<EGJ LF E MH >GJ L OFL G> GEF LRFK; ML L HHJK


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

LL L DGMJ G> LK KDNK OK FGL KMpFLDQ <JL< LGJMDLMJ LG KMHHGJL NJQ JL HGHMDLGF. LNJ EL L K OL KGE G> L HJGNFK, L <Q G> JMDLMJ F%LDQ KEK LG FJDDQ FGOD<<. HJFGMK MKLGEG> EHGJLF JL IMFLLK G> GJF LG <KLJML JLMLGMKDQ

EGF L HGHD < NF L DGO, O L FNJ >LJOJ<KJGNJ<. $ME GKJNK LL "OF L GEF MLGJK GEHDFLL %LDQ, O >GJEJDQ PHGJL< GJF, E <HF<FL GF DDL HJGNFK >GJ LK <DQ J<, LQ FNJ KJ< LK DLJLGFLG L FJK G> LK FLFLK, ML LG L FDL G> LDD F<JMDLMJ."25 AF< F FGLJ HD KQK, "ADD FFL MLGJKLDD MK LL LJ OK HJHLMD FoMP G> KDNK LG %LDQ >JGE LJEGLJ HJGNFK, HJLMDJDQ QJ, CD, CHH<G, F< LDKKJ AK, J, F< QHL; QL L FMEJ G> HGHD << FGLFJK F %LDQ; F< OJLJK GEHDF G> L GFLFMD <Q G>

F<MKLJQ F< JMDLMJ."26 %L KEK ML DLLD HJGD LL LH MF<J JF F< L AFLGFFK KGMD< N NF KG KM<<F LMJF LG L LK G> L HGHD K KKFLDDQ LG DLJ LK KLL G> LFK.

F L GF<LGF G> KDNJQ L EQ GKJN< LL LJ FFGL KLJGFJ HJGG> G> LK MF>NGMJDFKK LG L HJGHLGF G> LKHK F L GMFLJK OJ L HJNDK, LF L FKKLQ G> LKGFLFMD FoMP. K FKKLQ >GJEK L GF GEHDL J>MLLGFG> L GKJNLGF G> DD, LL L FFL KDNK OJ EGJKJND F JKF MH HGHD LF L F>JGJ JFK G> EF FEG<JF LEK.27 GM L K MF<GML<DQ LJM, K GKJNK,LL DD GMJ DGMJJK <G FGL EJJQ, F< LL EFQ G> LJ D<JF<, GJ GE KDQ F< MKDKK LJGM L HGNJLQ F<FDF G> LJ HJFLK;28 QL, FGLOLKLF<F LK GKLDKLG FJK, LJ K HJHK KJDQ F FKLF LG HJG<M<OJ L DGOJ DKKK G> KGLQ F FQ GMFLJQ, > >J, <G FGLJK MH HGHD >MDDQ IMD LG L <EF< >GJ LJ DGMJ.

G GMFL >GJ L K LG HGHMDLGF O J HMDJ LG KLL G> KDNJQ, F< O JF<J GFKLFL JJML G> FMEJK

FKKJQ, O EMKL <GHL L GEHJKGF G> KDNK LG LLD ODD F< $ME N E<; DD, LG KO LL L OGMD< L FLJKL G> EKLJK LG L J G> LJ KDNK F< JJ MH LJGmKHJF;29 F< $ME, LG HJGN LL L OGMD< EGJ >JIMFLDQ L FLJKL G> L EKLJ LG HJNFL LF LG FGMJ LJJ<F.30 %> DD'K GKJNLGF < F MKL, L K FGL LG <GML< LL L KDNK OGMD< N HL MH LJ GOF FMEJKOL K Q HJGJLGF; F< K L K FGOD<< LL LQ <<FGL <G LK, L LJML G> $ME'K GKJNLGF K DJDQ NF<. "GJJ D< F GF<GF LDD GMD< KJND, OGMD< GKL EM

<JJ LF LG MQ GF G> L KE >JGE GLDF< GJ %JDF<,OJ < F JK< F GLL, GNJ< OL JK, F< ><


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

GF GLED F< HGLLGK. GK OG < KDNK LJ>GJ, F DD LJJ F< EGJ HGHMDGMK GMFLJK, OGMD< <KGMJ LHJFFQ G> L >EDK, F< LJ HJNFL GJ <KLJGQ LJL."31 %L K FGOD<< Q DD LL L ED KDNK JLDQP<< F FMEJ L >EDK,32 O EMKL FKKJDQ F

<<LGFD GKLD LG LJ FJK. %L OGMD< HHJ LJ>GJ LLL HJNFLN LG HGHMDLGF EMKL N GHJL< OL NJQJL >GJ EGF L #J F< GEF KDNK; F< K LQ OJG>LF DD LJL<, >< HJHK KFLDQ, F< KGELEK JLFMEJK G> LE GFnF< LGLJ F DGK F< MFOGDKGE=J?9KLMD9, GJ <MFGFK,33 L K HJGD LL L HGKLN K LGHGHMDLGF >JGE <KK OJ DKG KNJ, F< LL OF H<EKHJND<, LQ OGMD< EGKL <KLJMLN F LK HJL G> L KGLQ.

MF>NGMJDFKK G> KDNJQ LG L HJGHLGF G> L KHK

F L GMFLJQ OJ L HJNDK, K FGL GONJ <KN G> LIMKLGF JKHLF L KGDML HGHMDLGF G> KM GMFLJQ, GJL JLJ IMKLGF JKHLF L HGHMDGMKFKK G> FFL F<EG<JF FLGFK. FGO LL KGE GMFLJK GMD< mGJ< JLF< GFKLFL KMHHDQ G> KDNK OLGML F F L KEDDKL <J<HGHMDL< LEKDNK; F< > LK KMHHDK OJ HGMJ< F, KLQ HJGDQ OGMD< , PLDQ F HJGHGJLGF LG L <EF< >GJDGMJ F L FLGF O JN< LE, L IMKLGF JKHLFL HGHMDGMKFKK G> LK FLGF OGMD< JKL HJKDQ GF L KEJGMF<K K F EG<JF KLLK, F< <HF< MHGF L FMEJ G> HGHD O L GMD< EHDGQ F< KMHHGJL. LJ L HJL G> <GEKL KDNJQ LJ>GJ HJND GJ FGL, L EQ D< <GOF K HGKLGF FGL LG GFLJGNJL<, LL, LF KMpFL PLFL G> LJJLGJQ LG FDM< OLF L PHGJLLGF F< EHGJLLGF, F<DDGOF KGE NJLGF >GJ L HJNDF G> DMPMJQ GJ G> >JMDLK, L HGHMDLGF G> LK GMFLJK ODD DOQK FHJGHGJLGF LG L >GG< O L JL K E< LG HJG<M. AF< FGMK, HQKD GJ EGJD, MFDKK, L GHJL F F PKKN F<MFMKMD EFFJ,34 ODD N FQ GFK<JD F< HJEFFLmL GF L HGHMDLGF, PHL F K >J K L FoMFK LHJG<MLGF F< <KLJMLGF G> L EFK G> KMKKLF.

%F L GFLJGNJKQ GFJFF L HGHMDGMKFKK G> FFL F<EG<JF FLGFK LK HGFL K FGL F KMpFLDQ LLF<< LG; F<HQKD F< EGJD MKK N F JGML >GJOJ< GF GLK<K, >JGE O FG MKL F>JF F >NGMJ G> LJ HJLQ GMD< <JOF. %L KEK LG N KH< L LLFLGF G> GL OJLJK,LL L EGJ HJG<MLN F< HGHMDGMK GMFLJQ K F LK LMDKLL, L DKK HJGDQ ODD LK HGOJ G> GLFF >MJLJFJK G> HJG<M; F< GFKIMFLDQ L EGJ K EMKLFKKJDQ DD< FLG LGF, LG H L HGHMDLGF <GOF LG

L DND G> LK KLLGFJQ GJ KDGODQ FJKF HJG<M. JGEnF<F KM K, LJ>GJ, F FFL GJ EG<JF FLGFK, FG


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

F>JF F <JOF FKL L KGDML HGHMDGMKFKK G> LJ. F LK GMFL, L HJNDF G> L KEDD-HGP, F< G> GLJ <KGJ<JK MFFGOF LG L FFLK, F Q FG EFK GFK<J< K F JMEFL FKL L HGHMDGMKFKK G> EG<JFFLGFK, LGM LG LK HQKD MKK GL $ME35 F<

DD36 DDGO GFK<JD OL.

%F L EGJD MKK O LQ N JGML >GJOJ<, LQ N>DDF FLG KEDJ JJGJ. DD FLJG<MK L HGKLNFGMJEFLK LG EJJ EGF L FFLK K GF G> LHJFHD MKK G> L KMHJGJ HGHMDGMKFKK G> L FFLOGJD<;37 ML L FKKLQ G> HGKLN DOK LG FGMJ EJJJLFDQ JLJ F<LK OFL LF F MF<F G> HGHD; F<F L FKLF G> HJL, LG O HJLMDJDQ J>JK, L HHJK>JGE L HKK F AJKLGLD, EFLGF< F L DKL HLJ, LL

L DOK LG FGMJ EJJ OJ FKLLML< >GJ L PHJKKHMJHGK G> JE<QF EJ< <nFQ G> HGHD. %F GMFLJQOL JGO<< F< GNJoGOF HGHMDLGF, DKDLGJ OGMD<FNJ LF G> EF PHJKK DOK LG FGMJ EJJ F< LHJGJLGF G> D<JF. LJ JMEFLK G> DD ODD >GMF<MHGF PEFLGF LG DEGKL IMDDQ FmLMD LG K HMJHGK.

GE G> L MKK O $ME HJG<MK J F L KE EFFJMFKLK>LGJQ, F< JLJ E FKL L F>JF O KF NO LF >GJ L. FMEJ G> >GGLEF, GMKE<K F< GLJHJKGFK JEFF MFEJJ< F EG<JF KLLK, DDGOK LG FJMEFL FKL LJ HGHMDGMKFKK.38 BML L GFLJJQ F>JFG> L LOG HHJK LG L EGJ HJGD. F L <pMDLKLLF<F L JJF >EDQ J NJQ JL, F< GFKIMFLDQEFQ HJKGFK G> GL KPK JEF KFD, O EQ FLMJDDQFGM F>J LL HGHMDLGF K KLLGFJQ, ML Q FG EFK LL L KFGL KGDMLDQ JL; MK L <pMDLQ G> JJF >EDQ EQJK >JGE L NJQ JMEKLF G> JL KGDML HGHMDLGF,F< L GFKIMFL >MDFKK G> DD L FFDK LG DNDGG<;LGM L KE <pMDLQ EQ MF<GML<DQ PKL F LFDQ-HGHD< GMFLJQ, O K QL KLLGFJQ F LK HGHMDLGF.

FMEJ G> MFEJJ< HJKGFK F HJGHGJLGF LG L OGD FMEJ,EQ >GJE KGE JLJGF Q O O F M< OLJHGHMDLGF FJKF, KLLGFJQ, GJ <JKF; ML ODD FGLFD MK LG <LJEF FQ LF JKHLF KGDMLHGHMDGMKFKK. L NF F LK JLJGF O J DD LG <N<. %F KGE G> L KGMLJF GMFLJK JDQ EJJK JFJD, F< NJQ >O OGEF JEF F KLL G> DQ; QL LHGHD FGL GFDQ <G FGL FJK, ML L LMD FMEJ K HJHKKEDD. %F LK K L JEGND G> L HJNFLN K E< MHQ L PKKN >GJ G> L HGKLN . KME G> DD L

HGKLN F< HJNFLN K LF LGLJ, >GJEK MF<GML<DQL EE<L MK O JHJKKK HGHMDLGF; ML O FNJ F


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

PHL LG GLF F< KLEL MJLDQ LK KME F FQ GMFLJQ;F< O F JLFDQ <JO FG K> GFDMKGF >JGE LGFLEHDLGF G> LOG GJ LJ G> LK K LF Q LEKDNK,MK L KG >JIMFLDQ HHFK LL L PKK G> GF KDF< Q L <>L G> KGE GLJ. CMKK, O mL L

FMEJ G> JLK GJ <LK, EQ GJ EQ FGL mL L NJHGHMDLGF, GJ<F LG JMEKLFK; ML MKK, O mLL HJG<MLGF F< <KLJMLGF G> L EFK G> KMKKLF, EMKLFKKJDQ mL HGHMDLGF; F< L K LJ>GJ MHGF LK DLLJMKK DGF (F<HF<FLDQ G> LMD FMEJLGFK) LL O FOL JLFLQ JDQ.

ADD L K LG HGHMDLGF, O N F LJLG GFK<J<F L GMJK G> LK JNO G> MEF KGLQ, J DJDQ JKGDNDFLG EGJD JKLJFL, N, F< EKJQ.

> LL JF G> L HJNFLN O % N <FGEFL<EGJD JKLJFL, LGM L K JLFDQ < KGE KJ FJHJKKF L FLMJD HGOJ G> HGHMDLGF, QL, LF F LK KLJLKFK, L EMKL DDGO< LG N GHJL< >DQ, GEHJ< OLL GLJK. > L GLJ JF G> L HJNFLN , OGEK MF<J L < G> N, LGM LK mL HHJK LG NF NJQ GFK<JD F L DLJ HJG<K G> GEF KLGJQ, F< FKGE GLJ GMFLJK; QL, MHGF L OGD, LK GHJLGF KEK LGN F F>JGJ LG L HGKLN K. A DJ HGJLGF G> LHJGJLN HGOJ HHJK LG N F DD< FLG LGF, LJ<MF<FQ >JGE O OK < Q NGDFL MKK. AEGFLK, OJ K L EGKL HJGEFFL F< KLJF >LMJ; F< >LJLK EQ JF< >EFK F< NGDFL <KKK. %F EGKL G> LGMFLJK GFK<J<, L HGHMDLGF KEK LG N F KD<GEEKMJ< MJLDQ GJ<F LG L NJ F< HJEFFLEFK G> KMKKLF, ML FJDDQ LG N NJL< LOF LLOG PLJEK; F< GFKIMFLDQ L GKDDLGFK LOF OFL F<HDFLQ J KLJGFDQ EJ<, K O KGMD< FLMJDDQ PHL EGFDKK NDR< FLGFK.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

B LG D G> CGFLFLK

B33/ II

OF THE CHECKS TO POPULATION IN THEDIFFERENT STATES OF MODERN EUROPE.

B33/ II, C%475 I

O* T C'/ T3 P340%7-3 I N35%<.

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OF LQ J GEHDL F< GJJL, HGFL GML LG MK OL KGE<J G> HJKGF OLJ L HJNDF K LG HGHMDLGF JG> L HGKLN GJ HJNFLN F<. LK G> EGKL MJGHFFLGFK J G> GMJK EM D, GOF LG L KEDJLQ G> LJMEKLFK F O LQ J HD<; F< L K LG PHL<LJ>GJ LL LJ JKLJK KGMD< KGELEK N L KEJKMDLK. DQF GONJ LGG EM MHGF LK GKGFDGF<F, HGDLD DMDLGJK N F D< FLG L JJGJ G> KMHHGKF LL LJ K, FJDDQ KHF, F FNJD GJ<J G> EGJLDLQ F DD GMFLJK: ML L HHJK, GF L GFLJJQ, LL LK

GJ<J K PLJEDQ NJD; LL L K NJQ <mJFL F <mJFLHDK G> L KE GMFLJQ, F< OLF JLF DELK <HF<K MHGFJMEKLFK, O L K F L HGOJ G> EF LG DLJ.

GJOQ, <MJF FJDQ L OGD G> L DKL FLMJQ, OK F HMDJ <J PEHL >JGE L <JFK G> HGHD Q OJ. DEL K JEJDQ >J >JGE H<E KFKKK; F<, FGEEGF QJK, L EGJLDLQ K DKK LF F FQ GLJ GMFLJQ FMJGH, L JKLJK G> O J FGOF LG GJJL.1 HJGHGJLGF G> L FFMD <LK LG L OGD HGHMDLGF, GF FNJ LJGMGML L OGD GMFLJQ, K GFDQ K 1 LG 48.2 L L

HGHMDLGF G> GJOQ FNJ KEK LG N FJK< OL JLJH<LQ. %L K E< KLJL OLF L DKL LF GJ n>LF QJK; MLLDD LL HJG< LK HJGJKK EMKL N F NJQ KDGO, K O FGOLL L GMFLJQ OK HGHD< F NJQ JDQ K, F< F 1769 LKHGHMDLGF OK GFDQ 723,141.3

B>GJ O FLJ MHGF F PEFLGF G> LK FLJFD GFGEQ, OEMKL >D KKMJ< LL, K L HGKLN K LG LK HGHMDLGF NF KG KEDD, L HJNFLN K EMKL N FHJGHGJLGFDQ JL; F< O GJ<FDQ nF< >JGE L JKLJK

LL L HJGHGJLGF G> QJDQ EJJK LG L OGD HGHMDLGF K


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

K 1 LG 130,4 O K KEDDJ HJGHGJLGF G> EJJK LFHHJK F L JKLJK G> FQ GLJ GMFLJQ, PHL OLRJDF<.

F MK G> LK KEDD FMEJ G> EJJK K L EG< F OL FJGDEFLK >GJ L JEQ N F GF<ML< LDD OLF NJQ

>O QJK. NJQ EF F FEJ F< GJOQ GJF G> >JEJ GJDGMJJ K KGD<J.5 GJEJDQ L GEEF<F GpJ G> L<KLJL EL L LK HKFLK L FQ HDK<; F< FFJD HJ>JJ< LGK LL OJ >JGE LOFLQ-nN LG LJLQ, LG KMK OJ QGMFJ. A>LJ F LF FLG L KJN, EF GMD<FGL EJJQ OLGML HJG<MF JLnL, KF< Q L EFKLJ G> L HJK, LL < KMKLF FGM LG KMHHGJL O> F<>EDQ; F< NF LF L OK >MJLJ FKKJQ >GJ E LG GLF LHJEKKGF G> L GpJ. <pMDLQ, F< KGELEK L PHFK,G> GLFF LK JLnL F< HJEKKGF, FJDDQ <LJJ<

LGK OG OJ FGL F NJQ GG< JMEKLFK, >JGE LFF G> EJJ LDD LJ KJN G> LF QJK OK PHJ<; F< K LQEL FJGDD< L FQ MF<J LJLQ-KP, F< L GpJK OJHL LG L L GD<KL nJKL, L OGMD< G>LF DL F D> >GJ LQGMD< >D LEKDNK L DJLQ LG KLLD.

GM L EFKLJ G> L HJK < FG DD HGOJ LG HJNFL EF >JGE EJJQF OG OK FGL FJGDD< >GJ KJN, QL L HHJKLL MKLGE < F KGE <J KFLGF< <KJLGFJQ HGOJG> LK F<, F< L HJKL G>LF J>MK< LG GF GMHD LGLJOF L HJLK < FG HJGD EFK G> KMHHGJLF >EDQ.

NJQ GKLD, GONJ, G> LK FLMJ, OLJ JKF >JGE DOGJ MKLGE, K FGO F FLJDQ JEGN<. A >MDD DJLQ K NF LGEJJQ L FQ , OLGML DN LJ G> L GpJ GJ HJKL; F<F L FJGDEFLK >GJ L JEQ DD LGK G> L G> LOFLQ JLF nJKL, LF DD LGK G> LOFLQ-LOG, F< KG GF LDD L FKKJQFMEJ K GEHDL<.

GpJK F FJD <KHHJGN G> LK F. Q KQ LL QGMF GJOF K FGL JJN< L K >MDD KLJFL F< <GK FGL

E GG< KGD<J L LOFLQ. AF< EFQ J G> GHFGF LL LHKFLK ODD FGO EJJQ LGG QGMF, F< LL EGJ D<JF ODD GJF LF L GMFLJQ F KMHHGJL.

BML, F<HF<FLDQ G> FQ JMDLGFK JKHLF L EDLJQFJGDEFLK, L HMDJ KLL G> GJOQ LJGOK NJQ KLJGFGKLDK F L OQ G> JDQ EJJK. J J FG DJEFM>LMJF LGOFK LG L Gm L GNJoGOF HGHMDLGF G> LGMFLJQ; F< K NDD FLMJDDQ >MJFKK >JGE LKD> KMHHDQG> F<K EGJ LF IMD LG L <EF<, F G> HD F

KJ G> OGJ KD<GE HJGEKK FQ KMKK. FDKK LJ>GJ FGHHGJLMFLQ G> >GJF EJLGF GmJ, L GJOF HKFL


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

FJDDQ JEFK F L NDD F O OK GJF, F< K L NFK F GMKK F< EHDGQEFLK EMKL GMJ NJQ KDGODQ,GOF LG L KEDD EGJLDLQ LL LK HD, ODD G>LF KEKD> GEHDD< LG OL GFK<JD LE, >GJ F LLF KLMLGF, O ODD FD E LG JJ >EDQ.

GJOQ >JEK N F FJD JLF FMEJ G> EJJ<DGMJJK EHDGQ< MHGF LE, F HJGHGJLGF LG LJ KR, OG JDD< GMKEF. Q JN >JGE L >JEJ GMK, F< IMFLLQ G> DF< FJDQ KMpFL LG EFLF >EDQ; F JLMJF >GJO LQ J MF<J L GDLGF G> OGJF >GJ E L DGO F<nP< HJ, OFNJ LQ J DD< MHGF. PHL F LEE<L FGMJGG< G> L LGOFK, F< GF L K-GKL, L

NFQ G> HD G> LK F< K L GFDQ HJGKHL O HJKFLKLKD> G> HJGN<F >GJ >EDQ. JGE L KEDD FMEJ G> HGHD,

F< L DLLD NJLQ G> EHDGQEFL, L KML K JGML<KLFLDQ OLF L NO G> F<N<MD; F< EMKL >D LKGDML FKKLQ G> JHJKKF K FDFLGFK LG EJJ, LDDKGE KM NFQ GmJ. %>, >JGE L HDFLQ G> ELJDK, KGMD< D< LG MD< GMK >GJ EKD>, L GMD< FGL PHL<, LLL >JEJ, > < KMpFL FMEJ G> DGMJJK >GJ,KGMD< N E F <IML HGJLGF G> DF< OL L; F< LGM OGMD< F FJD nF< EHDGQEFL >GJ LJ GJ >GMJ EGFLK F LKMEEJ, QL LJ OGMD< DLLD F G> K JFF FGM LGKMHHGJL >EDQ <MJF L OGD QJ. %L K HJGD, LL L OK FKK G> LK F<, OJ L EHLF G> L HJLK HJGEHL<LE LG MD<, GJ HJGHGK LG MD< GMK LEKDNK, F< LJMKL LGOL LQ GMD< JF, LL L HJK HJKLK PJK< L<KJLGFJQ HGOJ G> J>MKF LG EJJQ.

QGMF EF F< OGEF LJ>GJ J GD< LG JEF OLL >JEJK K MFEJJ< KJNFLK, LDD GMKEF'K HDGEK NFL: F< G> LK MFEJJ< KJNFLK LJ K F NJQ>JE, F< NJQ FLDEF'K >EDQ, EM JLJ HJGHGJLGF,LF L OGJ OGMD< KE LG JIMJ. J K ML DLLD <NKGF G> DGMJ F GJOQ. ADEGKL DD L OFLK G> <GEKL GFGEQ J

KMHHD< F KHJL GMKGD<. GL GFDQ L GEEGFGHJLGFK G> JOF, F, F< OKF, J JJ< GF LGE, ML EFQ >EDK E GJ EHGJL LJ GOF K F<MLLJ, DD LJ GOF > F< EMLLGF, EHGJL LJ GOF JGJQKLGJK; F< L >JEJK F< GMFLJQ HGHD F FJD KHF LJGOF oP F< OGGD, F< ON LJ GOF DFF F< OGGDDF DGLK.%F L DJKL LGOFK, KM K CJKLF F< JGFLE, LJ KFGLF LL F DD< EJL. %L K PLJEDQ <pMDL LG L

GFL G> >JK EL; F< HGMF< G> >JK MLLJ K F JLD FGL LG HMJK<, NF F L E<KL G> KMEEJ. JK J D< L

JLF KKGFK G> L QJ, F< KLGJK G> DD F<K G> HJGNKGFK LLODD H J D< F L LK LEK; F<, > LK J FDL<,


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

JL FGFNFFK J KMmJ<, K KJDQ FQ LF K LG GML JLD. JKGFK OG E LEHGJJQ JK<F F LGMFLJQ, GJ KEDD EJFLK FGL HGKKKK< G> >JEK, GEHDFNDQ G> LK FGFNFF; F< L ONK G> EJFLK, OGN DJ KLLK, KQ, LL L <GEKL GFGEQ G> GJOQ

>EDQ K KG PLFKN F< GEHDL<, LL L FKKJQKMHJFLF<F G> L JIMJK LJ OGD LLFLGF, F< LL LQF nF< FG LE >GJ FQ LF DK.

%L K N<FL, LL KQKLE G> LK F< EMKL JIMJ JL FMEJG> KJNFLK. %L K K< K<K, LL LQ J FGL JEJD >GJ<DF, F< LL LG <G L KE IMFLLQ G> OGJ EGJ JFKKJQ LF F GLJ GMFLJK. GFKIMF K, LL FNJQ KLDKEFL L HJGHGJLGF G> KJNFLK ODD >GMF< LOG GJLJ LEK K JL K F FDF<; F< >JEJ F L GMFLJQ,

OG F K HHJF K FGL LG <KLFMK< >JGE FQ G> KDGMJJK, ODD KGELEK N GMKGD< G> LOFLQ HJKGFK,FDM<F K GOF >EDQ.

EFK G> EFLFF LG KFD EF J, LJ>GJ, EMDKK GFnF< LF LG EJJ< EF; F< MF<J KM JMEKLFKL DGOJ DKKK G> HGHD FFGL FJK EM, LDD L FJKG> EJFLD KLG, GJ L <NKGF F< EHJGNEFL G> >JEK,>MJFKK JLJ IMFLLQ G> EHDGQEFL >GJ EJJ< DGMJJK.%F GMFLJK EGJ >MDDQ HGHD< LK KML K DOQK FNGDN< FJL GKMJLQ. EF FLMJDDQ LFK, LL K K GG< F G> nF<F EHDGQEFL K K FGMJ; F< LL, > >DF GF HD, KDD KM< F KGE GLJ. $ EJJK, LJ>GJ,F< LJMKLK LG >GJLMF; F< L mL LGG >JIMFLDQ K, LLJ<MF<FL HGHMDLGF GKGF< F LK EFFJ K JHJKK< QL HGKLN K G> HGNJLQ F< <KK. %F GJOQ L KML KFGL FNGDN< F L KE GKMJLQ. FMEJ G> <<LGFD>EDK, O L FJKF <EF< >GJ DGMJ ODD KMHHGJL, KEGJ <KLFLDQ EJ<. HGHMDLGF K KG KEDD, LL NF F LLGOFK L K <pMDL LG >DD FLG FQ GFK<JD JJGJ GF LKKML; F< F L GMFLJQ L <NKGF F< EHJGNEFL G> F

KLL, F< L JLGF G> JLJ FMEJ G> GMKEF'K HDK,EMKL ELLJ G> GEHDL FGLGJLQ. %> EF F GLF GF G> LK HDK, EJJK, F< K D LG KMHHGJL >EDQ; > FFGL GLF GF, JEFK KFD. A J<MF<FL HGHMDLGF KLMK HJNFL< >JGE LF HD, FKL< G> F <KLJGQ< >LJL K LF HD.

%L K FGL LG <GML<, LL L FJD HJNDF G> LHJNFLN LG HGHMDLGF, GOF LG L KLL G> KGLQ OK F <KJ<, LGLJ OL L GKLDK LJGOF F L OQ

G> JDQ EJJK >JGE L FJGDEFLK >GJ L JEQ, NHGOJ>MDDQ GFLJML< LG HD L DGOJ DKKK G> HGHD F


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

GJOQ F LLJ KLMLGF, LF GMD< PHL< >JGE LFLMJ G> L KGD F< DEL. F L K-GKL, OJ, GF GMFLG> L GHK G> F <IML KMHHDQ G> >GG< >JGE nKF, LHJNFLN <GK FGL HJND F L KE <J, L HGHDJ NJQ HGGJ F< OJL<; F<, QGF< GEHJKGF, F OGJK

KLL LF L HKFLK F L FLJGJ G> L GMFLJQ.

JLKL HJL G> L KGD F GJOQ K KGDMLDQ FHD G> JF GJF, F< L DEL K KML LG L EGKL KM<<F F<>LD FK. J J LJ FLK GML L F< G> AMMKL,O J HJLMDJDQ <KLFMK< Q L FE G> JGF FLK, GFGMFL G> LJ KGELEK DKLF L HJGEK G> L >JKLJGHK. F LK GKGFK L DGOJ DKKK G> HGHD FKKJDQKMmJ; ML K LJ J KJDQ FQ F<HF<FL DGMJJK, PHLL GMKEF LL N F EFLGF<, OG DD H LLD, L

J<KH G> F GD< LG EP L FFJ J G> L HF OLLJ J< K ELL< Q L KLGJK G> K, G> KDL MLLJ, G> KDL EL, KDL nK, F< GF, O LQ J FJDDQ FD< LGDQ MH >GJ L OFLJ HJGNKGF. HJG< F O L OFL G> GJF HJKKK L EGKL KNJDQ K FJDDQ GML LOG EGFLK>GJ JNKL; F< L LK LE L GOK, G> O L HGGJKLGMKEF N FJDDQ LOG GJ LJ, F< EFQ nN GJ KP, FLG N ED, O EMKL JL KKKLF LG L >EDQ,HJLMDJDQ LG L QGMFJ HJL G> L. %F L KMEEJ G> L QJ1799, L GJOFK HHJ< LG OJ > G> HDFLQ F<GFLFL, OD LJ FGMJK L O<K OJ KGDMLDQKLJNF; F< % HJLMDJDQ JEJ<, LL L KGFK G> GMKEFF< L >JEJK' GQK OJ >LLJ, DJJ, F< < LLJ DNK LGLJ DK, LF GQK G> L KE F< F KEDJ KLMLGFK FFDF<.

%L K DKG OLGML <GML GOF LG L HJNDF G> L HJNFLN LG HGHMDLGF, K EM K LG FQ HMDJ DLFKK G> LJ, LL L EGJLDLQ F GJOQ K KG KEDD. J K FGLF F LDEL GJ L KGD, LL OGMD< D< LG L KMHHGKLGF G> LK F FFQ PLJGJ<FJQ EFFJ >NGMJD LG L FJD DL G> L

FLFLK; ML K F NJQ GMFLJQ L HJFHD EGJLDLQ LKHD EGF NJQ QGMF D<JF, L KEDDJ FMEJ G> LK FGJOQ, F HJGHGJLGF LG L OGD HGHMDLGF, ODD FLMJDDQGKGF KEDDJ EGJLDLQ LF F GLJ GMFLJK, KMHHGKF LDEL LG IMDDQ DLQ.

%L EQ K<, HJHK, F< OL LJML, LL GF G> L HJFHDJKGFK G> L KEDD EGJLDLQ F GJOQ K, LL L LGOFK JFGFK<JD F< >O, F< LL >O HGHD J EHDGQ< FMFOGDKGE EFM>LGJK. %F EFQ G> L JMDLMJD NDDK G>

GLJ GMFLJK, OJ L HJNFLN LG HGHMDLGF <GK FGLHJND F L KE <J, L EGJLDLQ K K KEDD K F GJOQ.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

BML L KGMD< JGDDL<, LL L DMDLGF F LK K K >GJLGK HJLMDJ NDDK DGF; OJK F GJOQ L DMDLGFG> GF F >GJLQ-L K >GJ L OGD GMFLJQ. J<MF<FLHGHMDLGF G> LK NDDK K <KHGK< G> Q GFKLFL EJLGFKLG L LGOFK, F< L <LK G> JL HJL G> LGK LL J GJF

F L HJK <G FGL HHJ F L JKLJK. BML F GJOQ DD L<LK J OLF L DMDLGF, F< L K DJ, LL, > EGJ OJGJF LF L GMFLJQ GMD< KMHHGJL, JL EGJLDLQ EMKL LHD F KGE >GJE GJ GLJ. %> L HGHD OJ FGL <KLJGQ< Q<KK, LQ OGMD< <KLJGQ< Q >EF. %L K F<< ODDFGOF, LL < F< FKMpFL >GG< ODD HJG<M <KK F<<L F L HMJKL J F< L nFKL DEL. MHHGKF LJ>GJFG JL >GJF EJLGF, F< FG PLJGJ<FJQ FJK F LJKGMJK G> L GMFLJQ, FGLF ML L EGJ PLFKNHJNDF G> L HJNFLN LG HGHMDLGF F GJOQ F

KMJ LG J KEDDJ EGJLDLQ LF F GLJ GMFLJK, GONJHMJ J J EQ , GJ GONJ DLQ L EHDGQEFLK G> JHGHD.

GJOQ KEK LG N F FFLDQ <N<< FLG DJ KLLK GJ>JEK, DD< #GJK; F< K, GJ<F LG L DO G> KMKKGF, DDL JGLJK <N< L HJGHJLQ IMDDQ, L K ELLJ G> KMJHJK,F< HJGG> GO KDGODQ L HGHMDLGF K LJLG FJK<, LLLK KLLK N FGL F EGJ KM<N<<. FQ G> LE JF<< FGO <N<< FLG D> GJK F< IMJLJ GJK, F< KGEKLDD DGOJ; ML L K F FJD F L MKLGE, GF L <L G> L >LJ, >GJ GEEKKGF LG NDM L KLL L DGO JL, F< > L D<KL KGF F HQ K JGLJK' F< KKLJK'6 KJK, GJ<FLG LK NDMLGF, Q EGJLF K KLL GJ GLJOK, L OGDK OJ<< LG E: F< L >GJ G> L F< FLMJD F<GDF LGG>JIMFLDQ HJGEHL E LG GF<ML L >JE >LJ L EFFJ G> K>GJ>LJK, OL >O GJ FG mGJLK L EHJGNEFL.

AFGLJ JL GKLD LG L EHJGNEFL G> >JEK F GJOQ K DO, O K DD< <D'K JL, Q O FQ DFD <KF<FLF JHMJK F KLL, O < F KGD< GML G> L >EDQ, Q

HQF L GJFD HMJK-EGFQ. GJEJDQ GDDLJD K ODD KDFD <KF<FLK < LK HGOJ, F< L LE OK KGDMLDQMFDEL<, KG LL L HMJKJ GMD< FNJ GFK<J EKD> KKMJ >JGE DEK. A>LJOJ<K L LE OK DEL< LG LOFLQ

QJK, F< F 1771, L OK KLDD >MJLJ DEL< LG LF QJK, F< DDL GDDLJD JFK OJ PDM<<. %L EMKL GONJ FMFFLJJMHL< HGKKKKGF G> LF QJK; >GJ >, >GJ L PHJLGFG> LK LJE, HJKGF OG K JL LG DE MF<J L DO NFGL LG L HGKKKKGJ, LL <GK FGL >GJG K DE, LGM K FGL LF F GF<LGF LG E L HMJK, L HGKKKKGJ K

GD< LG OL KP QJK EGJ, >GJ K HJ>LDQ KMJ. AF< KF <<LGF LG LK L D<KL F L DFD <KFL EQ JDE F


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

KLL, LL < F JHMJK< Q QGMFJ JGLJ, L DO,NF F LK HJKFL EF<< KLL, EMKL GFK<J< K NJQJL J LG EHJGNEFL; F< F LK >GJEJ KLL, OF L LEOK MFDEL< F< L KD G> KLLK F LK OQ OK EGJ>JIMFL, L KEK K > L EMKL N F EGKL GEHDL GKLD

LG L EDGJLGF G> >JEK, F< GNGMKDQ GMFLK >GJ L NJQKDGO FJK G> HGHMDLGF F GJOQ >GJ EFQ FLMJK.

A >MJLJ <pMDLQ F L OQ G> DJF F< MDLNLF L DF<JKK >JGE L >JK G> L JL LEJ EJFLK JKHLF LOGG<K. F >JE K F <N<< EGF D<JF F<JF<D<JF, K HJGHJLGJ K JLF JL F L OGG<K, F FJD F<NGMJK LG ML K EM K F; F< LLEJ K LMK >DD< >GJ L K nL, F< L OGG<K KHGD<. GHJNFL LK, L EJFLK MQ DJ LJLK G> OGG<K G> L

>JEJK, OG FLJ FLG GFLJL, LL L >JE KDD FGL FQ>MJLJ KM<N<< GJ EGJ GMKEF HD< MHGF L; L DKL LL,> L FMEJ G> >EDK FJK<, LQ KGMD< N FG JL FL OGG<K. %L K K<, LL L EJFLK OG E LK HMJKKJ FGL NJQ KLJL, HJGN<< L KEDDJ >JEJK F< GMKEF <GFGL L LEJ >GJ LJ GMKK. >JEJK OG KDD LK LJLKG> OGG< J GD< Q DO, LG JKJN LG LEKDNK L JL G> HKLMJF LJ LLD, F< G> MLLF LEJ KMpFL >GJ LJGMKK, JHJK, F< nJF.

A H G> JGMF< JGMF< GMKEF'K <ODDF FFGL FDGK<>GJ MDLNLGF, OLGML F HHDLGF, nJKL, LG L HJGHJLGJK G> L OGG<K, <DJF, LL L KHGL K FGL nL >GJ LEJ; F<>LJOJ<K LG EKLJL G> L <KLJL, OGK DN GF LKGKGF K DKG FKKJQ, HJGDQ >GJ L HMJHGK G> KJLFF, OLJ L DN G> L HJGHJLGJ < F <MDQGLF<.

%F <<LGF LG LK GKLDK LG EHJGN< MDLNLGF, O EQ GFK<J< K JLnD, L FLMJ G> L GMFLJQ HJKFLK FFKMHJD GKLD LG MDLNLGF F< HGHMDLGF F FQ JKHL

HJGHGJLGF< LG L KMJ> G> L KGD. GJOFK, LGM FGLF FGE< KLL, J KLDD F GFK<JD <J F L HKLGJDKLL, F< <HF< NJQ EM MHGF LJ LLD. JGMF<KLL GJ<J GF L EGMFLFK, J KGDMLDQ MFnL LG J GJF; F<L GFDQ MK, LG O LQ F HML, K LG HKLMJ LLD MHGFLE >GJ LJ GJ >GMJ EGFLK <MJF L KMEEJ. >JEJKGJ<FDQ KF< DD LJ LLD LG LK JGMF<K L LK LE G> L

QJ, MF<J L J G> HJL G> LJ >EDK; F< L K J, LLLQ E DD LJ MLLJ F< K >GJ KD, GJ >GJ LJ GOFGFKMEHLGF. JL <pMDLQ K LG KMHHGJL LJ LLD <MJF

L DGF OFLJ, F< >GJ LK HMJHGK L K FKKJQ, LL GFK<JD HJGHGJLGF G> L EGKL >JLD DF< F L NDDK


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

KGMD< EGO< >GJ Q. %> LGG EM G> L OJ LF FLG LDD,L FMEJ G> LLD EMKL HJGHGJLGFDQ <EFK<, F< LJLKL HJL G> L J JGMF<K OGMD< GE KGDMLDQMKDKK; F< L EL IMKLGF F LL K, OLJ LGMFLJQ MHGF L OGD OGMD< KMHHGJL JLJ HGHMDLGF.

GLOLKLF<F, GONJ, DD LK GKLDK, LJ K NJQGFK<JD HLQ G> EHJGNEFL F GJOQ, F< G> DL QJKL < F DD< FLG LGF. % J< L JEJ< Q HJG>KKGJ LCGHFF, LL L JKGF OQ L JMDLMJ G> GJOQ <<NF< KG KDGODQ OK, LL LJ OJ FG FLDEF >JEJK LGKL PEHDK G> EHJGN< MDLNLGF, F< J L JGMLF G> FGJF F< HJM< F L GF<ML G> >JEK, LL < FF<< <GOF >JGE >LJ LG KGF >GJ KMKKN K. JGE OL %KO G> GJOQ % KGMD< KQ, LL LK OFL K FGO F KGE <J

KMHHD<. FQ FLDDFL EJFLK, F< ODD F>GJE< FJDGpJK, J L HJKFL F< F >JEF. %F L GMFLJQ JGMF<CJKLF, NJQ JL EHJGNEFLK N LF HD F LKQKLE G> JMDLMJ; F< NF F L FGMJGG< G> JGFLEL MDLMJ G> JLnD JKKK K F FLJG<M<, O, F GMFLJQ OJ KG EM OFLJ >< K FKKJQ >GJ LLD, K HGFL G> L KL EHGJLF. ADEGKL NJQ OJ L MDLNLGFG> HGLLGK K KM<<, F< LQ J JGOF EGJ F< EGJFLG FJD MK, LGM F L <KLFL HJLK G> L GMFLJQ LQ JFGL QL JDK< Q L GEEGF HGHD.

%L K F EGJ L MKLGE G> DL QJK LF >GJEJDQ LG <N<>JEK; F< K L NFL >GJ GEEG<LK F GJOQ K FGL HJHKKMpFL LG FGMJ L GEHDL MDLNLGF G> DJ >JEK, LK<NKGF G> LE K HJGDQ GFLJML< LG L EHJGNEFL G> L DF<. %L KEK F<< LG MFNJKDDQ J<, EGF LGKOG J F KLMLGF LG GEHLFL M<K, LL L JMDLMJG> GJOQ F FJD K <NF< GFK<JDQ G> DL QJK; F<L JKLJK KGO, LL L HGHMDLGF K >GDDGO< OL EGJ LFIMD H. F F NJ G> LF QJK, >JGE 1775 LG 1784, LHJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG <LK OK 141 LG 100.7 BML LK KEK LG

N F JLJ LGG JH< F FJK; K L >GDDGOF QJ, 1785,OK QJ G> KJLQ F< KFKK, F O L <LKGFK<JDQ P<< L JLK; F< >GJ >GMJ QJK >LJOJ<K,HJLMDJDQ F 1789, L PKK G> JLK OK JL. BML F nN

QJK >JGE 1789 LG 1794, HJGHGJLGF G> JLK F< <LK OKFJDQ LG 100.8

FQ G> L EGKL LFF F< KL F>GJE< HJKGFK PHJKK LJHHJFKGFK GF LK KML, F< GF L HJGD JKMDL G> LFO JMDLGFK JKHLF L FJGDEFLK G> L JEQ, F< L

HHJFL FLFLGF G> L GMJL G> FEJ LG FGMJ L DDNFLK L HGHMDLGF. G NJQ MF>NGMJD KKGF K GMJJ<


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

F GJOQ KF 1785; ML L K >J< LL, F L NFL G> KM KKGF, L EGKL KNJ <KLJKK EL >DL >JGE L JH<FJK LL K G> DL LF HD.

GJOQ K, % DN, DEGKL L GFDQ GMFLJQ F MJGH OJ

LJNDDJ ODD J FQ HHJFKGFK PHJKK< G> J<MF<FLHGHMDLGF, F< OJ L <FJ LG L HHFKK G> L DGOJDKKK G> HGHD >JGE LK MK K F KGE <J KF F<MF<JKLGG<. K GNGMKDQ JKK >JGE L KEDDFKK G> LHGHMDLGF DLGLJ, F< L GFKIMFL FJJGOFKK G> LKML. %> GMJ LLFLGF OJ GFnF< LG GF HJK, F< LJOJ FG HGOJ G> EJLF >JGE L, L EGKL JDKK GKJNJGMD< FGL >D LG JEJ LL, > DD EJJ< L LOFLQ, L OGMD< HJ>LDQ EHGKKD >GJ L >JEJK, GONJ J>MDDQ LQ ELEHJGN LJ DF<, LG nF< EHDGQEFL F< >GG< >GJ LGK LL

OGMD< JGO MH; ML OF JL FMEJ G> LK HJKK J<<< LGLJ F HGHMDGMK F<GE, L DJFKK G> LKML, F< L HGOJ G> EGNF >JGE HD LG HD, GKMJ F<GF>MK GMJ NO. DGK KL G> LJML, O >GJ HHJ<GEHDLDQ GNGMK; F< F EGKL MFGMFLD EFFJ, LLJMLLG L JL IMFLLQ G> DF< HGOJ G> KMHHGJLF HGHDQGF< GEHJKGF JLJ LF L KME G> DD LK HJLK.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

B LG D G> CGFLFLK

B33/ II, C%475 II

O* T C'/ T3 P340%7-3 I S.

O<F, F EFQ JKHLK, F KLL KEDJ LG LL G> GJOQ. A NJQ DJ HJGHGJLGF G> LK HGHMDLGF K F L KE EFFJEHDGQ< F JMDLMJ; F< F EGKL HJLK G> L GMFLJQ LEJJ< DGMJJK OG OGJ >GJ L >JEJK, D L GMKEF G> GJOQ, N JLF HGJLGF G> DF< >GJ LJ HJFHDEFLFF; OD L QGMF EF F< OGEF LL J MFEJJ<DN K KJNFLK F L >JEJK' >EDK. K KLL G> LFKGONJ K FGL KG GEHDL F< FJD K F GJOQ; F< >JGE

LK MK, <<< LG L JLJ PLFL F< HGHMDLGF G> LGMFLJQ, L KMHJGJ KR G> L LGOFK F< L JLJ NJLQ G> EHDGQEFL, L K FGL GKGF< F L KE <J LHJNDF G> L HJNFLN LG HGHMDLGF; F< GFKIMFLDQL HGKLN K GHJL< OL EGJ >GJ, GJ L EGJLDLQK F JLJ.

AGJ<F LG HHJ HMDK< Q . JFLF F L )]EGJ=K 9:J]?]K <= D'A9<]E= GQ9D= <=K /=F=K <= /LG@GDE,9 L

QJDQ NJ EGJLDLQ F DD O<F, >GJ FF QJK F<F F1663, OK LG L HGHMDLGF K 1 LG 34U.10 . JFLF >MJFK<J. J OL GFLFMLGF G> LK LDK; F< F NJ G> 21

QJK NK JKMDL G> 1 LG 34 3/5; FJDQ L KE.11 K KMF<GML<DQ NJQ JL EGJLDLQ, GFK<JF L DJHJGHGJLGF G> L HGHMDLGF F O<F O K EHDGQ< FJMDLMJ. %L HHJK, >JGE KGE DMDLGFK F CFLRDJ'KGMFL G> O<F, LL L FLFLK G> L LGOFK J LG LFLFLK G> L GMFLJQ GFDQ K 1 LG 13;12 OJK F ODD-HGHD< GMFLJK, L HJGHGJLGF K G>LF K 1 LG 3, GJ GN.13 KMHJGJ EGJLDLQ G> LGOFK LJ>GJ FFGL EM mL LFJD HJGHGJLGF G> <LK F O<F.

NJ EGJLDLQ G> NDDK GJ<F LG MKKED K 1 F40.14 %F JMKK F< GEJF, O FDM< FMEJ G> JLF< MFDLQ LGOFK, F< OJ L FLFLK G> L LGOFK J LGL FLFLK G> L GMFLJQ K 1 LG 4, L EGJLDLQ K DKK LF 1F 37.15 EGJLDLQ F GJOQ, K K F EFLGF< >GJ, K1 F 48, O K F NJQ PLJGJ<FJQ <J DKK LF FO<F, LGM L FLFLK G> L LGOFK F GJOQ J JLJ HJGHGJLGF LG L FLFLK G> L GMFLJQ LF FO<F.16 LGOFK F O<F J F<< DJJ F< EGJ

MFDLQ LF F GJOQ; ML LJ K FG JKGF LG LF LL LGMFLJQ K FLMJDDQ EGJ MF>NGMJD LG L <MJLGF G> MEF


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

D>. EGMFLFK G> GJOQ J F FJD FGL LD. GFDQ HGHD< HJLK G> L GMFLJQ J L NDDQK. FQ G> LK

NDDQK J <H F< FJJGO D>LK F L EGMFLFK; F< LMDLNL< KHGLK F L GLLGE, KMJJGMF<< K LQ J Q DEGKLHJHF<MDJ DmK G> HJG<GMK L,17 O FLJHL L

JQK G> L KMF >GJ EFQ GMJK, <G FGL KE K > LQ GMD< KGDLQ K L EGJ PHGK< F< <JJ KGD G> O<F.

%L K <pMDL LJ>GJ FLJDQ LG GMFL >GJ L EGJLDLQ G> O<F, OLGML KMHHGKF LL L LK G> L HGHD, F< LGFLFMD JQ G> L GNJFEFL >GJ F FJK G> KMLK, LF< LGHJKK L HGHMDLGF LGG J< FKL L DELK G> KMKKLF, F<GFKIMFLDQ LG HJG<M <KKK, O J L FKKJQ mL G> HGNJLQ F< < FGMJKEFL; F< LK, >JGE GKJNLGF, HHJKLG JDDQ L K.

O<F <GK FGL HJG<M >GG< KMpFL >GJ LK HGHMDLGF. %LKFFMD OFL F L JLD G> JF, GJ<F LG DMDLGF E<>JGE L QJK 1768 F< 1772, K 440,000 LMFK.18 K IMFLLQ GJFJ L, K F FJD F EHGJL< >JGE >GJF GMFLJK,K<K HGJ, MLLJ F< K LG GFK<JD EGMFL.19

<KLDDLGF G> KHJLK F O<F K KMHHGK< LG GFKME GN400,000 LMFK G> JF; F< OF LK <KLDDLGF K FHJGL< Q GNJFEFL, NJLGF F <>L HHJK F LLDK G> EHGJLLGFK;20 ML FG JL NJLGFK F PKK JGKJND LG KMHHDQ L <nFK F QJK G> KFLQ JNKLK,O L K ODD FGOF GMJ >JIMFLDQ. %F QJK L EGKLMF<FL, OF L <KLDDLGF K F >J, L K KKJL< LL388,000 LMFK N F FJD F EHGJL<.21 %L >GDDGOK LJ>GJLL L O<K GFKME DD L HJG<M G> LJ KL QJK, F<FJDQ 400,000 EGJ; F< LL F LJ OGJKL QJK LJGFKMEHLGF EMKL <EFK< Q FJDQ L OGD <nFQ FLJ JGHK. EKK G> L HGHD HHJK LG LGG HGGJ LGHMJK FJDQ L KE IMFLLQ G> GJF L NJQ <NF<HJ. J K FG <IML FGMJEFL LJ>GJ LG GJF

EJFLK LG EHGJL F JL MF<F; F< L mL G> <nFQ G> GF->GMJL GJ GF-LJ< F L JGHK K, LG GD LDGMJJ LG GFLFL EKD> OL FJDQ LJ->GMJLK GJ LOG-LJ<KG> L GJF O MK< >GJ, F< LG KMHHDQ L JKL Q L MKG> FQ KMKLLMLK, O KKLQ, L EGLJ G> %FNFLGF, EQKMKL. % N K< FJDQ; MK L K <pMDL LG KMHHGK LLL EHGJLLGFK KGMD< FGL KGELF JLJ F QJK G> KJLQ LF F GEEGF QJK, LGM FG EJ< <mJF G> LKF< HHJK F L LDK HMDK< Q CFLRDJ. JLKLEHGJLLGF, GJ<F LG LK; LDK, OK F L QJ 1768, OF

L EGMFL< LG 590,265 LMFK G> JF;22 ML NF LK JLKLEHGJLLGF K GFDQ 150,000 LMFK GN L NJ OFLK G> L


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

GMFLJQ; F< OL K LK, LG KMHHDQ <nFQ G> GF->GMJL GJGF-LJ< G> JGH? OGD EHGJLLGF K F<< F LK JKHLLJoF.

HGHMDLGF G> O<F, L L LE OF CFLRDJ OJGL, OK

GML LOG EDDGFK F< D>.23 $ DDGOK >GMJ LMFK G> JF LG EF.24 HGF LK KMHHGKLGF L FFMD OFLK G> O<F OGMD< LF EDDGFK G> LMFK, F< >GMJ GJ nN MF<J< LGMKF< OGMD< GML DLLD OQ F KMHHDQF <nFQ G> LOG EDDGFK F< D> GJ LJ EDDGFK; F< > O L GFDQ L <mJF >JGE LNJ EHGJLLGF L ODD HHJ LL L KKKLF O LO<K JN >JGE EHGJLLGF F QJ G> KJLQ K HJ>LDQ>MLD.

GFKIMF G> LK KLL G> LFK K, LL L HGHMDLGF G>

O<F K F HMDJ EFFJ mL< Q NJQ NJLGF G> LKKGFK; F< O FFGL KMJHJK< L NJQ MJGMK F<FKLJMLN JEJ G> . JFLF, LL L JKLJK G> O<FKO LL L JLK, EJJK F< <LK FJK F< <JKGJ<F LG L KLL G> L JNKLK. JGE L FF QJK G> O < NF LDK, FKLFK L >GDDGOF:

JJK.BJLK. LK.

BJJF QJK. 1757 18,79981,878 68,054

1758 19,58483,29974,370

AMF<FL QJK. 1759 23,21085,579 62,6621760 23,38390,63560,083.25

25 ]EGJK AJ]]K < D'A<]E < LGGDE, H. 29.

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OJ LG L OGD HGHMDLGF K 1 LG 39, F 1757 K 1 LG 32, F< F1758 K 1 LG 31.

%F KGE GKJNLGFK GF L O<K JKLJK, . JFLF KQKLL F L MFDLQ QJK GML 1 F 29 N << FFMDDQ, F< FL DLQ QJK GF F 39; F< LL LF E<<D LJE LNJ EGJLDLQ EL GFK<J< L 1 F 36.27 BML LKF>JF <GK FGL HHJ LG MKL; K EF LOF 29 F< 39OGMD< N 34; F< F<< L LDK, O K EKD> JGML>GJOJ<, GFLJ<L F NJ EGJLDLQ G> 1 F 36, F< HJGN LL

L K GML 1 F 34U.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

HJGHGJLGF G> QJDQ EJJK LG L OGD HGHMDLGF HHJKLG GF F NJ FJDQ K 1 LG 112, F< LG NJQ LOF LPLJEK G> 1 LG 101, F< 1 LG 124, GJ<F LG L LEHGJJQHJGKHL G> KMHHGJL >GJ >EDQ. JGDQ F<< L NJKLOF EM JLJ PLJEK, K L HJG< >JGE O LK

DMDLGFK J E< K EJDQ >GJ FF QJK.

%F FGLJ HHJ O . JFLF HMDK< F L KEGDDLGF, F JEJK LL F O<F L QJK, O JL EGKL >JML>MD F HJG<M, J L EGKL >JML>MD F D<JF.28

%> MJL GKJNLGFK OJ E< F GLJ GMFLJK, L K DQHJGD LL <mJFK G> L KE F< OGMD< HHJ, LGMFGL LG L KE PLFL.29 L JJ< LG O<F, LQ DJDQHJGN LL LK HGHMDLGF K NJQ KLJGF LF<FQ LG FJK;

F< LL L K FGL GFDQ DOQK J<Q LG >GDDGO OL L JLKLDJLFKK FQ NJ FJK F L EFK G> KMKKLF, MLLL L EK KLJL >GJOJ<K L NJQ LEHGJJQ F< GKGFDFJK G> >GG<; Q O EFK L K GFLFMDDQ GF QGF< LNJ FJK, F< K JHJKK< Q L HJG<D JLMJFK G> KNJ OFL, F< L <KKK JKF >JGE L.

L FGLOLKLF<F LK GFKLFL F< KLJF LF<FQ LGGNJoGOF FMEJK, KLJF LG KQ! L GNJFEFL F< LHGDLD GFGEKLK G> O<F J GFLFMDDQ DDF, GML >GJHGHMDLGF! HGHMDLGF! CFLRDJ GKJNK, LL L GNJFEFL,FGL NF L HGOJ G> F<MF KLJFJK LG KLLD F L GMFLJQ,GJ G> MEFLF L HDKMJ L FMEJ G> JLK, K GMH<LKD> KF 1748 F NJQ EKMJ O HHJ< HJGHJ LGFJK L HGHMDLGF G> L GMFLJQ.30 BML KMHHGK LL LGNJFEFL JDDQ HGKKKK< L HGOJ G> F<MF KLJFJK LGKLLD, GJ G> FJKF L FMEJ G> JLK L HDKMJ, OLOGMD< L GFKIMF? %> L KLJFJK OJ FGL KM K LGFLJG<M LLJ KQKLE G> JMDLMJ LQ OGMD< LJ KLJN< LEKDNK, GJ MK EGJ G> L O<K LG KLJN<;F< > L QJDQ FMEJ G> JLK OJ GFK<JDQ FJK<, L

HHJK LG E HJ>LDQ DJ, >JGE L LDK G> . JFLF, LLL HJFHD mL OGMD< EJDQ F FJK G> EGJLDLQ. LMD HGHMDLGF EL HJHK NF <EFK< Q L; K, OFH<EK N GF F FJL< Q < FGMJKEFL F<JGO<< GMKK, LQ <G FGL DOQK KLGH OF LQ N LF Gm L J<MF<FL HGHMDLGF, ML L Gm OL HJL, F< KGELEK

NJQ GFK<JD HJL, G> LL O L GMFLJQ EL DHJGHJDQ LG KMHHGJL.

%F DD NJQ FGJLJF DELK, F O L HJFHD MKFKK G>

JMDLMJ EMKL FKKJDQ GEHJKK< FLG L KEDD KH G> >O KMEEJ EGFLK, L ODD DEGKL FNLDQ HHF LL <MJF


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

LK HJG< OFL G> F<K K >DL; ML, LK LEHGJJQ OFL KGMD< J>MDDQ <KLFMK< >JGE JD, F< mLMD <EF< >GJDGMJ, O FDM<K L HGOJ G> NF EHDGQEFL F< KMHHGJLLJGM L OGD QJ, F< FGL EJDQ >GJ LOG GJ LJ EGFLK. HGHMDLGF G> O<F F L FLMJD GMJK G> LK FJK ODD

DOQK J<Q >MDDQ LG FKOJ LK mLMD <EF<; F< KMHHDQQGF< L, OLJ >JGE KLJFJK GJ F <<LGFD FMEJ G> JLK, F GFDQ HJG<MLN G> EKJQ.

%L K KKJL< Q O<K MLGJK LL NF FMEJ G> EF F<G> <QK HJG<MK F O<F GFDQ LJ< HJL G> OL K HJG<M<Q L KE FMEJ G> F KGE GLJ GMFLJK;31 F< NQMKLGFK J F GFKIMF JGML FKL L FLGFDF<MKLJQ. > L FJD JGMF<K >GJ KM MKLGFK, KLJFJFFGL GEHLFL M<; ML F L HJKFL FKLF L HHJK

LG E LL EGJ GML LG LLJML< LG L DEL F< KGD LFLG F LMD OFL G> F<MKLJQ F L FLNK. GJ DJ HGJLGF G> L QJ LJ PJLGFK J FKKJDQ JEH< Q L KNJLQ G> L DEL; F< <MJF L LE OF LQ J D LG F FJMDLMJD GHJLGFK, L FLMJD F<mJF G> L KGD F< LPLFL G> KMJ> JIMJ< >GJ NF HJG<M, FNLDQ EHDGQ JLJ HJGHGJLGFD IMFLLQ G> DGMJ. %L K ODD FGOF F FDF<LL >JE G> DJ PLFL, GFKKLF G> HGGJ KGD, K OGJ< L EM JLJ PHFK >GJ L KE HJG<M LF KEDD GF G> J DF<. FLMJD HGNJLQ G> L KGD F O<F, FJDDQKHF, FFGL <F<.32

%F GMJFQ MH L OKLJF K< G> L GMFLJQ, F< >LJOJ<K FJGKKF L >JGE GJOQ LG LGGDE, F< LF MH L KLJFGKL LG L HKK GNJ LG FDF<, % GF>KK LL % KO >OJEJK G> OFL G> FLGFD F<MKLJQ LF % KGMD< N PHL<:

AK >J K % GMD< M<, % NJQ KD<GE KO FQ DF< MFMDLNL<,O OGMD< N F MDLNL< F FDF<; F< % JLFDQ KOEFQ KHGLK G> DF< F LDD, O FNJ OGMD< N F LGM<OL HDGM J. K OJ DF<K F O NJQ nN GJ LF

QJ<K LJ OJ DJ KLGFK GJ JGK, JGMF< O L HDGM

EMKL FKKJDQ LMJF<, GJ D>L< GNJ LE; F< L GF GJL GLJ K FJDDQ <GF GJ<F LG LJ KR. HDGM K

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> L NDM G> LGK DF<K >GJ LDD, O J L HJKFL GNJ<OL EEFK >GJKLK, % GMD< FG M<; ML GL L O<K F<L GJOFK J MK< G> DJF LK OGG<K OQ LGG

HJHLLDQ, F< OLGML HJNGMKDQ GFK<JF OL K DDQ LG L JD NDM G> L DF< OF DJ<. GFKIMF K,


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

LL >GJ L K G> GF GG< JGH G> JQ; O EQ DOQK GLF< >JGE L EFMJ mGJ<< Q L KK G> L MJFL LJK,EM JGOF LEJ K KGELEK KHGD<, F< L DF< HJHK>LJOJ<K GEK DEGKL FLJDQ MKDKK. A>LJ L JGH G> JQK F GLF<, L GEEGF HJL K LG LMJF LLD F MHGF

L JKK, O EQ <FLDDQ JGO MH. %> L DF< FLMJDDQGG<, L ><F G> L LLD HJNFLK >JK nJK >JGE JKF; ML > L <, L LLD G> GMJK, FFGL JEF DGF F L, F< LK<K, OL O, NJQ OF< K KMJJ<, KGO L JGMF< FLDQ OL nJK.

F GKJNF EFQ KHGLK G> LK F< GL F GJOQ F< O<F, %GMD< FGL DH F KLJM OL L <, LL, LGM >GJ GLJJKGFK L OK NJQ DLLD HJGD, KM HHJFK JLFDQE< L KE HGKKD LL LK GMFLJK EL N F LLJ

HGHD< >GJEJDQ LF L HJKFL; F< LL DF<K, O J FGOGNJ< OL >GJKLK, EL N HJG<M< GJF LGMKF< QJKG. JK, HDMK, GJ LL JLJ <HGHMDLGJ LF LJ, LQJFFD GNJFEFL, EL N KM<<FDQ <KLJGQ< GJ PHDD<L JLKL HJL G> L FLFLK; F< FDL G> L DF< >GJLOFLQ GJ LJLQ QJK F GJOQ GJ O<F OGMD< HJG<M NJQKLJF <mJF F L > G> L GMFLJQ. BML LK K EJDQ F< O % GMD< FGL DH EFLGFF, ML O L J<JDJ<Q FGOK K FGL < OL FGM OL E LG E EKMHHGK L >L F FQ <J HJGD.

G JLMJF LG L JMDLMJ G> O<F. %F<HF<FLDQ G> FQ<nFQ F L FLGFD F<MKLJQ, LJ J JLFDQ KGEJMEKLFK F L HGDLD JMDLGFK G> L GMFLJQ O LF<LG EH< L FLMJD HJGJKK G> LK MDLNLGF. J J KLDDKGE MJ<FKGE CGJN]K JEFF, O L HGKKKKGJK G> JLF DF<K J GD< LG HJ>GJE >GJ L <GEFK G> LJGOF.33 HGKLF G> L GMFLJQ K MF<GML<DQ NJQ H F<GFNFFL LG L LJNDDJ; ML L K GF<ML< F EFFJ LGGKGF JL OKL G> DGMJ LG L >JEJ, GL F EF F<GJKK. %L K DMDL< Q L O<K GFGEKLK LL L DGMJ,

O OGMD< KN< Q L GDLGF G> LK KQKLE DGF, OGMD<HJG<M FFMDDQ 300,000 LMFK G> JF.34 NJQ JL <KLFG> L EJLK F O<F, F< L NJQ FGEHDL <NKGF G> DGMJ, O K DEGKL FKKJQ GFKIMF G> L, GKGF DKG JL OKL G> LE F< PJLGF. AF< > LJ FG EJ< OFLG> <DF F< LNLQ EGF L O<K HKFLK, LJ KJLFDQ OFL G> FGOD< K LG L KL EG<K G> JMDLFL JGLLGF G> LJ JGHK, F< G> EFMJF F< EHJGNF LJDF<K.35

%> L GNJFEFL OJ EHDGQ< F JEGNF LK EH<EFLK,F< F F<NGMJK LG FGMJ F< <JL L F<MKLJQ G> L


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

>JEJK, F< LG JMDL L KL F>GJELGF GF JMDLMJDKMLK, L OGMD< <G EM EGJ >GJ L HGHMDLGF G> L GMFLJQLF Q L KLDKEFL G> nN MF<J< >GMF<DF GKHLDK.

AGJ<F LG CFLRDJ, L HJFHD EKMJK F O L

GNJFEFL < F F< >GJ L FGMJEFL G> LHGHMDLGF, OJ L KLDKEFL G> GDDK G> E<F, F< G> DQF-F F< >GMF<DF GKHLDK.36 KLDKEFL G> GDDK G> E<F >GJ L MJ G> L HGGJ JLK, EQ, F EFQ KK, PLJEDQ FnD, F< OK KG HJGDQ F L HJLMDJJMEKLFK G> O<F; ML L PEHD G> L GKHLDK G> JF, O N L KE GL, EQ JL <GML OLJNF KM KLDKEFLK J MFNJKDDQ LG JGEEF<<.QF-F GKHLDK, K >J K LQ N F mL, J HJGDQ JLJHJM<D LF GLJOK; K, GJ<F LG L HJFHD GF O

LQ J FJDDQ GF<ML<, LJ LF<FQ K JLFDQ LGFGMJ N. GMF<DF GKHLDK, OLJ LQ LLF LJHJG>KK< F< EE<L GL GJ FGL, J F NJQ NO MJL>MD LGL KLL; ML L EG< F O LQ GHJL % KDD N GKGFLG <KMKK EGJ HJLMDJDQ F FGLJ HLJ.

O<K GNJFEFL, GONJ, K FGL F PDMKNDQEHDGQ< F EKMJK G> LK FLMJ. BQ F <L F 1776, LGEEJ G> JF OK JF<J< GEHDLDQ >J LJGMGML LOGD FLJGJ G> L GMFLJQ; F< OL JJ< LG L HJGNF G> F, O JGOK EGJ LF LK GFKMEHLGF, PHGJLLGF >J G> NJQ <MLQ OK DDGO<.37 DD LK HJG< L JMDLMJ G> LKGMLJF HJGNFK < F < Q L OFL G> NFL >GJ LJJF, GF GMFL G> L <pMDLQ G> LJFKHGJL, F< L KGDMLHJGLGF G> KDDF L LG >GJFJK L FQ HJ. FGJLJFHJGNFK J KLDD MF<J KGE <pMDLK F LK JKHL; LGM, KLQ FNJ JGO IMFLLQ KMpFL >GJ LJ GFKMEHLGF, LK<pMDLK J FGL KG EM >DL.38 %L EQ GKJN< GONJ, FFJD, LL LJ K FG EGJ >LD LG EHJGNF MDLNLGFLF FQ <pMDLQ F L NFL G> LK HJG<M, O HJNFLK L>JEJ >JGE F D LG GLF F GG< QJK HJ >GJ K GJF

FGL EM DGO L FJD NJ.

BML OL HJHK K GFLJML< EGJ LF FQ GLJ MK LG LFJKF HGHMDLGF G> O<F K L GDLGF G> DO F 1748,O DEL< L FMEJ G> HJKGFK LG FEF GJ >JE.39 GL G> LK DO HHJK LG N F, LG >GJ L D<JF G> L HJGHJLGJK LG MF<JL L DJF F< MDLNLGF G> >JKDF<K, Q O L OK LGML LL L OGD GMFLJQ OGMD< KGGFJ EHJGN<. BML L HHJK >JGE PHJF LL LKD<JF, F OLGML KMpFL >MF<K >GJ KM MF<JLFK,

OJ GD< LG K LJ >GJLMF F KGE GLJ OQ; F< JLFMEJK, F GFKIMF, J K< LG N EJL<. A >LJ EQ


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

FGO, GONJ, FGL GFDQ <N< K DF<< HJGHJLQ FLG K EFQKJK K LFK HJGHJ, ML LK <NKGFK J HJLMDJDQJGEEF<< Q L GNJFEFL; F< GFK<JF L EEFKKR G> L O<K FEFK, F< L EHGKKDLQ G> LJ FMDLNL< GEHDLDQ Q GF >EDQ, KM <NKGFK EMKL F NJQ

HGFL G> NO DQ MK>MD.

HGHMDLGF G> O<F F 1751 OK 2,229,661.40 %F 1799,GJ<F LG F GMFL O % JN< F LGGDE >JGEJG>KKGJ F<J, L KMKKGJ LG . JFLF, L OK3,043,731. K K NJQ GFK<JD <<LGF LG L HJEFFLHGHMDLGF G> L GMFLJQ, O K >GDDGO< HJGHGJLGFDFJK F L HJG<M G> L KGD, K L EHGJLK G> GJF J FGLJLJ LF LQ OJ >GJEJDQ, F< LJ K FG JKGF LG LF LL L GF<LGF G> L HGHD K, GF F NJ, OGJK.

K FJK, GONJ, K FGL GF >GJOJ<K OLGML HJG<DK, O, > LQ N FGL >GJ LE FLJDQ KLGHH< LKHJGJKK, N DOQK JLJ<< L JL G> L. $GO G>LF LKK N JMJJ< <MJF L DKL n>LQ QJK, % E FGL >MJFK<OL KMpFL <L LG D LG KQ; ML % F EFLGF KGE G> LE. JGE L HHJ G> . JFLF,41 DJ<Q IMGL< F LKHLJ, L HHJK LL L QJK 1757 F< 1758 OJ JJF, F<GEHJLNDQ EGJLD QJK. %> O OJ LG M< >JGE L FJK<EHGJLLGF G> 1768,42 LK OGMD< DKG HHJ LG FMFHJG<MLN QJ. AGJ<F LG L <<LGFD LDK OL O .JFLF >MJFK< J. J, L QJK 1771, 1772 F< 1773,OJ HJLMDJDQ EGJLD.43 QJ 1759 EMKL N F NJQDQ KG, K F L GMFLK O JN< >JGE JG>KKGJF<J, LK QJ DGF ELJDDQ mL< L NJHJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG <LK >GJ L LOFLQ QJK F<F F 1795.K HJGHGJLGF, FDM<F L QJ 1789, OK 100 LG 77; MLKLJLF L, OK 100 LG 75; O K JL <mJF >GJ GF

QJ LG E F F NJ G> LOFLQ. G GFDM< L LDGM,L QJ 1799, OF % OK F O<F EMKL N F NJQ >LDGF. %F L HJGNFK GJ<JF GF GJOQ, L HKFLK DD< L

L OGJKL LL LQ < NJ JEEJ<. LLD < DDKMmJ< PLJEDQ <MJF L OFLJ, >JGE L <JGML G> LHJ<F QJ; F< F MDQ, GML EGFL >GJ L JNKL, GFK<JD HGJLGF G> L HGHD OK DNF MHGF J< E< G> L FFJ J G> L nJ, F< G> <J< KGJJD, KGDMLDQ OLGML FQEPLMJ G> ED LG E L EGJ HDLD F< FGMJKF. KDDGO DGGK F< EDFGDQ GMFLFFK G> L HKFLKLJQ< L MFOGDKGEFKK G> LJ FGMJKEFL. FQ <<<; ML L >MDD mLK G> KM <L < FGL LF F >DL. QOGMD< HJGDQ HHJ >LJOJ<K F L >GJE G> KGE H<E

KFKK.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

HLF, OL O L DGOJ DKKK G> HGHD F O<FJ LK KNJ HJKKMJK K HJ>LDQ KLGFKF, F< F GFDQJK >JGE LJ F D>L FLJDQ LG LJ GOF JKGMJK, F< >JGEL D> LL LQ J KMELLF LG L JL DO G> FKKLQ, F<FGL LG L HJK G> LJ JMDJK. GKL G> L EJJ< DGMJJK,

K K >GJ F GKJN<, MDLNL KEDD HGJLGF G> DF<; F<OF, >JGE F MF>NGMJD KKGF, LJ JGHK >D, GJ LJ LLD<, LQ K L MK G> LJ OFL, F< J L K L NKLLGF G> JGN<F. NJQ EF ODD KMEL OL GEF HLF LG NDKO DNK LG JK >JGE L FJD DOK G> FLMJ; MLOF L NFLQ F< EKLF FNGDF G> L GNJFEFL F<L J DKKK G> KGLQ N, Q HJHLMD FLJ>JF OLL GFJFK G> L DGOJ DKKK, F<NGMJ< LG HJKM< LE,LL DD L GG< O LQ FGQ K GF>JJ< MHGF LE Q LJJMDJK F< J F>LGJK, L K NJQ FLMJD LL LQ KGMD<

LLJML DD L ND O LQ KMmJ LG L KE KGMJK; F<HLF MF<J KM JMEKLFK FFGL JKGFDQ PHL<.GM LG NG< KLDD JLJ NDK, O EQ DDGO< LG JHJKKLK EHLF Q >GJ, > L KO LKD> F GNJL LK; QL LEHLF LKD> HHJK LG DJDQ MKLn< F LK K: F<LGK J F JL <J FKOJD >GJ LK GFKIMFK, OGKGF<ML K LF<< N<FLDQ LG FGMJ L.

GM L O<K < KMHHGJL< L KNJ <JL G> 1799 OLPLJGJ<FJQ JKFLGF; QL >LJOJ<K, GF F <L G> LGNJFEFL LG HJGL L <KLDDLGF G> KHJLK, L K K< LL LJOJ GFK<JD GEEGLGFK F L GMFLJQ. EKMJ LKD> OK JLFDQ DMDL< LG FnL L HGHD; F< L EFFJ FO L OK JN<, mGJ<K MJGMK HJGG> G> L <mJFLLEHJ OL O HGHD J F ND JKF >JGE L DOK G> FLMJ, GJ HJNLGF MK< Q L <LK G> GNJFEFL.

KDQ HJG<K F O<F, O N JLJ<< L JL G> LKFJK F HGHMDLGF, HHJ F FJD LG N JKF >JGE LMFOGDKGE FGMJKEFL GKGF< Q KNJ OFL. AF< LKOFL K F MK< Q MF>NGMJD KKGFK, >DDF MHGF

GMFLJQ O OK OLGML FQ JKJN< KLGJ, LJ F LK FJDPHGJLK GJ F L DJD <NKGF G> >GG< LG L DGMJJ F GEEGF

QJK; F< O OK LJ>GJ HGHD< >MDDQ MH LG LK HJG<M,>GJ L GMJJF G> L KFLQ JNKL. M KLL G> LFKK DJ HJGG> LL, >, K KGE G> L O<K GFGEKLK KKJL,LJ GMFLJQ GML LG N HGHMDLGF G> FF GJ LF EDDGFK,44LQ N FGLF >MJLJ LG <G LF LG E L HJG<M >GG<KMpFL >GJ KM FMEJ; F< LQ EQ JKL HJ>LDQ KKMJ<LL LQ ODD FGL OFL EGMLK LG L L, OLGML L KKKLF G> DQF-F F< >GMF<DF GKHLDK.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

GLOLKLF<F L EGJLD QJ G> 1789, L HHJ< >JGE LGMFLK O % JN< >JGE HJG>KKGJ F<J, LL LFJD DLFKK G> L GMFLJQ < FJK<. NJEGJLDLQ >GJ L LOFLQ QJK F<F 1795 OK 1 F 37, FKL< G> 1F DKK LF 35, O < F L NJ G> L HJ<F

LOFLQ QJK. AK L JL G> FJK < FGL F DJL< FL LOFLQ QJK F<F F 1795, L <EFK< EGJLDLQ EMKLN F GKGF< Q L FJK< GHJLGF G> L HJNFLN. AFGLJ DMDLGF O % JN< >JGE L HJG>KKGJKE< LG GFnJE LK KMHHGKLGF. AGJ<F LG . JFLF, KIMGL< Q MKKED,45 5 KLF<F EJJK HJG<M< QJDQ 1D<; ML F L DLLJ HJG<; L HJGHGJLGF G> KLF<F EJJKLG FFMD JLK OK K 5 1/10, F< KMLJLF DDLELD<JF, K 5 3/10 LG 1; HJGG> LL F L DLLJ HJG< LEJJK < FGL F IML KG JDQ F< KG HJGDn.

JGE KMKIMFL GMFLK L HHJK LL L DLFKK G> O<F K GFLFM< LG FJK, >JGE O O EQ >JDQ F>JLL L GF<LGF, G> L EKK G> L HGHD K F EHJGNF.

%F DD O<F F< FDF< <MJF L nN QJK F<F OL 1805,L EF FMEJ G> L DNF L DD K OK, EDK 1,564,611;>EDK 1,683,457; GL, 2,348,068. AFFMD NJ <LK G> EDK 40,147; G> >EDK 39,266; LL K, L FFMD EGJLDLQ G> EDK OK 1 G> 38.97 38.97; G> >EDK 1 G> 42.87; EF, 1 G> 40.92.46

FFMD NJ JLK G> EDK OJ 55,119; G> >EDK52,762; GL, 107,882; LL K, L HJGHGJLGF G> ED JLK LG LED HGHMDLGF OK 1 G> 28.38; G> >ED JLK LG L >EDHGHMDLGF 1 G> 31.92; EF, 1 G> 30.15.

JGE NDMD LD >GJE< Q J. DF GF LK F< GLJ <L,L HHJK LL, GJ<F LG L DO G> EGJLDLQ O HJND< FO<F <MJF L nN QJK F<F OL 1805, L PHLLGF G> D> L JL OGMD< >GJ EDK 37.820, >GJ >EDK 41.019; GL,

39.385: F< LL D> G> L EDK OGMD< DN LG NJQ FJDQ 43 QJK G> , D> G> L >EDK FJDQ LG 48 QJK G> , F< D> G> DD L JLK LF LGLJ LG 45 QJK.

A HJGHGJLGF G> JLK K 1 LG 30.15, F< G> <LK K 1 LG 40.92,OGMD< N QJDQ PKK G> JLK LG L HGHMDLGF, K 1 LG114.5, O, > GFLFM<, OGMD< (GJ<F LG D %%. L L F<G> C. P. B. .) N JL G> FJK KM K LG <GMD LHGHMDLGF F DKK LF 80 QJK.

%F L NM FQDGH]<IM >GJ J, 1825, KGJL GMFL KNF G> L JKMDL G> GEEKKGF LG FIMJ FLG L HJGJKK G>


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

HGHMDLGF F O<F KF 1748, >JGE O L HHJK, LLO<F HJGHJDQ KG DD<, PDMKN G> FDF<, GFLF< LF1,736,483 FLFLK; F 1773, 1,958,797; F 1798, 2,352,298; F<F 1823, 2,687,457. %F 1823, LJ < F 56,054 <LK, F<98,259 JLK. PKK G> L JLK F LL QJ DGF OK

LJ>GJ 42,205, F< L K KLL< LL, KMHHGKF L KE PKKF L FPL QJ, 1824, L NJ FFMD PKK G> L DKL n>LF

QJK OGMD< 23,333. K OGMD< F L HJGHGJLGF G> 1 LG 108G> L NJ HGHMDLGF, F PKK O, > GFLFM<, OGMD<<GMD L HGHMDLGF F GML 75 QJK. AGJ<F LG L >GJGFFMEJK, L HJGHGJLGF G> L JLK LG L HGHMDLGF OK F 1823K 1 LG 27.3, G> L <LK K 1 LG 47.9. DLFKK G> LGMFLJQ, LJ>GJ, F< L JL G> LK FJK F HGHMDLGF, KGFLFM< LG <NF KF 1805. K FJK K LLJML< LG LHJGJKK G> JMDLMJ F< F<MKLJQ, F< L HJL G>

NFLGF.

J<MD <EFMLGF G> EGJLDLQ KF L E<<D G> L DKLFLMJQ K NJQ KLJF.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

B LG D G> CGFLFLK

B33/ II, C%475 III

O* T C'/ T3 P340%7-3 I R-%.

DKLK G> JLK, <LK F< EJJK F MKK, HJKFL KMPLJGJ<FJQ JKMDLK LL L K EHGKKD FGL LG JN LE OL GFK<JD <J G> KMKHGF; L L KE LE L JMDJEFFJ F O LQ N F GDDL<, F< LJ JEFLOL GLJ F <mJFL QJK, FLLD LE LG LLFLGF.

%F HHJ HJKFL< F 1768, Q B. . $JEF, LG L <EQ G> LJKMJ, F< HMDK< F L *GN9 AL9 A9<=EZ, LGE. N.,

GEHJKGF K E< G> L JLK, <LK F< EJJK F L<mJFL HJGNFK F< LGOFK G> L EHJ, F< L >GDDGOFHJGHGJLGFK J NF:

%F LJKMJ L JLK J LG L MJDK K13 LG 10

%F L GNJFEFL G> GKGO 21 i 10

KLJL G> GKGO PHLF L LGOF 21 i 10

NJ 26 i 10

GNGGJG< 20 i 10

KGNK 22 i 10

KF 20 i 10 JGFK 29 i 10

AJKGHJ G> GDG< 23 i 10

GKLJGE 20 i 10

AJFD 13 i 10

GGDK 21 i 10

GOF G> GGDK 13 i 10

ND 11 i 10

GDG< 12 i 10

GE G> LK HJGHGJLGFK L ODD GKJN< J PLJGJ<FJDQ. %F JGFK, >GJ FKLF, L JLK J LG L <LK FJDQK 3 LG 1, O K K JL HJGHGJLGF, % DN, K NJ OKFGOF F AEJ. NJ JKMDL GONJ G> LK HJGHGJLGFKK F, F KGE <J, GFnJE< Q KMKIMFL GKJNLGFK.J. GG, F K O G> L MKKF EHJ, EK L FJDHJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG MJDK LJGMGML L OGD GMFLJQ, K 225LG 100,47 O K 2S LG 1; F< LK HJGHGJLGF K LF >JGE LDKLK G> 1793.48

JGE L FMEJ G> QJDQ EJJK, F< QJDQ JLK, .$JEF <JOK L >GDDGOF GFDMKGFK:


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

DN LE MJL. Q N F FJDQ GFnJE<, GONJ,Q KMKIMFL DKLK, O, GJ<F LG J. GG, E LFJD EGJLDLQ F DD MKK 1 F 58.50 BML J. GG EKD> KEK LG <GML L MJQ G> LK HJLMDJ <HJLEFL G> LJKLJK; F< % N KF J<, >JGE GG< MLGJLQ, LL LJ K

JKGF LG DN LL L GEKKGFK F L MJDK J F DD LHJGNFK EM JLJ LF L GEKKGFK F L JLK; F<GFKIMFLDQ LL L NJQ JL PKK G> JLK, F< NJQ KEDDEGJLDLQ, J EGJ HHJFL LF JD. %L K KMHHGK< LL EFQD<JF, HJLMDJDQ F L JF, J HJNLDQ FLJJ< Q LJ>LJK OLGML F>GJELGF LG L HJKL. FMEJGMK F<JHL< DNK G> JJMLK L Gm JL FMEJK, OGK <LKJ FGL JGJ<<. JGE L >JIMFL EJLGFK G> OGD >EDKLG <mJFL HJLK G> L EHJ F< L LJFKHGJLLGF G> ED>LGJK LG J, JL FMEJK FKKJDQ < GF GMJFQK

GJ F HJLK OJ FG JMDJ DKLK J HL; F< KGE GEKKGFK JLLJML< LG L FDL G> L HJK HJKLK, OG N F FLJKLF JGJ<F L JLK ML FGL L <LK.

G LK JKGFK % KGMD< <<, LL L HGHMDLGF G> HJGNFK HJGDQ KLEL< Q L FMEJ G> GGJK DGFF LG KLL F L; ML L K ODD FGOF LL JL HJL G> LE NDN LG JK< F L LGOFK. J JLK LJ>GJ HHJ F LHJGNF, ML LJ <LK <G FGL. HHJFL EGJLDLQ G> LLGOFK K FGL HJGHGJLGFDQ FJK< Q LK EJLGF, MKL K KLEL< GJ<F LG LMD FMEJLGF. DDK G> EGJLDLQ F L LGOFK PHJKK GJJLDQ L FMEJK <QF GML G> JLF FMEJ FGOF LG LMDDQ HJKFL F LK LGOFK; MLL DDK G> EGJLDLQ F L HJGNFK, HMJHGJLF LG PHJKK LFMEJK <QF GML G> L KLEL< HGHMDLGF G> L HJGNF, <GJDDQ GFDQ PHJKK L FMEJK <QF GML G> EM KEDDJHGHMDLGF, MK GFK<JD HJL G> L KLEL<HGHMDLGF K KFL.

%F LJKMJ, L HHJ< Q F FMEJLGF F 1784, LL LFMEJ G> EDK OK 126,827, F< G> >EDK GFDQ 65,619.51

HJGHGJLGF G> EDK OK LJ>GJ NJQ FJDQ <GMD, JKF >JGEL FMEJK OG E LG L LGOF LG JF LJ HLLGF LP,DNF LJ >EDK F L GMFLJQ, F< >JGE L MKLGE EGFL FGDK G> JLFF HJG<GMK FMEJ G> LJ GGJK KGMKGD< KJNFLK F LJKMJ F< GKGO.

FMEJ G> JLK F HJGHGJLGF LG L OGD HGHMDLGF FMKK K FGL <mJFL >JGE GEEGF NJ F GLJ GMFLJK,F GML 1 F 26.52

AGJ<F LG L HHJ G> . $JEF DJ<Q IMGL<, LHJGHGJLGF G> GQK <QF OLF L nJKL QJ K L LJKMJ 1/5,


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

F L GNJFEFL G> GGDK 1/10, F L LGOF G> GGDK 1/3, FL AJKGHJ G> GDG< 1/14, F GNGGJG< 3/31, F GJGFK1/24, F AJFD 1/5. NJQ KEDD EGJLDLQ G> F>FLK F KGEG> LK HJGNFK, HJLMDJDQ K L DMDLGF <GK FGL KE LG DD LG EM JJGJ, EK L KEDDFKK G> L FJD

EGJLDLQ EGJ J<D. %F O<F LJGMGML L OGD GMFLJQ,L HJGHGJLGF G> F>FLK O < OLF L nJKL QJ K 1/5 GJEGJ.53

HJGHGJLGF G> QJDQ EJJK F MKK LG L OGDHGHMDLGF K, GJ<F LG . $JEF, F L LGOFK, GML 1 F100, F< F L HJGNFK GML 1 F 70 GJ 80. AGJ<F LG J.GG, F L n>LF GNJFEFLK G> O < DKLK, LHJGHGJLGF OK 1 F 92.54

K K FGL NJQ <mJFL >JGE GLJ GMFLJK. %F LJKMJF<< L HJGHGJLGF OK 1 F 140;55 ML LK K DJDQ GMFL<>GJ Q OL K DJ<Q F K< G> L PLJGJ<FJQ FMEJ G> L EDK F GEHJKGF G> L >EDK.

JKLJK >GJ L LQ G> LJKMJ J KMHHGK< LG KM KF FLJDQ <HF<< MHGF; F< LK LF< LG HJGN L FJDKDMJLQ G> L DEL. BML LJ K GF >L JGJ<< F LE,O K <JLDQ GFLJJQ LG OL K F GKJN< F DD GLJGMFLJK. K K EM JLJ EGJLDLQ G> >ED D<JF LFG> ED. %F L HJG< >JGE 1781 LG 1785, G> 1000 GQK GJF 147GFDQ << OLF L nJKL QJ, ML G> L KE FMEJ G> JDK310.56 HJGHGJLGF K K 10 LG 21, O K FGFND, F<EMKL F<< N F F KGE EKMJ <FLD, K F LHJ<F HJG<K L HJGHGJLGF OK GFDQ K 10 LG 14; ML NFLK K NJQ PLJGJ<FJQ, K L K F FJDDQ JEJ<, LL FNJQ KL G> D>, PHL <MJF L HJG< G> D<JF, LEGJLDLQ EGF >EDK K DKK LF EGF EDK. DEL G> O<F <GK FGL HHJ LG NJQ <mJFL >JGE LL G> MKK;F< . JFLF GKJNK, OL JKHL LG L O<K LDK,LL L HHJK >JGE LE LL L KEDDJ EGJLDLQ G> >EDK K

FGL EJDQ GOF LG EGJ JMDJ F< DKK DGJGMK D>, ML K FLMJD DO, O GHJLK GFKLFLDQ >JGE F>FQ LG GD< .57

AGJ<F LG . JmL,58 L D> G> DD LL J GJF L LJKMJDN LG 25; O KOK <J G> DLFKK F JDQ D> NJQMFMKMD >GJ KG DJ LGOF; ML >LJ LOFLQ, EGJLDLQ EMJLJ LF F FQ GLJ LGOF F MJGH LK HD, O K

MKLDQ LLJML< LG L EEG<JL MK G> JF<Q.59 EGJLDLQLOF 10 F< 15 K KG KEDD, LL GFDQ 1 F 47 EDK, F< 1 F 29>EDK, < <MJF LK HJG<. JGE 20 LG 25 L EGJLDLQ K KG

JL, LL 1 F 9 EDK F< 1 F 13 >EDK <. LDK KGOLL LK PLJGJ<FJQ EGJLDLQ K GKGF< HJFHDDQ Q


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

HDMJKK, >NJK, F< GFKMEHLGFK. DMJKK <KLJGQ S, >NJK 1/3, F< GFKMEHLGFK 1/6, G> L OGD HGHMDLGF. LJ LGLJ L Gm 5/7 G> DD LL <.

FJD EGJLDLQ <MJF L HJG< >JGE 1781 LG 1785 OK,

GJ<F LG . JmL, 1 F 37. %F >GJEJ HJG< L < F 1 F35, F< F KMKIMFL HJG<, OF H<E <KKK HJND<,L OK 1 F 29.60 K NJ EGJLDLQ K KEDD >GJ DJ LGOF;ML LJ K JKGF LG LF, >JGE HKK F . JmL'KEEGJ,61 LL L <LK F L GKHLDK, L HJKGFK, F< F L)9KGF <=K !F>9FK LJGMN]K, J LJ FLJDQ GELL<, GJ FGL NFOL GJJLFKK; F< MF<GML<DQ L FKJLGF G> LK <LKEL E JL <mJF F L HHJFL DLFKK G> LLGOF.

%F L )9KGF <=K !F>9FK LJGMN]K DGF L EGJLDLQ K HJG<GMK.G JMDJ DKLK J HMDK<, F< NJD GEEMFLGFK JDOQK DD LG KGE MFJLFLQ. % FFGL LJ>GJ JDQ MHGF LF>GJELGF O % GDDL< GF L KML; ML >JGE L EGKLJ>MD FIMJK O % GMD< E G> L LLF<FLK L L GMKF LJKMJ, % MF<JKLGG< LL 100 EGFL OK L GEEGFNJ. %F L HJ<F OFLJ, O OK L OFLJ G> 1788, L< FGL F MFGEEGF LG MJQ 18 <Q. NJ FMEJJN< F L <Q K GML 10; F< LGM LQ J DD KFL FLGL GMFLJQ LG FMJK< LJ <QK >LJ LQ N F F LGMK, QL, K EFQ G> LE J JGML F <QF KLL, LEGJLDLQ EMKL FKKJDQ JL. FMEJ K< LG JN< HHJK, F<<, DEGKL FJ<D; ML >JGE OL % KOEQKD>, % KGMD< FDF< LG DN, LL GL LK F< LEGJLDLQ >GJ EFLGF< EL FGL >J >JGE L LJML. % OKL L GMK GML FGGF, F< >GMJ D<JF < F MKL JN<,GF G> O OK N<FLDQ <QF, F< FGLJ << FGL KE K > LOGMD< DGF KMJNN.

A HJL G> L GMK K <KLF< LG L HMJHGK G> DQF-F GKHLD,OJ NJQ OGEF LL GEK K JN<, F< FG IMKLGFK J

K<. D<JF LMK GJF J JGML MH Q FMJKK F LGMK, F< J FGL KFL FLG L GMFLJQ D L GLJK. A EGLJ, > K GGK L, EQ HJ>GJE L Gp G> FMJK LG J GOF D< FL GMK, ML K FGL HJELL< LG L L OQ OL J. A D<JGML LG L GMK EQ L FQ LE JDE< Q LK HJFLK, > LQ F HJGN LEKDNK D LG KMHHGJL L; F< DD L D<JFJ EJ< F< FMEJ< GF F JN<, LL LQ EQ FGOF F< HJG<M< LG, L HJFLK OF JIMJ<, OG, > LQFFGL JDE LE, J HJELL< LG NKL LE.

GMFLJQ FMJKK JN GFDQ LOG JGMDK EGFL, O, K LMJJFL HHJ JGMD K KD<GE OGJL EGJ LF D> JGOF, K


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

GFDQ GML n>LF HF O; QL L FJD PHFKK J K<LG 100,000 JGMDK EGFL. JMDJ JNFMK DGFF LGL FKLLMLGF J FGL FJDQ IMD LG LK KME; ML L GNJFEFLLK GF LKD> L EFEFL G> L OGD mJ, F<GFKIMFLDQ JK DD L <<LGFD PHFKK. AK D<JF J

JN< OLGML FQ DEL, L K KGDMLDQ FKKJQ LL LPHFKK KGMD< DKG MFDEL<. %L K N<FL LL L EGKL<J<>MD NDK EMKL JKMDL >JGE F MFDEL< JHLGF G> D<JF,F< GFDQ DEL< >MF< LG KMHHGJL LF. M FKLLMLGFK,LJ>GJ, > EF< HJGHJDQ, LL K, > L PLJGJ<FJQEGJLDLQ <G FGL HJNFL L JH< MEMDLGF G> PHFK, FFGLPKL DGF PHL MF<J L HJGLLGF G> NJQ J GNJFEFL;F< NF MF<J KM HJGLLGF L HJG< G> LJ >DMJ FFGL NJQ <KLFL.

AL KP GJ KNF QJK GD< L D<JF OG N F KFL FLG LGMFLJQ JLMJF LG L GMK, OJ LQ J LML DD KGJLK G> LJ<K F< EFMD GHJLGFK. GEEGF GMJK G> OGJF J>JGE 6 LG 12, F< >JGE 2 LDD 4. JDK DN L GMK L 18, F<L GQK L 20 GJ 21. F L GMK K LGG >MDD, KGE G> LGKO N F KFL FLG L GMFLJQ J FGL JGML .

HJFHD EGJLDLQ, G> GMJK, LK HD EGF L F>FLKOG J MKL JN<, F< L D<JF O J JGML MH F LGMK; ML LJ K GFK<JD EGJLDLQ EGFKL LGK OG JJLMJF< >JGE L GMFLJQ, F< J F L nJEKL KLK G> D>. %OK F KGE <J KMJHJK< L JF LK, >LJ NF FHJLMDJDQ KLJM OL L PLJGJ<FJQ <J G> FLFKK,DFDFKK F< KOLFKK, O HHJ< LG HJND F NJQ<HJLEFL. GMK LKD> < F HD, F< DD L JGGEKOJ DJ, JQ, F< NF DFL. % OK HJKFL OD 180 GQKOJ <FF. Q OJ DD <JKK< NJQ FLDQ; L LD-DGL OKDF, F< < KHJL FHF LG EKD>. HJGNKGFKHHJ< LG PLJEDQ GG<, F<, LJ OK FGL L KEDDKL<KJD KEDD F L JGGE. %F L <GJELGJK LJ OK KHJL < >GJ D<; L <KL<K OJ G> JGF OLGML

LKLJ GJ MJLFK, F< L GNJD<K F< KLK HJLMDJDQ DF.

K <J G> FLFKK, DEGKL FGFND F DJ FKLLMLGF,OK LG LLJML< HJFHDDQ LG L HJKFL EHJKK GOJ,OG FLJKL< JKD> F DD L <LDK G> L EFEFL F<,OF L LJKMJ, KD<GE HKK< O OLGML FKHLF LEF HJKGF. EGJLDLQ O LK HD F KHL G> DD LKLLFLGFK, K DJ HJGG>, LL L GFKLLMLGF F JDQ QGMLFFGL KMHHGJL GFnFEFL F< OGJ >GJ L GMJK F L <Q. D<JF < DD JLJ HD F< KDQ GMFLFF, F< >

M<EFL < F >GJE< G> L FLGFD MLQ >JGE L JDK


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

F< GQK F LK KLDKEFL, L OGMD< N F EGKLMF>NGMJD.

%L K N<FL, LL, > L <LK DGFF LG LK FKLLMLGF GELL<, L DDK G> EGJLDLQ >GJ LJKMJ FFGL N

JHJKFLLGF F FQ <J FJ L LJML G> L JD KLL G> LLQ OL JKHL LG DLFKK. AL L KE LE L KGMD< JGDDL<, LL KGE G> L GKJNLGFK O LLKL LKDLFKK, KM K L FMEJ <QF F LGMKF<, 8., J FGLFoMF< Q LK JMEKLF; MFDKK F<< O KQ, OL KHJHK LJM, LL FJDQ DD LGK OG OGMD< nF< FQ <pMDLQ FJJF LJ D<JF KF< LE LG L >GMF<DF GKHLD; F< LEGJLDLQ EGF L D<JF G> LGK OG J F KQJMEKLFK, F< DN F GE>GJLD GMKK F< JQ KLMLGFK,ODD G> GMJK EM DKK LF FJD NJ LF >JGE DD

LL J GJF.

)9KGF <=K !F>9FK LJGMN]K L GKGO K GF<ML< PLDQMHGF L KE HJFHD K LL L LJKMJ; F< J. GG NKF GMFL G> L KMJHJKF DGKK G> D<JF, O L < KMKLF<F LOFLQ QJK, >JGE L LE G> LK nJKL KLDKEFL LG L QJ1786. F LK GKGF GKJNK LL > O FO HJKDQ LFMEJ G> LGK OG << EE<LDQ >LJ JHLGF, GJ OGJGML F OL LE L JE G> <KKGDMLGF, KEDD HJL GFDQ G> L EGJLDLQ OGMD< HJGDQ HHJ LG >JDQ LLJMLD LG L>GMF<DF GKHLD; K FGF OGMD< KG MFJKGFD K LG DQ LDGKK G> LK JLF NLEK LG <L LG L GMFL G> HDFLJGH FKLLMLGF, O FJK L GMFLJQ >JGE QJ LG

QJ OL F NJ-FJKF FMEJ G> DLQ, LN, F<F<MKLJGMK MJJK.62

%L HHJK LG E, GONJ, LL L JLKL HJL G> LK HJELMJEGJLDLQ K DJDQ LG LLJML< LG LK FKLLMLGFK, EKDD<HDFLJGH. %> FQ JDF F HD< GF L GMFLK OJ NF G> L F>FL EGJLDLQ F L MKKF LGOFK F<HJGNFK, L OGMD< HHJ LG MFMKMDDQ KEDD. JLFKK G>

L, LJ>GJ, L L >GMF<DF GKHLDK, EQ MKLDQ D< LG LGMFL G> FKLLMLGFK O FGMJ EGLJ LG <KJL JD<, L L NJQ LE OF G> DD GLJK L KLF<K EGKL F F< G> J >GKLJF J. >JD LFMJ Q O F F>FL GD<K LK D>ODD FGL DDGO G> JELL< LLFLGF, NF >GJ >O GMJK.

KMJHJKF EGJLDLQ O LK HD L LK LOG >GMF<DFGKHLDK G> LJKMJ F< GKGO, O J EF< F LKL HGKKD EFFJ, (K DD OG N KF LE OL GF GFKFLKKJL,) HHJK LG E FGFLJGNJLDQ LG HJGN, LL L FLMJ G>

LK FKLLMLGFK K FGL DMDL< LG FKOJ L EE<L F<LL LQ N F NO; O % GFN LG L HJKJNLGF G>


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

F L KMHHGKLGF LL >GMF<DF GKHLDK LLF< LJ HJGHGK<F<, L KLL G> KDNJQ F MKK OGMD< HJHK JF<J LE EGJ

MKLnD F LL GMFLJQ LF F FQ GLJ; MK NJQ D<JGML MH L L >GMF<DF GKHLDK GEK >J LRF, F< FLK HLQ K DDQ LG EGJ MK>MD LG L KLL LF > L <

EJDQ FJK< L FMEJ G> KDNK DGFF LG F F<N<MDHJGHJLGJ. BML F GMFLJK FGL KEDJDQ JMEKLF<, L EGKLGEHDL KMKK F FKLLMLGFK G> LK F< OGMD< DJFFMKL LG GLJ HJLK G> L KGLQ. LJM FGMJEFL LGEJJ K L HJ G> DGMJ, F< F FJK G> EHDGQEFLK O JIMJ LG KMHHD< OL HJGHJ F<K; ML> L HJFHD HJL G> LK EHDGQEFLK, HHJFLKHK, 8., nDD< MH Q >GMF<DFK, L <EF< >GJ DGMJ EGF L DLELHJL G> L KGLQ EMKL HJGHGJLGFDDQ <EFK<, L <pMDLQG> KMHHGJLF >EDQ FJK<, F< L KL FGMJEFL LG

EJJ JEGN<.

MKK K JL FLMJD JKGMJK. %LK HJG<M K, F LK HJKFLKLL, GN LK GFKMEHLGF; F<, L OFLK FGLF ML JLJ>J<GE G> F<MKLJGMK PJLGF, F< F <IML NFL >GJ LKGEEG<LK F L FLJGJ HJLK G> L GMFLJQ, LG GKGF FFJK G> HGHMDLGF KLGFKFDQ JH<. HJFHD GKLD LGLK, K L NKKD, GJ JLJ KDNJQ, G> L HKFLK, F< LFGJF F< F<GDF O DEGKL FKKJDQ GEHFQ KM KLL. >GJLMF G> MKKF FGDEF K EKMJ< Q LFMEJ G> GGJK LL HGKKKKK, O F FJD J KDDD LLD, F< FGL 9<KJHL ?D=:Z. $K JNFM JKK >JGE HLLGF LP GF DD L EDK. F L GGJK MHGF F KLL JFJKF, FO <NKGFK G> DF< J E< L JLF FLJNDK; F<LJ EGJ K LF FLG MDLNLGF, GJ L GD< KJK JKM<N<<. >EDQ K OJ<< KM HGJLGF G> DF< K L FHJGHJDQ MDLNL, F< ODD FD L LG HQ L LP. %L K N<FLDQL FLJKL G> L GGJ FGL LG EHJGN K DF<K EM, F< HHJLG L GFK<JDQ EGJ LF K FKKJQ LG KMHHGJL K >EDQF< HQ L HGDDLP; MK L FLMJD GFKIMF ODD , LLF L FPL <NKGF O LK HD, L >JE O >GJ

HGKKKK< ODD GFK<J< K HD G> KMHHGJLF LOG >EDK,F< ODD <HJN< G> L D> G> L. F<GDFL MDLNLGFLL KM KLL G> LFK EMKL HJG<M K KDQ GFND.F GGJ K <HJN< G> EM G> L DF< O < >GJMK<, EK GEHDFLK G> FDLQ LG HQ K LP, F< <EF<KHJEKKGF >GJ EKD> GJ K KGFK LG G F< JF L F L LGOFK.K HJEKKGF K F FJD JDQ KGML >LJ, F< K JFL<OLGML EM <pMDLQ Q L FMJK, F GFK<JLGF G> KEDD FJK G> L HGDD-LP. GFKIMF K, LL L DF<K FL GMFLJQ J D>L D> MDLNL<, F< L FMF KHJF G>

HGHMDLGF EHJ< F LK KGMJ.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

A MKKF FGDEF L LJKMJ, G> OGE % K< KGEIMKLGFK JKHLF L EFEFL G> K KLL, LGD< E, LL FNJ LJGMD< EKD> LG FIMJ OLJ L OK HJGHJDQMDLNL< GJ FGL, O KE< LG GFK<J K ELLJ F O OK FGL F L KEDDKL <J GFJF<. C=D9 E'=KL ]?9D, KQK

, =D9 E= >9L F :=F F E9D. $ N K GGJK HJEKKGF LGJF LJ LP GO F< OJ LQ D<, F< K DGF K JN<L OK KLKn<. BML L K N<FL LL Q LK F< G> GF<ML KJn< L >MLMJ HGHMDLGF G> K KLL, F< L GFKIMFL>MLMJ FJK G> K JNFMK, LG GFK<JLGFK G> F<GDF F<HJKFL GFNFF.

%L K JLF, GONJ, LL G> DL QJK EFQ FGDEF NLLF<< EGJ LG L EHJGNEFL F< HGHMDLGF G> LJ KLLK,FKLL< HJFHDDQ Q L HJHLK F< PEHD G> L EHJKK

CLJF, OG E< L JLKL PJLGFK LG <NF LMDLNLGF G> L GMFLJQ. $J EEFK EHGJLLGFK G> #JEFKLLDJK FGL GFDQ GFLJML< LG HGHD J KLL OL >J LRFKFKL< G> KDNK, ML, OL OK HJHK G> KLDD EGJ EHGJLF,LG KL F PEHD G> F<MKLJQ, F< G> EG<K G> <JLF LLF<MKLJQ, LGLDDQ MFFGOF LG L MKKF HKFLK.

K PJLGFK N F LLF<<, MHGF L OGD, OL JLKMKK; F< L K FGL LG <GML< LL, <MJF L JF G> LDL EHJKK F< KF, NJQ GFK<JD FJK G> MDLNLGFF< G> HGHMDLGF K F GF >GJOJ< F DEGKL NJQ HJL G> L MKKF EHJ.

%F L QJ 1763, F FMEJLGF G> L HGHD, KLEL< Q LHGDD-LP, N HGHMDLGF G> 14,726,696; F< L KE F< G> FMEJLGF F 1783 N HGHMDLGF G> 25,677,000, O, > GJJL, KOK NJQ PLJGJ<FJQ FJK; ML L K KMHHGK<LL L FMEJLGF F 1783 OK EGJ GJJL F< GEHDL LFL GF F 1763. %FDM<F L HJGNFK FGL KML LG L HGDD-LP,L FJD DMDLGF >GJ 1763 OK 20,000,000, F< >GJ 1796,36,000,000.63

%F KMKIMFL <LGF G> J. GG'K O G> L MKKF EHJ, LD G> L JLK, <LK F< EJJK F L #J MJ, KNF >GJ L QJ 1799, LF >JGE JKHLD #JEFHJG<D HMDLGF, F< >L>MDDQ PLJL< >JGE L FJDJLMJFK JN< Q L KQFG<. %L GFLFK DD L HJK PHLBJMRDO, O, >JGE L HMDJ <pMDLK LLF<F GJJLDKL G> EGJLDLQ F LL HJQ, GMD< FGL FKJL<. FJDJKMDLK J,


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

DK. EDK. GLDK.

BJLK, 531,015. 460,900. 991,915.

LK, 275,582. 264,807. 540,389.

JJK, 257,513.

NJHDMK G> JLKDK, 255,432 451,525.EDK, 196,093

G KLEL L HGHMDLGF J. GG EMDLHDK L <LK Q 58.BML K LK LD K L HHJF G> F EGJ GJJL LFLGK O HJ<< L, F< K L HJGHGJLGF G> <LK GEHJ<OL L JLK K JLJ F LK LD LF F L GLJK, L KHJGD LL 58 K LGG JL EMDLHDJ. %L EQ GKJN<, LLF LK LD L JLK J LG L <LK FJDQ K 183 LG 100, LJLK LG EJJK K 385 LG 100, F< L <LK LG L EJJK

K 210 LG 100.

K J DD EGJ HJGD HJGHGJLGFK LF L JKMDLK G> L>GJEJ LDK.

HGHMDLGF G> MKK, FDM<F L OF<JF LJK, F< LIMJ< LJJLGJK, OK F 1822 KLEL< L 54,476,931. BML LEGKL FLJKLF HJL G> L HGHMDLGF LG PEF, K LL OJDKLK G> L JLK, <LK F< EJJK F GLF<.

>GDDGOF LD, O K NF F L FQDGHZ< BJLFF,

MF<J L < G> MKK, K >GJE< >JGE L JHGJLK HMDK< QL QFG<, FDM<F GFDQ L EEJK G> L JLG<GP #J CMJ, L EGKL FMEJGMK G<Q G> L HGHD.

1806 1810 1816 1820

JJK299,057 320,389 39,683 317,805

BJLK 1,361,2861,374,9261,457,6061,570,399

LK 818,585 903,380 820,383 917,680

HGHMDLGF DGFF LG L #J CMJ K KLEL< L

40,351,000.

%> L NJ PKK G> L JLK GN L <LK HHD< LGL 14 QJK F<F OL 1820, L ODD HHJ LL, >JGE LK PKKDGF, L HGHMDLGF < FJK< F LL HJG<, 8,064,616; F<> L HGHMDLGF F 1820 OJ 40,351,000, L HGHMDLGF F 1806OK 32,286,384. CGEHJF L NJ PKK G> JLK OL LNJ HGHMDLGF <MJF L 14 QJK, L ODD >GMF< LL LHJGHGJLGF K K 1 LG 63, O (GJ<F LG D %%. L L F< G> L 11L CHLJ G> LK BGG) OGMD< <GMD L HGHMDLGF F DKK

LF 44 QJK; EGKL JH< JL G> FJK.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG EJJK K DLLD GN 4T LG 1; G> JLK LG <LK, K 5 LG 3; G> EJJK LG L HGHMDLGF, K 1 LG114; G> JLK LG L HGHMDLGF K 1 LG 25.2; F< G> <LK LG LHGHMDLGF, GJ L EGJLDLQ, K 1 LG 41.9.

GKL G> LK HJGHGJLGFK J KKFLDDQ <mJFL >JGE LGKEFLGF< F L JDJ HJL G> LK HLJ; ML LJ K GG<JKGF LG DN LL LQ J EGJ MJL; F< LQ JLFDQGJ< LLJ OL L NJQ JH< FJK G> HGHMDLGF O KFGOF LG GF GF F MKK.

HHJFL FJK G> EGJLDLQ K LG LLJML< JLJ LG L>GJEJ FMJQ G> L JKLJK, LF LG FJK< MFDLFKK.%L K FGO DDGO< LL L JKLJK >GJ 1796 OJ NJQEHJ>LDQ HL.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

MFDLFKK G> L KLMLGF, ODD FKKJDQ HJG<M JL>JIMFQ G> EJJ.

A EGKL KLJF PEHDnLGF G> LK GKJNLGF GMJK F LK G> KGE NDDK F $GDDF<. MKKED K DMDL< L

EF HJGHGJLGF G> FFMD EJJK GEHJ< OL L FMEJ G> FLFLK K LOF 1 F 107 F< 1 F 113, F GMFLJK ON FGL F LFF< Q HDMK GJ OJK, GJ F O LJ K FGKM<<F FJK F L EFK G> KMKKLF.65 AF< CJGE, DLJKLLKLD OJLJ, LF EF LOF 1 F 92 F< 1 F 122,KLELK L NJ HJGHGJLGF G> EJJK LG FLFLK K 1LG 108.66 BML F L JKLJK G> 22 ML NDDK, L MJQ G> O, GJ<F LG MKKED, LJ K FG JKGF LG <GML, LHHJK LL GML G> 64 HJKGFK LJ K 1 FFMD EJJ.67 KK EGKL PLJGJ<FJQ <NLGF >JGE L EF HJGHGJLGF. F %

nJKL KO LK FMEJ EFLGF<, FGL NF LF <NJL< LG LEGJLDLQ F LK NDDK, % OK EM KLGFK<; F< NJQ DLLDKLKn< OL MKKED'K LLEHL LG GMFL >GJ L, Q LDF G> L JL FMEJ G> LJ<K, F< L NJGMK EFK G> LLF DNDGG< F $GDDF<;68 K L K N<FL LL, L GMFLJQ NFF DGF F L KE KLL, LJ OGMD< FG JKGF LG PHLFQ JL KKGF G> FO LJ<K F< FO EFK G> KMKKLF,F< L GD< GFK OGMD< G> GMJK DD >MDD. BML L <pMDLQ OK F JL EKMJ KGDN<, OF L HHJ< LL L EGJLDLQ OKLOF 1 F 22 F< 1 F 23,69 FKL< G> F 1 F 36, K K MKMDOF L EJJK J F L HJGHGJLGF G> 1 LG 108. JLKF< <LK OJ FJDQ IMD. PLJGJ<FJQ FMEJ G> EJJK OK FGL MK< Q L GHFF G> FQ FO KGMJK G> KMKKLF, F< LJ>GJ HJG<M< FG FJK G> HGHMDLGF. %LOK EJDQ GKGF< Q L JH< <KKGDMLGF G> L GD<EJJK Q <L, F< L GFKIMFL NFQ G> KGEEHDGQEFL Q O >EDQ GMD< KMHHGJL<.

%L EL IMKLGF, F LK K, OLJ L LGG JL>JIMFQ G> EJJ, LL K, L HJKKMJ G> L HGHMDLGF LGGJ< FKL L DELK G> KMKKLF, GFLJML< EGKL LG HJG<M

L EGJLDLQ; GJ L EGJLDLQ, GKGF< FLMJDDQ Q LEHDGQEFLK G> L HGHD F< MFDLFKK G> L GMFLJQ, L>JIMFQ G> EJJ. %F L HJKFL FKLF % KGMD<, OLGML<GML, FDF LG L DLLJ KMHHGKLGF; HJLMDJDQ K L KEK LG FJDDQ J<, LL L GEEGF HGHD F $GDDF< >GJ LNGDMLGF OJ, MHGF L OGD, F GG< KLL. JLEGJLDLQ HJGDQ JGK HJLDQ >JGE L FLMJD EJKFKK G> LKGD F< L FMEJ G> FDK, F< HJLDQ >JGE L NJQ JLHJGHGJLGF G> L HGHD F< F K<FLJQ GMHLGFK, F< L

NJQ KEDD FMEJ F L DLQ EHDGQEFLK G> JMDLMJ.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

%F L <M<GE G> <MJ, F 1700, L HJGHGJLGF OK K 1 LG87; >JGE 1752 LG 1755 K 1 LG 125.

%F L HJFHDLQ G> $DJKL<L F 1690, L HJGHGJLGF OK K 1LG 88; F 1756 K 1 LG 112.

%F L <M<GE G> CDNK, F 1705, L HJGHGJLGF OK 1 LG 83; F1755, 1 LG 100.

%F L CMJEJ G> BJF<FMJ, F 1700; L HJGHGJLGF OK 1 LG76; F 1755, 1 LG 108.74

GJ FKLFK G> LK F< EL HJG<M<; ML LK JKMpFL LG KO LL F GMFLJK, OJ >JGE KM<<F FJKF L EFK G> KMKKLF, JKF LJ >JGE JL HJNGMK

EGJLDLQ GJ >JGE EHJGNF MDLNLGF F< LJ<, JGGE K FE< >GJ JL HJGHGJLGF G> EJJK, LK HJGHGJLGF ODDFFMDDQ <JK K L FO EHDGQEFLK J nDD< MH, F< LJK FG >MJLJ JGGE >GJ F FJKF HGHMDLGF.

BML F GMFLJK O N DGF F >MDDQ HGHD<, F O LEGJLDLQ GFLFMK L KE, F< F O FG FO KGMJK G> KMKKLF J GHFF, L EJJK F JMDL< HJFHDDQQ L <LK, ODD FJDDQ J FJDQ L KE HJGHGJLGF LG LOGD HGHMDLGF L GF HJG< K L FGLJ. AF< L KEGFKLFQ ODD L HD NF F GMFLJK OJ LJ K F

FFMD FJK F L EFK G> KMKKLF, HJGN<< LK FJK MF>GJE F< HJEFFL. MHHGKF L LG KM, K >GJ D> FLMJQ LG DDGO NJQ QJ G> nP< HJGHGJLGF G> EJJKQGF< LGK <KKGDN< Q <L, L HGHMDLGF OGMD< LF FJKF, F< HJHK JH<DQ; ML L K N<FL, LL LHJGHGJLGF G> EJJK LG L OGD HGHMDLGF EL JEF LKE <MJF L OGD HJG<.

K HJGHGJLGF MKKED K F<NGMJ< LG KJLF F<mJFL GMFLJK F< <mJFL KLMLGFK. %F L NDDK G> L

CMJEJ G> BJF<FMJ, GF EJJ GML G> 109 HJKGFK LKHD FFMDDQ:75 F< L FJD HJGHGJLGF >GJ JMDLMJD

NDDK LFK EQ LF L LOF 1 F 108 F< 1 F115.76 %F L KEDD LGOFK G> L CMJEJ, OJ L EGJLDLQ KJLJ, L HJGHGJLGF K 1 LG 98;77 F L ML NDDKEFLGF< >GJ, 1 LG 64; F BJDF 1 LG 110;78 F JK 1 LG 137.79

AGJ<F LG CJGE, F L MFE9JJQF? L=K G> JK F< GE LHJGHGJLGF K GFDQ 1 LG 60.80

ADD FJD HJGHGJLGFK GONJ G> NJQ F< KGMD< HHD<OL GFK<JD MLGF, K L KD<GE HHFK LL L FJKG> >GG< F< G> HGHMDLGF K MF>GJE; F< OF L JMEKLFK


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

G> GMFLJQ J NJQF, LJ >JGE LK MK GJ >JGE FQ FF L LK G> L HGHD OL JKHL LG HJM<F F<DFDFKK, L K N<FL LL HJGHGJLGF O K LJM L GFHJG< ODD FGL KG L FGLJ.

GLF K EGJ <pMDL LF LG DQ <GOF JMDK GF LK KMLKLL <G FGL <EL G> PHLGFK. #FJDDQ KHF, L EL LF >GJ JFL< LL F FJK< >DLQ F L EFK G> FF DNDGG<, LJ >JGE JL HJNGMK EGJLDLQ GJ >JGEEHJGNF MDLNLGF F< LJ<, OGMD< HJG<M JLJHJGHGJLGF G> FFMD EJJK; ML LK mL EL FGL HJHK>GDDGO. MHHGKF L HGHD LG N F >GJ F NJQ<HJKK< KLL, F L EGJLDLQ LG N JKF >JGE LOFL G> >GJKL O MKMDDQ GEHFK KM KLL, L KHGKKD LL L KM<<F EHJGNEFL G> LJ GF<LGF EL N

LE EGJ G> <FL F< HJGHJ HJ<; F< L GFKIMFOGMD< , LL L HJGHGJLGFD FMEJ G> EJJK EL JEFFJDQ L KE, ML LQ OGMD< DD JJ EGJ G> LJ D<JF, F<L <<LGFD HGHMDLGF LL OK OFL< OGMD< KMHHD< Q <EFK< EGJLDLQ, FKL< G> F FJK< FMEJ G> JLK.

%F L KE EFFJ, > L HGHMDLGF G> FQ GMFLJQ < F DGFKLLGFJQ, F< OGMD< FGL KDQ <EL G> F FJK, L K HGKKDLL F F L LK G> L HGHD, >JGE EHJGN< <MLGFGJ FQ GLJ MK, EL <EFK L HJGHGJLGFD FMEJ G> EJJK; ML K >OJ D<JF OGMD< DGKL F F>FQ >JGE L<KKK GFKIMFL GF HGNJLQ, L <EFMLGF F L FMEJ G> EJJK OGMD< DF< Q L <EFK< EGJLDLQ, F< LHGHMDLGF OGMD< HL MH LG LK HJGHJ DND Q KEDDJFMEJ G> JLK.

M FK LJ>GJ F L LK G> HGHD KGMD< N<FLDQ LF FLG GFK<JLGF.

EGKL FJD JMD LL F D< <GOF GF LK KML K,HJHK, LL FQ <J=L FGMJEFLK LG EJJ EMKL

GEHF< Q F FJK< EGJLDLQ. FLMJD LF<FQ LGEJJ K F NJQ GMFLJQ KG JL, LL OLGML FQFGMJEFLK OLNJ HJGHJ HD >GJ EJJ ODDDOQK nDD< MH. M FGMJEFLK LJ>GJ EMKL LJ HJ>LDQ >MLD, GJ HJG<M EJJ OJ LJ K FGL HJGHJHD >GJ GF; F< L GFKIMF EMKL FKKJDQ FJK<HGNJLQ F< EGJLDLQ. GFLKIMM, F K LLJK JKFFK, KQK,LL, F L HKL OJK G> JF, L >J G> F FJGDD< F LEDL LEHL< JL FMEJ G> QGMF EF LG EJJQ OLGML LHJGHJ EFK G> KMHHGJLF >EDQ, F< L mL OK L JL G>

JGO< G> D<JF, "IM D'GF J FGJ F JF, L IM DEK\J, D >EF L DK ED<K F GML >L <KHJGaLJ."81


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

A>LJ KG KLJF F DDMKLJLGF G> L FKKJQ mLK G> <JLFGMJEFLK LG EJJ, L K HJ>LDQ KLGFKF LL, F KKHJL <K GP KGMD< KQ LL MJGH K KLDD F KLL LGJIMJ DOK, O >NGMJ L HJGHLGF G> L MEFKHK.82

MKKED <GHLK L KE <K; F< LGM GFLEHDLK LK G> L FMEJ G> EJJK GEF FKKJDQ LG KLF<OF L >GG< K FGL HD G> >MJLJ FJK, F< PEFKKGE GMFLJK F O L FMEJ G> GFLJL< EJJK KPLDQ EKMJ< Q L FMEJ <KKGDN< Q <L, QL KLDDLFK LL L K GF G> L HJFHD <MLK G> GNJFEFL LG LLF<LG L FMEJ G> EJJK. $ LK L PEHDK G> AMMKLMK F<JF, F< LFK LL HJF GJ KLLKEF OGMD< JDDQ EJLL FE G> >LJ G> K HGHD, >, >JGE L HJGHGJLGF G> 1 LG 120

GJ 125, GMD< FJK L EJJK LG L HJGHGJLGF G> 1 LG 80GJ 90:83 BML K L DJDQ HHJK, >JGE L FKLFK O EKD> HJG<MK, LL, F GMFLJK O N F DGF LGDJDQODD HGHD<, <L K L EGKL HGOJ>MD G> DD L FGMJEFLKLG EJJ; L HJF GJ KLLKEF, OG KGMD< KM< F LMKJLDQ FJKF L FMEJ G> EJJK, EL, HJHK,<KJN EM EGJ MKLDQ L LLD G> <KLJGQJ, LF >LJ, G> KHGHD.

HJGHGJLGF G> QJDQ JLK LG L OGD HGHMDLGF EMKLN<FLDQ <HF< HJFHDDQ MHGF L HJGHGJLGF G> L HGHDEJJQF FFMDDQ; F< LJ>GJ, F GMFLJK O ODD FGL <ELG> JL FJK G> HGHMDLGF, EMKL, D L EJJK, <HF<HJFHDDQ GF L <LK. J F LMD <JK G> HGHMDLGFK FGL LF HD, L JLK ODD DOQK KMHHDQ L NFKE< Q <L, F< PLDQ KG EM EGJ K L FJKFJKGMJK G> L GMFLJQ ODD <EL. %F DEGKL NJQ HJL G> MJGH,<MJF L FLJNDK G> L JL HDMK, H<EK GJ <KLJMLNOJK, OL O L K GKGFDDQ NKL<, L JLK P< L<LK; ML K L EGJLDLQ NJK NJQ EM F <mJFL GMFLJKF< KLMLGFK, L JLK ODD >GMF< LG NJQ F L KE EFFJ,

LGM >JGE L PKK G> JLK GN <LK O EGKLGMFLJK F <EL, FGL F L KE <J.

%F 39 NDDK G> $GDDF<, OJ L <LK J GML 1 F 23, LJLK J DKG GML D F 23.84 %F 15 NDDK JGMF< JK, L JLKJ L KE, GJ NF JLJ, HJGHGJLGF LG L OGDHGHMDLGF, GF GMFL G> KLDD JLJ EGJLDLQ; L JLK J 1F 22 7/10, F< L <LK L KE.85 %F L KEDD LGOFK G> BJF<FMJ O J F F FJKF KLL, L EGJLDLQ K 1 F29, F< L JLK 1 F 24 7/16.86 %F O<F, OJ L EGJLDLQ K

GML 1 F 35, L JLK J 1 F 28.87 %F 1056 NDDK G> BJF<FMJ F O L EGJLDLQ K GML 1 F 39 GJ 40, L


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

JLK J GML 1 F 30.88 %F GJOQ, OJ L EGJLDLQ K 1 F48, L JLK J 1 F 34.89 %F DD LK FKLFK, L JLK JN<FLDQ EKMJ< Q L <LK, >LJ EF HJGHJ DDGOF>GJ L PKK G> JLK O L KLL G> GMFLJQ ODD <EL.

LLKLD OJLJK N F<NGMJ< LG GLF FJD EKMJ G> EGJLDLQ >GJ DD GMFLJK LF LGLJ; ML, > KM EKMJGMD< GLF<, % <G FGL K OL GG< HMJHGK L GMD< FKOJ.%L OGMD< ML G> DLLD MK F KJLFF L HGHMDLGF G> MJGH, GJ G> L OGJD<; F< L K N<FL, LL F HHDQF L LGHJLMDJ GMFLJK GJ HJLMDJ HDK, O EL D< FLG LJGKKKL JJGJK. F L EGJLDLQ G> L MEF J F <mJFLGMFLJK F< <mJFL KLMLGFK, NJK KG EM K >JGE 1 F 20 LG1 F 60, FG FJD NJ GMD< MK< OL K>LQ F HJLMDJ K, OLGML KM FGOD< G> L JMEKLFK G>

L GMFLJQ, OL JKHL LG L FMEJ G> LGOFK, L LK G> LHGHD F< L DLFKK G> L KLMLGF, K OGMD< HJGDQKMHJK< L FKKLQ G> JKGJLF LG FQ FJD HJGHGJLGF, QL FGOD< G> L HJLMDJ HJGHGJLGF KML< LG L GMFLJQ.

J K GF D<F JMEKLF, GONJ, mLF L EGJLDLQG> GMFLJK, O EQ GFK<J< K NJQ FJD, F< OK, L L KE LE, GEHDLDQ GHF LG GKJNLGF. K K LFMEJ G> LGOFK, F< L HJGHGJLGF G> LGOF LG GMFLJQFLFLK. MF>NGMJD mLK G> DGK LLGFK F<K<FLJQ EHDGQEFLK GF L DL J MFNJKD; F< LJ>GJGF L FMEJ G> HGHD DNF F LK EFFJ, GEHJ< OL LFMEJ EHDGQ< F JMDLMJ, ODD EM <HF< L FJDEGJLDLQ G> L KLL.

HGF LK HJFHD L K F DMDL< LL OF L HJGHGJLGFG> L HGHD F L LGOFK LG LGK F L GMFLJQ K K 1 LG 3, LFL EGJLDLQ K GML 1 F 36: O JKK LG 1 F 35, GJ 1 F 33,OF L HJGHGJLGF G> LGOFKEF LG NDDJK K 2 LG 5, GJ 3 LG 7;F< >DDK DGO 1 F 36, OF LK HJGHGJLGF K 2 LG 7, GJ 1 LG 4. FLK JGMF<K L EGJLDLQ F JMKK K 1 F 38; F GEJF, 1 F

37T; F L MEJ 1 F 37; F L CMJEJ 1 F 35; GJ<F LGL DKLK >GJ 1756.90

FJKL NJ EKMJ G> EGJLDLQ >GJ DD GMFLJK, LFLGOFK F< NDDK LGLJ, K, GJ<F LG MKKED, 1 F 36.91BML CJGE LFK LL LK EKMJ, LGM L EL HGKKDQ NKML< L LE L O MKKED OJGL, K FGL GJJL L HJKFL,OF F EGKL G> L KLLK G> MJGH GL L FMEJ F< KR G> L LGOFK N FJK<.92 $ KEK LG G> GHFGF F<<, LLLK EGJLDLQ OK JLJ DGO L LJML F MKKED'K LE, F<

LL FGO 1 F 30 OGMD< >GMF< LG FJJ L NJ EKMJ.%L K FGL EHJGD LL MKKED'K HJGHGJLGF K LGG KEDD, K


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

< DLLD LF<FQ, OL EFQ GLJ KLLKLD OJLJK, LG LJGOGML G> K DMDLGFK H<E QJK; ML CJGE K FGL <NF<HJGG>K KMpFL LG KLDK FJD EKMJ G> EGJLDLQ, FGHHGKLGF LG LL HJGHGK< Q MKKED. $ IMGLK BMKF, OGKLLK L EGJLDLQ G> L OGD JMKKF EGFJQ LG 1 F

30.93 BML L HHJK LL LK F>JF OK <JOF >JGE DKLK >GJGFDQ LJ QJK, HJGGJ L JMKKF EGFJQ, K F<<GEHDLDQ GFLJ<L< Q KMKIMFL GKJNLGFK EFLGF< QCJGE. AGJ<F LG DKLK >GJ nN QJK, F<F F 1784, LEGJLDLQ OK GFDQ 1 F 37.94 MJF L KE HJG<K, L JLKOJ LG L <LK K 131 LG 100. %F DK L EGJLDLQ >JGE 1781LG 1784 OK 1 F 30; F< L JLK LG <LK K 128 LG 100. %F#D<JDF< L EGJLDLQ >JGE 1776 LG 1781 OK 1 F 27, F< LJLK 1 F 26. K J L LOG HJGNFK G> L EGFJQ, F

O L EGJLDLQ K L JLKL. %F KGE GLJK L K NJQ KEDD.JGE 1781 LG 1784 L NJ EGJLDLQ F M>LD F<BDDFF OK GFDQ 1 F 44, F< L JLK 1 F 31. %F LHJFHDLQ G> $DJKL<LR, >JGE 1778 LG 1784, L EGJLDLQ OKKLDD DKK, F GFDQ 1 F 45 GJ 46, F< L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG<LK 137 LG 100.95

FJD GFDMKGF O CJGE <JOK K, LL L KLLK G> MJGH EQ <N<< FLG LJ DKKK, LG O <mJFLEKMJ G> EGJLDLQ GML LG HHD<. %F L JKL F< EGKLHGHMDGMK KLLK, OJ L FLFLK G> L LGOFK J LG LFLFLK G> L GMFLJQ F KG HJGHGJLGF K 1 LG 3, LEGJLDLQ EQ LF K 1 F 30. %F LGK GMFLJK O J F E<<D KLL OL JJ< LG HGHMDLGF F< MDLNLGF, LEGJLDLQ EQ GFK<J< K 1 F 32. AF< F L LFDQ-HGHD<FGJLJF KLLK, MKKED'K HJGHGJLGF G> 1 F 36 EQ HHD<.96

K HJGHGJLGFK KE LG E L FJD EGJLDLQ LGG JL,NF >LJ DDGOF H<E QJK LG N LJ >MDD mL F LDMDLGFK. EHJGN< LK G> DFDFKK, O HHJ LG

N HJND< G> DL QJK F EGKL G> L LGOFK G> MJGH, NHJGDQ, F HGFL G> KDMJLQ, EGJ LF GMFLJDF< LJFJK< KR.

%F FKMK O OK E< F 1817, G> L HGHMDLGF G> JMKK FLK HJKFL FDJ< KLL, L FMEJ G> FLFLK OK >GMF< LG 10,536,571, G> O 5,244,308 OJ EDK, F< 5,320,535 OJ>EDK. JLK OJ 454,031, L <LK 306,484, F< LEJJK 112,034. > L JLK 53,576, GJ 1/8.4 OJ DDLEL. HJGHGJLGF G> EDK LG >EDK GJF OK K 20 LG 19. > L

DDLEL D<JF 3 GML G> NJQ 10 << F L nJKL QJ >LJJL; G> L DLEL 2 GML G> 10.97


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

FMEJK J KLL< N HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG <LK, K149 LG 100; G> JLK LG EJJK K 4 LG 1; G> JLK LG LHGHMDLGF K 1 LG 23.2; G> <LK LG L HGHMDLGF, G> EDK, K 1LG 33; G> >EDK, K 1 LG 36; G> GL LGLJ, K 1 LG 34T; F< G> EJJK LG L HGHMDLGF K 1 LG 94. HJGHGJLGF G> L

PKK G> L JLK GN L <LK LG L HGHMDLGF K K 1 LG62; F PKK O, > GFLFM<, OGMD< <GMD L HGHMDLGF FGML 43 QJK. AK L K FGL GONJ KLL< GO DGF LKHJGHGJLGFK N GFLFM<, FG NJQ JLF GFDMKGFK F <JOF >JGE LE; ML LJ K DLLD, <GML LL L HGHMDLGF KHJG<F OL JL JH<LQ.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

B LG D G> CGFLFLK

B33/ II, C%475 V

O* T C'/ T3 P340%7-3 I S-7=50%.

KLMLGF G> OLRJDF< K F EFQ JKHLK KG <mJFL >JGEL GLJ KLLK G> MJGH, F< KGE G> L >LK LL N FGDDL< JKHLF L J KG MJGMK, F< LF< KG KLJGFDQ LGDDMKLJL L FJD HJFHDK G> LK OGJ, LL L KEK LG EJL KHJL GFK<JLGF.

AGML 35 GJ 40 QJK G, JL F< KM<<F DJE HHJK LGN HJND< F OLRJDF< JKHLF L <HGHMDLGF G> L

GMFLJQ; F< L LJFKLGFK G> L GFGED GLQ G> BJF,O < F KLDK< KGE QJK >GJ, OJ JGO<< OLHHJK <HDGJF L <Q G> F<MKLJQ, JLK, JMDLMJ F<EFM>LMJK, F< L EEFFL <FJ G> LGLD OFL G> HGHD. JLJ HJL G> LK OJLJK GFK<J< L <HGHMDLGF G> L GMFLJQ K >L KG GNGMK, K FGL LG JIMJ HJGG>. QEHDGQ< LEKDNK, LJ>GJ, oQ F HJGHGKF JE<K,F<, EGF GLJK, L EHGJLLGF G> E<ONK, L KLDKEFLG> >GMF<DF GKHLDK, L HGJLGFF G> QGMF NJFK, LHJNFLGF G> EJLGF, F< L FGMJEFL G> >GJFKLLDJK.1

A HHJ GFLFF NJQ NDMD ELJDK OK, GONJ, GMLLK LE HMDK< Q . MJL, EFKLJ G> NQ, OG, >GJ HJG<< LG HGFL GML JE<K, LGML L FKKJQ LGKMKLFLL L PKLF G> L ND. $ E< NJQ DGJGMK F<J>MD JKJ FLG L JKLJK G> L <mJFL HJKK, MH LGL LE G> LJ nJKL KLDKEFL, F< GEHJ< L FMEJ G> JLK O < LF HD <MJF LJ <mJFL HJG<K G> 70

QJK , L nJKL F<F F 1620, L KGF< F 1690, F< LLJ< F 1760.2 F<F MHGF LK GEHJKGF, LL L FMEJ G>

JLK OK JLJ DKK F L KGF< LF F L nJKL HJG<, (F< QL DH G> KMHHGKF KGE GEKKGFK F L KGF< HJG<, F<,KGE J<MF<FK F L LJ<,) LL L FMEJ G> JLK F LLJ< OK DKG DKK LF F L KGF<, GFK<J< L N<F>GJ GFLFM< <HGHMDLGF G> L GMFLJQ >JGE L QJ 1550 KFGFLJGNJLD.

A<ELLF DD L HJEKK, L GFDMKGF K FGL HJHK KG JLFK EF< L LG F< >JGE GLJ >LK O HHJ F KEEGJ, % E KLJGFDQ <KHGK< LG DN, LL OLRJDF<, <MJF

LK HJG<, E MF<J L K KMHHGK< F L DKL HLJ; F<LL L EHJGNF LK G> L HGHD OL JKHL LG HJM<F,


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

DFDFKK 8., < FJK< J<MDDQ L FJD DLFKK G> L GMFLJQ, F<, Q FDF LE LG JJ MH LG EFGG< JLJHJGHGJLGF G> LJ D<JF, < >MJFK< L JIMKL HGHMDLGFOL KEDDJ FMEJ G> JLK. > GMJK, L HJGHGJLGF G> FFMD JLK LG L OGD HGHMDLGF, F L DLLJ HJG<, OGMD<

DKK LF F L >GJEJ.

JGE MJL DMDLGFK G> . MJL, L HHJK, LL <MJF LDKL HJG< L EGJLDLQ OK PLJGJ<FJDQ KEDD, F< LHJGHGJLGF G> D<JF JJ< >JGE F>FQ LG HMJLQPLJGJ<FJDQ JL.3 %F L >GJEJ HJG<K LK GMD< FGL NF L K F L KE <J. . MJL EKD> GKJNK, LL"L FFL <HGHMDLGF G> L GMFLJQ OK LG LLJML< LG L>JIMFL HDMK O, F >GJEJ LEK, <KGDL< L;" F< <<K, "> L GMD< KMHHGJL LKD>, FGLOLKLF<F L >JIMFQ G> KG <J<>MD

F ND, L K HJGG> G> L GG<FKK G> L DEL, F< G> LJLF JKGMJK O L GMFLJQ GMD< >MJFK, >GJ HJGEHLJGNJQ G> LK HGHMDLGF."4 $ FDLK LG HHDQ LK GKJNLGFK GML, F< >GJLK LL KM HJGEHL JHGHDF GMD< FGLL HD OLGML F MFMKMD FJK G> JLK, F< LL, LGFD GMFLJQ LG KMHHGJL LKD> FKL KM KGMJ G> <KLJMLGF, JLJ HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG L OGD HGHMDLGFOGMD< FKKJQ LF L GLJ LEK.

%F GF G> K LDK NK DKL G> DD L HDMK LL NHJND< F OLRJDF< KF L QJ 1312, >JGE O L HHJKLL LK <J<>MD KGMJ <KGDL< L GMFLJQ, L KGJL FLJNDK,<MJF L OGD G> L nJKL HJG<, F< PLF<< LK GKGFDJNK LG OLF 22 QJK G> L LJEFLGF G> L KGF<.5

%L OGMD< GFLJJQ LG NJQ JMD G> HJGDLQ LG KMHHGK LL,<MJF L >JIMFL HJNDF G> LK <KGJ<J, L GMFLJQ GMD< HJLMDJDQ DLQ, F< L FJD EGJLDLQ PLJEDQ KEDD.L MK KMHHGK L LG N F KM K L HJKFL LK HD FEFQ GLJ GMFLJK, O J PEHL >JGE LK DELQ, GML 1F 32, FKL< G> 1 F 45, K F L DKL HJG<. JLK OGMD< G>

GMJK H LJ JDLN HJGHGJLGF, F< FKL< G> 1 F 36,6 GML 1 F 26. %F KLELF L HGHMDLGF G> L GMFLJQ Q LJLK, O KGMD< LMK N LOG NJQ <mJFL EMDLHDJK >GJ L<mJFL HJG<K; F< LGM L KGDML FMEJ G> JLK EL JLJ F L nJKL HJG<, QL L >L OGMD< Q FG EFK EHDQ JLJ HGHMDLGF.

%F L HJKFL FKLF, L KME G> L JLK F 17 HJKK, <MJFL nJKL 70 QJK, K NF K 49,860, O FFMDDQ OGMD< GML 712. K, EMDLHD< Q 26, OGMD< F<L HGHMDLGF G>

18,512. %F L DKL HJG< L KME G> L JLK K NF K 43,910,7O ODD GML 626 FFMDDQ. K, EMDLHD< Q 36, ODD


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

F<L HGHMDLGF G> 22,536; F< > L EMDLHDJK MKL, L ODDLMK HHJ, LL FKL< G> L <JK O OK FLF<< LG HJGN<, LJ < F GFK<JD FJK.

L % N FGL KLEL< L EGJLDLQ LGG <MJF L nJKL

HJG<, % N EFQ JKGFK >GJ KMHHGKF, HJLMDJDQ DMDLGF JKHLF L FGMJF LGOF G> #FN, F O LHHJK LL, F L 16L FLMJQ, L HJGDLQ G> D>, GJ L LG O D> G> L GJF DN, OK GFDQ 4.883, JLJ DKK LF >GMJ

QJK F< 9/10LK; F< L EF D> 18.511, GML 18 QJK F< D>. %F L 17L FLMJQ, L HJGDLQ G> D> OK 11.607, GN11 QJK F< D>; L EF D> 23.358. %F L 18L FLMJQ LHJGDLQ G> D> < FJK< LG 27.183, 27 QJK F< FJDQ n>L, F< L EF D> LG 32 QJK F< n>L.8

%L K DQ HJGD LL <EFMLGF G> EGJLDLQ, G> L KEF<, LGM HJHK FGL F L KE <J, KGMD< N LFHD F OLRJDF<; F< O FGO >JGE L JKLJK G> GLJGMFLJK O N F DJ<Q FGL<, LL JLJ EGJLDLQFLMJDDQ HJG<MK JLJ HJGHGJLGF G> JLK.

> LK <HF<F G> L JLK GF L <LK . MJL EKD> HJG<MK EFQ FKLFK; ML FGL F OJ G> L LJM HJFHDG> HGHMDLGF, LQ GFDQ KJN LG KLGFK E, F< <GK FGLHHDQ LE.

HF G> L OFL G> >JML>MDFKK F L OKK OGEF, KQK,LL JMKK, BJF<FMJ, O<F, JF, F< F<< NJQGMFLJQ, L JKLJK G> O < KF, N JLJHJGHGJLGF G> HLKEK LG L FMEJ G> FLFLK, LF L QK< M<, OJ LK HJGHGJLGF K GFDQ K 1 LG 36.9 $ <<K, LL>JGE DMDLGFK DLDQ E< F L QGFGK, L HHJ<, LL FQGFK LKD> L HJGHGJLGF G> HLKEK OK 1 F 28, F L KEDDLGOFK 1 F 25, F< F L HJKK 1 F 23 GJ 24. L HJG<GMK<mJF, PDEK, LOF L QGFGK F< L QK < M<,OJ L EGKL >NGMJD HJGHGJLGF, F< LL GFDQ F LOG KEDD

HJKK G> PLJGJ<FJQ >MF<LQ, K FGL GN 1 F 26, F< FEFQ HJKK L K GFK<JDQ DKK LF 1 F 40!10@= K9E= <m=J=F=, JEJK, LK HD F L E=9F D>=. %F L QGFGKL K DLLD GN 25 QJK, OD F L QK < M< L DGOKLEF D>, F< LL GFDQ F KFD EJKQ F< MFDLQ HJK, K29T QJK, F< F EFQ HDK L K GN 45 QJK.11

"BML OF GEK L," KQK, "LL L GMFLJQ OJ D<JFKH L KL >JGE L <FJK G> F>FQ, F< OJ L EFD>, F OLNJ OQ L DMDLGF K E<, K J LF F FQ

GLJ, KGMD< HJKDQ LL F O L >MF<LQ K LKEDDKL? $GO GEK L F LL, G> DD GMJ HJKK, L GF


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

O NK L EF D> L KL, KGMD< DKG L GF OJL LF<FQ LG FJK K L KEDDKL?

"G JKGDN LK IMKLGF, % ODD RJ< GFLMJ, O,GONJ, % N GFDQ K KM. %K L FGL, LL F GJ<J LG EFLF F

DD HDK L HJGHJ IMDJME G> HGHMDLGF, #G< K OKDQGJ<J< LFK F KM EFFJ, K LL L >GJ G> D> F GMFLJQ KGMD< F L FNJK JLG G> LK >MF<LQ?12

"%F >L, PHJF NJnK EQ GFLMJ. QRF, NDD F L ADHK, OL HGHMDLGF G> 400 HJKGFK, HJG<MK ML DLLD GNL D<JF QJ. QK < M<, F FJD, F HJGHGJLGF LGL KE FMEJ G> FLFLK, HJG<MK 11, F< L QGFGK 16.BML > L HHF, LL L L G> 20 QJK, L 8, L 11, F< L16, J J<M< LG L KE FMEJ, L ODD HHJ LL L >GJ G>

D> NK F GF HD OL >MF<LQ <GK F FGLJ. AF< LMK LEGKL DLQ GMFLJK, NF DKK >MF<LQ, ODD FGL GNJHGHDLEKDNK, F< L MFDLQ GMFLJK, Q LJ PLJGJ<FJQ>MF<LQ, ODD D LG KMKLF LJ HGHMDLGF."

EQ M< G> L KMJHJR G> . MJL, L nF<F >JGE LJKLJK, LL L EGKL DLQ HGHD OJ L DKL HJGDn, QK LF EKD> LG EJD F GJ<J LG GMFL >GJ L. BML L<pMDLQ <GK FGL KE, F L HJKFL FKLF, LG OGJLQ G> KM F FLJ>JF. >L EQ GMFL< >GJ, OLGMLJKGJLF LG KG KLJF KMHHGKLGF K LL L >JML>MDFKK G> OGEF KGMD< NJQ FNJKDQ K LJ DL.

J K JLFDQ GFK<JD <mJF F L DLFKK G> <mJFL GMFLJK, JKF HJLDQ >JGE L KGD F< KLMLGF, F<HJLDQ >JGE L LK F< EHDGQEFL G> L HGHD. F, >JGELK GJ FQ GLJ MKK OLNJ, JL EGJLDLQ LK HD, HJGHGJLGFD FMEJ G> JLK EE<LDQ FKMK, GOF GL LGL JLJ FMEJ G> QJDQ EJJK >JGE L FJK< <EF<>GJ DGMJ, F< L JLJ >MF<LQ G> EJJ >JGE FGFLJL< L F JDJ, F< FLMJDDQ EGJ HJGDn .

F L GFLJJQ, OF >JGE GHHGKL MKK L DLFKK G> FQGMFLJQ GJ HJK K PLJGJ<FJDQ JL; >, >JGE L LK G> LHGHD, FG NFL >GJ F GNJoGOF HGHMDLGF >GMF< FEJLGF, L KGDML FKKLQ G> L HJNFLN ODD >GJ< KG KLJGFDQ GF LJ LLFLGF, LL LQ EMKL <GHL L GJKLJN; F< GFKIMFLDQ L EJJK F NJQ DL, L FMEJFFMDDQ GFLJL< ODD FGL GFDQ KEDD F HJGHGJLGF LG LHGHMDLGF, ML F<N<MD EJJ ODD FLMJDDQ DKKHJGDn.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

%F L HJK G> QRF, FGL< Q . MJL, DD LKJMEKLFK HHJ LG N F GEF< F F MFMKMD<J. %LK KLMLGF F L ADHK, ML QL FGL LGG , N LHJGDQ L EGKL HMJ F< KDMJGMK J; F< L EHDGQEFL G> L HGHD, F DD HKLGJD, OJ GFKIMFLDQ G> L EGKL

DLQ FLMJ. JGE L DMDLGFK G> . MJL, L MJQ G> O LJ K FG JKGF LG <GML, L HJGDLQ G> D> F LKHJK HHJ< LG KG PLJGJ<FJDQ K 61 QJK.13 AF<L NJ FMEJ G> L JLK F >GJ HJG< G> 30 QJKDEGKL MJLDQ IMD LG L FMEJ G> <LK,14 DJDQ HJGN<LL L LK G> L HGHD < FGL D< LE LG EJL, F< LLL JKGMJK G> L HJK >GJ L KMHHGJL G> HGHMDLGF <JEF< FJDQ KLLGFJQ. J OJJFL< LJ>GJ FGFDM<F, LL L HKLMJK OJ DEL<, F< GMD< FGL KDQ FJK< LJ F IMFLLQ GJ IMDLQ. FMEJ G> LLD, O

GMD< HL MHGF LE, OGMD< G> GMJK DEL<; F< F LKE EFFJ L FMEJ G> HJKGFK JIMJ< >GJ L J G> LKLLD.

F<J KM JMEKLFK, GO OGMD< L HGKKD >GJ L QGMFEF OG < J< L G> HMJLQ, LG DN LJ >LJK'GMKK F< EJJQ, LDD F EHDGQEFL G> J<KEF, <JQEF, GJKGELF G> L F<, E NFL Q <L? AF< K, >JGE LPLJE DLFKK G> L HGHD, LK EMKL HHF NJQ KDGODQ, LK N<FL LL L EGJLQ G> LE EMKL OL <MJF JL HJLG> LJ QGML F LJ DGJ KLL, GJ JMF L EGKL GNGMK JK G> KLJNF LEKDNK F< LJ >EDK. K K KLDD KLJGFJLF F GJOQ, F< JNK HJLMDJ HJKGF >JGE LJMEKLF G> L JLK F< <LK F KG FJDQ IMD.

%> >LJ < MF>GJLMFLDQ DJJ >EDQ LF MKMD, LLF<FQ G> L OGMD< JLJ LG <JK LF FJK LFMEJ G> EJJK. $ EL HJHK OL GFGEQ MKL DLG KMHHGJL LE DD L GE, LGM GMD< FGL HJGDQ nF<<IML EHDGQEFL >GJ LE GF K KEDD HJGHJLQ; ML L OGMD<N<FLDQ DGF >GJ LQ GMD< IML E, F< L nJKL EJJ

EGF L KGFK OGMD< HJGDQ >LJ L <L G> L >LJ;OJK, > < < GFDQ LOG D<JF, GF G> LE ELHJHK N EJJ< OLGML DNF L HJFLD JGG>, F< LGLJ GF L <L G> L >LJ. %L EQ K< HJHK F FJD,LL L KF GJ HJKF G> >GMJ JGOF-MH MFEJJ< HGHDODD E L <mJF G> LJ F JGGE GJ FGL, >GJ LKLDKEFL G> FGLJ EJJ F< >JK >EDQ.

AK L EJJK F LK HJK OGMD<, OL >O PHLGFK, NJQDL, F< QL >JGE L PLJE DLFKK G> L KLMLGF NJQ

KDGODQ <KKGDN< Q L <L G> LJ G> L HJLK, L K N<FLLL NJQ DJ HJGHGJLGF G> L KMKKLF EJJK OGMD<


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

EGF HJKGFK KG >J <NF< F D>, LL EGKL G> L OGEFOGMD< N K< LG J D<JF; F< F GFKIMF L OGDFMEJ G> KMKKLF EJJK OK >GMF< LG LG L FMEJ G> FFMD JLK F L NJQ MFMKMD HJGHGJLGF G> 12 LG 1. JLKOJ GFDQ GML 49L HJL G> L HGHMDLGF; F< L FMEJ G>

HJKGFK GN KPLF OK LG L FMEJ DGO LL FJDQ K3 LG 1.15

AK GFLJKL LG LK HJK, F< HJGG> GO DLLD L FMEJ G> JLK F <HF<< MHGF >GJ F KLEL G> HGHMDLGF, .MJL HJG<MK L HJK G> L. CJM F L MJ, F O LKMKKLF EJJK OJ LG L FFMD JLK GFDQ F LHJGHGJLGF G> 4 LG 1, L JLK OJ 26L HJL G> L HGHMDLGF,F< L FMEJ G> HJKGFK GN F< DGO KPLF MKL IMD.16

M<F G> L HGHMDLGF G> LK HJKK >JGE L HJGHGJLGF G> LJ FFMD JLK, L OGMD< HHJ, KQK, LL QRF << FGLP< L. CJM Q GN GF-n>L L EGKL; OJK, >JGE LMDFMEJLGF, L HGHMDLGF G> L >GJEJ LMJF< GML LG 405,F< G> L DLLJ GFDQ 171.17

% N GKF, GKJNK, L HJKK OJ L GFLJKL K LEGKL KLJF; ML LGM L <mJF FGL KG JEJD FL JKL, QL L ODD DOQK >GMF< LJM LL >JGE GF HD LGFGLJ, NF L NJQ KEDD <KLFK, F< F KLMLGFK HHJFLDQKEDJ, L HJGHGJLGFK ODD NJQ GFK<JDQ.18

%L K KLJF LL, >LJ EF LK GKJNLGFK, F< GLJK G> L KE LF<FQ, O % N FGL HJG<M<, KGMD< JKL LOGD HJGG> G> L <HGHMDLGF G> L QK < M< GF LHJGHGJLGF G> JLK. J K FG GG< JKGF >GJ KMHHGKF LLLK HJGHGJLGF KGMD< FGL <mJFL L <mJFL HJG<K, K ODDK F <mJFL KLMLGFK. PLJGJ<FJQ GFLJKL F L>MF<LQ G> L LOG HJKK G> QRF F< L. CJM <HF<KMHGF MKK OLF L HGOJ G> LE F< JMEKLFK LG DLJ.JGE L JL HJGHGJLGF G> F>FLK O OK >GMF< LG JGO MH LG

ELMJLQ F L. CJM, L HHJ< LL LK FLMJD DLFKK OKFGL EM F>JGJ LG LL G> QRF.19 HJGHGJLGF G> LK JLK LG<LK OK 7 LG 4;20 ML K L OGD FMEJ G> LK FLFLK <<FGL P< 171, L K N<FL LL LK JL PKK G> JLK GMD<FGL N F JMDJDQ <<< LG L HGHMDLGF <MJF L DKL LOGFLMJK. %L EMKL N JKF LJ>GJ LJ >JGE KM<<FFJK G> DL QJK F L JMDLMJ GJ LJ< G> L HJK, GJ>JGE L G> EJLGF. DLLJ KMHHGKLGF % GFN LG L LJM GF; F< L KEK LG GFnJE< Q L KEDD HJGHGJLGFG> <MDLK O K DJ<Q F FGL<. HJK K KLML< F

L MJ, Q L K< G> L JG< >JGE JK LG #FN, KLMLGF O OGMD< N<FLDQ LF< LG >DLL EJLGF; F< F


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

>L, L KEK LG N L< L HJL G> J<F HJK >GJ LLGOFK F< oL GMFLJK; F< L FFMD <JF G> JLF HGJLGFG> L <MDLK E< JGGE >GJ DD L JKL LG EJJQ, F< LG JJ FMEJGMK GmKHJF.

A L G> EJLGF F HJLMDJ HJK, ODD FGL GFDQ <HF< GFKLMLGF, ML HJGDQ G>LF GF <FL. % N DLLD <GML LLLJ GJ >GMJ NJQ KMKK>MD EJLGFK N >JIMFLDQ NF KHJL G> FLJHJK LG OGD NDD; F< LJ GJ >GMJMFKMKK>MD GFK GFLJJQ KHJL. %> L G> EJLGF OJFLJG<M< FLG L NDD G> QRF, L K FGL LG <GML< LL LHJGHGJLGF G> JLK OGMD< EE<LDQ F<; F< L L F<G> LOFLQ QJK F PEFLGF G> LK JKLJK EL N JKMDLK K<mJFL >JGE LGK L L LE G> . MJL'K DMDLGFK, K LQOJ LF >JGE L GFLJKL< HJK G> L. CJM. %L ODD F

HHJ LL GLJ MKK K<K JLJ EGJLDLQ ODD GFMJ, LGE F KLEL G> HGHMDLGF, L <mJFL HJG<K, >JGE LHJGHGJLGF G> JLK, DD LG JL MFJLFLQ.

>LK O . MJL K GDDL< J DD NDMD, LGM KF>JFK FFGL DOQK GFK<J< F L KE DL. $ E<KGE DMDLGFK L NQ, G> FLMJ JDDQ LG KJLF LIMKLGF JKHLF L >MF<LQ G> EJJK, F< LG KO LFGJJLFKK G> L MKMD EG< G> KLELF L, LGM OLGMLLK HJLMDJ GL F NO L L LE. $ >GMF< LL 375EGLJK < QD<< 2,093 D<JF, DD GJF DN; >JGE O L>GDDGO<, LL EGLJ < HJG<M< 5 10/12, GJ FJDQ KPD<JF.21 K, GONJ, OJ DD LMDDQ EGLJK, O NJQO> K FGL; ML DDGOF >GJ L MKMD HJGHGJLGF G> JJF ONK L

NQ, O < >GMF< LG 20 GML G> 478, L ODD KLDD HHJLL L EJJ< OGEF GF OL FGLJ HJG<M< GN 5 1/3D<JF.22 AF< QL LK OK F LGOF, L FLFLK G> O KEK LG MK G> FGL FLJF FLG L EJJ KLL L LHJG< OF FLMJ DDK LE, F<, OF EJJ<, G> FGL NFDD L D<JF O LQ EL N.23 FJD HJGHGJLGF G> L FFMD EJJK LG L FFMD JLK F L QK < M< K K

1 LG 3.9,24 F< G> GMJK, GJ<F LG L GEEGF EG< G> DMDLGF, L EJJK OGMD< HHJ LG QD< 3.9 D<JF .

%F <NKGF G> L QK < M< FLG L <mJFL <KLJLK, .MJL >GMF<, LL F KNF LGOFK L EF D> OK 36 QJK; F<L HJGDLQ G> D>, GJ L LG O D> G> L GJF DN, 37.%F 36 NDDK, L EF D> OK 37, F< L HJGDLQ G> D> 42.%F FF HJKK G> L ADHK L EF D> OK 40, F< LHJGDLQ G> D> 47. %F KNF HJKK G> L MJ LK LOGHJGHGJLGFK OJ 38 F< 42: F 12 GJF HJKK, 37 F< 40; F 18

HJKK EGF L JL NFQJ<K, 34 F< 37; F KP HJKK G>


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

EP< NFK F< DDK, 33 9/10 F< 36; F< F GF EJKQ HJK, 29F< 24.25

JGE FGLJ LD L HHJK, LL L FMEJ G> HJKGFK <QFMF<J L G> 15 OK DKK LF 1/5 F L PLJGJ<FJQ HJK G>

QRF; F< DKK LF S F EFQ GLJ HJKK G> L ADHK F< L MJ. GJ L OGD G> L QK < M< L OK DKK LF 1/3.26

%F KGE G> L DJKL LGOFK, KM K MKFF F< NQ, GFGMFL G> L FMEJ G> KLJFJK KLLDF F LE, L HJGHGJLGFG> <MDLK LG LGK MF<J 16 OK FJDQ K JL K F L HJK G> QRF, F< FGL >J >JGE 3 LG 1. %F L HJKK >JGE O LJOJ FGL EFQ EJLGFK, LK HJGHGJLGF OK GML 2 LG 1. AF<F LGK O >MJFK< FLFLK >GJ GLJ GMFLJK, LHHJG< EGJ LGOJ<K F IMDLQ.27

OGD HGHMDLGF G> L QK < M<, . MJL KLEL< L113,000, G> O 76,000 OJ <MDLK. HJGHGJLGF G> <MDLKLJ>GJ LG LGK MF<J L G> KPLF, >GJ L OGD GMFLJQ,OK 2 LG 1. AEGF LK 76,000 <MDLK, LJ OJ 19,000KMKKLF EJJK, F< GFKIMFLDQ 38,000 EJJ< HJKGFK;F< L KE FMEJ G> HJKGFK MFEJJ<, LGM G> L DLLJFMEJ 9,000, GJ<F LG . MJL, OGMD< HJGDQ O<GOKGJ O<GOJK.28 L KM F NJ KLGJ G> MFEJJ< HJKGFK,FGLOLKLF<F L FGOD<< EJLGFK, LJ OK DLLDJGMF< >GJ L KMHHGKLGF LL LK EJLGFK < KKFLDDQmL< L FMEJ G> FFMD EJJK, F< < L HJGJKKG> HGHMDLGF.

HJGHGJLGF G> FFMD EJJK LG FLFLK F L QK < M<, GJ<F LG . MJL'K LDK, OK GFDQ 1 LG 140,29 O KNF DKK LF F GJOQ.

ADD LK DMDLGFK G> . MJL EHDQ L GHJLGF G> LHJNFLN LG HGHMDLGF F GFK<JD <J,LJGMGML L OGD G> L <KLJL O GFK<J<; F< LJ

K JKGF LG DN, LL L KE LK HJND F GLJ HJLK G> OLRJDF<, LGM NJQF GFK<JDQ >JGE HD LG HD,GJ<F K L KLMLGF GJ L EHDGQEFLK G> L HGHD JF<JLE EGJ GJ DKK DLQ, GJ L JKGMJK G> L GMFLJQ EJGGE GJ FGL >GJ F FJK.

%F L LGOF G> BJF, >JGE L QJ 1583 LG 1654, L KGNJFGMFD < <ELL< FLG L BGMJGK 487 >EDK, G> O379 E PLFL F L KH G> LOG FLMJK, F< F 1783 GFDQ108 G> LE JEF<. MJF L MF<J< QJK >JGE 1684 LG1784, 207 BJFGK >EDK E PLFL. JGE 1624 LG 1712,L BGMJGK OK NF LG 80 >EDK. %F 1623, L KGNJF


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

GMFD MFL< L EEJK G> 112 <mJFL >EDK, G> O 58GFDQ JEF.30

HJGHGJLGF G> MFEJJ< HJKGFK F BJF, FDM<F O<GOKF< O<GOJK, K GFK<JDQ GN L D> G> L <MDLK; F< L

HJGHGJLGF G> LGK DGO KPLF LG LGK GN, K FGL >J >JGE 1LG 3.31 K J KLJGF, HJGG>K G> L HGOJ>MD GHJLGF G> LHJNFLN .

HKFLK F L FLGF G> BJF N DOQK < LJHMLLGF G> F J, F< OLGML <GML L K JLDQ LG LLJML< LG LK MK. A DO K >GJ KGE LE HJND<, OEK L FKKJQ >GJ NJQ HKFL LG HJGN EKD> F HGKKKKGFG> L JEK F< GMLJEFLK FKKJQ >GJ L EDL, >GJ F GLF HJEKKGF LG EJJQ. K L GF PDM<K L NJQ

HGGJKL >JGE EJJ; F< NJQ >NGMJD LMJF EQ NF LGL LK G> EFQ GLJK, >JGE FGOD< LL LQ FFGLGEHDK L GL G> LJ OKK, OLGML JLF HGJLGF G> F<MKLJQ F< GFGEQ. A QGMF EF OG, OL LK F< F NO, <F< F KJN LJ L GE GJ F >GJF GMFLJQ, OF < F< L FKKJQ KME, EL >D K HJ< JLJ JK<,F< FGL GFLFL< EJDQ OL OL OGMD< GLF EHJEKKGF LG EJJQ, ML G GF LDD GMD< GLF KGELF D HJGNKGF >GJ >EDQ.

% OK EM <KHHGFL<, OF F OLRJDF<, L FGL F D LGHJGMJ FQ <LDK JKHLF L KEDDJ FLGFK; ML L<KLMJ< KLL G> L GMFLJQ E< L EHGKKD. %L K LG HJKME<, GONJ, LL K LQ J DEGKL FLJDQ F HKLMJ,LQ EMKL JKED F JL EKMJ L DHF HJKK G> LQK < M< F L PLJGJ<FJQ DL G> L HGHD, F< LKGDML FKKLQ G> L HJNFLN ; PHL OJ LKJMEKLFK EQ N F DLJ< Q EGJ LF MKMD L G> EJLGF, GJ Q L FLJG<MLGF G> EFM>LMJK.32

DELK LG L HGHMDLGF G> GMFLJQ KLJLDQ HKLGJD J

KLJFDQ GNGMK. J J FG JGMF<K DKK KMKHLD G> EHJGNEFL LF EGMFLFGMK HKLMJK. Q EMKL FKKJDQ D>L oQ LG FLMJ; F< OF LQ N F <IMLDQ KLG<OL LLD, DLLD EGJ F <GF. JL <pMDLQ F LKHJLK G> OLRJDF<, K F GJOQ, K LG HJGMJ KMpFLIMFLLQ G> >G<<J >GJ L OFLJ KMHHGJL G> L LLD O NF >< GF L EGMFLFK F L KMEEJ. GJ LK HMJHGK JKK KGDDL< OL L JLKL J. %F HDK FKKD LG LLD,L HKFL KGELEK EK Q OL JEHGFK GF K >L; FKGE HDK JKK FGL LJ FK K ML LJ LEK QJ;

F< F L NDDQK, L nD<K J KF KNF K DGK K GODF-JF, F< DD L FIMDLK DHH< K OL HJ G> KKKGJK. %F


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

OLRJDF< K F GJOQ, >GJ L KE JKGFK, L JL G> EGOFKEK LG JJ< LG LK KL HL G> HJ>LGF. AK, GONJ,L EHJGNEFL G> L DF<K F L NDDQK EMKL <HF< HJFHDDQMHGF L EFMJ JKF >JGE L KLG, L K N<FL LL LIMFLLQ G> Q F< L FMEJ G> LLD ODD EMLMDDQ DEL< Q

GLJ; F< K L HGHMDLGF ODD G> GMJK DEL< Q LHJG<M G> L KLG, L <GK FGL KE HGKKD LG FJK LQGF< JLF HGFL, F< LL L FG JL <KLF. GM LHGHMDLGF, LJ>GJ, F L oL HJLK G> OLRJDF<, K FJK<<MJF L DKL FLMJQ, LJ K JKGF LG DN LL L K FKLLGFJQ F L EGMFLFGMK HJLK. AGJ<F LG . MJL L K<JK< NJQ GFK<JDQ F L ADHK G> L QK < M<; MLK HJGG>K G> LK >L N F FGL< K PLJEDQ MFJLF. %LK FGL HJGD, LL L ADHK J DKK KLG< OL LLD LF LQOJ >GJEJDQ; F< > L FLFLK JDDQ JLJ >OJ F

FMEJ, L K HJGDQ GOF LG L KEDDJ HJGHGJLGF G> D<JF,F< LG L EHJGNEFL O K LF HD F L EG< G> DNF.

%F KGE G> L KEDDJ FLGFK, EFM>LMJK N FFLJG<M<, O, Q >MJFKF JLJ IMFLLQ G> EHDGQEFL,F< L L KE LE JLJ IMFLLQ G> PHGJLK >GJ L HMJKG> GJF, N G> GMJK GFK<JDQ FJK< LJ HGHMDLGF. BMLL OKK OJLJK KE FJDDQ LG J, LL L <KLJLK OJLQ N F KLDK<, N MHGF L OGD KMmJ< F HGFLG> DL, EGJDK F< HHFKK.

%L K L FLMJ G> HKLMJ LG HJG<M >GG< >GJ EM JLJFMEJ G> HGHD LF L F EHDGQ. %F GMFLJK KLJLDQ HKLGJD,LJ>GJ, EFQ HJKGFK ODD <D, GJ L EGKL NJQF<IMLDQ GMH<. K KLL G> LFK FLMJDDQ <KHGKK LGEJLGF, F< L HJFHD JKGF OQ L OKK N F KGEM F< F >GJF KJN. F >LJ K EGJ LF GFKGF, LGK OG J FGL OFL< GF L >JE J HGOJ>MDDQ LEHL<LG FJGD LEKDNK K KGD<JK, GJ LG EJL F KGE GLJ OQ,K L GFDQ F G> FDF LE LG EJJQ.

%L K HGKKD, LGM FGL HJGD, LL EGJ LF MKMD KHJL G> EJLGF, GHJLF MHGF GMFLJQ, F O, K L K HHJ<,L HJNFLN HJND< LG NJQ GFK<JD <J,EL N HJG<M< LEHGJJQ LG FJK L L HJG<OF LJ OK KM F MFNJKD JQ GML <HGHMDLGF. %> LKOJ KG, L OLGML <GML GFLJML< LG EHJGN L GF<LGF G> L DGOJ DKKK G> HGHD. ADD L >GJF LJNDDJK FOLRJDF<, KGGF >LJ LK LE, FNJDQ L FGL G> L KLLG> L OKK HKFLJQ K KMHJGJ LG LL G> GLJ GMFLJK. %F

DL PMJKGF LG OLRJDF<, % OK JLJ <KHHGFL< FGL LG nF<L KG KMHJGJ K % < F LML LG PHL. JLKL HJL G>


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

L MF>NGMJD F EL MKLDQ LLJML< LG L DGKKKF< KMmJFK G> L HGHD <MJF L DL LJGMDK; ML HJLHJHK LG L DD-<JL< mGJLK G> L <mJFL GNJFEFLK LGFJK L HGHMDLGF, F< LG L MDLEL GFKIMFK NF G> mGJLK ODD <JL<, F< >GJ LE DMDL< LG <NF L

GE>GJLK F< HHFKK G> L HGHD.

% OK NJQ EM KLJM OL F mL G> LK DKL F<, F FPH<LGF LG L (9 <= &GMP F L MJ. HJLQ < KJDQJJN< L DLLD FF L L F< G> L D, OF L EKLJKK G> L GMK F LG GEHDF G> L HGNJLQ F< EKJQ G> DD LHJKK F L FGMJGG<. K< LL L GMFLJQ HJG<M<DLLD, F< QL OK >MDD G> FLFLK; LL GQK F< JDK OJEJJQF OG GML KLDD LG L KGGD; F< LL, OD LK LG> JDQ EJJK GFLFM<, LQ KGMD< DOQK OJL< F<

<KLJKK< >GJ KMKKLF.

HKFL, OG >LJOJ<K GF<ML< MK LG L KGMJ G> LJ, FLJ< EGJ >MDDQ FLG L KML, F< HHJ< LGMF<JKLF< L HJFHD G> HGHMDLGF DEGKL K ODD K FQ EF %NJ EL OL. $ K<, LL L OGEF OJ HJGDn, F< L J G> L EGMFLFK KG HMJ F< DLQ, LL NJQ >O D<JF <<,PHL >JGE L GFKIMFK G> KGDML OFL; LL L KGD, FJJF, OK F<IML LG QD< EHDGQEFL F< >GG< >GJ LFMEJK LL OJ QJDQ JGOF MH LG EFGG<; LL L OKG> DGMJ OJ GFKIMFLDQ NJQ DGO, F< LGLDDQ FKMpFL >GJL <FL KMHHGJL G> >EDQ; ML LL L EKJQ F< KLJNFGF<LGF G> L JLJ HJL G> L KGLQ << FGL GHJL HJGHJDQK OJFF LG GLJK, OG KLDD GFLFM< LG EJJQ; F< LGHJG<M FMEJGMK GmKHJF O LQ GMD< FGL KMHHGJL. KL G> JDQ EJJK EL JDDQ, K<, DD< D= N= <M

H9QK; F< OK KG KLJGFDQ EHJKK< OL L FKKJQ F<MFNG<D OJL<FKK LL EMKL JKMDL >JGE L, LL LGML DO GML LG E<, JKLJLF EF >JGE FLJF FLG LEJJ KLL >GJ LQ OJ >GJLQ QJK G> , F< LFDDGOF L GFDQ OL "<=K N=DD=K nD=K," OG EL J LE LOG

GJ LJ D<JF FKL< G> KP GJ L.

% GMD< FGL DH F <NJL< OL L JFKLFKK G> K GJLGJQGF LK KML, F< HJLMDJDQ OL K GFDM<F HJGHGKLGF. $EMKL N KF F< >DL L EKJQ JKF >JGE J<MF<FLHGHMDLGF EGKL >GJDQ, LG N HJGHGK< KG NGDFL JE<Q. %>GMF< MHGF FIMJQ LL < EKD> EJJ< NJQ QGMF.

GFDQ HGFL F O >D<, K LG K HDGKGHD FGOD<G> L KML, OK F GFnFF K JKGFFK LGG EM LG JJF

F< EGMFLFGMK GMFLJK, F< FGL PLF<F LE LG L HDFK.%F >JLD KLMLGFK, LGML, HJHK, LL L HDFLQ G> GJF


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

F< EHDGQEFL EL JEGN L <pMDLQ, F< DDGO G> JDQEJJK. GL NF DNGJE LG >DD FLG LK JJGJ; HJLMDJDQ, K F KM KLMLGFK L<pMDLQ K FGL GFDQ EGJ GFD< >JGE L PLFKNFKK G> LKML; ML K F JDLQ DKK, >JGE L JLJ EGJLDLQ FLMJDDQ

GKGF< Q DGO JGMF<K, LGOFK, F< EFM>LGJK.

F FIMJF FLG L HJFHD MK G> OL < FE< L HJ=<GEF9FL N= G> K GMFLJQ, PHDF< L OL JLHDGKGHD HJKGF. $ K<, LL EFM>LMJ >GJ LHGDKF G> KLGFK < F KLDK< KGE QJK G, O >GJ LE < F F NJQ LJNF KLL, F< < >MJFK< OK F< EHDGQEFL LG DD L FGMJGG<; LL L >DLQ G> HJGN<F >GJ >EDQ, F< G> nF<F JDQ EHDGQEFL >GJ D<JF,< JLDQ FGMJ< JDQ EJJK; F< LL L KE L

< GFLFM<, OF, >JGE F G> >KGF, <FL, F< GLJMKK, L EFM>LMJ OK DEGKL L F F<. JQ JLEJLGFK, K<, < G> DL QJK LF HD; ML LJ<F KQKLE OFL GF KG >KL, LL LQ OJ FGL KMpFL LGJDN L GMFLJQ G> LK KMHJMF<FL EGMLK, F< L mL OKKM K < <KJ< LG E, F< K % < F HJL KF.

%F GLJ GFNJKLGFK O % < OL L DGOJ DKKK G> HGHDF <mJFL HJLK G> OLRJDF< F< NGQ, % >GMF< EFQ, OG,LGM FGL KMpFLDQ KDD< F L HJFHD G> HGHMDLGF LG KLK mLK GF KGLQ, D EQ >JF< G> L (9 <= &GMP, QL KOLE DJDQ FGM K mLF LJ GOF F<N<MD FLJKLK; F<OJ HJ>LDQ OJ G> L NDK O LQ KGMD< HJGDQ JFMHGF LEKDNK Q EJJQF >GJ LQ GMD< N LGDJDHJGKHL G> F D LG EFLF >EDQ. JGE L FJD <KO % N >GMF< LG HJND GF LK KMLK, % KGMD< Q FGEFK KQ LL L OGMD< <pMDL LK LG E L GEEGFHGHD GEHJF< L HJFHD G> HGHMDLGF, F< LK mL FHJG<MF DGO OK F< HGNJLQ.

GM LJ K FG KGDML HJGNKGF >GJ L HGGJ F OLRJDF<,

QL HJK FJDDQ HGKKKKK KGE KFGJD JLK F<HJGHJLQ F DF< >GJ L HMD MK, F< K PHL< LG EFLF LKGOF HGGJ. K >MF<K, GONJ, F DEL<, ODD G> GMJK G>LF LGLDDQ FKMpFL; F< GKGFDDQ NGDMFLJQ GDDLGFK JE< >GJ LK HMJHGK. BML, L OGD G> L KMHHDQ FGEHJLNDQ KFLQ F< MFJLF, L K FGL L KE < mLKK L HJK-JLK G> FDF<. > DL QJK EM G> L GEEGFDF<K DGFF LG HJKK N F HJDD< GML LG F<N<MDK,O K G> GMJK LF<< LG EHJGN L KGD, F< FJK LFMEJ G> HGHD; ML >JGE L EFFJ F O L K F

GF<ML<, L K GHJL< HJHK LGG EM K KQKLELFGMJEFL G> EJJ, F< K GFLJML< LG FJK L


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

FMEJ G> HGGJ. %F L FGMJGG< G> L JKL GEEMF=K, %G>LF GKJN< L JLKL FMEJ G> JK.

J K JKGF LG DN, GONJ, LL L mGJLK G> LGFGED GLQ G> BJF LG HJGEGL JMDLMJ OJ JGOF<

OL KGE KMKK; F< LL L FJKF JKGMJK G> LGMFLJQ N E< JGGE >GJ F <<LGFD HGHMDLGF, F<>MJFK< F <IML KMHHGJL >GJ L JLKL HJL, > FGL LOGD, G> LL FJK O K G> DL LF HD.

%F 1764 L HGHMDLGF G> L OGD FLGF G> BJF, FDM<F LQK < M<, OK KLEL< L 336,689. %F 1791, L < FJK<LG 414,420. JGE 1764 LG 1777, LK FJK HJG<< L L JLG> 2,000 QJ; F<, >JGE 1778 LG 1791, L L JL G> 3,109 QJ.33


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

B LG D G> CGFLFLK

B33/ II, C%475 VI

O* T C'/ T3 P340%7-3 I F5%'.

AK L HJGD JKLJK F JF, >GJ L JNGDMLGF, OJFGL HL OL HJLMDJ J FGJ >GJ FQ JL DFL G> LE, F<K L >O O N F HJG<M< PL FG NJQ PLJGJ<FJQJKMDLK, % KGMD< FGL N E< LK GMFLJQ L KML G> <KLFL HLJ, ML >GJ JMEKLF LLF<F L JNGDMLGF,O K PL< GFK<JD KMJHJK. K K, L MF<EFK<KLL G> L HGHMDLGF F KHL G> L DGKKK KMKLF< <MJF KGDGF F< <KLJMLN GFLKL.34

A JL FLGFD OGJ, >GMF<< GF L JHGJLK G> L HJ>LK F L<mJFL <HJLEFLK, K L HJKFL F KGE KLL G> >GJOJ<FKK LJK, F< OF GEHDL< EQ JKGFDQ PHL< LG >GJE

NJQ NDMD KKGF LG L ELJDK G> KLLKLD KF FFJD. JLMJFK G> DD L HJ>LK J FGL GONJ QLGEHDL; ML % OK HGKLNDQ KKMJ< Q L HJKGF OG K LHJFHD KMHJFLF<F G> LE, LL FGM K DJ<Q FGOF LG JLF LL L HGHMDLGF G> L GD< LJJLGJQ G> JF KJLJ FJK< LF <EFK< <MJF L JNGDMLGF.

M F NFL, > LJM, NJQ KLJGFDQ GFnJEK L FJD HJFHDKG> LK OGJ; F< KKMEF L >GJ L HJKFL K >L, L EQ LF<LG LJGO KGE DL GF L KML, LG LJ DLLD F <LD LEFFJ F O KM F NFL EL HHF.

%F NJQ GMFLJQ LJ K DOQK GFK<JD G<Q G> MFEJJ<HJKGFK, >GJE< Q L J<MD MEMDLGF G> L PKK G> LFMEJ JKF FFMDDQ LG L G> HMJLQ GN L FMEJ G> HJKGFK FFMDDQ EJJ<. KLGH LG L >MJLJ MEMDLGF G> LK G<Q K OF LK FMEJ K KM, LL L QJDQ EGJLDLQ

IMDK L QJDQ KKGFK LL J E< LG L. %F L QK < M<, K HHJ< F L DKL HLJ, LK G<Q, FDM<F O<GOKF< O<GOJK, HJKGFK OG J FGL LMDDQ F L KLL G> EJJ, IMDK L OGD FMEJ G> EJJ< HJKGFK. BML F GMFLJQ D JF, OJ GL L EGJLDLQ F< L LF<FQ LGEJJ J EM JLJ LF F OLRJDF<, LK G<Q <GK FGLJ KG DJ HJGHGJLGF LG L HGHMDLGF.

AGJ<F LG DMDLGF F F !KK9 <'MF= /L9LKLIM= #]F]J9D=,HMDK< L JK F 1800, Q . ML, L FMEJ G>

MFEJJ< EDK F JF LOF 18 F< 50 K KLEL< L1,451,063; F< L FMEJ G> EDK, OLJ EJJ< GJ FGL,


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

LOF L KE K, L 5,000,000.35 %L <GK FGL HHJ L OLHJG< PLDQ LK DMDLGF OK E<; ML K L MLGJ MKK LPHJKKGF =F L=EK GJ<F9J=, L K HJGD LL J>JK LG LHJG< >GJ L JNGDMLGF. L MK KMHHGK, LF, LL LK FMEJG> 1,451,063 PHJKKK L GDDLN G<Q G> MFEJJ< EDK G>

EDLJQ L L GEEFEFL G> L JNGDMLGF.

HGHMDLGF G> JF >GJ L FFF G> L OJ OKKLEL< Q L CGFKLLMFL AKKEDQ L 26,363,074;36 F< LJK FG JKGF LG DN LL LK DMDLGF OK LGG . J,LGM EFLGFK L FMEJ G> 24,800,000, PHJKKK K nJED> LL L QJDQ JLK L LL LE EGMFL< LG GN EDDGF, F< GFKIMFLDQ, GJ<F LG K EMDLHDJ G> 25U, LOGD HGHMDLGF OK FJDQ 26 EDDGFK;37 F< LK DMDLGF OKE< LF QJK HJNGMK LG L KLEL G> L CGFKLLMFL

AKKEDQ.

F LF L FFMD JLK L JLJ GN EDDGF, F<KLELF LL JLJ GN 2/5 OGMD< < MF<J 18, OHHJK LG L K >JGE KGE DMDLGFK G> . ML,38 LODD >GDDGO, LL GN 600,000 HJKGFK ODD FFMDDQ JJN L L G> 18.

FFMD EJJK, GJ<F LG J, J 213,774;39 ML KLK FMEJ K F NJ G> LF QJK, LF OD L HGHMDLGFOK FJKF, L K HJGDQ LGG DGO. %> O L 220,000, LF440,000 HJKGFK ODD KMHHGK< LG EJJQ GML G> L 600,000JKF LG EJJD ; F<, GFKIMFLDQ; L PKK G> LGKJKF LG L G> 18 GN L FMEJ OFL< LG GEHDL LMKMD HJGHGJLGF G> FFMD EJJK, ODD 160,000, GJ 80,000EDK. %L K N<FL, LJ>GJ, LL L MEMDL< G<Q G> 1,451,063 MFEJJ< EDK, G> EDLJQ , F< L FFMDKMHHDQ G> 80,000 QGMLK G> 18, EL LF >GJ L KJN G> LKLL, OLGML mLF F FQ <J L FMEJ G> FFMDEJJK. BML O FFGL KMHHGK LL L 1,451,063 KGMD< LF DD L GF; F< EFQ KGD<JK J EJJ<, F< F KLMLGF

FGL LG FLJDQ MKDKK LG L HGHMDLGF. L MK KMHHGK 600,000G> L GJHK G> MFEJJ< EDK LG EG<< L GF; F< LKFMEJ LG HL MH Q L FFMD KMHHDQ G> 150,000 HJKGFK,LF HJLDQ >JGE L 80,000, JKF FFMDDQ LG L G> 18, F<FGL OFL< LG GEHDL L FMEJ G> FFMD EJJK, F< HJLDQ>JGE L 851,063 JEFF G> L G<Q G> MFEJJ< EDK, OPKL< L L FFF G> L OJ: L K N<FL, LL >JGE LKLOG KGMJK 150,000 EL KMHHD< QJ, >GJ LF QJK,F< QL DDGO G> F FJK F L MKMD FMEJ G> FFMDEJJK G> GN 10,000.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

%L K LJM LL F L GMJK G> L LF QJK EFQ G> L GJFDG<Q G> MFEJJ< EDK ODD N HKK< L EDLJQ ; ML LKODD DF<, F< F<. JGE L FFF L KGMD< LFFLG GFK<JLGF, LL LGM EF G> n>LQ FJDDQ

GFK<J< K HKL L EDLJQ , QL, > EJJQ >JML>MDKML, EQ Q FG EFK MKDKK LG L HGHMDLGF; F< F>L L KMHHDQ G> 150,000 JJMLK QJ OGMD< LFHJFHDDQ >JGE L 300,000 EDK JKF FFMDDQ LG 18; F< LFFMD EJJK OGMD< KMHHD< F JL EKMJ >JGE LJEFF HJL G> L GJFD G<Q G> MFEJJ< HJKGFK.<GOJK F< DGJK G> >GJLQ F< n>LQ, OG F L GEEGF KLLG> LFK EL N >GMF< L <pMDL LG GLF F JDHJLFJ, OGMD< HJGDQ K LK <pMDLK JEGN< F KM KJLQ G> MKF<K; F< L KF G> 600,000 HJKGFK OGMD< G>

GMJK E JGGE >GJ NJQ GFK<JD <<LGF LG L FMEJG> FFMD EJJK. K <<LGF F DD HJGDLQ LGG HD.FQ EGF L JEFF HJL G> L GJFD G<Q G> DGJK,OG EL GLJOK N GFLFM< KFD, OGMD< EJJQ MF<JLK F G> JMEKLFK; F< L K FGOF LL NJQGFK<JD HGJLGF G> QGMLK MF<J 18, F GJ<J LG NG< LEDLJQ GFKJHLGFK, FLJ< HJELMJDQ FLG L EJJ< KLL.K OK KG EM L K, F< GFLJML< KG EM LG <EFKL FMEJ G> MFEJJ< HJKGFK, LL F L FFF G> L QJ1798 L OK >GMF< FKKJQ LG JHD L DO, O < PEHL<

EJJ< HJKGFK >JGE GFKJHLGFK; F< LGK OG EJJ<KMKIMFLDQ LG LK FO JMDLGF OJ LF F<KJEFLDQOL L MFEJJ<. AF< LGM >LJ LK L DNK >DD F HJLMHGF LGK OG OJ LMDDQ F< F L HGHDF G> LGMFLJQ; QL L FMEJ G> EJJK MFLGM< Q LK DNKEL KLDD JEF JLJ LF L MKMD FMEJ G> EJJK>GJ L JNGDMLGF; F< L EJJK O OJ JGF Q LJEGND G> L MKF< LG L JEK OGMD< FGL HJGDQ NF FLJDQ JJF.

J JFK <'%NJFGK, OG < JLFDQ LF<FQ LG PJL,

F< HJGDQ K PJL< GFK<JDQ, L DGKKK G> LJF FLGF, KLELK L LGLD DGKK G> L LJGGHK G> JF, GLQ DF< F< K, MH LG L QJ 1799, L EDDGF F< D>.40 JGMF< FMEJK O % N DDGO< >GJ L K G> DDMKLJLF LKML, P< J JFK <'%NJFGK'K KLEL Q KP MF<J<LGMKF<. $ DMDLK GONJ DGKK G> EDDGF G> HJKGFKEGJ, >JGE L GLJ MKK G> <KLJMLGF LLF<FL GF LJNGDMLGF; ML K LK DGKK >DD F<KJEFLDQ GF DD K F< GLKPK, L OGMD< FGL mL L HGHMDLGF F L KE <J, F<ODD EM EGJ LF GNJ< Q L 600,000 EF F L >MDD

NGMJ G> D>, O JEF GN J JFK'K DMDLGF. %LKGMD< GKJN< DKG, LL F L DLLJ HJL G> L JNGDMLGFJQ


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

OJ L EDLJQ GFKJHLGFK OJ HJGDQ F>GJ< OL KLDDEGJ KNJLQ F L FODQ-IMJ< LJJLGJK LF F L GD<KLL; F< K L HGHMDLGF G> LK FO IMKLGFK K KLEL<L nN GJ KP EDDGFK, L OGMD< J GFK<JD HJGHGJLGF G> L EDDGF F< D> KMHHGK< LG <KLJGQ< F L JEK.

DO O >DLL< <NGJK LG KG JL <J F L JDQHJL G> L JNGDMLGF OK J<DDQ < GL F EGJD F<HGDLD NO, QL, MF<J L JMEKLF G> JL KJLQ G> EF, L OGMD< GHJL DLLD D L MKLGE G> HGDQEQ, F<FJK L FMEJ G> D<JF F HJGHGJLGF LG L FMEJ G> MKF<K. %F <<LGF LG LK, L OGEF OLGML MKF<K <G FGLHHJ DD LG N F JJF; K L HJGHGJLGF G> DDLELJLK K FGO JK< LG 1/11 G> L OGD FMEJ G> JLK, >JGE 1/47,41 O L OK >GJ L JNGDMLGF; F< LGM LK

EDFGDQ HJGG> G> L <HJNLGF G> EGJDK, QL L OGMD<JLFDQ GFLJML LG FJK L FMEJ G> JLK; F< K L>ED HKFLK F JF OJ FD< LG JF EGJ LF MKMD<MJF L JNGDMLGF, GF GMFL G> L KJLQ G> F<K, L KHJGD LL GFK<JD HGJLGF G> LK D<JF OGMD<KMJNN.

F<J DD LK JMEKLFK, L FFGL HHJ EHGKKD, F<KJDQ NF EHJGD, LL L HGHMDLGF G> JF KGMD<JEF MF<EFK<, F KHL G> DD L MKK G> <KLJMLGF ON GHJL< MHGF L <MJF L GMJK G> L JNGDMLGF, HJGN<<L JMDLMJ G> L GMFLJQ K F KM K LG GFLFM LEFK G> KMKKLF MFEHJ<. AF< L KEK FGO LG FJDDQFGOD<< LL, GONJ KNJDQ L EFM>LMJK G> JFEQ N KMmJ<, J JMDLMJ K JLJ FJK< LF<EFK<. AL FG HJG< G> L OJ F O KMHHGK LL LFMEJ G> EG<< LJGGHK P<< L FMEJ G> EF EHDGQ<>GJ L JNGDMLGF F EFM>LMJK. GK OG OJ LJGOF GMLG> OGJ Q L <KLJMLGF G> LK EFM>LMJK, F< OG << FGLG LG L JEK, OGMD< G> GMJK L LEKDNK LG L DGMJKG> JMDLMJ; F< L OK DOQK L MKLGE F JF >GJ L

OGEF LG OGJ EM F L nD<K, O MKLGE OK HJGDQFJK< <MJF L JNGDMLGF. AL L KE LE, L KF G> DJ HGJLGF G> L KL F< EGKL NGJGMK F<K OGMD< JK LHJ G> DGMJ; F< K, >JGE L FO DF< JGML FLG MDLNLGF,F< L KF G> GFK<JD HJL G> L JLKLGFKMEJK42 F >GJF GMFLJK, L HJ G> HJGNKGFK OGMD< FGLJK F HJGHGJLGF, LK <NF F L JD HJ G> DGMJ OGMD<FGL GFDQ GHJL K HGOJ>MD FGMJEFL LG EJJ, MLOGMD< FD L HKFLK LG DN LLJ, F< LG JJ JLJFMEJ G> LJ D<JF.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

AL DD LEK L FMEJ G> KEDD >JEJK F< HJGHJLGJK F JFOK JL; F< LGM KM KLL G> LFK K Q FG EFK>NGMJD LG L DJ KMJHDMK HJG<M GJ <KHGKD ODL G> FLGF; QL KGELEK L K FGL MF>NGMJD LG L KGDMLHJG<M, F< L K DOQK KLJGF LF<FQ LG FGMJ

HGHMDLGF. JGE L KD F< <NKGF G> EFQ G> L DJ<GEFK G> L FGDK F< DJQ, L FMEJ G> DF<< HJGHJLGJKK GFK<JDQ FJK< <MJF L JNGDMLGF; F< K HJL G> LK <GEFK GFKKL< G> HJK F< KK, FO LJJLGJQ KF NF LG L HDGM. %L K LJM LL L DF<-LP K F FGLGFDQ LGG NQ, ML FM<GMKDQ EHGK<. %L K HJGD, GONJ,LL LK <K<NFL K F FJDQ GMFLJDF< Q LJEGND G> L >GJEJ GHHJKKGFK, MF<J O L MDLNLGJDGMJ<; F< LL L KD F< <NKGF G> L JL <GEFK EQ GFK<J< K DJ <NFL GF L K< G> JMDLMJ, GJ L

FQ JL G> L JGKK HJG<M, O K L HJFHD HGFL OLJJ< LG EJ HGHMDLGF.

K GFK<JLGFK E L HHJ HJGD LL L EFK G> KMKKLF N L DKL JEF< MFEHJ<, > LQ N FGLFJK<, <MJF L JNGDMLGF; F< NO G> L MDLNLGF G> JF F LK HJKFL KLL JLFDQ JLJ LF<K LG GFnJE LKKMHHGKLGF.

KDD FGL LJ>GJ FDF< LG J OL J JFK<'%NJFGK F K GFLMJ LL L FFMD JLK F JF N<EFK< Q GF-KNFL <MJF L JNGDMLGF.43 F LGFLJJQ, L K EGJ HJGD LL LQ N FJK< Q LKFMEJ. NJ HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG L HGHMDLGF F DDJF, >GJ L JNGDMLGF, OK, GJ<F LG J, K 1 LG25U.44 %L K HHJ< F L JHGJLK G> KGE G> L HJ>LKO N F JLMJF<, LL L HJGHGJLGF F EFQ GMFLJQHDK OK JK< LG 1 LG 21, 22, 22T, F< 23;45 F< LGM LKHJGHGJLGFK EL, F KGE <J, MK< Q L KF G> HJL G> L HGHMDLGF F L JEK, QL % N DLLD <GML LL LQJ HJFHDDQ LG LLJML< LG L JL G> JLJ FMEJ G>

D<JF LF MKMD. %>, OF L JHGJLK G> DD L HJ>LK J HMLLGLJ, L KGMD< HHJ, LL L FMEJ G> JLK K FGLFJK< F HJGHGJLGF LG L HGHMDLGF, F< QL LL LHGHMDLGF K MF<EFK<; L ODD >GDDGO, LJ LL J'KEMDLHDJ >GJ L JLK OK LGG KEDD, O K PLJEDQ HJGD,K >JGE LK MK HHJK LG N DMDL< L HGHMDLGF LGGDGO; GJ LL L EGJLDLQ, EGF LGK FGL PHGK< LG NGDFL<LK K F DKK LF MKMD; O, >JGE L HJ G> DGMJ F< L <KJLGF G> L LGOFK >GJ L GMFLJQ, K FGLMFDDQ.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

AGJ<F LG J F< GM; L EGJLDLQ F JF, >GJ,L JNGDMLGF, OK 1 F 30 GJ 31 1/8.46 CGFK<JF LL LHJGHGJLGF G> L HGHMDLGF O DNK F L GMFLJQ K LG LL FL LGOFK K 3T LG 1,47 LK EGJLDLQ K PLJGJ<FJDQ JL,MK< HJGDQ Q L EKJQ JKF >JGE F PKK G>

HGHMDLGF; F< >JGE L JEJK G> AJLMJ GMF GF L KLL G> L HKFLJQ F JF,48 O J GEHDLDQ KFLGF< QJ,49 LK HHJK LG N F JDDQ L K. %> O KMHHGKLL, >JGE L JEGND G> HJL G> LK J<MF<FL HGHMDLGF, LEGJLDLQ K <JK< >JGE 1 F 30 LG 1 F 35, LK >NGMJDF OGMD< G GFK<JD OQ F JHJF L JKE< Q OJ GF L >JGFLJK.

HJGDLQ K, LL GL L MKK EFLGF< N GHJL< FHJL. JLK N FJK<, F< L <LK G> LGK JEFF

F L GMFLJQ N <EFK<; KG LL, HMLLF L LOGJMEKLFK LGLJ, L ODD HJGDQ HHJ, OF L JKMDLK G> DD L JHGJLK G> L HJ>LK J FGOF; LL, FDM<F LGK OGN >DDF F L JEK F< Q NGDFL EFK, L <LK N FGLP<< L JLK F L GMJK G> L JNGDMLGF.

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

KNFL, GJ<F LG L DMDLGF G> J >GJ LJNGDMLGF.51

J JFK <'%NJFGK GKJNK, "LL LGK N QL LG DJF LnJKL HJFHDK G> HGDLD JLEL, OG EF LL L K F LnD< G> LLD F< L GKHLDK LL F GMFL F LF G> LDNK O JNGDMLGF GJ OJ K GKL. FMEJ G> EF LK DD< K G> EM DKK EHGJLF LF L FMEJ G> D<JFO L K HJNFL<, F< ODD KLDD HJNFL, >JGE GEF FLG LOGJD<. K K L <HKL OGMF< O L HGHMDLGF G> JF

K JN<."i"MHHGKF," KQK, "LL, G> L OGD FMEJ G> EF <KLJGQ<, GFDQ LOG EDDGFK < F MFL< LG K EFQ


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

>EDK: GJ<F LG L DMDLGF G> BMmGF, LK LOG EDDGFKG> GMHDK GML LG JF FLG L OGJD< LODN EDDGFK G> D<JF,F GJ<J LG KMHHDQ, L L G> LJLQ-FF, FMEJ IMD LG LLG> LJ HJFLK. K K HGFL G> NO, F O L GFKIMFKG> KM <KLJMLGF G> EF GE DEGKL FDMDD; MK

LQ N EM EGJ mL OL JJ< LG L LODN EDDGFK G> D<JF, O LQ HJNFL >JGE GEF FLG PKLF, LF OLJJ< LG L LMD DGKK G> L LOG EDDGFK F< D> G> EF >GJOGE JF EGMJFK. %L K FGL LDD >MLMJ HJG< LL K ODD D LG KLEL LK <J<>MD J."52

AF< QL, > L >GJGF JKGFFK J ODD->GMF<<, JF EQFGL N DGKL KFD JL Q L JNGDMLGF. K L EGKL MKLJKGF LG EGMJF L LOG EDDGFK F< D> G> F<N<MDK OK EQ N DGKL, ML FGL LJ HGKLJLQ; MK; > LK

F<N<MDK < JEF< F L GMFLJQ, HJGHGJLGFL FMEJ G> D<JF, GJF G> GLJ HJFLK, O J FGO DNF F JF,OGMD< FGL N GE FLG PKLF. %>, F L KL GNJF<GMFLJQ F MJGH, O OJ LG EGMJF L HGKLJLQ O KHJNFL< >JGE GEF FLG F, O KGMD< DOQK OJ L LG> J>.

%L K N<FL LL L GFKLFL LF<FQ G> L JLK F NJQGMFLJQ LG KMHHDQ L NFK E< Q <L, FFGL, F EGJDHGFL G> NO, mGJ< L KDLKL K<GO G> PMK >GJ L OFLGFKJn G> EF. HGKLN ND LL K GEELL< F LK K, LHF, EKJQ, F< O<KHJ<F <KGDLGF F< KGJJGO, LL JGKGF< LG L PKLF FLFLK, F Q FG EFK GMFLJDF< Q L GFK<JLGF, LL L FMEJD J FL HGHMDLGF ODD JH<DQ JHJ<. F N FG GLJ JL,EGJD GJ HGDLD, PHL LL G> L EGKL MJFL FKKLQ, LGPF L DNK G> FK F L >MDD NGMJ G> LJ FGQEFLK,>GJ F IMD FMEJ G> DHDKK F>FLK.

%L KGMD< DKG JEJ< LL, LGM L FMEJD HGHMDLGF G> JF EQ FGL N KMmJ< Q L JNGDMLGF, QL, > J DGKKK

N F F FQ <J IMD LG L GFLMJK GF L KML,J EDLJQ KLJFL FFGL MFEHJ<. $J HGHMDLGF LHJKFL EMKL GFKKL G> EM JLJ HJGHGJLGF LF MKMD G> OGEF F< D<JF; F< L G<Q G> MFEJJ< HJKGFK, G> EDLJQ , EMKL <EFK< F NJQ KLJF EFFJ. KF<< K FGOF LG L K, >JGE L JLMJFK G> L HJ>LKO N DJ<Q F JN<.

%L K HHJ< LL L HGFL L O L <JFK G> EF ODD FKKFLDDQ LG mL L HGHMDLGF G> GMFLJQ K, OF L

GJFD G<Q G> MFEJJ< HJKGFK K PMKL<, F< L FFMD<EF<K J JLJ LF L PKK G> L FMEJ G> EDK, JKF


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

FFMDDQ LG L G> HMJLQ, GN L FMEJ OFL< LGGEHDL L MKMD HJGHGJLGF G> FFMD EJJK. JF OKHJGDQ L KGE <KLF >JGE LK HGFL L L GFDMKGF G> LOJ; ML F L HJKFL KLL G> J HGHMDLGF, OL F FJK<HJGHGJLGF G> OGEF F< D<JF, F< JL <EFMLGF G> EDK

G> EDLJQ , K GMD< FGL E L KE FL PJLGFK,O OJ E< L GF HJG<, OLGML LJFF GF L KGMJKG> J HGHMDLGF.

AL DD LEK L FMEJ G> EDK G> EDLJQ F JF OKKEDD F HJGHGJLGF LG L HGHMDLGF, GF GMFL G> L LF<FQ LGEJJ,53 F< L JL FMEJ G> D<JF. J LKHJLMDJ FGL G> LK JMEKLF. $ GKJNK, LL L mLG> L NJQ JL EKJQ G> L HKFLJQ K LG HJG<M <J<>MDEGJLDLQ G> F>FLK MF<J LJ GJ >GMJ QJK G> ; F< L

GFKIMF K, LL L FMEJ G> QGMF D<JF ODD DOQK FLGG JL HJGHGJLGF LG L FMEJ G> JGOF-MH HGHD. A EDDGFG> F<N<MDK, MKLDQ GKJNK, ODD F LK K FLJ HJKFLL KE EDLJQ >GJ FGJ L KE HLQ G> DGMJ, K F IMDFMEJ G> F<N<MDK F GMFLJQ OJ L HGHD J DKKEKJD.54

OLRJDF<, >GJ L JNGDMLGF, GMD< N JGML FLG LnD<, GJ N EHDGQ< F DGMJ HHJGHJL LG JGOF-MH HJKGFK, EM JLJ HJGHGJLGF G> J HGHMDLGF LF JF L LKE HJG<.55

GJ L KLL G> HGHMDLGF F HF, % J>J L J<J LG L NDMD F< FLJLFF LJNDK G> J. GOFKF< F LL GMFLJQ,F O ODD G>LF nF< L HJFHD G> HGHMDLGF NJQ HHDQDDMKLJL<. % KGMD< N E< L L KML G> <KLFL HLJ,ML OK >J>MD G> PLF<F LK HJL G> L OGJ LGG EM, F< G> >DDF DEGKL MFNG<DQ FLG LGG EFQ JHLLGFK, >JGE LFKKLQ G> <JOF L KE F< G> F>JF >JGE KG EFQ<mJFL GMFLJK. % GMD< PHL, K<K, LG << NJQ DLLD LGOL K F KG ODD <GF Q J. GOFKF<.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

B LG D G> CGFLFLK

B33/ II, C%475 VII

O* T C'/ T3 P340%7-3 I F5%'(C37-).

% N FGL LGML L <NKD LG DLJ L GFLMJD DMDLGFKF< KMHHGKLGFK G> L HJ<F HLJ, GF GMFL G> LJLMJFK G> L HJ>LK >GJ L QJ %., K ODD K KGE JLMJFKHMDK< KF Q L GNJFEFL F 1813, NF NF KEDDJHJGHGJLGF G> JLK LF % < LGML HJGD; nJKL, MKLK JLMJFK <G FGL GFLF L JDQ QJK G> L JNGDMLGF, OFL FGMJEFL LG EJJ F< L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK EL

PHL< LG L JLKL; F< KGF<DQ, MK LQ KLDDKE >MDDQ LG KLDK L EF >L, O L OK L GL G> LHLJ LG GMFL >GJ, FEDQ, L MF<EFK< HGHMDLGF G> JF, FGLOLKLF<F L DGKKK KMKLF< <MJF L JNGDMLGF;DLGM L EQ N F mL< JLJ Q <JK<HJGHGJLGF G> <LK LF F FJK< HJGHGJLGF G> JLK.

AGJ<F LG L JLMJFK G> L QJ %., L HJGHGJLGFK G> LJLK, <LK, F< EJJK, LG L OGD HGHMDLGF, J K>GDDGOK:i

BJLK. LK. JJK.

1 F 33 1 F 38T 1 F 157.56

56 NDMD FGL G> . JNGKL G> #FN LG K LJFKDLGF G> LK OGJ, NGD. . H. 88. . JNGKL LFK L HJGD LL LJ JGEKKGFK F L JLMJFK G> L JLK, <LK, F< EJJK, >GJL QJ %. $ >MJLJ KOK LL L HJGHGJLGF G> L HGHMDLGFLG L KIMJ DM >GJ D< JF KGMD< 1014, F< FGL 1086.BML > LJ K JKGF LG DN LL LJ J GEKKGFK F LJKLJK, F< LL L HGHMDLGF K E< LGG JL, L JD

HJGHGJLGFK ODD KKFLDDQ <mJFL >JGE LGK O J JNF.

BML LK J F >L GFDQ L HJGHGJLGFK G> GF QJ, >JGE OFG JLF F>JF F <JOF. Q J DKG HHD< LG HGHMDLGF LOF LJ F< >GMJ EDDGFK JLJ LF OKGFLF< F FFL JF, O HGHMDLGF EQ N DOQK< KEDDJ HJGHGJLGF G> JLK, <LK, F< EJJK; F<>MJLJ, L HHJK DQ HJGD >JGE KGE G> L KLLEFLK FL AF9DQK= <=K JG\K 2=J:9MP, LL L JKLJK < FGL F

NJQ J>MDDQ HL. F<J LK JMEKLFK, LQ FFGL GFK<J< K HJGNF OL L FMEJK EHDQ.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

%F L QJ %., GJ<F LG L LLKLIM D]EFLJ QML, HMDK< KMKIMFLDQ LG K !KK9, F FIMJQ OKFKLLML< MF<J L GJ<JK G> . CHLD >GJ L PHJKK HMJHGKG> KJLFF L NJ HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG LHGHMDLGF;57 F< KM F FIMJQ, KG KGGF >LJ L JLMJFK G> L

QJ %., mGJ<K DJ HJGG> LL LK JLMJFK OJ FGLGFK<J< Q L EFKLJ K GJJL. %F GJ<J LG GEHDK LGL F NO, G OK E< G> LGK GEEMFK F 30<HJLEFLK <KLJML< GNJ L OGD KMJ> G> HJF, OOJ DDQ LG mGJ< L EGKL MJL JLMJFK. AF< LK JLMJFK>GJ L QJ %%%., %., F<, ., N HJGHGJLGF G> JLK K 1 F28.35; G> <LK, K 1 F 30.09; F< G> EJJK, K 1 F 132.078.

%L K GKJN< Q . ML LL L HJGHGJLGF G> HGHMDLGF LGL JLK K J EM JLJ LF < F >GJEJDQ KKME<,

ML LFK LL, K LK DMDLGF < F E< >JGE LMDFMEJLGFK, L KGMD< <GHL< F HJ>JF.

JLMJFK HMDK< Q L GNJFEFL F 1813 E LHGHMDLGF G> FFL JF 28,786,911, O, GEHJ< OL28,000,000, L KLEL< HGHMDLGF G> L QJ %., KO FFJK G> GML 800,000 F L 11 QJK, >JGE 1802 LG 1813.

G JLMJFK G> EJJK J NF, F< L JLMJFK G> JLK F<<LK J NF GFDQ >GJ n>LQ <HJLEFLK.

%F LK n>LQ <HJLEFLK, <MJF L LF QJK FFF OL1802 F< F<F OL 1811, L OGD FMEJ G> JLK EGMFL<LG 5,478,669, F< G> <LK LG 9,696,857, O, GF HGHMDLGF G> 16,710,719, F<LK HJGHGJLGF G> JLK, K 1 F 30T, F< G> <LK K 1 F 35T.

%L K FLMJD LG KMHHGK LL LK n>LQ <HJLEFLK OJ GKF GFGMFL G> LJ KOF L JLKL FJK. Q GFLFF<< FJDQ L OGD FJK LL < LF HD F DD L<HJLEFLK >JGE L LE G> L FMEJLGF F L QJ %.; F<

GFKIMFLDQ L HGHMDLGF G> L GLJ <HJLEFLK EMKL NF DEGKL KLLGFJQ. %L EQ >MJLJ JKGFDQ GFLMJ<LL L JLMJFK G> EJJK OJ FGL HMDK< GF GMFL G> LJ F GFK<J< K MFKLK>LGJQ, F< KOF <EFMLGFG> EJJK, F< F FJK< HJGHGJLGF G> DDLEL JLK.

JGE LK JLMJFK, F< L JMEKLFK GEHFQF LE, LEQ GFDM<<, LL OLNJ EL N F L JDHJGHGJLGF G> JLK >GJ L JNGDMLGF, F< >GJ KP GJ KNFKMKIMFL QJK, OF L E9J9?=K HJ]E9LMJ]K J DDM<< LG FL JG\K JMP, F< HJGHGJLGFK G> JLK K 1 F 21, 22, F<23, J EFLGF< F L LLKLIM #]F]JD, L HJGHGJLGFK G>


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

JLK, <LK, F< EJJK, J FGO DD GFK<JDQ DKK LFLQ OJ >GJEJDQ KMHHGK< LG .58

%L K F K<, OLJ, > LK >L DDGO<, L <GK FGLDJDQ >GDDGO LL L HGHMDLGF OK FGJJLDQ KLEL< >GJ

L JNGDMLGF, F< LL L K F <EFK< JLJ LFFJK< KF 1792? G LK IMKLGF % KGMD< <KLFLDQ FKOJ,LL L <GK FGL >GDDGO. %L K F KF, F EFQ G> L HJ<FHLJK, LL L HJGHGJLGFK G> JLK, <LK, F< EJJK, JPLJEDQ <mJFL F <mJFL GMFLJK, F< LJ K L KLJGFKLJKGF >GJ DNF LL LQ J NJQ <mJFL F L KEGMFLJQ L <mJFL HJG<K, F< MF<J <mJFL JMEKLFK.

L FK G> LK F< N LF HD F OLRJDF< KHHJ< LG DEGKL JLF. A KEDJ mL >JGE FJK<

DLFKK F GMJ GOF GMFLJQ EQ GFK<J< K FKLDK< >L. AF< > O N FQ J<L LG L KL MLGJLKLL F GDDL< GF L KML, L F KJDQ <GML< LLL JL G> EGJLDLQ K <EFK<, <MJF L DKL GF GJ LOGMF<J< QJK, F DEGKL NJQ GMFLJQ F MJGH. J K FGLFLJ>GJ LL GML LG KMJHJK MK F L EJ >L G> L KEHGHMDLGF F HL MH, GJ NF <<< FJK LF HD,MF<J KEDDJ HJGHGJLGF G> JLK, <LK F< EJJK. AF<L GFDQ IMKLGF K, OLJ L LMD JMEKLFK G> JFKE LG JF<J KM F HJGD.

GO L K FJDDQ J< LL L GF<LGF G> L DGOJ DKKK G> HGHD F JF >GJ L JNGDMLGF OK NJQ OJL<. OK G> DGMJ OJ GML 20 KGMK, GJ LF HF <Q, L LEOF L OK G> DGMJ F FDF< OJ FJDQ KNFLF HF,F< L HJ G> OL G> L KE IMDLQ F L LOG GMFLJK OKFGL NJQ <mJFL AGJ<FDQ AJLMJ GMF JHJKFLK LDGMJF DKKK G> JF, MKL L L GEEFEFL G> LJNGDMLGF, K "76 HJ FL. OGJK ><, OGJK DGL<, F< OGJKKMHHGJL<, GL F KFKK F< DL, LF L KE DKKK FFDF<."59 AF< LGM LK KLLEFL K HJHK JLJ LGG

KLJGF, F< KMpFL DDGOF K FGL E< >GJ L JD <mJFG> HJK, QL K OGJ NJQ OJ GMF<K OL GKJNLGFKO KO L <HJKK< GF<LGF G> L DGMJF DKKK FJF L LL LE, F< EHDQ L HJKKMJ G> L HGHMDLGF NJQJ< FKL L DELK G> KMKKLF.

F L GLJ F<, L K MFNJKDDQ DDGO< LL L GF<LGF G> LJF HKFLJQ K F <<<DQ EHJGN< Q L JNGDMLGFF< L <NKGF G> L FLGFD <GEFK. ADD L OJLJK OG <NJLLG L KML FGL GFK<JD JK F L HJ G> DGMJ,

HJLDQ GKGF< Q L PLFKGF G> MDLNLGF, F< HJLDQ Q L<EF<K G> L JEQ. %F L LLKLIM D]EFLJ G> ML,


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

GEEGF DGMJ K KLL< LG N JKF >JGE 20 LG 30 KGMK,60 ODL HJ G> HJGNKGFK HHJK LG N JEF< FJDQ L KE;F< J. BJ, F K DL AJMDLMJD GMJ F JF,61 KQK LLL HJ G> DGMJ OLGML GJ< K LOFLQ H=F= <Q, F< LLHJGNKGFK G> DD F<K J >MDD K H F K F FDF<. K

OGMD< N L JF DGMJJ L KE GEEF< G> KMKKLFK F FDK DGMJJ OGMD< N OL LJ KDDFK F< >GMJHF <Q. BML L FG LE OJ L OK G> GEEGF <Q-DGMJF FDF< KG K LJ KDDFK F< >GMJ HF.

ADDGOF >GJ KGE JJGJK F LK KLLEFLK, LQ J N<FLDQKMpFL LG KLDK NJQ EJ< EHJGNEFL F L GF<LGFG> L DGOJ DKKK G> HGHD F JF. BML L K FPL LG HQKDEHGKKDLQ LL KM JD> >JGE L HJKKMJ G> <KLJKK KGMD<L HD OLGML <EFMLGF F L JL G> EGJLDLQ; F< > LK

<EFMLGF F L JL G> EGJLDLQ K FGL F GEHF< Q JH< FJK G> HGHMDLGF, L EMKL FKKJDQ N FGEHF< Q KEDDJ HJGHGJLGF G> JLK. %F L FLJNDLOF 1802 F< 1813 L HGHMDLGF KEK LG N FJK<,ML LG N FJK< KDGODQ. CGFKIMFLDQ KEDDJ HJGHGJLGF G> JLK, <LK, F< EJJK, GJ L EGJ FJD GHJLGF G> HJM<FLD JKLJFL, K PLDQ OL L JMEKLFK OGMD< ND< MK LG PHL. J K HJHK FG HJGHGKLGF EGJFGFLJGNJLD LF LK, LL, F LOG GMFLJK, F O L JLG> FJK, L FLMJD DLFKK G> DEL, F< L KLL G> LGOFK F< EFM>LMJK J KMHHGK< LG FJDQ L KE, LGF F O L HJKKMJ G> HGNJLQ K L JLKL ODD N LJLKL HJGHGJLGF G> JLK, <LK, F< EJJK.

%L <GK FGL LF Q FQ EFK >GDDGO, K K F KMHHGK<, LLMK KF 1802 L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK F JF K F K1 F 30, J GML LG N MK< 30 K K EMDLHDJ FKL< G> 25U. %> L JHJKFLLGFK NF G> L KLL G> L DGMJFDKKK F JF >GJ F< KF L JNGDMLGF F FQ <JFJ L LJML, K L EJ G> L HGHMDLGF F GL HJG<KKEK LG N F FJDQ L KE, L HJKFL HJGHGJLGF G>

JLK GMD< FGL N F HHDD L L HJG< OF JOJGL. AL L KE LE L K Q FG EFK EHJGD LL LGG LGG DGO EMDLHDJ. %L K J<DQ J<D MF<J DD JMEKLFKLL L HGHMDLGF G> JF KGMD< N FJK< F L FLJNDLOF 1785 F< 1802 KG EM K >JGE 25T EDDGFK LG 28. BML > O DDGO LL L EMDLHDJ EL L LL LE N F 27FKL< G> 25U, L ODD DDGOF K EM K K F FQ <JHJGD, F< QL LK ODD EHDQ F FJK G> FJDQ LOG EDDGFK>JGE 1785 LG 1813; F FJK >J KGJL G> L JL LL K LFHD F FDF<, ML KLDD KMpFL EHDQ LG KO L >GJ G> L

HJFHD G> HGHMDLGF F GNJGEF GKLDK HHJFLDQ LEGKL HGOJ>MD.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

L JJ< LG L IMKLGF G> L FJK G> JLK F L KP GJKNF nJKL QJK >LJ L GEEFEFL G> L JNGDMLGF, LJK FG HJGDLQ G> LK NJ F <LJEF<.

%F L GF>MKGF G> L LEK, L K KJDQ HGKKD LG KMHHGK LL

L JKLJK KGMD< N F JMDJDQ HL; F< K LQ OJ FGLGDDL< F L QJ %., LJ K FG F G> LJ F JGML>GJOJ< F GJJL KLL L KMKIMFL HJG<.

MKIMFL LG L DKL <LGF G> LK OGJ, >MJLJ <LDK NHHJ< JKHLF L HGHMDLGF G> JF.

F 1817, JMDJ JLMJFK N F E< G> L FFMD JLK,<LK, F< EJJK, GNJ L OGD G> L LJJLGJQ GEHJK< FL DELK G> JF, K KLLD< F 1814 F< 1815; F< F

FMEJLGF OK E< G> L HGHMDLGF F 1820.

%F L AFFM9J= G> L BMJ=9M <=K (GF?LM<=K >GJ 1825, LFMEJK G> JLK, <LK, F< EJJK J NF >GJ KP QJKF<F OL 1822. KME G> LK J,

BJLK. LK. JJK.PKK G> JLK GN <LK.

5,747,2494,589,0891,313,502 1,158,160

FFMD NJ:

BJLK. LK. JJK.ANJ PKK G> JLK:

957,875764,848218,917 193,027

HGHMDLGF F 1820, GJ<F LG F FMEJLGF F <HJLEFL, OK 30,451,187.

JGE LK FMEJK L HHJK LL L HJGHGJLGF G> FFMD JLKLG L HGHMDLGF K K 1 LG 31.79; GJ FJDQ 1/32; L FFMDEGJLDLQ K 1 LG 39.81, GJ FJDQ 1/40; L HJGHGJLGF G> FFMDEJJK LG L HGHMDLGF K K 1 LG 139; L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK

LG <LK K 125.23 LG 100, GJ NJQ FJDQ K 5 LG 4; F< LHJGHGJLGF G> EJJK LG JLK K 1 LG 4.37. HJGHGJLGF G> DDLEL LG DLEL JLK K K 1 LG 14.6; L HJGHGJLGF G> ED LG >ED JLK K 16 LG 15; F< L HJGHGJLGF G> L FFMDPKK G> L JLK GN L <LK LG L OGD HGHMDLGF,O, > L JLMJFK J MJL, <LJEFK L JL G> FJKK 1 LG 157.

G OL <J L JLMJFK G> L JLK, <LK, F< EJJK FL 6 QJK F<F OL 1822 J MJL, L K EHGKKD LG KQ.

J K JMDJLQ F LE O K >NGMJD HHJF. ODD FGO, GONJ, LL OL L KE HHJF G>


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

JMDJLQ LJ J JL GEKKGFK F L JLK F< <LK G> GMJGOF JKLJK. K K L GF HJGN< Q L JMEKLF G> LPKK G> L JLK GN L <LK F L FLJND LOF LOGFMEJLGFK >DDF GFK<JDQ KGJL G> L FJK G> HGHMDLGF O HHJK Q KM FMEJLGFK LG N LF

HD. FMEJLGFK F JF <MJF L DKL LOFLQ-nN QJKN FGL F KG JMDJ, GJ KG EM LG <HF<< MHGF, KLGK F FDF<. GF F 1813, >GJ FGL<, EQ, GONJ, GEHJ< OL LL F 1820, F< > LQ J GL IMDDQ FJL LJML, L ODD HHJ LL L HGHMDLGF G> JF <MJF LKNF QJK >JGE 1813 LG 1820 EMKL N FJK< GFK<JDQ>KLJ LF <MJF L KP QJK F<F OL 1822, K <LJEF< QL PKK G> L JLK GN L <LK. OGD G> LK PKK<MJF LK KP QJK, K GN KLL<, OK 1,158,160, L FFMDNJ G> O K 193,027, O, GEHJ< OL L EF

HGHMDLGF, GJ L HGHMDLGF G> 1820, J<M< Q L FJK G> QJ, ODD N HJGHGJLGF G> FFMD FJK LG L HGHMDLGF, K1 LG GML 156; F< LK HJGHGJLGF G> L FFMD PKK G> LJLK GN L <LK, LG L HGHMDLGF, ODD, GJ<F LG D%%. L L F< G> C. P. BGG , N JL G> FJK O OGMD<<GMD L HGHMDLGF F GML 108 QJK.

F L GLJ F<, K L HGHMDLGF G> GD< JF F 1813 OK28,786,911, F< F 1820 30,451,187, L <mJF GJ L FJKG> HGHMDLGF <MJF L KNF QJK F 1,664,276, L FFMDNJ FJK ODD 237,753, FKL< G> 193,026; F< LKJLJ FFMD FJK, GEHJ< OL L EF HGHMDLGF G> LKNF QJK, ODD K 1 LG 124, FKL< G> 1 LG 156, F< L JL G> FJK ODD KM K OGMD< <GMD L HGHMDLGF F GML 86

QJK, FKL< G> 108, KGOF L HJGDLQ G> GFK<JDGEKKGFK F L JLMJFK G> JLK F< <LK F L 6 QJK F<FOL 1822. %>, F<<, L LOG FMEJLGFK F GFK<J< KIMDDQ FJ L LJML, K LJ K FG JKGF >GJ KMHHGKF LL FQJL <mJF F L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK GMD< N GMJJ< FL LJ QJK HJ<F 1817, L >GDDGOK LL L JF JKLJKJIMJ L KE F< G> GJJLGF, LGM FGL LG L KE PLFL,

K GMJ GOF. %F KMKIMFL HLJ % N KMHHGK< LL LJLMJFK G> L JLK >GJ FDF< F< DK J <nFL 1/6, F< G> L MJDK 1/12. K GJJLGF HHD< LG L JF JLMJFKOGMD< P< OL K FKKJQ LG GMFL >GJ L FJKLOF 1813 F< 1820. BML > O KMHHGK L JLK LG <nFL 1/10, F< L <LK 1/20, L HJGHGJLGF G> L JLK LGL HGHMDLGF ODD LF 1/29.1, F< L HJGHGJLGF G> L <LK1/38.1. K HJGHGJLGFK ODD E L FFMD PKK G> L JLKGN L <LK, GEHJ< OL L HGHMDLGF, K 1 LG DLLDGN 123, O, >LJ KDL DDGOF >GJ <LK JG<, ODD

N L KE HJG< G> <GMDF, GJ L KE JL G> FJK K


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

LL O LGG HD F JF LOF 1813 F< 1820, KMHHGKFGL FMEJLGFK LG IMDDQ J L LJML.

%L K OGJLQ G> JEJ, LL, >LJ EF L GN DDGOFK >GJGEKKGFK F L JLMJFK G> JLK F< <LK, L HJGHGJLGF G>

<LK HHJK LG KEDDJ LF F FQ G> L JKLJK >GJGDDL<; F< K L HJGHGJLGF G> L JLK K DKG KEDDJ LFLJ >GJ L JNGDMLGF GJ F L JLMJFK >JGE L 30<HJLEFLK F L QJK %%%., %. F< . >GJ FGL<; F< KLJ K NJQ JKGF LG DN LL LJ OJ JL GEKKGFK FL FJD JLMJFK G> L QJ %. F< LL L GEKKGFK F LJLMJFK >JGE L 50 <HJLEFLK F 1813, OJ FGL >OJ LF FL DLJ JKLJK, L EQ >JDQ HJKME< LL L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK K <EFK< FGLOLKLF<F L FJK< JL L OL HGHMDLGF K F HJG<F G> DL QJK. K FJK<

JL HHJK LG GOF LG <EFK< EGJLDLQ, GKGF< QL EHJGN< KLMLGF G> L DGMJF DKKK KF L JNGDMLGF,F< << HJGDQ Q L FLJG<MLGF G> NFLGF. %L KOK LLF DJLGF F L JL G> FJK K IML GFKKLFL OL <EFMLGF F L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK, F< LL KM <EFMLGF KDDQ LG L HD MF<J <EFK< EGJLDLQ >JGE OLNJMK GJ MKK JKF.

AK MJGMK F< KLJF HJGG> G> L JJGJ FLG O O KGMD<>DD, F KLELF L HGHMDLGF G> GMFLJK L <mJFL HJG<K QL FJK G> JLK, L EQ JEJ< LL, GJ<F LGJ, L FFMD JLK F JF GF F NJ G> KP QJK,F<F OL 1780, OJ 958,586. JLK >GJ L KE FMEJ G>

QJK F<F OL 1822, OJ, K GN KLL<, 957,875. KLELFLJ>GJ L HGHMDLGF Q L JLK, L OGMD< HHJ LL F 42

QJK L < JLJ <EFK< LF FJK<, OJK, QFMEJLGFK, LJ K NJQ JKGF LG DN LL L K FJK<F LL LE FJDQ >GMJ EDDGFK.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

B LG D G> CGFLFLK

B33/ II, C%475 VIII

O* T C'/ T3 P340%7-3 I E+0%.

EGKL MJKGJQ NO G> KGLQ F LK GMFLJQ EMKL GFNF MK,LL LJGMGML DD JFK L HJNFLN LG HGHMDLGFHJNDK F GFK<JD <J. GK EGF L J DKKK,OG DN HJFHDDQ F LGOFK, G>LF OFL L FDFLGF LG EJJQ,>JGE L >DLQ OL O LQ F F<MD LEKDNK F F DDLFLJGMJK OL L KP. AF< GLJK J <LJJ< >JGE EJJQF QL < G> L PHFKK LL LQ EMKL JLJF, F< L HDKMJKG> O LQ EMKL <HJN LEKDNK, GF L KMHHGKLGF G>

NF >EDQ. F L >GJLMF K DJ, LK GFK<JLGFK JJLFDQ LJND; ML HJNFLN >GJKL G> LK F< K GLKG> EM JLJ OL >GJ LK GFLEHDLGF K O G DGOJ.

A EF G> DJD <MLGF, OL F FGE GFDQ MKL KMpFL LGFD E LG KKGL F L JF G> FLDEF, EMKL >DKGDMLDQ JLF LL, > EJJQ F< N >EDQ, KDD GD< LG N MH DD K >GJEJ GFFPGFK. OGEF, OGE EF G> <MLGF OGMD< FLMJDDQ E L GL G> K G, KGF JGML MH F L KE LK F< KFLEFLK OL EKD>, F<MK< LG L >EDJ FLJGMJK G> KGLQ LGLDDQ <mJFL >JGELL LG O K EMKL J<M< Q EJJ. CF EF KDQGFKFL LG HD L GL G> K mLGF F KLMLGF KG<KGJ<FL, HJGDQ, LG J LK F< FDFLGFK? OG GJ LJKLHK G> <KFL F KGLQ, HJLMDJDQ L LK JGMF< G> L D<<J,OJ <MLGF F<K F< FGJF FK, ODD FGL GFK<J<Q L FJDLQ G> HGHD K EJD, ML JD ND. %> KGLQ <KJD, L KMJDQ EMKL >J, IMD F< JHJGD KGLQ,OJ FnLK J GF>JJ< K ODD K JN<, F< FGL KM KL <HF<FL nF<K OL K HLJGF, GJ L HGGJ OL L J.

K GFK<JLGFK JLFDQ HJNFL EFQ F LK JF G> D>>JGE >GDDGOF L FL G> LJ FDFLGFK F F JDQ LLEFL.LJK, FoMF< LJ Q KLJGFJ HKKGF GJ OJ

M<EFL, <KJJ< LK GFK<JLGFK; F< L OGMD< J<,F<<, > L JLnLGF G> KG <DL>MD HKKGF K NJLMGMK DGN<< FGL KGELEK EGJ LF GMFLJDF DD LK LLF<FL NDK.BML % >J L EMKL FGOD<< LL L EGJ FJDGFKIMFK G> KM EJJK J JLJ DMDL< LG MKL>QLF <KHHGFL L >GJG<FK G> L HJM<FL.

KGFK G> LJ<KEF F< >JEJK J PGJL< FGL LG EJJQ, F<FJDDQ nF< L FKKJQ LG GEHDQ OL LK <N, LDD LQ J


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

KLLD< F KGE MKFKK GJ >JE, O EQ FD LE LGKMHHGJL >EDQ. K NFLK EQ FGL HJHK GMJ LDD LQ J>J <NF< F D>. KJLQ G> >JEK K NJQ FJDGEHDFL; F< L GEHLLGF F NJQ F< G> MKFKK K KGJL, LL L K FGL HGKKD LL DD KGMD< KMKK>MD. AEGF

L DJK F GMFLF-GMKK, F< L GEHLLGJK >GJ DD F<K G> EJFLD F< HJG>KKGFD EHDGQEFL, L K HJGD LL LHJNFLN LG HGHMDLGF HJNDK EGJ LF F FQ GLJ<HJLEFL G> KGLQ.

DGMJJ OG JFK LF HF GJ LOG KDDFK <Q, F<DNK L K K K KFD EF, ODD KLL DLLD >GJ <N<K LL HLLF EGF >GMJ GJ nN, O KEK LG FGLEGJ LF KMpFL >GJ GF. $J<J >J F< J<J DGMJ OGMD< HJHK ODDF LG KMEL LG >GJ L K G> DNF OL L

OGEF DGNK; ML EMKL >D GFKGMK, LL, KGMD< N DJ >EDQ F< FQ DD >GJLMF OLNJ, FG <J G> >JMDLQ, FGHGKKD PJLGF G> K EFMD KLJFL, OGMD< HJKJN E >JGEL JL-JF<F KFKLGF G> KF K D<JF KLJN, GJ G> F GD< LG L HJK >GJ LJ KMHHGJL. DGN G> F<HF<F K KFLEFL LL KMJDQ FGF OGMD< OK LG KJ<L<; LGM L HGGJ-DOK G> FDF<, L EMKL GF>KK<,J KQKLE G> DD GLJK L EGKL DMDL< J<MDDQ LG OFLK KFLEFL, F< F L F< ODD HJGDQ <KLJGQ L GEHDLDQ.

KJNFLK OG DN F L >EDK G> L J N JKLJFLK QLKLJGFJ LG J LJGM F NFLMJF MHGF EJJ. QHGKKKK L FKKJK, F< NF L GE>GJLK G> D>, DEGKL F KJL HDFLQ K LJ EKLJK. J OGJ K KQ F< LJ >GG<DMPMJGMK, GEHJ< OL L OGJ F< >GG< G> L DKK G> DGMJJK; F< LJ KFK G> <HF<F K OF< Q LGFKGMK HGOJ G> FF LJ EKLJK > LQ >D LEKDNKGmF<<. MK GE>GJLDQ KLML< L HJKFL, OL J LJHJGKHLK > LQ EJJQ? LGML FGOD< GJ HLD, LJ >GJMKFKK GJ >JEF, F< MFMK< F< LJ>GJ MFD LG JF KMKKLF Q <DQ DGMJ, LJ GFDQ J>M KEK LG

EKJD DGMK, O JLFDQ GmJK FG NJQ FFLFHJGKHL G> HHQ NFF LG LJ DNK. JLJ FMEJ G> LE, LJ>GJ, <LJJ< Q LK MFFNLF NO G> LJ >MLMJKLMLGF, GFLFL LEKDNK OL JEFF KFD OJ LQJ.

%> LK KL G> L KLL G> KGLQ F FDF< FJ L LJML, LODD DDGO< LL L HJNFLN LG HGHMDLGF GHJLKOL GFK<JD >GJ LJGMGML DD L DKKK G> LGEEMFLQ. AF< LK GKJNLGF K >MJLJ GFnJE< Q L

KLJLK >JGE L JKLJK JLMJF< F GFKIMF G> LGHMDLGF AL62 HKK< F 1800.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

JKMDLK G> LK KLJLK KO, LL L FFMD EJJK FFDF< F< DK J LG L OGD HGHMDLGF K 1 LG 123 1/5,63 KEDDJ HJGHGJLGF G> EJJK LF K LG >GMF< F FQ G> LGMFLJK O N F PEF<, PHL GJOQ F<OLRJDF<.

%F L JDJ HJL G> L DKL FLMJQ, J. GJL KLEL< LKHJGHGJLGF L GML 1 LG 115.64 %L K HJGD LL LK DMDLGFOK LF GJJL; F< L HJKFL <EFMLGF F L HJGHGJLGF G> EJJK, FGLOLKLF<F F FJK G> HGHMDLGF EGJ JH<LF >GJEJDQ, GOF LG L EGJ JH< HJGJKK G> GEEJ F<JMDLMJ, K HJLDQ MK, F< HJLDQ GFKIMF, G> L<EFK< EGJLDLQ GKJN< G> DL QJK.

JLMJFK G> L EJJK, HMJKMFL LG L DL L, J

KMHHGK< LG DKK DD LG L KMKHGF G> FMJQ LF FQGLJ HJLK G> L JKLJK.

J. GJL, F K *=O +:K=JN9LGFK GF GOF 9F< CGMFLJQ BDDK G> )GJL9DLQ, KQK, ODD "GFDM< OL L GKJNLGF G> FEFFL M< G> LK FLGF, LL L JGOL F< FJK G> EFF< K EGJ KLFL< >JGE L MLGMK <pMDLQ HGHD E LGFLJ GF EJJ, >JGE L HJGKHL G> L LJGMD F< PHFKKF HJGN<F >GJ >EDQ, LF >JGE FQ LF F L FLMJ G> LKHK." AF<, F GF>GJELQ LG LK <, J. GJL HJGHGKK LG DQNQ LPK F< nFK GF LGK OG DN KFD, >GJ L KMHHGJL G> L EJJ< HGGJ.65

GKJNLGF G> L EFFL M< K, OL JJ< LG LFMEJK O J HJNFL< >JGE F GJF, HJ>LDQ MKL; MLL F>JF, LL L MFEJJ< GML LG HMFK<, <GK FGLHHJ LG IMDDQ KG. HJGDn HGOJ G> FLMJ K NJQ >JF<< >JGE F DD< >MDDQ FLG LGF F LK GMFLJQ. AF< QLOF O GFLEHDL L FKMpFQ G> L HJ G> DGMJ LGEFLF DJ >EDQ, F< L EGMFL G> EGJLDLQ O JKK<JLDQ F< F<JLDQ >JGE HGNJLQ; F< << LG LK L JGO<K G>

D<JF, O J ML Gm HJELMJDQ F GMJ JL LGOFK, GMJEFM>LGJK F< GMJ OGJGMKK; O KDD GEHDD< LGFGOD<, LL, > L FMEJ GJF FFMDDQ OJ FGL JLDQLFF< Q LK HJELMJ EGJLDLQ, L >MF<K >GJ L EFLFFG> DGMJ EMKL FJK OL EM JLJ JH<LQ LF LQ NNJ <GF LJLG F LK GMFLJQ, F GJ<J LG nF< OGJ F< >GG<>GJ L <<LGFD FMEJK LL OGMD< LF JGO MH LG EFGG<.

GK, LJ>GJ, OG DN KFD, GJ EJJQ DL, <G FGL Q KMGF<ML GFLJML F FQ <J LG <EFK L LMD HGHMDLGF;

ML EJDQ LG <EFK L HJGHGJLGF G> HJELMJ EGJLDLQ,O OGMD< GLJOK PKKN; F< GFKIMFLDQ F LK HGFL


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

G> NO <G FGL KE LG <KJN FQ NJQ KNJ JHJGLGF GJHMFKEFL.

JLMJFK G> L JLK F< <LK J KMHHGK<, GF GG<JGMF<K, LG <nFL; F< L ODD LJ>GJ <pMDL LG

KLEL, OL FQ <J G> MJQ, L HJGHGJLGF O LQJ LG L OGD HGHMDLGF.

%> O <N< L PKLF HGHMDLGF G> FDF< F< DK Q LNJ G> MJDK >GJ L nN QJK F<F F 1800, L OGMD<HHJ, LL L EGJLDLQ OK GFDQ 1 F 49;66 ML LK K HJGHGJLGF KG PLJGJ<FJDQ KEDD, GFK<JF L FMEJ G> GMJJL LGOFK F< EFM>LGJK, LL L FFGL GFK<J< KHHJGF LG L LJML.

LNJ EQ L PL HJGHGJLGF G> L FLFLK G> LLGOFK LG L FLFLK G> L GMFLJQ, L KGMLJF HJL G> LKKDF< JLFDQ JFK F LL DKK G> KLLK, OJ LK HJGHGJLGFK JLJ LF 1 LG 3; F<< LJ K EHD JKGF LG DN, LLL K JLJ LF 1 LG 2. AGJ<F LG L JMD D< <GOF Q CJGE,L EGJLDLQ GML GFKIMFLDQ LG GN 1 F 30;67 GJ<FLG MKKED, GN 1 F 33.68 %F L +:K=JN9LGFK GF L@= =KMDLK G> L@= GHMD9LGF AL,69 EFQ HJGD MKK G> <nFQ F LJKLJQ G> L MJDK J HGFL< GML; ML FG DMDLGF K GmJ<JKHLF L KME G> LK <nFK, F< % N FG <LOLNJ LG KMHHDQ KM DMDLGF. % ODD GFDQ GKJN,LJ>GJ, LL > O KMHHGK LE DLGLJ LG EGMFL LG KM FMEJ K ODD E L HJKFL FFMD EGJLDLQ GML 1 F 40,LK EMKL HHJ LG L DGOKL HJGHGJLGF G> <LK LL F ODD KMHHGK<, GFK<JF L JMEKLFK G> L GMFLJQ; F<, > LJM, OGMD< F<L EGKL KLGFKF KMHJGJLQ GNJ LFJDLQ G> GLJ KLLK, LJ F L LK G> L HGHD OLJKHL LG HJM<F F< DFDFKK, GJ F FLMJD DLFKK G> KLMLGF.70 %F<<, L KEK LG FJDQ KJLF< LL GLLK MKK, O LF< LG <EFK EGJLDLQ, GHJL F LKGMFLJQ LG GFK<JD <J. KEDD HJGHGJLGF G> FFMD

EJJK >GJ EFLGF< F<LK LL LK G> HJM<F,PLJEDQ >NGMJD LG HHFKK, HJND LJGM DJ HJL G> L GEEMFLQ F KHL G> L HGGJ-DOK; F< L HHJK >JGE LDJKL N<F, LL L FJDLQ G> GMJ GMFLJQ HJKK J

NJQ DLQ. J. J IMGLK F GMFL G> J. JND, GDDL<>JGE L EFKLJK G> <mJFL HJKK F< LF >JGE HGKLNFMEJLGFK, GJ<F LG O, F KGE NDDK, GFDQ 45L, 50L, 60L, 66L, F< NF 75L, HJL <K FFMDDQ. %F EFQ G> LK HJKK L JLK J LG L <LK GN 2 LG 1, F< 4F KFD HJK GN 3 LG 1.71 K GONJ J HJLMDJ

FKLFK, F< FFGL HHD< LG L JMDLMJD HJL G> LGMFLJQ F FJD. %F KGE G> L oL KLMLGFK, F< HJLMDJDQ


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

LGK FJ EJKK, L HJGHGJLGFK J >GMF< NJQ <mJFL, F<F >O L <LK P< L JLK. %F L 54 GMFLJQ HJKK,L JKLJK G> O J. GJL GDDL<, GGKF LE HMJHGKDQF JL NJLQ G> KLMLGFK, L NJ EGJLDLQ OK K K 1 F 37.72 K K JLFDQ EM GN L HJKFL EGJLDLQ G>

GMJ JMDLMJD HJKK F FJD. HJG< O J. GJLLGG, FDM<< KGE GFK<JD H<EK, O EQ HGKKDQN F GN L MKMD HJGHGJLGF. BML KDQ KKGFK KGMD<DOQK FDM<<, GJ O KDD >DD FLG JL JJGJK. %F 1056

NDDK G> BJF<FMJ, O MKKED PEF<, L EGJLDLQ>GJ KP GG< QJK OK 1 F 43; >GJ 10 EP< QJK GML 1 F38T.73 %F L NDDK G> FDF< O J . . <F EFLGFK,L EGJLDLQ KEK LG GML 1 F 47 GJ 48;74 F< F L DLJLMJFK HMJKMFL LG L GHMDLGF AL, KLDD JLJ <J G> DLFKK HHJK. CGEFF LK GKJNLGFK LGLJ, > O

L 1 F 46 GJ 1 F 48, K L NJ EGJLDLQ G> L JMDLMJDHJL G> L GMFLJQ, FDM<F KDQ KKGFK, LK ODD L DGOKLLL F KMHHGK< OL FQ <J G> HJGDLQ. BML LKHJGHGJLGF ODD JLFDQ JK< LG 1 F 40, OF O DF< L OLL EGJLDLQ G> L LGOFK F< L EFM>LMJF HJL G> LGEEMFLQ, F GJ<J LG GLF L NJ >GJ L OGD F<GE.

EGJLDLQ F GF<GF, O FDM<K KG GFK<JD HJL G> L FLFLK G> LK GMFLJQ, OK, GJ<F LG J. J, L LLE E< K DMDLGFK, 1 F 20U; F GJO 1 F 24; FGJLEHLGF 1 F 26T; F OMJQ 1 F 27T;75 F FKLJ 1 F28; F NJHGGD 1 F 27T,76 8. $ GKJNK LL L FMEJ <QFFFMDDQ F LGOFK K KD<GE KG DGO K 1 F 28, PHL FGFKIMF G> JH< FJK HJG<M< Q F FoMP G> HGHD LLGK HJG<K G> D> OF L >OKL <, O K L K OLFKLJ F< NJHGGD,77 F< GLJ NJQ oGMJKFEFM>LMJF LGOFK. %F FJD LFK LL L EGJLDLQ FJL LGOFK EQ KLL< L >JGE 1 F 1978 LG 1 F 22 F< 23; FEG<JL LGOFK, >JGE 1 F 24 LG 1 F 28; F< F L GMFLJQ

NDDK, >JGE 1 F 40 LG 1 F 50.79

LF<FQ G> J. J LG PJL L MFDLFKK G> LGOFKEQ HJHK GL< LG LK KLLEFLK; ML L GLGFKEK LG GFDQ G> OL OL JJ< LG GF<GF. GMFLK>JGE L GLJ LGOFK, O J NF, J >JGE <GMEFLK OK HJLMDJ GHFGFK GMD< FGL FoMF.80 %L KGMD< JEJ<; GONJ, LL LJ K GG< JKGF LG DN, LL FGLGFDQ GF<GF, ML L GLJ LGOFK F FDF<, F< HJGDQ DKGGMFLJQ NDDK, OJ L L LE G> LK DMDLGFK DKK DLQLF L HJKFL. J. DDE $J<F GKJNK, LL L JKLJKG> L LF QJK >JGE 1759 LG 1768,81 , >JGE O J. J

DMDL< L HJGDLK G> D> F GF<GF, F<L EMJLJ <J G> MFDLFKK LF L JKLJK G> DL QJK.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

AF< L JLMJFK HMJKMFL LG L GHMDLGF AL, NF >LJ DDGOF>GJ JL GEKKGFK F L MJDK, PL F DD GMJ HJGNFDLGOFK, F< F L GMFLJQ, <J G> DLFKK EM JLJLF < >GJ F DMDL<. AL L KE LE % FFGL MLLF LL 1 F 31, L HJGHGJLGF G> EGJLDLQ >GJ GF<GF

EFLGF< F L +:K=JN9LGFK GF L@= =KMDLK G> L@= GHMD9LGF AL,82 K KEDDJ LF L LJML. N LGMKF< J FGL HJGDQFGM LG DDGO >GJ L GEKKGFK F L MJDK; F< L KFLKF L EHDGQEFLK G> OJ F< GEEJ J FGL KMpFLDQ<NJL< LG. %F KLELF L HJGHGJLGFD EGJLDLQ L JK<FLHGHMDLGF DGF KGMD< GFK<J<.

J JLFDQ KEK LG KGELF F JL LGOFK, F< NF FEG<JL LGOFK, HMDJDQ MF>NGMJD LG L NJQ JDQ KLK G> D>; F< L HJL G> L GEEMFLQ, GF O L EGJLDLQ

HJFHDDQ >DDK, KEK LG F<L LL L JKK EGJ >JGE LDGKFKK F< >GMDFKK G> L J, O EQ KMHHGK< LG MF>NGMJD LG L LF<J DMFK G> D<JF, F< L JLJGFnFEFL O LQ DEGKL FKKJDQ PHJF, LF >JGEL KMHJGJ <J G> DMPMJQ F< <MJQ MKMDDQ F< MKLDQLLJML< LG LGOFK. A EJJ< HJ OL L KL GFKLLMLGFK, OGD< L EGKL JMDJ F< IML D>, KD<GE nF< LL LJ D<JFFGQ L KE DL F LGOFK K F L GMFLJQ.

%F GF<GF, GJ<F LG >GJEJ DMDLGFK, GF D> G> L GJF<< MF<J LJ QJK G> ; F FF F< LGGDE MF<J LOG;F FKLJ MF<J nN; F GJO MF<J nN: F GJLEHLGFMF<J LF.83 %F GMFLJQ NDDK, GF L GFLJJQ, D> G> L GJFDN LDD LJLQ, LJLQ-nN, >GJLQ, >GJLQ-KP, F< GN. %F L HJK G>

AOGJL, F GJKJ, L HHJK, >JGE NJQ PL GMFL HLQ J. G> L K L O DD << LJ >GJ 20 QJK, LL D> G> L FLFLK DN LG L G> 46;84 F< LJ K DLLD <GML,LL, > L KE F< G> GMFL < F HL F KGE G> LGKHJKK >GJ EFLGF<, F O L EGJLDLQ K KG KEDD K 1F 60, 1 F 66, F< NF 1 F 75, D> G> L GJF OGMD< >GMF< LGN DN< LG 50 GJ 55.

AK L DMDLGFK JKHLF L K LG O D> G> L GJFDN F LGOFK <HF< EGJ MHGF L JLK F< <LK OHHJ F L JKLJK, LF MHGF FQ KLELK G> L FMEJ G> HGHD, LQ J GF LK GMFL DKK DD LG MFJLFLQ, LF LDMDLGFK JKHLF L HJGHGJLGF G> L FLFLK G> FQHD O <K FFMDDQ.

G nDD MH L NG< GKGF< Q LK EGJLDLQ F LGOFK, F< LGFKOJ DD >MJLJ <EF<K >GJ HGHMDLGF, L K N<FL LL

GFKLFL KMHHDQ G> JJMLK >JGE L GMFLJQ K FKKJQ; F< LKKMHHDQ HHJK F >L LG DOQK oGOF F >JGE L J<MF<FL


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

JLK G> L GMFLJQ. NF F LGK LGOFK OJ L JLK P<L <LK, LK mL K HJG<M< Q L EJJK G> HJKGFK FGLGJF F L HD. AL LE OF GMJ HJGNFD LGOFK OJFJKF EM DKK JH<DQ LF L HJKFL, J. GJL DMDL<LL 9/19 G> L EJJ< OJ KLJFJK.85 > 1618 EJJ< EF,

F< 1618 EJJ< OGEF, PEF< L L KLEFKLJ FnJEJQ,GFDQ 329 G> L EF F< 495 G> L OGEF < F GJF FGF<GF.86

J. J KMHHGKK LL GF<GF OL LK FGMJF HJKK,OJ L <LK P< L JLK, JIMJK KMHHDQ G> 10,000HJKGFK FFMDDQ. #JMFL, F K LE, KLEL< L KMHHDQ >GJGF<GF DGF L 6,000;87 F< >MJLJ GKJNK, LL, DL LEGJLDLQ G> L LQ OL L ODD, JKF >JGE HDM, GJ FQGLJ JL MK G> <KLJMLGF, L DOQK >MDDQ JHJK LK DGKK F

LOG QJK.88

AK DD LK <EF<K, LJ>GJ, J KMHHD< >JGE L GMFLJQ, L KN<FL LL O KGMD< >DD FLG NJQ JL JJGJ, > O OJ LGKLEL L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG <LK >GJ L OGD F<GE,Q L HJGHGJLGF GKJN< F GMFLJQ HJKK, >JGE O LJEMKL KM FMEJGMK EJLGFK.

F< FGL, GONJ, GEHFQ J. J F K HHJFKGFKLL L GMFLJQ ODD <HGHMDL< Q LK EJLGFK, L DKLK DGF K L >MF<K >GJ L EFLFF G> JMDLMJD DGMJJEF MFEHJ<. HJGHGJLGF G> JLK, K ODD K LHJGHGJLGF G> EJJK, DJDQ HJGNK, LL, F KHL G> GMJFJKF LGOFK F< EFM>LGJK, L <EF< GF L GMFLJQ >GJHGHD K Q FG EFK NJQ HJKKF.

%> O <N< L HJKFL HGHMDLGF G> FDF< F< DK Q LNJ FMEJ G> HLKEK >GJ L DKL nN QJK,89 L ODD HHJ,LL L HLKEK J LG L HGHMDLGF K 1 LG NJQ FJDQ 36;90ML L K KMHHGK<, OL JKGF, LL LJ J JL GEKKGFK FL HLKEK.

J. GJL KLEL< L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG L HGHMDLGF G> FDF< K GF LG 28.91 %F L JMDLMJD JHGJL G> MmGD, LHJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG L HGHMDLGF OK DMDL< L 1 LG 30. GJL OGD G> MmGD, GJ<F LG L DL JLMJFK, LK HJGHGJLGFK FGL EM DKK LF 1 LG 33.92 AGJ<F LG GJJL GMFL G> LJLF NDDK >JGE LMD FMEJLGFK, HJG<M< Q J . .<F, L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG L HGHMDLGF OK K 1 LG 33; F<GJ<F LG FGLJ GMFL GF L KE MLGJLQ; LF >JGELGOFK F< EFM>LMJF HJKK, K 1 LG 27U.93 %>, GEFF DD

LK JMEKLFK, F< <NJLF L L KE LE LG LFGOD<< <nFQ F L JKLJQ G> JLK, F< L FGOF


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

FJK G> GMJ HGHMDLGF G> DL QJK, O KMHHGK L LJMHJGHGJLGF G> L JLK LG L HGHMDLGF LG K 1 LG 30; LFKKMEF L HJKFL EGJLDLQ LG 1 F 40, K >GJ KMKL<,O KDD FJDQ H L HJGHGJLGF G> HLKEK LG MJDK OHHJK F L DL JLMJFK. JLK ODD LG L <LK K 4 LG

3 GJ 13 1/3 LG 10, HJGHGJLGF EGJ LF KMpFL LG GMFL >GJL FJK G> HGHMDLGF O K LF HD KF L

AEJF OJ, >LJ DDGOF >GJ LGK OG EQ KMHHGK< LGN << JG<.

%F L +:K=JN9LGFK GF L@= =KMDLK G> L@= GHMD9LGF AL L KJEJ< LL L NJ <MJLGF G> D> F FDF< HHJK LGN FJK< F L HJGHGJLGF G> 117 LG 100,94 KF L QJ1780. G JL F, F KG KGJL LE, > LJM, OGMD< EGKLKLJF HFGEFGF. BML % E FDF< LG KMKHL LL L OGD G>

LK HJGHGJLGFD <EFMLGF G> MJDK <GK FGL JK >JGEFJK< DLFKK, ML K GKGF<, F HJL, Q L JLJFMEJ G> <LK O EMKL FKKJDQ N LF HD JG<,GOF LG L NJQ JH< FJK G> GMJ >GJF GEEJ KF LKHJG<; F< LG L JL FMEJ G> HJKGFK KFL GF FND F<EDLJQ EHDGQEFLK, F< L GFKLFL KMHHDQ G> >JK JJMLKFKKJQ LG EFLF MF<EFK< KG JL >GJ. A HJHLMD<JF G> LK F< OGMD< JLFDQ N LF<FQ LG HJG<M LmL GKJN< F L JLMJFK, F< EL H L MJDKKLLGFJQ, OD L JLK F< EJJK OJ FJKF OLKGE JH<LQ. AL L KE LE, K L FJK G> HGHMDLGF KF1780 K FGFLJGNJLD, F< L HJKFL EGJLDLQ PLJGJ<FJDQKEDD, % KGMD< KLDD <KHGK< LG DN, LL EM L JLJHJL G> L mL K LG LLJML< LG FJK< DLFKK.

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EGJ JH< FJK LF LK.

EMKL FGL KMHHGK, GONJ, LL LK HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG<LK, GJ FQ KKME< HJGHGJLGF G> JLK F< <LK LG LOGD HGHMDLGF, K GFLFM< FJDQ MF>GJE LJGMGML LFLMJQ. %L HHJK >JGE L JKLJK G> NJQ GMFLJQ O NF HL >GJ FQ DFL G> LE, LL GFK<JD NJLGFK GMJL <mJFL HJG<K. J. GJL, GML L E<<D G> L FLMJQ,KLEL< L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG <LK K 11 LG 10;95 F< > L JLK OJ L L KE LE LOFLQ-L HJL G> L

HGHMDLGF, L EGJLDLQ OK LF K K 1 F 30 4/5. FGOKMHHGK LL L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG <LK K GN 13 LG 10;


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

% N KMHHGK< L LG . %F <KHGL, EKJD, GJ FLMJDDQMFDLQ GMFLJK, L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG L OGDHGHMDLGF ODD FJDDQ >GMF< NJQ JL.

F F NJ G> L nN QJK F<F F 1800, L HJGHGJLGF G>

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EJJK GEHJ< OL L JLK. F L GLJ F<, > LEJJK OJ JLJ EGJ HJGDn >GJEJDQ LF L HJKFL,GOF LG LJ F GFLJL< L F JDJ , L mL OGMD< JLJ HJGHGJLGF G> JLK GEHJ< OL L EJJK. GHJLGF G> LJ GJ GL G> LK MKK OGMD< HJG<M PLDQL mL GKJN< F L JKLJK: F< GFKIMFLDQ >JGE LPKLF G> KM F mL FG F>JF F MKLDQ <JOF FKLL KMHHGK< FJKF MJQ G> L JKLJK. FoMF G> L LOG MKK MKL EFLGF< GF L HJGHGJLGFK G> FFMD JLKLG EJJK ODD PHDF< F KMKIMFL HLJ.

L JJ< LG L FJD IMKLGF, OLJ O N MKL JGMF<K>GJ KMHHGKF LL L JKLJQ G> JLK F< <LK OK EGJ<nFL F L >GJEJ HJL G> L FLMJQ LF F L DLLJ HJL; %KGMD< KQ, LL L DL JLMJFK LF< LG GFnJE L KMKHGF G> >GJEJ FMJQ, F< LG KO LL L JKLJK G> L JDJ HJLG> L FLMJQ, F NJQ HGFL G> NO, mGJ< NJQ MFJLF <L GFO LG JGMF< FQ KLELK G> HKL HGHMDLGF. %F L QJK1710, 1720, F< 1730, L HHJK >JGE L JLMJFK LL L <LKP<< L JLK; F< LF L KP HJG<K F<F F 1750,98FDM<F L nJKL D> G> L FLMJQ, > O GEHJ L KME G> L

JLK OL L KME G> L <LK, L PKK G> L JLK K KGKEDD, K LG HJ>LDQ F<IML LG GMFL >GJ L FJK G> EDDGF, O, MHGF DMDLGF >JGE L JLK DGF, KKMHHGK< LG N LF HD F LL LE.99 CGFKIMFLDQ, LJL JKLJK J NJQ FMJL, F< L <nFK F L JLKJLJ LF F L <LK; GJ LK HJG<K, L L <KLF G> LF QJK, <G FGL PHJKK L MKL NJ. K HJLMDJ QJKEQ N F EGJ MF>NGMJD OL JKHL LG L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG <LK LF L JKL; F<< GF G> LE, 1710, K FGOFLG N F QJ G> JL KJLQ F< <KLJKK. BML > LK

KMKHGF, O K NJQ HJGD, <ELL<, KG K LG mL LKP nJKL HJG<K, O EQ MKLDQ KMKHL L GFLJJQ <FL LG


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

N HHF< OL JJ< LG L LJ >GDDGOF HJG<K F<FOL 1780; F O LJLQ QJK L OGMD< KE, Q L KE EG<G> DMDLGF, LL F FJK G> EDDGF F< D> < LFHD.100 AL FQ JL L EMKL DDGO<, LL L LJ KHJL

QJK, LF F LK EFFJ, F Q FG EFK GFK<J< K

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F L OGD, LJ>GJ, GFK<JF L HJGD FMJQ G> LJDJ JKLJK, F< L NJQ JL <FJ G> >DDQ F <JOF

FJD F>JFK >JGE >O <L< QJK, % <G FGL LF LLO F <HF< MHGF FQ KLELK G> HKL HGHMDLGF, >GMF<< GF DMDLGF >JGE L JLK, LDD >LJ L QJ 1780, OF NJQ>GDDGOF QJ K NF; F< MKL NJ G> L JLK EQ GLF<. AK >MJLJ GFnJELGF G> LK JEJ % ODD MKLGKJN, LL F L nFD KMEEJQ G> L KLJLK >JGE LJKLJK G> FDF< F< DK L HHJK, LL F L QJ 1790,L LGLD FMEJ G> JLK OK 248,774, F L QJ 1795, 247,218,F< F 1800, 247,147.102 CGFKIMFLDQ > O < F KLELFL HGHMDLGF >JGE L JLK, LF L LJ KHJL HJG<K G> nN QJK, L OGMD< N HHJ<, LL L HGHMDLGF <MJF LDKL LF QJK < F JMDJDQ <JKF, LGM O N NJQGG< JKGF LG DN, LL L K FJK< GFK<JDQ.

%F L +:K=JN9LGFK GF L@= =KMDLK G> L@= GHMD9LGF AL,103 LDK NF G> L HGHMDLGF G> FDF< F< DK LJGMGML L DKLFLMJQ, DMDL< >JGE L JLK; ML >GJ L JKGFK NFGN, DLLD JDF F HD< MHGF L; F< >GJ L HGHMDLGFL L JNGDMLGF, % KGMD< FDF< LG HD EGJ <HF<F GFL GD< DMDLGFK >JGE L FMEJ G> GMKK.

%L K HGKKD, F<<, LGM FGL HJGD, LL LK KLELK G> L HGHMDLGF L L <mJFL HJG<K G> L FLMJQ EQ FGL

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N F EM JLJ LF F 1800, GJ L HGHMDLGF F LLHJG< GMD< FGL HGKKDQ N FJK< >KLJ. K GNJLJGOK L


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

GF L KMHHGKLGF G> FQ LF D MF>GJELQ F L HJGHGJLGFG> JLK.

% KGMD< F<< N KMHHGK< >JGE L FDGQ G> GLJ GMFLJK,F< L DMDLGFK G> J. F F< J. GJL, LL L HJGHGJLGF

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NO, LJ>GJ, L DMDLGFK >JGE L JLK J DLLD LG <HF<< GF.

%L EMKL F<< N HHJ< LG L J<J, F L GMJK G> LKOGJ, LL JKLJK G> JLK GJ <LK, PDM<F FQ KMKHGF G> <nFK, EMKL L DD LEK mGJ< NJQ MFJLF <L >GJ FKLEL G> HGHMDLGF. F GMFL G> L NJQF JMEKLFK G> NJQ GMFLJQ, LQ J GL HJJGMK M<K. JGE L JLJHHJFL JMDJLQ G> L JLK, HGDLD DMDLGJK NFJDDQ <GHL< LE K L JGMF< G> LJ KLELK FHJ>JF LG L <LK. J, F KLELF L HGHMDLGF G> JF, GKJNK, LL F H<E <KK, GJ F EJLGF, EQGKGF LEHGJJQ <mJFK F L <LK, F< LL LJ>GJ

L FMEJ G> JLK K L EGKL JLF JLJGF.104 BML L NJQJMEKLF G> L HHJFL JMDJLQ G> L JLK F LJKLJK ODD FGO F< LF D< FLG JL JJGJK. %> F FQ GMFLJQO F GLF JKLJK G> MJDK >GJ LOG GJ LJ QJK LGLJ, HDM GJ EGJLD H<E ODD DOQK KO LKD>, >JGE L NJQKM<<F FJK G> L <LK <MJF LK GHJLGF, F< L KLDDJLJ <EFMLGF G> LE >LJOJ<K. JGE LK HHJFK,O KGMD< G> GMJK <JL<, FGL LG FDM< L OGD G> JLEGJLDLQ F FQ NJQ KGJL LJE G> QJK. BML LJ OGMD< FGLF G> LK F< LG M< MK F L JKLJK G> JLK; F< >LJ

GMFLJQ < DGKL F L HJL G> LK HGHMDLGF Q HDM, FNJ G> L nN GJ KP KMKIMFL QJK EL KO F FJK


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

F L FMEJ G> JLK, F< GMJ DMDLGFK OGMD< N LHGHMDLGF L KL L L NJQ LE LL L OK L DGOKL. KHHJK NJQ KLJFDQ F EFQ G> MKKED'K LDK, F< EGKLHJLMDJDQ F LD >GJ JMKK F< LMF, O % KDD FKJLF KMKIMFL HLJ; OJ, F L QJ >GDDGOF LG L DGKK G>

GF LJ< G> L HGHMDLGF, L JLK OJ GFK<JDQ FJK<,F< F F NJ G> nN QJK ML NJQ DLLD <EFK<; F< LKL LE OF, G> GMJK, L GMFLJQ GMD< N E< ML NJQKEDD HJGJKK LGOJ<K JGNJF LK >GJEJ HGHMDLGF.

<G FGL FGO F<< G> FQ PLJGJ<FJQ EGJLDLQ O KGMJJ< F FDF< KF 1700; F< LJ J JKGFK >GJKMHHGKF LL L HJGHGJLGFK G> L JLK F< <LK LG LHGHMDLGF <MJF L DKL FLMJQ N FGL PHJF< KM JL

NJLGFK K F EFQ GMFLJK GF L GFLFFL; L L KE LE

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N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

B LG D G> CGFLFLK

B33/ II, C%475 I!

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OL, OF L JKGMJK G> GMFLJQ J JH<DQ FJKF.

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%F 1810, GJ<F LG L JLMJFK >JGE HJK, OL L<<LGFK G> 1/30 >GJ L KGD<JK, KDGJK, 8., L HGHMDLGF G> FDF< F< DK OK KLEL< L 10,488,000,1 O,GEHJ< OL 9,168,000, L HGHMDLGF G> 1800, KLEL< F KEDJ EFFJ, KOK F FJK F L LF QJK G> 1,320,000.

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JLJ LF >DD KGJL G> L JD <<LGF LG L HGHMDLGF; LL K,


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

L OGMD< P< L PLDQ Q L FMEJ G> HJKGFK <QF JG< FL JEQ, FNQ, 8.

J K JKGF LG DN LL GL MKK < KJ FHJG<MF L mL GKJN<, LGM L DLLJ, LL K, L

FMJQ G> L JKLJK, F EM L JLKL <J.

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GJJL, O GEHJ L JLK G> 1810 OL L JLK G> 1800, LJKMDL ODD EHDQ DJJ HGHMDLGF F 1800 LF K NF F LFMEJLGF >GJ LL QJ.

MK L NJ G> L DKL nN QJK' JLK LG 1810 K 297,000,F< L NJ G> L nN QJK' JLK LG 1800 K 263,000. BML297,000 K LG 263,000 K 10,488,000, L HGHMDLGF G> 1810, LG9,287,000, O EMKL LJ>GJ N F L HGHMDLGF F 1800,> L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK KKME< LG L KE, FKL< G> 9,198,000, L JKMDL G> L FMEJLGF. %L K >MJLJ LG GKJN< LL L FJK G> HGHMDLGF >JGE 1795 LG 1800 KGJ<F LG L LD MFMKMDDQ KEDD, GEHJ< OL EGKL G> LHJ<F HJG<K G> nN QJK. AF< KDL FKHLGF G> LJKLJK ODD KO LL L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK >GJ nN QJK >JGE1795, FDM<F L <EFK< FMEJK G> 1796 F< 1800, OKEGJ DDQ LG DGO LF GN L FJD NJ. GJ LKJKGFK, LGLJ OL L FJD EHJKKGF GF L KML, L KHJGD LL L FMEJLGF F 1800 OK KGJL G> L LJML, F<HJHK L HGHMDLGF L LL LE EQ K>DQ LF L K EMK 9,287,000 L L DKL, GJ GML 119,000 JLJ LF LJLMJFK N L.

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N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

J K JKGF LG DN LL LJ J >O GJ FG GEKKGFK F LJKLJ G> EJJK; F< > O KMHHGK L GEKKGFK F L JLKLG GF-6L, LK ODD HJKJN HJGHGJLGF G> L JLK LG LEJJK K 4 LG 1, HJGHGJLGF O HHJK LG KLK>LGJDQKLDK< MHGF GLJ JGMF<K;3 ML > O J OJJFL< F LK

KMHHGKLGF, L ODD >J LG L L GEKKGFK F L <LK LKM FMEJ K ODD E L PKK G> L JLK GN L<LK F L LF QJK GJ< OL L FJK G> HGHMDLGFKLEL< Q L FJK G> L JLK.

JKLJ< JLK F L LF QJK, K OK EFLGF< >GJ,J 2,878,906, O FJK< Q GF-6L ODD 3,358,723. JKLJ< MJDK J 1,950,189, O FJK< Q GF-12L ODD 2,112,704. DLLJ KMLJL< >JGE L >GJEJ ODD N1,246,019 >GJ L PKK G> JLK, F< L FJK G> HGHMDLGF F

L LF QJK, O FMEJ <<< LG 9,287,000, L GJJL<HGHMDLGF G> 1800, ODD N 10,533,019, >GJLQ-nN LGMKF< GNL FMEJLGF G> 1810, DNF DEGKL PLDQ L FMEJ OF L GMJK G> L LF QJK HHJK LG N << JG<. KFMEJ K F DMDL< FJDDQ L GML 4S, HJ FL. GF LED JLK; ML F L HJKFL K LJ J L EFK G> KJLFF EGJ MJLDQ L FMEJ G> EDK <QF JG<<MJF L HJG< F IMKLGF. %F L DKL HGHMDLGF JLMJFK LED F< >ED JLK F< <LK J KHJL<; F< >JGE LPKK G> L ED JLK GN L >ED JLK, GEHJ< OLL ED F< >ED <LK, L HHJK LL >GJLQ-nN LGMKF<EDK << JG<.4

KKME< GEKKGFK LJ>GJ F L JLK F< MJDK KE LGFKOJ KG >J NJQ ODD.

%L JEFK LG K OLJ L KE KMHHGKLGFK ODD N KM HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG <LK, OL KM JL G> EGJLDLQ, K ODDDKG GMFL >GJ F FJK G> FMEJK F LF QJK >JGE9,287,000 LG 10,488,000.

%> O <N< L HGHMDLGF G> 1810 Q L NJ JLK G> LHJ<F nN QJK, OL L <<LGF G> GF-6L, L ODD HHJLL L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG L HGHMDLGF K K 1 LG 30. BML L KGNGMK LL > L HGHMDLGF FJKF OL KGE JH<LQ, LNJ G> JLK >GJ nN QJK, GEHJ< OL L HGHMDLGF LL F< G> KM HJG<, EMKL N L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LGG KEDD.

AF< >MJLJ, LJ K DOQK HJGDLQ LL HJGHGJLGF O KGJJL >GJ nN QJK EQ FGL GJJL >GJ LF QJK. %F GJ<J LGGLF L LJM HJGHGJLGF HHDD LG L HJGJKK G> HGHMDLGF<MJF L HJG< F IMKLGF, O EMKL GEHJ L FFMD NJ

G> L JLK, >GJ L OGD LJE, OL L NJ GJ EFHGHMDLGF G> L OGD LJE.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

OGD FMEJ G> JLK, OL L <<LGF G> 1/6, K, K >GJKLL<, 3,358,723, F< L FFMD NJ <MJF L LF QJK335,872. EF HGHMDLGF, GJ L EF LOF 10,488,000(L HGHMDLGF G> 1810) F< 9,287,000 (L GJJL< HGHMDLGF G> 1800) K 9,887,000; F< L DLLJ FMEJ <N<< Q L NJ G>

L JLK ODD N HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG L HGHMDLGF K 1 LGJLJ DKK LF 29T, FKL< G> 30, O ODD E GFK<JD<mJF.

%F L KE EFFJ, > O <N< L HGHMDLGF G> 1810 Q LNJ G> L MJDK >GJ L HJ<F nN QJK, OL L<<LGF G> GF-12L, L EGJLDLQ ODD HHJ LG K 1 F FJDQ50; ML MHGF L KE JGMF<K K OL JJ< LG L JLK, FNJ G> L MJDK >GJ nN QJK, GEHJ< OL L HGHMDLGFL L F< G> KM LJE, EMKL N L HJGHGJLGF G> MJDK LGG

KEDD; F< >MJLJ, L K FGOF, F L HJKFL K, LL LHJGHGJLGF G> MJDK LG L HGHMDLGF Q FG EFK GFLFM< LKE <MJF L OGD LE. %F >L L JKLJK DJDQ KO FEHJGNEFL F L DLFKK G> L GMFLJQ, F< <EFMLGF G> EGJLDLQ HJGJKKNDQ LJGM L LF QJK; F< OD LNJ FMEJ G> FFMD JLK FJK< >JGE 263,000 LG287,000, GJ EGJ LF GF-8L, L MJDK FJK< GFDQ >JGE192,000 LG 196,000 GJ GF-48L. %L K GNGMKDQ FKKJQ LF >GJL HMJHGK F NO LG GEHJ L NJ EGJLDLQ OL LNJ GJ EF HGHMDLGF.

OGD FMEJ G> MJDK F L LF QJK, OL L <<LGF G> GF-12L, K, K OK >GJ KLL<, 2,112,704, F< L EFHGHMDLGF 9,887,000. DLLJ, <N<< Q L >GJEJ, NK LFFMD NJ G> MJDK GEHJ< OL L HGHMDLGF K 1 LGJLJ DKK LF 47. BML HJGHGJLGF G> JLK K 1 LG 29T, OL HJGHGJLGF G> <LK K 1 LG 47, ODD << QJDQ LG L FMEJK G> GMFLJQ GF-79L G> L OGD, F< F LF QJK ODD FJK LHGHMDLGF >JGE 9,287,000 LG 10,531,000, DNF 43,000 >GJ L<LK JG<, F< JF NJQ FJDQ OL L DMDLGF>GMF<< GF L PKK G> JLK.5

EQ HJKME LJ>GJ LL L KKME< GEKKGFK F LJLK F< <LK >JGE 1800 LG 1810 J FGL >J >JGE L LJML.

BML > LK GEKKGFK G> GF-6L >GJ L JLK, F< GF-12L >GJL MJDK, EQ GFK<J< K FJDQ JL >GJ L HJG<LOF 1800 F< 1810, L K HJGD LL LQ EQ HHD<OLGML EM <FJ G> JJGJ LG L HJG< LOF 1780 F<1800, F< EQ KJN LG GJJL KGE G> L GFDMKGFK >GMF<< GFL JLK DGF. PL LG F MJL FMEJLGF, DMDLGF

>JGE L PKK G> JLK GN L <LK K L EGKL LG <HF<< MHGF. %F<< OF L JKLJK GFLF DD L JLK


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

F< <LK, F< LJ J L EFK G> KLLF GML >JGE FGOFHGHMDLGF, L K GNGMKDQ L KE K F LMD FMEJLGF; F<OJ FJDQ GJJL DDGOF F E< >GJ L GEKKGFK FL JKLJK, F< >GJ L <LK JG<, EM FJJHHJGPELGF LG L EQ GLF< F LK OQ LF >JGE L

HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG L OGD HGHMDLGF, O K FGOF LG DD LG KM >JIMFL NJLGFK.

OGD FMEJ G> JLK JLMJF< F L LOFLQ QJK, >JGE1780 LG 1800, K 5,014,899, F< G> L MJDK 3,840,455. %> O <<GF-6L LG L >GJEJ, F< GF-12L LG L DLLJ, L LOG FMEJKODD 5,850,715, F< 4,160,492; F< KMLJLF L DLLJ >JGEL >GJEJ, L PKK G> L JLK GN L <LK ODD 1,690,223. A<<F LK PKK LG L HGHMDLGF G> 1780, KDMDL< F J. EF'K LDK, >JGE L JLK, O K

7,953,000, L JKMDL ODD 9,643,000, FMEJ O, >LJEF HJGHJ DDGOF >GJ L <LK JG<, K NJQ EMGN L HGHMDLGF G> 1800, K >GJ GJJL<, F< KLDD EGJGN L FMEJ O K NF F L LD K G> LFMEJLGF.

BML > O HJG< MHGF L K>J JGMF< MKL KMKL<, F<,LF L GJJL< HGHMDLGF G> 1800 K KLDK<, KMLJL>JGE L L PKK G> L JLK <MJF L LOFLQ QJK, <EFK<Q L HJGD FMEJ G> <LK JG<, O F LK K ODD GML 124,000, O KDD N L FMEJ 7,721,000 >GJ LHGHMDLGF G> 1780, FKL< G> 7,953,000; F< LJ K GG< JKGFLG DN LL LK K FJJ L LJML;6 F< LL FGL GFDQ F 1780,ML F EFQ G> L FLJE<L HJG<K, L KLEL >JGE LJLK K JHJKFL< L HGHMDLGF K JLJ, F< FJKFEGJ JJMDJDQ, LF OGMD< >GMF< LG LJM, > JGMJK GMD< < LG FMEJLGFK. K K JKF >JGE L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG L HGHMDLGF F NJD, F<, GF L OGD, JLJF 1780, F< L GLJ HJG<K <MJF L GMJK G> L LOFLQ QJK,LF L OK F 1800.

%F 1795, >GJ FKLF, L HGHMDLGF K JHJKFL< LG 9,055,000, F< F 1800, 9,168,000;7 ML > O KMHHGK L nJKLFMEJ LG GJJL, F< << L PKK G> L JLK GN L<LK F L nN FLJNFF QJK, NF OLGML EF FQDDGOF >GJ GEKKGFK F L JKLJK, O KDD nF< LL LHGHMDLGF F 1800 GML LG N F 9,398,000, FKL< G> 9,168,000; GJ > O L L FMEJ JLMJF< >GJ 1800 K GJJL, LODD HHJ, Q KMLJLF >JGE L L PKK G> JLK <MJF LnN HJ<F QJK, LL L HGHMDLGF F 1795 GML LG NF 8,825,000, FKL< G> 9,055,000. $F L >GDDGOK, LL L

KLEL >JGE L JLK F 1795 FFGL GJJL.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

G GLF L HGHMDLGF L LL HJG<, L K>KL OQ K LG HHDQL >GJ-EFLGF< GJJLGFK LG L JKLJK, F<, NFE< L DDGOF G> 4S HJ FL. GF L ED JLK >GJ L<LK JG<, KMLJL L JEFF PKK G> L JLK >JGE LGJJL< JLMJFK G> 1800. JKMDL F LK K ODD 8,831,086

>GJ L HGHMDLGF G> 1795, EHDQF F FJK F L nN QJK G> 455,914, FKL< G> GFDQ 1,13,000, K KOF Q L LD DMDL<>JGE L JLK.

%> O HJG< F L KE EFFJ OL L HJG< >JGE 1790 LG1795, O KDD nF< LL L PKK G> JLK GN L <LK (>LJL >GJGF GJJLGFK N F HHD<, F< F DDGOF KF E< G> 4S HJ FL. MHGF L ED JLK >GJ L <LKJG<), ODD 415,669, O, KMLJL< >JGE 8,831,086, LHGHMDLGF G> 1795, K GN KLEL<, DNK 8,415,417 >GJ L

HGHMDLGF G> 1790.

HGF L KE HJFHD, L PKK G> L JLK GN L <LKF L FLJND LOF 1785 F< 1790 ODD LMJF GML LG 416,776. HGHMDLGF F 1785 ODD LJ>GJ 7,998,641. AF< F DEFFJ L PKK G> L JLK GN L <LK F L FLJNDLOF 1780 F< 1785 ODD 277,544, F< L HGHMDLGF F1780 7,721,097.

LOG LDK LJ>GJ, G> L HGHMDLGF, >JGE 1780 LG 1810, ODDKLF< LMK:

D, DMDL< >JGEL JLK DGF, FL JDEFJQKJNLGFK LG LGHMDLGF AKLJLK,HJFL< F 1811.

D, DMDL< >JGE LPKK G> L JLK GNL <LK, >LJ FDDGOF E< >GJ LGEKKGFK F L JKLJK,F< L <LK JG<.

GHMDLGF F GHMDLGF F

1780 7,953,000 17807,721,000

1785 8,016,000 17857,998,000

1790 8,675,000 17908,415,000

1795 9,055,000 17958,831,000

1800 9,168,000 18009,287,000

1805 9,828,000 18059,837,000

1810 10,488,000 181010,488,000

%F L nJKL LD, GJ LD DMDL< >JGE L JLK DGF, L<<LGFK E< LG L HGHMDLGF F HJG< G> nN QJK J K>GDDGO;i


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

JGE 1780 LG 178563,000

JGE 1785 LG 1790659,000

JGE 1790 LG 1795380,000

JGE 1795 LG 1800113,000

JGE 1800 LG 1805660,000JGE 1805 LG 1810660,000

%F L KGF< LD, GJ LD DMDL< >JGE L PKK G> LJLK GN L <LK, >LJ L HJGHGK< GJJLGFK N FHHD<, L <<LGFK E< LG L HGHMDLGF F HJG< G> nN

QJK ODD KLF< LMK:i

JGE 1780 LG 1785277,000

JGE 1785 LG 1790417,000

JGE 1790 LG 1795416,000JGE 1795 LG 1800456,000

JGE 1800 LG 1805550,000

JGE 1805 LG 1810651,000

HJGJKK G> L HGHMDLGF, GJ<F LG LK DLLJ LD,HHJK EM EGJ FLMJD F< HJGD LF GJ<F LG L>GJEJ.

%L K F FG JKHL DDQ LL, F L FLJND LOF 1780 F<

1785, L FJK G> L HGHMDLGF KGMD< GFDQ N F 63,000,F< F L FPL HJG< 659,000; GJ LL, F L FLJND LOF1795 F< 1800, L KGMD< N F GFDQ 113,000, F< F L FPLHJG< 660,000. BML L K FGL FKKJQ LG <ODD GF HJGDLK; LEGKL <KLFL HJGG>K EQ JGML LG KO LL, OLJ L FOLD JL GJ FGL, L GD< LD EMKL OJGF. LGML FQDDGOFK F E< >GJ GEKKGFK F L JKLJK, L PKK G> L JLK GN L <LK, F L HJG< >JGE 1780 LG 1785, KOKF FJK G> 193,000, FKL< G> 63,000. AF<, GF L GLJ F<,FG DDGOFK >GJ GEKKGFK F L JKLJK, LL GMD< OL LKDLKL <J G> HJGDLQ KMHHGK<, OGMD< E L PKKG> JLK GN L <LK F L HJG< >JGE 1785 LG 1790 IMD LG659,000. F FG DDGOF >GJ GEKKGFK, LK PKK GFDQEGMFLK LG 317,306; F< > O OJ LG KMHHGK L GEKKGFK F LJLK GF-4L, FKL< G> GF-6L, F< LL LJ OJ FG GEKKGFKF L JKLJK G> MJDK, F< LL FG GF << JG<, L PKKOGMD< KLDD >DD KGJL G> L FMEJ KLL< Q EFQ LGMKF<K.

KE JKMDLK OGMD< >GDDGO, > O OJ LG KLEL L HJGJKKG> HGHMDLGF <MJF LK HJG<K Q L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG<LK, F< L JL G> EGJLDLQ. %F L nJKL HJG< L FJK

OGMD< LMJF GML LG NJQ EM JLJ LF L FJK KLL<,F< F L GLJ NJQ EM DKK.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

EDJ GKJNLGFK EQ E< OL JJ< LG KGE G> L GLJHJG<K F L GD< LD, HJLMDJDQ LL LOF 1795 F< 1800,O K F DJ<Q FGL<.

%L ODD >GMF< GF L GLJ F<, LL, > L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK

LG <LK <MJF HJG< KLEL< OL LGDJD MJQF< GEHJ< OL L EF HGHMDLGF, L JL G> L HJGJKK G> L HGHMDLGF <LJEF< Q LK JLJGF ODD, F NJQ HJG<,J NJQ FJDQ OL L JL G> HJGJKK <LJEF< Q LPKK G> L JLK GN L <LK, >LJ HHDQF L HJGHGK<GJJLGFK. AF< L K >MJLJ OGJLQ G> JEJ LL, > LGJJLGFK HJGHGK< KGMD< F KGE <J FMJL, K KHJGD, L JJGJK JKF >JGE FQ KM FMJK J DDQLG NJQ EM DKK GFK<JD LF LGK O EMKLFKKJDQ JK >JGE L KKMEHLGF GF O L GD< LD K

>GMF<<; FEDQ, LL L JLK J L DD LEK L KEHJGHGJLGF LG L HGHMDLGF.

> GMJK % <G FGL EF LG JL FQ KLELK G> HGHMDLGF>GJE< F LK OQ, OF FG LLJ ELJDK J LG >GMF<; ML,F L HJKFL K, L JKLJK G> L MJDK K ODD K HLKEKJ NF NJQ QJ, K >J K 1780, F< LK JKLJK, OLL nJE JGMF< G> L DKL FMEJLGF LG KLF< MHGF, mGJ< LEFK G> NF EGJ GJJL LD G> L HGHMDLGF >JGE 1780LF OK >GJ >MJFK<, F< G> KOF L L KE LE LMFJLFLQ G> KLELK >JGE L JLK DGF, HJLMDJDQ OL

NO LG L HJGJKK G> HGHMDLGF <MJF HJLMDJ HJG<K. %FKLELF L OGD HGHMDLGF G> DJ GMFLJQ, LOG GJ LJMF<J< LGMKF< J FGL G> EM EHGJLF; ML, F KLELFL JL G> FJK <MJF HJG< G> nN GJ LF QJK, F JJGJ LGLK EGMFL K IML >LD. %L ODD DDGO<, % GFN, LG E FKKFLD <mJF F GMJ GFDMKGFK JKHLF L JL G> FJK >GJ FQ nN QJK O O EQ nP MHGF, OLJ L<<LGF E< LG L HGHMDLGF <MJF L LJE F IMKLGF K63,000 GJ 277,000, 115,000 GJ 456,000, 659,000 GJ 417,000.

L JJ< LG L HJG< G> L FLMJQ HJNGMK LG 1780, K LJKLJK G> L HLKEK F< MJDK J FGL JLMJF< >GJ NJQ

QJ, L K FGL HGKKD LG HHDQ L KE GJJLGFK. AF< L ODD GNGMK LL, F L LD DMDL< >JGE L JLK HJNGMK LG LKHJG<, OF L JKLJK J GFDQ NF >GJ FKMDL< QJK LKGE <KLF >JGE GLJ, NJQ GFK<JD JJGJK EQ JK,FGL EJDQ >JGE L NJQF HJGHGJLGF G> L JLK LG LHGHMDLGF, GF NJK G> nN QJK, ML >JGE L F<N<MD QJKHJG<M< FGL JHJKFLF OL LGDJD GJJLFKK LKNJK.8 A NJQ KDL DF L L NDMD LD G> HLKEK,

MJDK F< EJJK, NF F L JDEFJQ KJNLGFK LG LGHMDLGF AKLJLK,9 ODD KO GO NJQ DLLD <HF<F GML


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

LG HD< MHGF F>JFK JKHLF L HGHMDLGF <JOF >JGEL FMEJ G> JLK, <LK GJ EJJK F F<N<MD QJK. %>, >GJFKLF, O OJ KLELF L HGHMDLGF F L LOG QJK 1800F< 1801, GEHJ< OL L LOG >GDDGOF QJK 1802 F< 1803,>JGE L HJGHGJLGF G> EJJK LG L HGHMDLGF, KKMEF LK

HJGHGJLGF LG DOQK L KE, L OGMD< HHJ LL, > LHGHMDLGF F L nJKL LOG QJK OJ FF EDDGFK, F L KGF<LOG QJK EE<LDQ KM<F L OGMD< GFK<JDQ GNLODN EDDGFK, F< LMK L OGMD< KE LG N FJK< GNLJ EDDGFK, GJ EGJ LF GF-LJ<, F LK KGJL FLJND. GJOGMD< L JKMDL G> F KLEL, >GJE< >JGE L JLK >GJ L LOG

QJK 1800 F< 1801, GEHJ< OL L LOG QJK 1803 F< 1804, ELJDDQ <mJFL; L DKL KM F KLEL OGMD< F<L FFJK G> LOG EDDGFK KP MF<J< LGMKF< F LJ QJK.

J<J F J<DQ KMJHJK< L LK JKMDLK, > JGDDLKLL L JLK, <LK F< EJJK J ML KEDD HJGHGJLGFLG L OGD HGHMDLGF; F< LL GFKIMFLDQ NJLGFK F LJG> LK, O EQ L HD >JGE LEHGJJQ MKK, FFGLHGKKDQ GEHF< Q KEDJ NJLGFK F, L OGD EKK G> L HGHMDLGF. AF FJK F L JLK G> GF-LJ<, O ELGMJ F KFD QJ, FKL< G> FJKF L HGHMDLGF GF-LJ<, OGMD< GFDQ HJHK FJK L GF-LL GJ FFLL.

%L >GDDGOK LJ>GJ, K % KLL< F L DKL HLJ, LL L LD G> L HGHMDLGF >GJ L FLMJQ HJNGMK LG 1780, DMDL< >JGEL JLMJFK G> L JLK DGF, L L <KLF G> LF QJK ,F GFDQ GFK<J< K NJQ JGM HHJGPELGF LGOJ<K LLJML, F L KF G> LLJ ELJDK, F< F KJDQ F FQ<J <HF<< MHGF >GJ L GEHJLN JL G> FJK LHJLMDJ HJG<K.

HGHMDLGF F 1810, GEHJ< OL LL G> 1800, GJJL< KHJGHGK< F LK HLJ, EHDK DKK JH< FJK LF L<mJF LOF L LOG FMEJLGFK; F< L K >MJLJHHJ< LL L KKME< HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG <LK K 47 LG

29T K JLJ DGO LF GN L LJML. L LK HJGHGJLGF KIML PLJGJ<FJQ >GJ J F< ODD-HGHD< LJJLGJQ. %L OGMD<<< LG L HGHMDLGF G> GMFLJQ GF-79L NJQ QJ, F<, OJ LLG GFLFM, OGMD<, GJ<F LG LD . . P. G> LK GG, <GMDL FMEJ G> FLFLK F DKK LF n>LQ-nN QJK.

K K JL G> FJK, O F L FLMJ G> LFK FFGL HJEFFL. %L K F GKGF< Q L KLEMDMK G> JLDQ-FJK< <EF< >GJ DGMJ, GEF< OL JLDQ-FJK<HGOJ G> HJG<MLGF, GL F JMDLMJ F< EFM>LMJK. K

J L LOG DEFLK O >GJE L EGKL mLN FGMJEFLLG JH< FJK G> HGHMDLGF. L K LF HD K KLJF


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

DDMKLJLGF G> L HJFHD G> HGHMDLGF, F< HJGG> LL F KHLG> JL LGOFK, EFM>LMJF GMHLGFK, F< L J<MDDQ-IMJ< LK G> F GHMDFL FL DMPMJFL HGHD, > L JKGMJKG> GMFLJQ ODD <EL G> JH< FJK, FD > LK JKGMJKJ KG <NFLGMKDQ <KLJML< K LG GKGF GFKLFLDQ-

FJKF <EF< >GJ DGMJ, L HGHMDLGF ODD FGL >D LG HH OL LE.

F L HMDLGF G> L DKL <LGF G> LK OGJ F 1817, LJ<FKMK G> L HGHMDLGF K LF HD, F< L JKMDLK J DQOGJLQ G> GMJ LLFLGF.

AGJ<F LG L FMEJLGF F 1821, F< L GJJL< JLMJFK G> 1811, F< 1801, K NF F L HJDEFJQ GKJNLGFK LG LHMDK< GMFL Q J. EF, L HGHMDLGF G> #JL BJLF

OK, F 1801, 10,942,646; F 1811, 12,596,803, F< F 1821,14,391,631.

K FMEJK LF K nJKL KLL<, F< FDM<F L NJQ DJFMEJK G> EDK <<< F 1811 >GJ L JEQ F< FNQ, N FFJK G> 15 HJ FL. F L LF QJK, >JGE 1800 LG 1811, F<GFDQ 14S HJ FL. >JGE 1810 LG 1821.10 BML L K DMDL< LLGML G> L 640,500 EDK <<< >GJ L JEQ, FNQ, F< EJFLKJN, GN GF-LJ< EMKL N F %JK F< >GJFJK.

A<<F LJ>GJ GFDQ 1/30 LG L JK<FL HGHMDLGF F 1801 F<1811, F< GF GMFL G> L H DDGOF GFDQ 1/50 >GJ L KFLEDK F 1821, L HGHMDLGF G> FDF< F< DK L L LJ<mJFL HJG<K, OLGML J>JF LG FQ KMHHGK< <nFQ FL nJKL FMEJLGF, ODD KLF< LMK: F 1801, 9,168,000; F 1811,10,502,500; F< F 1821, 12,218,500, NF F FJK F LFLJND LOF 1800 F< 1811 G> 14S HJ FL. F< F LFLJND LOF 1810 F< 1821, G> 16 1/3 HJFL. nJKL G> LK LOG JLK G> FJK OGMD< <GMD L HGHMDLGF F 51 F<L GLJ F 46 QJK. AK, GONJ, LJ EMKL DOQK KGEMFJLFLQ JKHLF L HJGHGJLGF G> L HJKGFK EHDGQ< FL JEQ, FNQ F< EJFL KJN, HJGHJDQ DGFF LG L

JK<FL HGHMDLGF, F< K L ED HGHMDLGF K GF GLJGMFLK EGJ >JIMFLDQ GF L EGN LF L >ED, L K F

M<GMKDQ HJGHGK< LG KLEL L JL G> FJK Q L >EDHGHMDLGF DGF. FMEJ G> >EDK F #JL BJLF OK F1801, 5,492,354; F 1811, 6,262,716; F< F 1821, 7,253,728,NF F FJK F L nJKL HJG< G> 14.02 HJ FL. F< F LKGF< G> 15.82.11

FJK G> GLDF< LF Q LKD> OK F L nJKL HJG< 13HJ FL. F< F L KGF< 14T. FJK G> FDF< F<

DK PDMKN G> GLDF< HHJK LG DEGKL PLDQ L KE;HJLMDJDQ F L KGF< HJG<, OLJ O KLEL L >JGE L


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

>EDK DGF, GJ >JGE L OGD HGHMDLGF, OL L HJGHGK<DDGOFK >GJ L JEQ F< FNQ, 8. HJGG> LL LK DDGOFKJ FGL >J >JGE L LJML. AL L KE LE, L KGMD< HJHK JEJ<, LL >, GF GMFL G> L OJ, <MJF L JLJ HJL G> L HJG< >JGE 1800 LG 1821, LJ EMKL N F JLJ

HGJLGF G> L ED HGHMDLGF <KLJGQ< LF MKMD, L FJK G> L OGD HGHMDLGF GML FGL LG KG JL F HJGHGJLGF K LFJK G> L >EDK; F< LL > KM F FJK HHJK, L KHJGDQ GOF LG LGG JL FMEJ G> EDK NF F <<<LG L JK<FL HGHMDLGF >GJ L JEQ F< FNQ, GJ LG F FoMP>JGE GLDF< F< %JDF<.

FMEJK GN-EFLGF<, F< L JLK G> FJK, NF KLL< K NF Q J. EF F L JDEFJQKJNLGFK LG L GHMDLGF AKLJLK. BML F L >GJEJ HJL G>

LK HLJ, % KKME< GF OL HHJ< LG E LG KMpFLJGMF<K LL L nJKL FMEJLGF OK FGL KG GJJL K LL G> 1811, F< L K HJGD LL L FMEJLGF G> 1811 K FGL IMLKG GJJL K LL G> 1821. %F LK K L JLK G> FJK F LLOG HJG<K ODD FGL KG JL K GN KLL<, ML KLDD LQ ODDHHJ LG NJQ PLJGJ<FJQ.

AGJ<F LG L KKME< KLEL L HGHMDLGF, K NF F LFMEJLGF G> 1801, OK GML 119,000 KGJL G> L LJML; F< > GF LK JGMF< O L L >ED HGHMDLGF G> L FKMK F 1801K <nFL 60,000, F< KMHHGK LL F 1811 L OK <nFL30,000, L FMEJK G> >EDK F FDF< F< DK L L<mJFL HJG<K ODD KLF< LMK: %F 1801, 4,687,867; F 1811,5,313,219; F< F 1821, 6,144,709; NF F FJK G> 13.3 HJFL. F L HJG< >JGE 1800 LG 1811, F< G> 15.6 HJ FL. F LHJG< >JGE 1800 LG 1821; EF L JL G> FJK F L>GJEJ HJG< KM K, > GFLFM<, OGMD< <GMD L HGHMDLGF FGML 55 QJK, F< F L DLLJ, KM K OGMD< <GMD L F 48

QJK. F L OGD 20 QJK LGLJ, L JL G> FJKOGMD< KM K, > GFLFM<, OGMD< <GMD L HGHMDLGF FGML 51 QJK.

K K FG <GML EGKL PLJGJ<FJQ JL G> FJK, GFK<JFL LMD HGHMDLGF G> L GMFLJQ GEHJ< OL LK LJJLGJQ,F< L FMEJ G> LK JL LGOFK F< EFM>LGJK. %L K DKKGONJ LF LL O K KLL< F L JDEFJQ KJNLGFKLG L GHMDLGF AKLJLK. L NF GJ<F LG LK KDGOJ JLG> FJK L K FKKJQ LG KMHHGK LL L GEKKGFK F LHJK JKLJK, HJLMDJDQ F JJ< LG L JLK, N DLLJDQJLJ FJK< LF <EFK<; F< LK K JF<J< HJGD Q KLLEFL G> J. EF F L JDEFJQ KJNLGFK. $

KQK, "L IMKLGF JKHLF MFFLJ< HLKEK F< MJDKKGO< <mJF G> FJDQ >GMJ LG GF F L <J G>


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

<nFQ F L QJ 1811, L FFMD NJ FMEJ G> MFFLJ< HLKEK (K KLL< L L F< G> L KNJD GMFLK)NF F 14,860; G> MJDK, (KLLF K< GF<GF) 3,899; LHJKFL L HJGHGJLGF K nN LG GF F L <J G> <nFQ; LFFMD NJ FMEJ G> MFFLJ< HLKEK (K KLL< L L F<

G> L KNJD GMFLK) F 23,066; G> MJDK, (KLLF K<GF<GF) 4,657." AF< GK GF LG KQ, "GJ <GK LK JHJKFL L>MDD EGMFL GJ HJGHGJLGF G> MFFLJ< HLKEK, L DJQ G> LEGKL HGHMDGMK HDK, KHDDQ OJ EFQ G> L FLFLK J<KKFLJK, MKMDDQ <DFF LG RJ< F KLEL." A MJDJGMF<, GF L GFLJJQ, K NKD GL, F< EGF L HJKGFKGFFL< OL L, L DJQEF F MKMDDQ HJGMJ F GMFL(EGJ GJ DKK MJL) G> L FMEJ G> FLJEFLK.

F LK JGMF<K L OGMD< HHJ HJGD LL, GOF LG L

FJKF FMEJ G> <KKFLJK, GJ GLJ MKK, L GEKKGFK FL JKLJK G> JLK < F DLDQ FJKF, JLJ LF<EFKF. L L K F LGML LL KF L AL G> 1812 LJKLJK G> JLK N F EGJ J>MDDQ HL; F< L K JLFLL, F L 10 QJK F<F OL 1820, L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LGEJJK K JLJ, LGM L HJGHGJLGFK G> JLK F<EJJK LG L OGD HGHMDLGF J GL DKK LF LQ OJLJ F 1800, GJ F L LF QJK F<F OL 1810. F<J LKJMEKLFK, L EQ <NKD LG OL >GJ >MJLJ <GMEFLK>GJ FQ >JK GFDMKGF K <JOF JKHLF L HJGDEGMFL G> GEKKGFK F L JLK F< MJDK. L EQ GFK<J< K JLF K, LL, OJK L KMHHGK< <EKKGFK G> GF KPL F L JLK F< GF LOD>L F L MJDK, OL HJGHJDDGOF >GJ L <LK JG<, J EGJ LF KMpFL LGGMFL >GJ L FJK G> HGHMDLGF <MJF L LOFLQ QJK >JGE1781 LG 1801, GJ<F LG L FMEJK KLL< Q J. EF,LQ J FGL KMpFL LG GMFL >GJ L FJK G> HGHMDLGF FL 20 QJK >JGE 1801 LG 1821, GJ<F LG L FMEJLGFK.

% N J< L KMJEK< LL L FMEJLGFK, HJLMDJDQ LLOG DKL, EQ Q HGKKDLQ P< JLJ LF >DD KGJL G> L

LJML, GOF LG HJKGFK F JGF< EGJ LF GF, >JGE LJNF <mJFL HDK G> JK<F. %L EMKL DDGO<, LL LKKMHHGKLGF OGMD< GMFL >GJ L >L G> L <EFK<HJGHGJLGFK G> JLK F< EJJK LG L OGD HGHMDLGF,FGLOLKLF<F L HHJFL FJK G> LL HGHMDLGF OLPLJGJ<FJQ JH<LQ. BML L KE <EFK< HJGHGJLGFK OGMD<L HD GOF LG <EFK< EGJLDLQ; F< K <EFK<EGJLDLQ K F KLK>LGJDQ KLDK< GF GLJ JGMF<K, LODD >JDQ GMFL >GJ EM G> OL HHJK. AF< > FQLF F

MKLDQ LLJML< LG GNJ FMEJLGFK, L EMKL G> LJoF

EGMFL.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

L LJ J JL GEKKGFK GL F L JLK F< MJDK, F<JLJ F L >GJEJ LF F L DLLJ, L K IML EHGKKD LG<GML. LKLEGFQ G> DD L DJQ GFJF< F EF LJLMJFK OK, GJ<F LG J. EF, MF>GJE F LK JKHL.

AF< > O KMHHGK GFDQ L KE HJGHGJLGF G> GEKKGFK >JGE 1801

LG 1821 K O KMHHGK< >JGE 1781 LG 1801, F< GEEF OLL FKMK G> 1801, GF L HJKMEHLGF LL L FMEJ G> <GMDFLJK F LL FMEJLGF OGMD< DF< HJGDQ Q LFMEJ G> <nFK, L ODD HHJ LL L PKK G> L JLKDGF, PDM<F L <LK JG<, OGMD< JF L HGHMDLGF LGOLF 184,404 G> L FMEJLGF G> 1821, F< FDM<F LDDGOF >GJ <LK JG<, (O, F LK K, >JGE GEHJKGF G> L PKK G> ED JLK OL L ED F< >ED<LK, HHJK LG 128,651,) LG OLF 313,055.

F L KMHHGKLGF G> KM F EGMFL G> <GMD FLJK MFDF<Q <nFK F L LOG DKL JLMJFK, L FMEJLGFK OGMD< KLDDKO NJQ PLJGJ<FJQ FJK G> HGHMDLGF. JL G> FJK F L HJG< >JGE 1801 LG 1811 OGMD< FJDQ 13 HJFL. (12.88) O OGMD< <GMD L HGHMDLGF F GML 57 QJK;F< F L HJG< >JGE 1811 LG 1821, L OGMD< NJQ FJDQ 15 HJFL. (14.95), O OGMD< <GMD L HGHMDLGF F 50 QJK.

F<J L MFJLFLQ F O O EMKL JEF L HJKFL K LGOLJ L FMEJLGFK HJLDDQ JJ F <>L GJ F PKK, %N FGL LGML L <NKD LG DLJ L EF<< LD G> LHGHMDLGF >JGE 1781 LG 1811, NF F L >GJEJ HJL G> LKHLJ. %L K >GMF<< GF HJFHD KG NJQ EM K>J LF FKLEL >GJ L JLK DGF, LL L EMKL L FQ JL KO LHJGJKK G> L HGHMDLGF EGJ GJJLDQ LF LL NF F LJDEFJQ KJNLGFK.

EGJ F<< L HGHMDLGF JLMJFK J GFK<J<, L EGJMFJLF ODD HHJ DD KLELK G> L HKL HGHMDLGF >GMF<<GF L KKMEHLGFK LL L HJGHGJLGF G> L JLK ODD DOQK FJDQ L KE. %> L HGHMDLGF KF L QJ 1801 OJ LG

KLEL< F L KE OQ K J. EF K KLEL< L >GJLL QJ, L OGMD< HHJ LL L HGHMDLGF F 1821, FKL< G> F, GJ<F LG L FMEJLGF, 12,218,500, OGMD< GFDQ 11,625,334, LL K, 593,166 GJ FJDQ 600,000 KGJL G> LFMEJLGF G> 1821. AF< L JKGF K, LL L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG L HGHMDLGF, O, KLEL< F L OQ KMKL< QJ. EF, F< OLGML DDGOF >GJ GEKKGFK, OK, F 1821,GFDQ K 1 LG 36.58, OK, F 1801, K EM K 1 LG 34.8.

MHHGKF L FMEJLGFK LG GJJL, L NJQF HJGHGJLGFK

G> L JLK (OLGML DDGOF >GJ GEKKGFK, F< GEHJF LHGHMDLGF L L F< G> LJE OL L NJ JLK >GJ L


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

nN HJ<F QJK,) OGMD< >GJ 1801 K 1 LG 34.8, >GJ 1811 K 1LG 35.3, F< >GJ 1821 K 1 LG 36.58.

EDJ F< NF JLJ NJLGFK ODD >GMF< LG L HD FJJ< LG L HJGHGJLGFK G> L EJJK LG L HGHMDLGF.

%F 1801, L HJGHGJLGF OK 1 LG 122.2, F 1811, 1 LG 126.6, F1821, 1 LG 131.1; F< >, KKMEF LL, >GJ L 20 QJK F<FOL 1820, L EJJK, F O L K KMHHGK< LL LJ J

NJQ >O GEKKGFK, OGMD< JEF F L KE HJGHGJLGF LG LHGHMDLGF K F 1801, O < KLEL< L HGHMDLGF Q LEJJK, L FMEJK F 1821, FKL< G> F 12,218,500,OGMD< GFDQ N F 11,377,548, LL K, 840,952 KGJL G> LFMEJLGF G> 1821.

%L HHJK, LF, LL > O F HML FQ LJMKL F GMJFMEJLGFK,12 FG JDF F HD< GF F KLEL G> HKLHGHMDLGF >GMF<< GF L HJGHGJLGFK G> L JLK, <LK, GJEJJK: KE MKK O N GHJL< LG DLJ KGKKFLDDQ LK HJGHGJLGFK <MJF L 20 QJK >GJ O O NFMEJLGFK EQ N GHJL< F F IMD <J >GJ; F< LODD FJDDQ >GMF< LJM, LL L FJKF DLFKK G> GMFLJQ ODD FGL GFDQ <EFK L HJGHGJLGFK G> <LK, ML LHJGHGJLGFK G> JLK F< EJJK.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

B LG D G> CGFLFLK

B33/ II, C%475 !

O* T C'/ T3 P340%7-3 I S'370% AI50%.

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F GMFL G> L FGOD<< GEKKGFK F L JKLJK G> JLK, <LK F< EJJK F EGKL G> L HJKK G> GLDF<,>O MKL F>JFK F <JOF >JGE LE. FQ NPLJGJ<FJQ JKMDLK. %F L HJK G> CJGKKED13 FJM<JL, L EGJLDLQ HHJK LG GFDQ 1 F 98, F< L

QJDQ EJJK 1 F 192. K HJGHGJLGFK OGMD< EHDQ L EGKLMFJ<-G> DLFKK, F< L EGKL PLJGJ<FJQ GHJLGF G> L HJNFLN ; ML LJ F ML DLLD <GML LL LQ JHJFHDDQ GKGF< Q L GEKKGFK F L JKLJQ G> MJDK,F< L DJLGF G> HJL G> L EJJK F GLJ HJKK.

%F FJD, GONJ, L HHJK, >JGE JKLJK O J KMHHGK<LG MJL, LL F L GMFLJQ HJKK L EGJLDLQ K KEDD;F< LL L HJGHGJLGFK G> 1 F 45, 1 F 50, F< 1 F 55, J FGLMFGEEGF. AGJ<F LG LD G> L HJGDLK G> D>,DMDL< >JGE L DDK G> EGJLDLQ F L HJK G> LLD Q J.D, L PHLLGF G> F F>FL'K D> K 46.6,14 O K NJQ, F< L HJGHGJLGF O <K F L nJKL QJ K GFDQ GF10L. J. D >MJLJ <<K, LL >JGE 36 HJK GMFLK,HMDK< F L nJKL NGDME, L PHLLGF G> F F>FL'K D>HHJK LG 40.3. BML F LD O K HJG<M< F L DKL

NGDME, DMDL< >GJ L OGD G> GLDF< >JGE J. KLJ'KKMJNQ, L PHLLGF L JL HHJK LG GFDQ 31 QJK.15 K,GONJ, LFK, EMKL LGG DGO, K L P<K ML DLLD LDMDLGFK >GJ L LGOF G> <FMJ.

GL JKLJK HHJ< LG F FJD KG FGEHDL, LLL JLMJFK G> 99 HJKK GFDQ J HMDK< F L GHMDLGF

AKLJLK G> 1801; F<, > FQ M<EFL F >GJE< >JGE LK,LQ KO NJQ PLJGJ<FJQ <J G> DLFKK, F< NJQKEDD HJGHGJLGF G> JLK. KME G> L HGHMDLGF G> LK

HJKK F 1801 OK 217,873;16 L NJ G> MJDK, >GJ nN QJK F<F F 1800, OK GML 3,815; F< G> JLK 4,928:17 >JGE


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

O L OGMD< HHJ LL L EGJLDLQ F LK HJKK OK GFDQ1 F 56, F< L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK 1 F 44. BML LK HJGHGJLGFKJ KG PLJGJ<FJQ LL L K <pMDL LG GFN LL LQHHJG FJ L LJML. CGEFF LE OL L DMDLGFK G> J. D, L ODD FGL HHJ HJGD LL L HJGHGJLGF G> <LK

F< JLK F GLDF< KGMD< KEDDJ LF OL K FDDGO< >GJ FDF< F< DK; FEDQ, 1 F 40 >GJ L <LK, F<1 F 30 >GJ L JLK; F< L KEK LG FJDDQ J< LL LHJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG <LK K 4 LG 3.18

L JKHL LG L EJJK, L ODD KLDD EGJ <pMDL LG >GJE GFLMJ. Q J JKLJ< KG JJMDJDQ, LL FG JLMJFK G> LE J NF F L GHMDLGF AKLJL. % KGMD< FLMJDDQ NLGML, >JGE L LLKLD AGMFL, LL L LF<FQ LGEJJ F GLDF< OK MHGF L OGD JLJ LF F FDF<;

ML > L LJM LL L JLK F< <LK J L KE HJGHGJLGFLG GLJ, F< LG L OGD HGHMDLGF, F GL GMFLJK, LHJGHGJLGF G> EJJK FFGL NJQ <mJFL. %L KGMD< JEJ<, GONJ, LL KMHHGKF L GHJLGF G> L HJNFLN LG PLDQ L KE F GL GMFLJK, F< L DELK LG IMDDQ KDMJGMK, JLJ <J G> OFL F< HGNJLQ OGMD<L HD F GLDF<, >GJ L KE EGJLDLQ OK HJG<M< KF FDF<, GOF LG L KEDDJ HJGHGJLGF G> LGOFK F<EFM>LGJK F L >GJEJ GMFLJQ LF F L DLLJ.

JGE FJD NO G> L KLLKLD GMFLK L JKMDL KEKDJDQ LG , LL L GF<LGF G> L DGOJ DKKK G> HGHD FGLDF< K F GFK<JDQ EHJGN< G> DL QJK. HJ G> HJGNKGFK K JKF, ML DEGKL FNJDQ L HJ G> DGMJ KJKF, F JLJ HJGHGJLGF; F< L K JEJ< F EGKL HJKK,LL EGJ MLJ'K EL K GFKME< EGF L GEEGF HGHDLF >GJEJDQ; LL LQ J GL LLJ DG<< F< LLJ DGL<;F< LL LJ LK OL JKHL LG DFDFKK J <<<DQEHJGN<.

A HJL G> LK EHJGNEFL K HJGDQ LG LLJML< LG L

FJK G> L HJNFLN . %F KGE HJKK L G> DLJEJJK K FGL<; F< F EFQ HDK, OJ L K FGLEFLGF<, L EQ >JDQ F>JJ< >JGE L HJGHGJLGF G> JLKF< EJJK F< GLJ JMEKLFK. OJLJ G> L GMFLG> L HJK G> DF,19 F FMEJLF L FJD MKK G> <HGHMDLGF F GLDF<, KHK G> L <KGMJEFL G> EJJ >JGE L MFGF G> >JEK, F< L GFKIMFL EJLGFG> L oGOJ G> LJ QGMF EF, G> NJQ DKK F< <KJHLGF,

NJQ >O G> OGE NJ JLMJF. AFGLJ MK LL EFLGFK KL <KGMJEFL LG EJJ >JGE DMPMJQ; L DKL, GKJNK,

LDD HGHD J <NF< F QJK, F< LF HMFQ J G> D<JFJ HJG<M<. "$F GO EFQ EF G> NJQ <KJHLGF JEF


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

KFD? F< GO EFQ QGMF OGEF G> NJQ JF J FNJEJJ<, OG F L FFF G> LK FLMJQ, GJ NF KG DL K1745, OGMD< N F L HJFLK G> FMEJGMK F< DLQHJGFQ?"

%F LGK HJLK G> L GMFLJQ OJ L HGHMDLGF K F JLJ<EFK< Q L FLJG<MLGF G> JRF, GJ F EHJGN< KQKLE.G> MKF<JQ O JIMJK >OJ F<K, LK mL K oQLF HD; F< % N DLLD <GML LL F KLELF L <JKG> L HGHMDLGF KF L F< G> L DKL, GJ L FFF G> LHJKFL FLMJQ, Q L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK L L <mJFL HJG<K,LQ N >DDF FLG L JJGJ O K F HJLMDJDQ FGL<,OL JJ< LG OLRJDF< F< JF, F< N F GFKIMFE< L <mJF JLJ LF L JDDQ K.20

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J J GLJ HJLK G> GLDF< GONJ, HJLMDJDQ L KLJF%KDK, F< KGE HJLK G> L $DF<K, OJ HGHMDLGF KGFK<JDQ FJK< >JGE L KM<NKGF G> HGKKKKGFK; F<OJ HJHK L EJJK EQ JDJ LF LQ OJ>GJEJDQ, LGM FGL MK< Q L FLJG<MLGF G> EFM>LMJK.$J L HGNJLQ O >GDDGOK K ML LGG GFKHMGMK: %F LGMFL G> DLF F LDF<,21 L K JEJ< LL L HGHDEJJQ NJQ QGMF, F< J FGMJ< LG <G LK Q LJ DF<DGJ<K,OG OK LG N K EFQ EF GF LJ JGMF<K K HGKKD, LG

HJGKML L DF nKJQ; ML LL LQ FJDDQ FNGDNLEKDNK F <L F< DJ >EDK. OJLJ >MJLJ GKJNK,LL >GJEJDQ LJ OJ KGE GD< JMDLGFK DD< GMFLJQ LK,Q GF G> O L OK FL<, LL FG HJ KGMD< EJJQ MFDKKHGKKKK< G> 40D. GLK G> >J J. K JMDLGF K FGL FGOF>GJ<. %L K K< LL LK JMDLGFK OJ HHJGN< F<GFnJE< Q L HJDEFL G> GLDF< F L JF G> MFJQ GJ EK %.

%F L GMFL G> BJKKQ BMJJ F< MJm F LDF<,22 L K

GKJN< LL L >JEK J NJQ KEDD, F< >O N HDGM. GL G> L HJGHJLGJK K LG N K EFQ nKJEF GF LJ


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

DF<K K HGKKDi JL GKLD LG EHJGNEFLK F JMDLMJ.Q nK >GJ LJ EKLJK, OG LJ N LE > LGLDDQF<IML, GJ L LJ nK L DGO JL. OJLJ JEJK,LL "F EGKL GMFLJK L FJK G> HGHMDLGF K JGF< F<NFL, F< MKLDQ. %L K GONJ L JNJK F L HJKFL KLL

G> LDF<. >JEK J KHDL. QGMF EF J FGMJ< LGEJJQ OLGML NF FQ KLG. GFKIMF K HGNJLQ F<<KLJKK. %L K DN< LL LJ K L HJKFL F LK KDF<K<GMD L FMEJ G> HGHD LL LQ F HJGHJDQ EFLF."

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NGDMFLJDQ LG FLJ MHGF KM J< KLMLGF Q EJJQF, KOKGO >J L MFGF G> L KPK F< L DGN G> F<HF<F JHJFHDK G> MEF FLMJ." %F LK GKJNLGF, HJHK L DGNG> F<HF<F < LLJ N F F< >GJ L DGN G> HJGFQ.

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N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

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N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

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N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

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N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

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N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

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N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

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N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

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N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

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BML > L HGHMDLGF LJ FJKF GJ <JKF, F< LJLK, <LK F< EJJK FJKF GJ <JKF F L KEJLG, KM EGNEFL ODD FKKJDQ <KLMJ DD L HJGHGJLGFK,MK L NFLK O J GFLEHGJJQ F L JKLJK J FGLGFLEHGJJQ F L GJ<J G> FLMJ, F< F FJK GJ <JKEMKL N F LF HD F L FLJND.

%F L nJKL HD, L JLK G> FQ QJ FFGL F L GJ<J G>

FLMJ N GE >JGE L GFLEHGJJQ EJJK, ML EMKL NF <JN< HJFHDDQ >JGE L EJJK G> HJ<F QJK.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

G >GJE M<EFL LF G> L HJGDnFKK G> EJJK LF KLQ GMJ, FDM<F KGF< F< LJ< EJJK, DL MK ML Gm JLF HJG< G> L JKLJK G> FQ GMFLJQ (30 QJK >GJFKLF) F< FIMJ OL K L FMEJ G> JLK O K FHJG<M< Q DD L EJJK FDM<< F L HJG< ML Gm. %L K

N<FL, LL OL L EJJK L L FFF G> L HJG< ODD JJF< FMEJ G> JLK HJG<F >JGE EJJK FGLFDM<< F L HJG<; F< L L F<, FMEJ G> JLK HJG<M<Q L EJJK FDM<< F L HJG< ODD >GMF< JJF< OLL EJJK G> KM<F HJG<. GO, > O GMD< KMLJL L>GJEJ FMEJ, F< << L DLLJ, O KGMD< GLF PLDQ DD LJLK HJG<M< Q L EJJK G> L HJG<, F< G> GMJK LJD HJGDnFKK G> LGK EJJK. %> L HGHMDLGF KLLGFJQ, L FMEJ G> JLK LG <<< OGMD< PLDQ IMDL FMEJ LG KMLJL<, F< L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG

EJJK, K >GMF< F L JKLJK, OGMD< PLDQ JHJKFL LJD HJGDnFKK G> EJJK. BML > L HGHMDLGF LJFJKF GJ <JKF, L FMEJ LG <<< OGMD< FNJ IMD LG L FMEJ LG KMLJL<, F< L HJGHGJLGF G> JLKLG EJJK F L JKLJK OGMD< FNJ LJMDQ JHJKFL LHJGDnFKK G> EJJK. %F F FJKF HGHMDLGF L FMEJLG <<< OGMD< N<FLDQ JLJ LF L FMEJ LG KMLJL<, F< G> GMJK L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG EJJK K>GMF< F L JKLJK OGMD< DOQK LGG KEDD LG JHJKFL LLJM HJGDnFKK G> EJJK. AF< L GFLJJQ mL OGMD< L

HD F <JKF HGHMDLGF. IMKLGF LJ>GJ K, OLO J LG <<, F< OL LG KMLJL, OF L JLK F< <LKJ FGL IMD.

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LE. %F L KE KHFFJ L EJJK G> L DKL L QJK G> L HJG< ODD GFDQ N HJG<M< D> G> LJ JLK, F< LGLJ D> GML LG <<<. BML D> G> L JLK G> FQ L

QJK EQ GFK<J< K FJDQ IMD LG DD L JLK G> LKM<F 3U QJK. %F FKLFK G> L EGKL JH< FJK L ODDJLJ P< L JLK G> L FPL 3T QJK, F<, F KK G> KDGOFJK, HHJG LGOJ<K L JLK G> L FPL 4 QJK. EF LJ>GJ EQ LF L 3U QJK.43 CGFKIMFLDQ, > OKMLJL L JLK G> L nJKL 3U QJK G> L HJG<, F< << LJLK G> L 3U QJK KMKIMFL LG L HJG<, O KDD N

FMEJ G> JLK FJDQ IMD LG L JLK HJG<M< Q DD LEJJK FDM<< F L HJG<, F< G> GMJK L HJGDnFKK G>


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

LK EJJK. BML > L HGHMDLGF G> GMFLJQ FJKFJMDJDQ, F< L JLK, <LK F< EJJK GFLFM DOQK LGJ L KE HJGHGJLGF LG GLJ, F< LG L OGDHGHMDLGF, L K N<FL LL DD L JLK G> FQ HJG< ODD JL KE HJGHGJLGF LG DD L JLK G> FQ GLJ HJG< G> L

KE PLFL, LF JLF FMEJ G> QJK DLJ, K L JLK G> FQ KFD QJ, GJ F NJ G> nN QJK, LG L JLK G> KFD

QJ, GJ F NJ G> nN QJK, LF L KE FMEJ G> QJKDLJ; F< L KE ODD LJM OL JJ< LG L EJJK. AF<GFKIMFLDQ, LG KLEL L HJGDnFKK G> EJJK, O NGFDQ LG GEHJ L EJJK G> L HJKFL QJ, GJ NJ G> nN QJK, OL L JLK G> KMKIMFL QJ, GJ NJ G> nN

QJK, LF 3U QJK DLJ.

N KMHHGK<, F L HJKFL FKLF, LL EJJ

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%L ODD >GDDGO >JGE LK GKJNLGFK, LL L EGJ JH< K LFJK G> HGHMDLGF, L EGJ ODD L JD HJGDnFKK G> EJJK P< L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG EJJK F LJKLJK.

JMD O K F J D< <GOF LLEHLK LG KLEL LHJGDnFKK G> EJJK LF K LQ GMJ; ML LKHJGDnFKK KGMD< J>MDDQ <KLFMK< >JGE L

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FMEJ G> HJKGFK OG EJJ< OJ 56,956, F< G> LK 10,586OJ O<GOK F< O<GOJK.46 AGJ<F LG BMKF, F JMKK


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

F< DK, >GJ L QJ 1781, GML G> 29,308 HJKGFK OG EJJ<,4,841, OJ O<GOK F< O<GOJK,47 F< GFKIMFLDQ LHJGHGJLGF G> EJJK ODD NF >MDD GF KPL LGG EM. %FKLELF L HJGDnFKK G> EJJ< OGEF, L FMEJ G> DDLEL JLK48 OGMD< LF<, LGM F KDL <J, LG

GMFLJDF L GNJHDMK G> EJJK; F< K L K >GMF< LLL FMEJ G> O<GOJK OG EJJQ F, K JLJ LF LFMEJ G> O<GOK, L OGD G> L GJJLGF KGMD< FGL GF LKGMFL HHD<; ML F KLELF L HJGHGJLGF G> L GJFO DNK LG EJJQ >JGE GEHJKGF G> L EJJK OL LJLK GJ <LK, O K OL O J FGO GML LG HJG< LG, LOGD G> LK GJJLGF K DOQK FKKJQ.

%L K GNGMK, F L KGF< HD, LL L EJJK G> FQ QJF FNJ GFLEHGJJQ OL L JLK >JGE O LQ N

JKMDL<, ML EMKL DOQK L KM <KLF >JGE LE K KIMD LG L NJ G> EJJ. %> L HGHMDLGF FJKF, L EJJK G> L HJKFL QJ N JKMDL< >JGE KEDDJ FMEJ G> JLK LF L JLK G> L HJKFL QJ, F< G> GMJK L EJJK, GEHJ< OL L GFLEHGJJQ JLK, ODDDOQK LGG >O LG JHJKFL L HJGHGJLGF G> L GJF ODNK LG EJJQ; F< L GFLJJQ ODD L HD > L HGHMDLGF <JKF; F<, LG nF< LK HJGHGJLGF, O EMKL GEHJ LEJJK G> FQ QJ OL L JLK G> HJNGMK QJ L L<KLF G> L NJ G> EJJ.

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LJM HJGHGJLGF G> L GJF DNF LG EJJQ, MFDKK OF LHGHMDLGF K KGDMLDQ KLLGFJQ; ML DLGM L HGHMDLGF FJKF GJ <JKF, L NJ G> EJJ EQ KLDD IMD LG L NJ G> <L; F< F LK K L EJJK F LJKLJK GEHJ< OL L GFLEHGJJQ <LK, (>LJ LGJJLGF >GJ KGF< GJ LJ< EJJK,) ODD FJDQ JHJKFL LLJM HJGHGJLGF G> L GJF DNF LG EJJQ.50 #FJDDQ, GONJ,OF F FJK G> HGHMDLGF K GF >GJOJ<K, L NJ G> EJJ K DKK LF L NJ G> <L, F< LF LHJGHGJLGF G> EJJK, GEHJ< OL L GFLEHGJJQ <LK,

ODD LGG JL LG JHJKFL L LJM HJGHGJLGF G> L GJF DNFLG EJJQ; F<, LG nF< LK HJGHGJLGF, O EMKL GEHJ L


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

EJJK G> FQ HJLMDJ QJ OL L <LK G> KMKIMFL QJ L KM <KLF >JGE L F L JKLJK, K K IMD LG L<mJF LOF L NJ G> EJJ F< L NJ G> <L.

J K FG FKKJQ GFFLGF LOF L NJ G> EJJ F< L NJ G> <L. %F GMFLJQ, L JKGMJKG> O ODD DDGO G> JH< FJK G> HGHMDLGF, LPHLLGF G> D> GJ L NJ G> <L EQ PLJEDQ, F< QL L G> EJJ NJQ JDQ; F< L EJJKLF, GEHJ< OL L GFLEHGJJQ <LK F L JKLJK,OGMD< (NF >LJ L GJJLGF >GJ KGF< F< LJ< EJJK)

NJQ EM LGG JL LG JHJKFL L LJM HJGHGJLGF G> L GJFDNF LG EJJQ. %F KM GMFLJQ O EL KMHHGK L NJ G> <L LG 40, F< L G> EJJ GFDQ 20; F< F LK

K, O GONJ OGMD< JJ GF, L <KLF LOFEJJ F< <L OGMD< L KE K LOF JL F<EJJ.

%> O HHDQ LK GKJNLGFK LG JKLJK F FJD, LGM OKDD KD<GE D LG GLF L LJM HJGHGJLGF G> L GJF DNFLG EJJQ GF GMFL G> L HJGHGJLGFK G> JLK, <LK, F<EJJK FGL JEFF L KE, F< G> GMJ FGL FGOF LNJ G> EJJ, QL O EQ <JO EFQ MK>MD F>JFK>JGE L F>GJELGF O LQ GFLF, F< JGFD KGEHHJFL GFLJ<LGFK; F< L ODD FJDDQ >GMF< LL, FLGK GMFLJK OJ L EJJK J NJQ DJ HJGHGJLGFLG L <LK, O KDD K JKGF LG DN LL L G> EJJ K EM JDJ LF L NJ G> <L.

%F L MKKF LD >GJ L QJ 1799, HJG<M< Q J. GG, F<J>JJ< LG, H. 317, L HJGHGJLGF G> EJJK LG <LK HHJ<LG K 100 LG 210. F GJJL< >GJ KGF< F< LJ<EJJK, Q KMLJLF GF KPL >JGE L EJJK, L ODD K 100 LG 252. JGE O L OGMD< KE LG >GDDGO, LL GML G> 252JLK 200 G> LE < DN< LG EJJQ; ML O FFGL GFN FQ

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OL L <LK 15 QJK DLJ ODD K 100 LG 322. ML G> 322JLK L ODD HHJ LL 200 DN LG EJJQ, O, >JGE L FGOF


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

DLFKK G> D<JF F MKK, F< L JDQ G> EJJ, K HGKKD HJGHGJLGF. HJGHGJLGF G> EJJK LG JLK, FK 100 LG 385, L HJGDnFKK G> EJJK, GJ<F LG L JMDD< <GOF, ODD K 100 LG 411; GJ EJJ ODD GF FNJ, FDM<F KGF< F< LJ< EJJK, HJG<M 4.11

JLK.

DKLK NF F L JDJ HJL G> L HLJ GF MKK JHJGDQ FGL GJJL. %L K KMKHL< OL JKGF, LL LJ JGFK<JD GEKKGFK GL F L JLK F< <LK, MLHJLMDJDQ F L <LK; F< GFKIMFLDQ L HJGHGJLGF G> EJJK K NF LGG JL. J EQ DKG >MJLJ JKGF>GJ LK DJ HJGHGJLGF G> EJJK F MKK. EHJKKCLJF, F J FKLJMLGFK >GJ FO G< G> DOK, FGLK MKLGE HJNDFL EGF L HKFLK, G> HJFLK GDF LJ

KGFK, OD LMDDQ D<JF, LG EJJQ >MDD-JGOF OGEF, F GJ<JLG KN L PHFK G> MQF >ED KDNK. K OGEF, L KK<, FJDDQ GE L EKLJKKK G> L >LJ; F< L MKLGEK HJLMDJDQ JHJGL< Q L EHJKK K HJM<D LGHGHMDLGF. K HJL OGMD< FLMJDDQ GKGF EGJ LFMKMD FMEJ G> KGF< F< LJ< EJJK, F< G> GMJK EGJLF MKMDDQ FJK L HJGHGJLGF G> EJJK LG JLK F LJKLJK.

%F L JFKLGFK G> L GLQ L D<DH (NGD. . G. N. H.25,) LJ K HHJ Q J. BJLGF, FLLD< +:K=JN9LGFK GF L@= JG:9:DLQ G> (>= F L@= FL=< /L9L=K, F O L HHJK, LL LHJGHGJLGF G> EJJK LG JLK K K 1 LG 4T. $ EFLGFK F<<6T, ML K FMEJK N GFDQ 4T. AK GONJ LK HJGHGJLGF OKLF HJFHDDQ >JGE LGOFK, L K HJGD LL L JLK JNF LGG DGO; F< % LF O EQ NJQ K>DQ L K EFQ K nN>GJ L NJ G> LGOFK F< GMFLJQ. AGJ<F LG L KEMLGJLQ L EGJLDLQ K GML 1 F 45; F< > L HGHMDLGF<GMDK NJQ 25 QJK, L JLK OGMD< GML 1 F 20. HJGHGJLGF G> EJJK LG <LK OGMD< GF LK KMHHGKLGFK K 1 LG 2 2/9; F<, GJJL< >GJ KGF< F< LJ< EJJK, K 1 LG

2.7 FJDQ. BML O FFGL KMHHGK, LL GML G> 27 JLK 20 KGMD<DN LG EJJQ. %> GONJ L G> EJJ LF QJK JDJLF L EF G> <L, O K DQ HJGD, O EMKLGEHJ L EJJK G> L HJKFL QJ OL L <LK LF

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<GOF, ODD F LK K N 5.58 >GJ L HJGDnFKK G> EJJK. DMDLGFK G> J. BJLGF JKHLF L LG O D> G>


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

L GJF DN, FFGL HGKKDQ HHDD LG AEJ F FJD. JKLJK, GF O LQ J >GMF<<, J LF >JGED<DH F< GF GJ LOG KEDD LGOFK F< NDDK, O <G FGLHHJ LG KG DLQ K L EG<JL LGOFK G> MJGH, F<LJ>GJ F >GJE FG JLJGF >GJ L GMFLJQ F FJD.

%F FDF< L NJ HJGHGJLGF G> EJJK LG JLK HHJKG> DL QJK LG N F GML 100 LG 350. %> O << 1/7 LG LJLK FKL< G> 1/6, O F L HLJ GF L@= C@=K LG GHMD9LGF F !F?D9F<, % GFLMJ< EL FJDQ L EGMFL G> L GEKKGFK F L JLK F< <LK, LK ODD DDGO >GJ LJMEKLF G> DDLEL JLK; F< L EJJK ODD LF LG L JLK K 1 LG 4, LG L <LK K 1 LG 3.52 CGJJL< >GJKGF< F< LJ< EJJK, L HJGHGJLGF G> EJJK LG <LKODD K 1 LG 3.6. MHHGKF L G> EJJ F FDF< GML

7 QJK JDJ LF L EF G> <L, L FJK F LK 7 QJK, GJ<F LG L HJKFL HJGJKK G> HGHMDLGF G> 1/120 QJDQ, OGMD< .06, F< L HJGHGJLGF DNF LG EJJQ OGMD< 200 GML G> 381, GJ JLJ EGJ LF D>.53 EJJKGEHJ< OL L JLK >GMJ QJK DLJ ODD N 4.136 >GJ LHJGDnFKK G> EJJK.

K FKLFK ODD KMpFL LG KO L EG< G> HHDQF LJMDK O N F NF, F GJ<J LG >GJE M<EFL, >JGEJKLJK, G> L HJGDnFKK G> EJJK, F< L HJGHGJLGF G> L GJF O DNK LG EJJQ; ML L EMKL KLDD JEEJ< LLLQ J GFDQ HHJGPELGFK, F< FLF<< JLJ LG PHDFHHJFL <pMDLK, LF LG GLF JKMDLK O F <HF<<MHGF K GJJL.

%L ODD GKJN< GO NJQ EHGJLFL L GJJLGF >GJ KGF<F< LJ< EJJK K. MHHGKF EJJ LG QD< >GMJJLK, F< L JLK F< <LK LG IMD, L OGMD< L nJKLHHJ FKKJQ LL, F GJ<J LG HJG<M LK mL, PLDQ D> G> L GJF KGMD< DN LG EJJQ; ML >, GF GMFL G> L KGF<F< LJ< EJJK, O KMLJL 1/6 >JGE L EJJK, F< LF

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JL G> FJK.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

%L KGMD< >MJLJ GKJN<, LL K EM JLJ FMEJ G> O<GOJK EJJQ F LF G> O<GOK, > O OK LG FGO LHJGHGJLGF G> EDK O DNK LG EJJQ, O EMKL KMLJL >MDD 1/5>JGE L EJJK FKL< G> 1/6.54 AGJ<F LG LK GJJLGF, > EJJ QD<< 4 JLK, L OGMD< GFDQ FKKJQ LL LOG

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J MKK HHJ LG GHJL F HJG<MF F PKK G> LJLK GN L <LK: 1. L HJGDnFKK G> EJJK; 2. LHJGHGJLGF G> L GJF O DNK LG EJJQ; F< 3. L JDFKK G>

LK EJJK GEHJ< OL L PHLLGF G> D>, GJ LKGJLFKK G> FJLGF Q EJJ F< JL, GEHJ< OLL HKKF OQ G> FJLGF Q <L. K DLLJ MK J.J KEK LG N GELL< LG GFK<J. GJ LGM NJQ MKLDQKQK LL L JL G> FJK, KMHHGKF L HJGDn HGOJK LKE, <HF<K MHGF L FGMJEFL LG EJJ, F< LPHLLGF G> D< MKL GJF; QL F PHDFF EKD>, KEKLG GFK<J F FJK F L PHLLGF G> D>, EJDQ K LmLK L FJK G> L FMEJ G> HJKGFK OG J ELMJLQF< EJJQ, F< FGL K L mLK, K<K, L <KLF LOF L G> EJJ F< L G> <L. BML L K N<FL LL, > LJ FQ HJFHD G> FJK, LL K, > GF EJJ F L HJKFLFJLGF QD<K EGJ LF GF F L FPL, FDM<F KGF< F<LJ< EJJK, L IMJ LK FJLGFK J JHL<,GEHJ< OL L HKKF OQ G> FJLGF Q <L, LEGJ JH< ODD L FJK.

A >NGMJD F F LJ G> LK LJ MKK, L GLJ LOGJEFF L KE, ODD DJDQ HJG<M F mL MHGF HGHMDLGF,F< GKGF JLJ PKK G> L JLK GN L <LK F LJKLJK. L JJ< LG L LOG nJKL MKK, LGM F FJK F

LJ G> LE ODD HJG<M L KE F< G> mL GF LHJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG <LK, QL LJ mLK GF L HJGHGJLGF G> EJJK LG JLK ODD F GHHGKL <JLGFK. JLJ K LHJGDnFKK G> EJJK, L JLJ ODD L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG EJJK; F< L JLJ K L FMEJ G> L GJFO DNK LG EJJ<, L DKK ODD L HJGHGJLGF G> JLKLG EJJK.55 CGFKIMFLDQ, > OLF JLF DELK, LHJGDnFKK G> EJJK F< L FMEJ G> L GJF DNF LGEJJQ FJK L L KE LE, L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LGEJJK F L JKLJK EQ KLDD JEF MFDLJ<. AF< LK K

L JKGF OQ L JKLJK G> <mJFL GMFLJK, OL JKHL LG


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

JLK F< EJJK, J G>LF >GMF< L KE MF<J NJQ <mJFLJLK G> FJK.

HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG EJJK, F<<, >GJEK FG JLJGFOLNJ, Q O LG M< G> L JL G> FJK. HGHMDLGF

G> GMFLJQ EQ KLLGFJQ GJ <DFF OL HJGHGJLGF G> 5LG 1, F< EQ FJKF OL KGE JH<LQ OL HJGHGJLGF G> 4 LG 1. BML NF L JL G> FJK, O EQ GLF< >JGEGLJ KGMJK, L K DJDQ <KJD LG nF< F L JKLJK KEDDJLJ LF DJ HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG EJJK; MK LKEDDJ LK HJGHGJLGF K, L JLJ EMKL L HJGHGJLGF G> LGJF O DNK LG EJJQ, F< G> GMJK L EGJ DLQ EMKL L GMFLJQ.

CJGE56 GKJNK LL, OF L EJJK G> GMFLJQ QD< DKK

LF 4 JLK, L HGHMDLGF K F NJQ HJJGMK KLL; F< KLELK L HJGDnFKK G> EJJK Q L HJGHGJLGF G> QJDQJLK LG EJJK. %> LK GKJNLGF OJ MKL, L HGHMDLGF G> EFQ GMFLJK G> MJGH OGMD< F HJJGMK KLL, K FEFQ GMFLJK L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG EJJK F LJKLJK K JLJ DGO LF GN 4 LG 1. %L K F KGOF FOL EFFJ LK HJGHGJLGF F L JKLJK KGMD< GJJL<,F GJ<J LG E L MKL JHJKFLLGF G> L HJGDnFKK G> EJJK; F< > DJ HJL G> L GJF DN LG EJJQ, F< L G> EJJ GFK<JDQ JDJ LF L PHLLGF G> D>,KM HJGHGJLGF F L JKLJK K Q FG EFK FGFKKLFL OL JH< FJK. %F MKK L K HHJ< LL L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG EJJK K DKK LF 4 LG 1; F< QL LK HGHMDLGFFJKK >KLJ LF LL G> FQ GLJ FLGF F MJGH. %F FDF<L HGHMDLGF FJKK EGJ JH<DQ LF F JF; F< QL FFDF< L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG EJJK, OF DDGOF KF E< >GJ GEKKGFK, K GML 4 LG 1; F JF 4 4/5 LG 1. GGKGF KG JH< HJGJKK K LL O K LF HD F

AEJ, L ODD F<< FKKJQ LL DD L MKK G> FJKKGMD< DD< FLG LGF; F< > L HJGDnFKK G> EJJK

NJQ JL, L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG EJJK ODD JLFDQ

GN 4 LG 1: ML F DD GJ<FJQ KK, OJ L OGD HGOJ G> HJGJLGF K FGL JGGE LG PHF< LKD>, L K KMJDQ LLJ LLL LMD FJK KGMD< JK >JGE LL <J G> DLFKK FL JDQ KLK G> D> O MKK JL HJGHGJLGF G> L GJFLG DN LG ELMJLQ F< LG EJJQ, LF >JGE JL <J G> HJGDnFKK GEHF< Q JL EGJLDLQ. AF< GFKIMFLDQF DD GJ<FJQ KK HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG EJJK K 4, GJDKK LF 4, LG 1 FFGL GFK<J< K F MF>NGMJD KF.

%L KGMD< GKJN< LL L <GK FGL >GDDGO LL L EJJK G>

GMFLJQ J JDQ, GJ LL L HJNFLN LG HGHMDLGF <GKFGL HJND, MK L JLJ HJL G> L GJF DNK LG EJJQ. %F


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

KM GMFLJK K GJOQ F< OLRJDF<, OJ D> G> L GJFDN LG GN 40, L K N<FL LL, LGM JLJ EGJ LF D> DNLG EJJQ, DJ HGJLGF G> L HGHD LOF L K G> 20 F<40 OGMD< DNF F F MFEJJ< KLL, F< L HJNFLN OGMD< HHJ LG HJND LG JL <J. %F FDF< L K HJGD

LL D> G> L GJF DN LG GN 35;57 F< LGM JLJ EGJLF D> DN LG EJJQ, L HJNFLN EL HJNDGFK<JDQ (K O FGO L <GK), LGM FGL LG L KE PLFL KF GJOQ F< OLRJDF<.

HJNFLN K HJHK KL EKMJ< Q L KEDDFKK G> L HJGHGJLGF G> QJDQ JLK LG L OGD HGHMDLGF. HJGHGJLGF G> QJDQ EJJK LG L HGHMDLGF K GFDQ MKLJLJGF F GMFLJK KEDJDQ JMEKLF<, ML K FGJJLOJ LJ K <mJF F L HJGDnFKK G> EJJK GJ F

L HJGHGJLGF G> L HGHMDLGF MF<J L G> HMJLQ, F< FL JL G> FJK. %> DD L EJJK G> GMFLJQ, LQ >O GJEFQ, L HD QGMF, F< GFKIMFLDQ HJGDn, L K N<FLLL, LG HJG<M L KE HJGHGJLGF G> JLK, KEDDJ HJGHGJLGFG> EJJK ODD FKKJQ; GJ OL L KE HJGHGJLGF G> EJJK JLJ HJGHGJLGF G> JLK ODD HJG<M<. KDLLJ K KEK LG HHDD LG JF, OJ GL L JLKF< <LK J JLJ LF F O<F, LGM L HJGHGJLGF G> EJJK K FJDQ L KE, GJ JLJ DKK. AF< OF, F LOGGMFLJK GEHJ<, GF G> LE K EM JLJ HJL G> LKHGHMDLGF MF<J L G> HMJLQ LF L GLJ, L K N<FLLL FQ FJD HJGHGJLGF G> L QJDQ EJJK LG L OGDHGHMDLGF ODD FGL EHDQ L KE GHJLGF G> L HJNFLN EGF LGK G> EJJD .

%L K, F HJL, L KEDD HJGHGJLGF G> L HGHMDLGF MF<J L G> HMJLQ, K ODD K L FoMP G> KLJFJK, LL GKGFK FLGOFK JLJ HJGHGJLGF G> EJJK LF F L GMFLJQ,DLGM LJ F DLLD <GML LL L HJNFLN HJNDK EGKL F LGOFK. GFNJK G> LK ODD DKG LJM; F<GFKIMFLDQ F KM GMFLJQ K AEJ, OJ D> G> L

HGHMDLGF K MF<J KPLF, L HJGHGJLGF G> QJDQ EJJK ODDFGL MJLDQ PHJKK GO DLLD L HJNFLN JDDQGHJLK.

BML GF L KMHHGKLGF G> FJDQ L KE FLMJD HJGDnFKK FL OGEF G> EGKL GMFLJK, L KEDDFKK G> L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK ODD FJDDQ F<L, OL LGDJD PLFKK, L <JF O L HJNFLN HJNDK, OLJ JKF HJFHDDQ>JGE DL, F< GFKIMFLDQ MFHJGDn, EJJK, GJ >JGE DJHJGHGJLGF G> L HGHMDLGF GN L G> HMJLQ <QF

MFEJJ<.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

L L J<J EQ K L GF L JL G> FJK, F< LHJG< G> <GMDF, O OGMD< JKMDL >JGE FQ GKJN<HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG <LK, F< G> LK LG L OGD HGHMDLGF,% KMGF LOG LDK >JGE MKKED, DMDL< Q MDJ, O %DN J NJQ GJJL. nJKL K GFnF< LG L KMHHGKLGF G>

EGJLDLQ G> 1 F 36, F< LJ>GJ F GFDQ HHD< LG GMFLJKOJ KM EGJLDLQ K FGOF LG L HD. GLJ KFJD, <HF<F KGDDQ MHGF L HJGHGJLGF O L PKK G> L JLK GN L MJDK JK LG L OGD HGHMDLGF, F<LJ>GJ EQ HHD< MFNJKDDQ LG DD GMFLJK, OLNJ EQ L <J G> LJ EGJLDLQ. % N FGO DKG (1825) <<< LJ< LD K GFNFFL GF GMFL G> L MKLGE G> <FFDFMEJLGFK F LK F< KGE GLJ GMFLJK. %L K DMDL< QL N. B. BJ<, G> LJ $GMK, CEJ<, F< KGOK L JLG> FJK, GJ HJG< G> <GMDF, >JGE L GKJN< HJ-FL

FJK G> FQ LF QJK, KMHHGKF KM JL G> FJK LGGFLFM.

%L ODD GKJN< LL, OF L HJGHGJLGF LOF L JLKF< MJDK K NF, L HJG< G> <GMDF ODD KGJLJ, LJLJ L EGJLDLQ; MK L JLK K ODD K <LK JFJK< Q LK KMHHGKLGF, F< LQ GL J JLJHJGHGJLGF LG L OGD HGHMDLGF LF > L EGJLDLQ OJKEDDJ, F< LJ OJ JLJ FMEJ G> HGHD F <NF<D>.

EGJLDLQ G> MKK, GJ<F LG J. GG, K 1 F 58, F< LHJGHGJLGF G> JLK 1 F 26. ADDGOF >GJ L GEKKGFK F LMJDK, > O KKME L EGJLDLQ LG 1 F 52, LF L JLKODD LG L <LK K 2 LG 1, F< L HJGHGJLGF O L PKKG> JLK JK LG L OGD HGHMDLGF ODD 1/52.58

AGJ<F LG D %%. L HJG< G> <GMDF ODD, F LK K, GML 36 QJK. BML > O OJ LG H L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG<LK K 2 LG 1, F< KMHHGK EGJLDLQ G> 1 F 36, K F D %.,L PKK G> JLK GN L MJDK OGMD< 1/36 G> L OGD

HGHMDLGF, F< L HJG< G> <GMDF OGMD< GFDQ 25 QJK.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

BGG %%, CHLJ %, D %.F F FQ GMFLJQ LJ J 103,000 HJKGFK DNF, F< L

EGJLDLQ K 1 F 36.

I* 7

4534357-33* %7 73&-57 & %

T 7;' 3*

7 &-57 -00 &

T 4534357-3 3* 7;' 3* 7 &-57, 73

7 30 4340%7-3, -00 &

A75*35 7

45-3 3* 3&0-+ -00

&

11 277 1/360 250QJK.

12 555 1/180 125

13 833 1/120 83T

14 1110 1/90 62U

15 1388 1/72 50S

16 1666 1/60 42

17 1943 1/51 35U18 2221 1/45 312/3

19 2499 1/40 28

20 2777 1/36 253/10

22 3332 1/30 211/6

25 4165 1/24 17

10:

30 5554 1/18 124/5


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

BGG %%, CHLJ %, D %%.

T 4534357-3 3* 7 ;' 3*

&-57 %&39 7%7 73 7

30 3* 70-9-+.

P5-3 3* 3&0-+ - <%5 %

7

73%74%57.

T 4534357-3 3* 7 ;' 3*

&-57 %&39 7%7 73 7

30 3* 70-9-+.

P5-3 3* 3&0-+ - <%5 %

7

73%74%57.

10 7.2722 110 76.5923

11 7.9659 120 83.5230

12 8.6595 130 90.4554

13 9.3530 140 97.3868

14 10.0465 150 104.3183

15 10.7400 160 111.2598

16 111.2598 170 118.1813

17 12.1266 180 125.112818 12.8200 190 138.9757

1:

19 13.5133

1:

200 138.9757

21 14.9000 210 145.9072

22 15.5932 220 152.8387

23 16.2864 230 159.7702

24 16.9797 240 166.7017

25 17.6729 250 173.6332

26 18.3662 260 180.5647

27 19.0594 270 187.496128 19.7527 280 194.4275

29 20.4458 290 201.3590

1:

30 21.1391

1:

300 208.2905

32 22.5255 310 215.2220

34 23.9119 320 222.1535

36 25.2983 330 229.0850

38 26.6847 340 236.0164

40 28.0711 350 242.9479

42 29.4574 360 249.8794

44 30.8438 370 256.8109

46 32.2302 380 263.7425

48 43.6161 390 270.6740

1:

50 35.0029

1:

400 277.6055

55 38.4687 410 284.5370

60 41.9345 420 291.4685

65 45.4003 430 298.4000

70 48.8661 440 305.3314

75 52.3318 450 312.2629

80 55.7977 460 319.1943

1:

85 59.2634

1:

470 326.1258


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

T 4534357-3 3* 7 ;' 3*

&-57 %&39 7%7 73 7 30 3* 7

0-9-+.

P5-3 3* 3&0-+ - <%5 %

773%7

4%57.

T 4534357-3 3* 7 ;' 3*

&-57 %&39 7%7 73 7 30 3* 7

0-9-+.

P5-3 3* 3&0-+ - <%5 %

773%7

4%57.

90 62.7292 480 333.0573

95 66.1950 490 339.9888

100 69.6607 500 346.9202

1: 1000 693.49.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

BGG %%, CHLJ %, D %%%.

I.P5

'7%+-'5%

- 7 <%5.

II.

P5-3 3* 3&0-+.

I.P5

'7%+-'5%

- 7 <%5.

II.

P5-3 3* 3&0-+.

I.P5

'7%+-'5%

- 7 <%5.

II.

P5-3 3* 3&0-+.

1 696.60 16 46.70 30.5 26.03

1.5 465.55 16.5 45.38 31 25.67

2 350.02 17 44.14 31.5 25.31

2.5 280.70 17.5 42.98 32 24.96

3 234.49 18 41.87 32.5 24.63

3.5 201.48 18.5 40.83 33 24.30

4 176.73 19 39.84 33.5 23.99

4.5 157.47 19.5 38.91 34 23.685 142.06 20 38.01 34.5 23.38

5.5 129.46 35 23.09

6 118.95 20.5 37.17 35.5 22.81

6.5 110.06 21 36.36 36 22.54

7 102.44 21.5 35.59 36.5 22.27

7.5 95.84 22 34.85 37 22.01

8 90.06 22.5 34.15 37.5 21.76

8.5 84.96 23 33.48 38 21.52

9 80.43 23.5 32.83 38.5 21.28

9.5 76.37 24 32.22 39 21.04

10 72.72 24.5 31.63 39.5 20.82

25 31.06 40 20.61

10.5 69.42 25.5 30.51

11 66.41 26 29.99 41 20.17

11.5 63.67 26.5 29.48 42 19.76

12 61.12 27 28.99 43 19.37

12.5 58.06 27.5 28.53 44 19.00

13 56.71 28 28.07 45 18.65

13.5 54.73 28.5 27.65 46 18.3114 52.90 29 27.22 47 17.99

14.5 51.19 29.5 26.81 48 17.68

15 49.59 30 26.41 49 17.38

15.5 48.10 50 17.06


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

B LG D G> CGFLFLK

B33/ II, C%475 !II

E>'7 O* E4--' O R+-75 O* B-57,D%7, A M%55-%+.

%L HHJK DJDQ >JGE L NJQ NDMD LDK G> EGJLDLQ, OMKKED K GDDL<, F< O FDM< HJG<K G> 50 GJ 60

QJK, LL DD L GMFLJK G> MJGH J KML LG HJG<DKDQ KKGFK, O LJ FJK; F< NJQ >O JPEHL >JGE LGK JL F< OKLF HDMK O, GF GJ LOHJHK F FLMJQ, KOH Gm L LJ< GJ >GMJL HJL G> LJFLFLK. OQ F O LK HJG<K G> EGJLDLQ mL DD

L FJD HJGHGJLGFK G> JLK, <LK, F< EJJK, KKLJFDQ DDMKLJL< F L LDK >GJ JMKK F< LMF, >JGEL QJ 1692 LG L QJ 1757.59

LD, >JGE O LK K GH<, GFLFK L EJJK, JLKF< <LK >GJ NJQ HJLMDJ QJ <MJF L OGD HJG<; ML LGJF L FLG KEDDJ GEHKK, % N JLF< GFDQ L FJDNJ <JOF >JGE L KGJLJ HJG<K G> nN F< >GMJ QJK,PHL OJ L FMEJK >GJ L F<N<MD QJK HJKFL< FQ>L OGJLQ G> HJLMDJ GKJNLGF. QJ 1711, EE<LDQ

KM<F L JL HDM, K FGL FDM<< Q MKKED F FQFJD NJ; ML K NF L HJLMDJ FMEJK, F< > LQ MJL LQ KO L NJQ KM<<F F< HJG<GMK mLG> JL EGJLDLQ GF L FMEJ G> EJJK.

MKKED DMDLK LL GN GF LJ< G> L HGHD OK<KLJGQ< Q L HDM; F< QL, FGLOLKLF<F LK JL<EFMLGF G> L HGHMDLGF, L ODD HHJ Q J>JF LG LLD, LL L FMEJ G> EJJK F L QJ 1711 OK NJQFJDQ <GMD L NJ G> L KP QJK HJ<F L HDM.60G HJG<M LK mL, O EQ KMHHGK LL DEGKL DD OG OJ LL G> HMJLQ OJ F<M<, >JGE L <EF< >GJ DGMJ F<L FMEJ G> NFL EHDGQEFLK, EE<LDQ LG EJJQ. KEEFK FMEJ G> EJJK F L QJ GMD< FGL HGKKDQ GEHF< Q JL HJGHGJLGFD FMEJ G> JLK, MK OFFGL KMHHGK LL L FO EJJK GMD< QD< EGJ LFGF JL F L QJ, F< L JKL EMKL GE >JGE L EJJKO < GFLFM< MFJGF LJGM L HDM. FFGLLJ>GJ KMJHJK< LL L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG EJJK FLK QJ KGMD< GFDQ 2.7 LG 1, GJ 27 LG 10. BML LGM LHJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG EJJK GMD< FGL JL; QL, GF

GMFL G> L PLJGJ<FJQ FMEJ G> EJJK, L KGDMLFMEJ G> JLK EMKL JL; F< K L FMEJ G> <LK OGMD<


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

FLMJDDQ KEDD, L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG <LK K HJG<GMK,F 320 LG 100; F PKK G> JLK K JL, HJHK, K K NJF FGOF F AEJ.

%F L FPL QJ, 1712, L FMEJ G> EJJK EMKL G> GMJK

<EFK P<FDQ; MK, FJDQ DD OG OJ L L G> HMJLQ NF EJJ< L QJ >GJ, L EJJK G> LK QJOGMD< KMHHD< HJFHDDQ Q LGK OG < JJN< L LK ,KMKIMFL LG L HDM. LDD, GONJ, K DD OG OJEJJD < FGL HJGDQ EJJ< L QJ >GJ, LFMEJ G> EJJK F L QJ 1712 K JL F HJGHGJLGF LG LHGHMDLGF; F<, LGM FGL EM EGJ LF D> G> L FMEJO LGG HD <MJF L HJ<F QJ, K JLJ LF LNJ FMEJ F L DKL HJG< >GJ L HDM. HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG EJJK F 1712, LGM JLJ LF F

L HJ<F QJ, GF GMFL G> L KEDDJ GEHJLN FMEJG> EJJK, K, OL J>JF LG GLJ GMFLJK, FGL JL, FK 3.6 LG 1, GJ 3.6 LG 10. BML L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG <LK,LGM DKK LF F L HJ<F QJ, OF KG NJQ DJ HJGHGJLGF G> L HGHD EJJ<, K, OL J>JF LG GLJGMFLJK, KLDD MFMKMDDQ JL, F K 220 LG 100; F PKK G> JLK, O, DMDL< GF EGJLDLQ G> 1 F 36, OGMD< <GMD LHGHMDLGF G> GMFLJQ (GJ<F LG D %. H 496) F 21 1/8

QJK.

JGE LK HJG< L FMEJ G> FFMD EJJK FK LG JMDL< Q L <EFK< HGHMDLGF, F< G> GMJK LG KF GFK<JDQ DGO L NJ FMEJ G> EJJK >GJ LHDM, <HF<F HJFHDDQ GF L FMEJ G> HJKGFK JKFFFMDDQ LG EJJD KLL. %F L QJ 1720, GML FF GJLF QJK >LJ L HDM, L FMEJ G> FFMD EJJK, LJ>JGE <FL, GJ L FFF GHJLGF G> L HJNFLN ,K L KEDDKL; F< L K L LK LE LL L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LGEJJK JKK NJQ . %F L HJG< >JGE 1717 LG 1721 LHJGHGJLGF, K HHJK Q L LD, K 49 LG 10; F< F LHJLMDJ QJK 1719 F< 1720, L K 50 LG 10 F< 55 LG 10.

MKKED <JOK L LLFLGF G> K J<JK LG L >JML>MDFKK G> EJJK F JMKK >LJ L HDM, F< EFLGFK L HJGHGJLGFG> 50 FFMD JLK LG 10 FFMD EJJK K HJGG> G> L. JJ L KL JKGFK >JGE L FJD NJ >GJ KMHHGKF LLL EJJK F JMKK L LK LE OJ NJQ >JML>MD; MLJLFDQ L HJGHGJLGF G> LK F<N<MD QJ, GJ NF HJG<, KFGL KMpFL HJGG> G> L, F N<FLDQ MK< Q KEDDJFMEJ G> EJJK LF HD F L QJ, F< FGL Q JLJFMEJ G> JLK.61 %F L LOG QJK EE<LDQ KM<F L

HDM, OF L PKK G> JLK GN L <LK OK KGKLGFKF, L JLK GJ KEDD HJGHGJLGF LG L EJJK;


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

F< GJ<F LG L MKMD EG< G> DMDLGF, L OGMD< N>GDDGO< LL EJJ QD<< GFDQ 2.7 GJ 3.6 D<JF. %F LDKL HJG< G> L LD, (>JGE 1752 LG 1756,) L JLK J LG LEJJK K 5 LG 1, F< F L F<N<MD QJ 1756, K 6.1 LG 1:F< QL <MJF LK HJG< L JLK J LG L <LK GFDQ K 148

LG 100, O GMD< FGL N F L K, > L HJGHGJLGFG> JLK LG EJJK < F<L JLK LF MKMD, FKL< G> KEDDJ FMEJ G> EJJK.

NJLGFK F L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG <LK, F L <mJFLHJG<K G> 64 QJK FDM<< F L LD, <KJN HJLMDJLLFLGF. %> O OJ LG L F NJ G> L >GMJ QJKEE<LDQ KM<F L HDM, L JLK OGMD< LG L<LK F L HJGHGJLGF G> GN 22 LG 10, O, KMHHGKF LEGJLDLQ LG 1 F 36, OGMD< <GMD L HGHMDLGF F LOFLQ-GF

QJK. %> O L L LOFLQ QJK >JGE 1711 LG 1731, L NJHJGHGJLGF G> L JLK LG <LK ODD HHJ LG GML 17 LG 10, HJGHGJLGF O (GJ<F LG D %. H 496) OGMD< <GMDL HGHMDLGF F GML LJLQ-nN QJK. BML >, FKL< G> 20 QJK,O OJ LG L L OGD HJG< G> 64 QJK, L NJHJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG <LK LMJFK GML LG ML DLLD EGJ LF12 LG 10; HJGHGJLGF O OGMD< FGL <GMD L HGHMDLGF FDKK LF 125 QJK. %> O OJ LG FDM< L EGJLDLQ G> LHDM, GJ NF G> L H<E QJK 1736 F< 1737, F LGG KGJL HJG<, L <LK EL P< L JLK, F< L HGHMDLGFOGMD< HHJ LG <JKF.

MKKED LFK LL, FKL< G> 1 F 36, L EGJLDLQ F JMKK,>LJ L HDM, EL 1 F 38; F< L EQ HHJ HJHK LGKGE G> EQ J<JK, LL L HDFLQ GKGF< Q KM F NFLGML LG E KLDD JLJ <mJF. J. GJL K HJLMDJDQJEJ< LL F PLJGJ<FJQ DLFKK FJDDQ KM<K FQ

NJQ JL EGJLDLQ;62 F< % N FG <GML LL L GKJNLGF K MKL, GEHJF KEDJ K LGLJ. BML, MF<J L EGKL>NGMJD JMEKLFK, F>FLK MF<J LJ QJK J EGJKML LG <L LF L GLJ K; F< L PLJGJ<FJQ

HJGHGJLGF G> D<JF O MKMDDQ >GDDGOK NJQ JL EGJLDLQ,GMFLJDFK L nJKL L FLMJD DLFKK G> L HJG<, F<HJNFLK L >JGE EF EM <mJF F L FJD EGJLDLQ.

%> O <N< L HGHMDLGF G> JMKK >LJ L HDM, Q LFMEJ G> <LK F L QJ 1711, L ODD HHJ, LL L EGJLDLQOK FJDQ 1 F 31, F< OK LJ>GJ FJK< JLJ LF<EFK<, GOF LG L HJG<GMK FMEJ G> D<JF GJF FLL QJ. BML LK JLJ EGJLDLQ OGMD< JLFDQ K, K KGGFK LK D<JF F LG JK FLG L nJEJ KLK G> D>, F<

LF HJGDQ MKKED'K GKJNLGFK OGMD< MKL. %F FJD,GONJ, O KDD GKJN LL JL HJNGMK EGJLDLQ HJG<MK


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

EGJ KFKD mL GF L JLK LF GF L <LK. BQJ>JJF LG L LD L ODD HHJ, LL L FMEJ G> FFMD<LK JMDJDQ FJKK OL L FJKF HGHMDLGF, F<FJDQ HK MH L KE JDLN HJGHGJLGF DD L OQ LJGM.BML L FMEJ G> FFMD JLK K FGL NJQ <mJFL <MJF L

OGD HJG<, LGM F LK LE L HGHMDLGF < EGJ LF<GMD< LKD>; F< LJ>GJ L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG L OGDHGHMDLGF, L nJKL F< L DKL, EMKL N F< F FPLJGJ<FJQ <J.

%L ODD HHJ LJ>GJ GO DD O KGMD< LG JJ F KKMEF NF HJGHGJLGF G> JLK, >GJ L HMJHGK G> KLELF L HKLHGHMDLGF G> FQ GMFLJQ. %F L HJKFL FKLF, L OGMD< ND< LG L GFDMKGF, LL L HGHMDLGF OK KJDQ <EFK<Q L HDM, DLGM >JGE L FMEJ G> <LK L OK FGOF LG

<EFK< GF LJ<.

JLGFK G> L KE F<, LGM FGL F L KE <J, HHJF L HJGHGJLGFK G> JLK, <LK F< EJJK, F DD L LDKO MKKED K GDDL<; F< K OJLJK GF LK KMLKN F LGG HL LG >GJE DMDLGFK >GJ HKL F< >MLMJ LEK>JGE L HJGHGJLGFK G> >O QJK, L EQ MK>MD LG <JO LLLFLGF G> L J<J LG >O EGJ FKLFK G> KM NJLGFK.

%F L CMJEJ G> BJF<FMJ,63 <MJF 15 QJK, F<F OL1712, L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG <LK OK FJDQ 17 LG 10. GJ 6

QJK, F<F OL 1718, L HJGHGJLGF KMF LG 13 LG 10; >GJ 4 QJK, F<F OL 1752, L OK GFDQ 11 LG 10; F< >GJ 4 QJK,F<F OL 1756, 12 LG 10. GJ 3 QJK, F<F OL 1759, L<LK NJQ JLDQ P<< L JLK. HJGHGJLGF G> LJLK LG L OGD HGHMDLGF K FGL NF; ML L K FGL HJGDLL L JL NJLGFK GKJND F L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG<LK KGMD< N JKF KGDDQ >JGE L NJLGFK F L <LK. HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG EJJK K LGDJDQ MF>GJE, LPLJEK F GFDQ 38 LG 10 F< 35 LG 10, F< L EF GML 37LG 10. %F LK LD FG NJQ JL H<EK GMJ LDD L 3 QJK

FFF OL 1757, F< QGF< LK HJG< L DKLK J FGLGFLFM<.

%F L <M<GE G> GEJF,64 L NJ HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG<LK >GJ 60 QJK (>JGE 1694 LG 1756 GL FDM<<) OK 138 LG100; ML F KGE G> L HJG<K G> KP QJK L OK K K 177 LG100, F< 155 LG 100. %F GLJK L KMF K DGO K 124 LG 100, F<130 LG 100. PLJEK F L HJGHGJLGFK G> JLK LG EJJKG> L <mJFL HJG<K G> 5 F< 6 QJK, OJ 36 LG 10 F< 43 LG10, F< L EF G> L 60 QJK GML 38 LG 10. H<E QJK

HHJ LG N GMJJ< GKGFDDQ, F LJ G> O L <LKP<< L JLK; ML LK LEHGJJQ <EFMLGF G> HGHMDLGF


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

HJG<M< FG GJJKHGF<F <EFMLGF G> JLK, F< L LOGF<N<MD QJK O GFLF L JLKL HJGHGJLGF G> EJJKF L OGD LD GMJ, GF F L QJ >LJ, F< L GLJ LOG

QJK >LJ H<EK. PKK G> <LK GONJ OK FGL JLLDD L LJ QJK F<F OL 1759, OL O L LD

GFDM<K.

%F L MEJ G> BJF<FMJ,65 >GJ 60 QJK, >JGE 1695 LG1756 GL FDM<<, L NJ HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG <LK FL nJKL 30 QJK OK 148 LG 100, F L DKL 30 QJK 127 LG 100, FL OGD 60 QJK 136 LG 100. %F KGE HJG<K G> 5 QJK L OK K K 171 F< 167 LG 100. %F GLJK K DGO K 118 F< 128 LG 100.GJ 5 QJK F<F OL 1726, L QJDQ NJ G> JLK OK7012; >GJ 5 QJK F<F OL 1746, L OK 6927, >JGE O,

M<F Q L JLK, O EL F>J LL L HGHMDLGF <

<JK< F LK FLJND G> 20 QJK; ML L HHJK >JGE LNJ HJGHGJLGF G> JLK F< <LK <MJF LK HJG<, LL LEMKL N GFK<JDQ FJK<, FGLOLKLF<F LFLJNFLGF G> KGE H<E QJK. HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG LOGD HGHMDLGF EMKL LJ>GJ N <<<DQ F<. AFGLJFLJND G> 20 QJK F L KE LDK NK KEDJ JKMDL, GLOL JJ< LG L JLK F< EJJK. PLJEK G> LHJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG EJJK J 34 LG 10, F< 42 LG 10, LEF GML 38 LG 10. 3 QJK FFF OL 1757, OJ, K FL GLJ LDK, NJQ >LD QJK.

%F L <M<GE G> <MJ,66 <MJF 64 QJK F<F OL1756, L NJ HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG <LK OK 123 LG 100; FL nJKL 28 QJK G> L HJG< 142 LG 100, F< F L DKL 34 QJKGFDQ 112 LG 100; <MJF GF HJG< G> 5 QJK L OK K K 170LG 100; F< F LOG HJG<K L <LK P<< L JLK. DLH<EK HHJ LG FLJKHJK< JLJ LDQ LJGMGML LLD. %F L LOG FKLFK, OJ LJ GJ >GMJ GMJ F KMKKN

QJK F< <EFK L HGHMDLGF, LQ J >GDDGO< Q F FJKG> EJJK F< JLK. PLJEK G> L HJGHGJLGFK G> JLKLG EJJK J 42 LG 10 F< 34 LG 10, F< L EF G> L 64

QJK 39 LG 10. F LK LD MKKED JEJK, LL LGM LNJ FMEJ G> <LK KOK F FJK< HGHMDLGF G> GFLJ< >JGE 1715 GJ 1720, QL L JLK F< EJJK OGMD< HJGNL LG KLLGFJQ, GJ NF <DFF. %F <JOF LK GFDMKGFGONJ, <<K L LJ H<E QJK F<F OL 1759,<MJF O GL L EJJK F< JLK KE LG N<EFK<.

%F L HJFHDLQ G> $DJKL<L,67 L NJ HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG <LK >GJ 68 QJK, F<F OL 1756, OK 124 LG 100;

ML F KGE HJG<K G> 5 QJK L OK K K 160 LG 100, F< FGLJK K DGO K 110 LG 100. FJK F L OGD 68 QJK


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

OK GFK<JD, F< QL >GJ 5 QJK F<F OL 1723, LNJ FMEJ G> JLK OK 2818; F< >GJ 4 QJK F<F OL1750, 2628, >JGE O L OGMD< HHJ LL L HGHMDLGF F 27

QJK < GFK<JDQ <EFK<. A KEDJ HHJF GMJKOL JJ< LG L EJJK <MJF HJG< G> 32 QJK. %F L 5

QJK F<F OL 1718, LQ OJ 727; F L 5 QJK F<F OL1750, 689. MJF GL LK HJG<K L HJGHGJLGF G> <LKOGMD< N KOF GFK<JD FJK. H<EK KE LG NGMJJ< >JIMFLDQ; F< F DEGKL DD L FKLFK, F O LQOJ KM K >GJ L <LK LG P< L JLK, LQ OJEE<LDQ KM<< Q EGJ LF MKMD HJGHGJLGF G> EJJK, F< F >O QJK Q F FJK< HJGHGJLGF G> JLK. JLKL FMEJ G> EJJK F L OGD LD GMJK F L

QJ 1751, >LJ F H<E F L QJ 1750, F O L <LK< P<< L JLK GN GF LJ<, F< L >GMJ GJ nN

>GDDGOF QJK GFLF L DJKL HJGHGJLGF G> JLK. PLJEK G> L HJGHGJLGFK G> JLK LG EJJK J 42 LG 10 F<34 LG 10; L EF G> L 68 QJK 38 LG 10.

JEFF LDK GFLF KEDJ JKMDLK; ML LK ODD KMpFL LG KO L NJLGFK O J GFLFMDDQ GMJJF FL HJGHGJLGFK G> L JLK F< EJJK, K ODD K G> L<LK, LG L OGD HGHMDLGF.

%L ODD GKJN< LL L DKL NJD G> L HJGHGJLGFK K LLO L JLK F< EJJK J LG GLJ; F< L GNGMKJKGF K, LL LK HJGHGJLGF K HJFHDDQ FoMF< Q LHJGDnFKK G> EJJK, O ODD FGL G> GMJK KML LGJL FK. F J<DQ F<< KMHHGK, LL LHJGDnFKK G> EJJK KGMD< NJQ KG EM K L <mJFLHJGHGJLGFK G> JLK LG EJJK F L LDK. GJ K L FKKJQLL L KGMD<, K FGLJ MK ODD GFLJML LG HJG<M L KEmL. JLK O J GFLEHGJJQ OL L EJJK G> FQ HJLMDJ QJ, DGF HJFHDDQ LG EJJK O <LF HD KGE QJK >GJ; F< LJ>GJ, > >GJ >GMJ GJ nN

QJK DJ HJGHGJLGF G> EJJK OJ LG L HD; F< LF

<FLDDQ >GJ GF GJ LOG QJK KEDD HJGHGJLGF, L mLOGMD< DJ HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG EJJK F L JKLJK<MJF LK GF GJ LOG QJK; F< GF L GFLJJQ, > >GJ >GMJ GJnN QJK >O EJJK GEHJLNDQ OJ LG L HD, F<LF >GJ GF GJ LOG QJK JL FMEJ, L mL OGMD< KEDD HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG EJJK F L JKLJK. K OKKLJFDQ DDMKLJL< F L LD >GJ JMKK F< LMF, F<OGMD< GFnJE< Q F FKHLGF G> DD L GLJ LDKGDDL< Q MKKED; F O L HHJK LL L PLJEHJGHGJLGFK G> JLK LG EJJK J FJDDQ EGJ mL< Q

L FMEJ G> EJJK LF L FMEJ G> JLK, F<GFKIMFLDQ JK EGJ >JGE L NJLGFK F L <KHGKLGF GJ


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

FGMJEFL LG ELJEGFQ, LF >JGE L NJLGFK F LHJGDnFKK G> EJJK.

GEEGF H<ED QJK O J FLJKHJK< LJGMGMLLK LDK, ODD FGL G> GMJK N L KE mLK GF L

EJJK F< JLK K L JL HDM F L LD >GJ JMKK;ML F HJGHGJLGF LG LJ EFLM<, LJ GHJLGF ODD F FJD >GMF< LG KEDJ. JGE L JKLJK G> EFQ GLJ GMFLJK,F< HJLMDJDQ G> LGOFK, L HHJK LL L NKLLGFK G> LHDM OJ >JIMFL L L DLLJ F< G> L 17L, F< LFFF G> L 18L FLMJK.

%F GFLEHDLF L HDMK F< KDQ KKGFK O GMJ FLK LDK >LJ HJG< G> JH< FJK, L K EHGKKD FGL LG EHJKK< OL L <, LL L FMEJ G> FLFLK < F

LK FKLFK P<< L >GG< F< L GEEG<LGFKFKKJQ LG HJKJN LE F DL. EKK G> L HGHDOGMD<, MHGF LK KMHHGKLGF, GD< LG DN OGJK, F< JLJ FMEJ G> LE OGMD< JGO<< LGLJ F GF GMK;F< LK FLMJD MKK OGMD< N<FLDQ GFLJML LG HJG<MKFKK, NF LGM L GMFLJQ, KGDMLDQ GFK<J<, EL FGL JGO<< F< HGHMDGMK. %F GMFLJQ NF LFDQ FL<, > FFJK G> HGHMDLGF L HD >GJ EGJ >GG< K JK<, F<EGJ GMKK J MDL, L FLFLK EMKL <KLJKK< >GJ JGGEF< KMKKLF. %> F L $DF<K G> GLDF<, >GJ L FPL LF GJLODN QJK, L EJJK OJ LG LJ EGJ >JIMFL GJEGJ HJGDn, F< FG EJLGF OJ LG L HD, FKL< G> nNLG GLL, LJ EL KNF; F< LK, <<< LG L FKKLQG> OGJK DNF, OGMD< N<FLDQ N EGKL MF>NGMJD mL GFL DL G> L GEEGF HGHD.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

BGG %%, CHLJ %%, D %.

A%0 A95%+. M%55-%+. B-57. D%7.

P534357-33*

%55-%+73 &-57.

P534357-33* %773 &-57.

5 QJK LG1697

5747 19715 14862 10:34 100:132

5 QJKh1702 6070 24112 14474 10:39 100:165

6 QJKh1708 6082 26896 16430 10:44 100:163

%F 1709 &1710

HDM

FMEJ<KLJGQ<

F 2 QJK.

247733

%F 1711 12028 32522 10131 10:27 100:320

%F 1712 267 22970 10445 10:36 100:2205 QJK LG

17164968 21603 11984 10:43 100:180

5 QJKh1721 4324 21396 12039 10:49 100:177

5 QJK-1726 4719 21452 12863 10:45 100:166

5 QJKh1731 4808 29554 12825 10:42 100:160

4 QJKh1735 5424 22692 15475 10:41 100:146

%F 1736 5280 21859 26371 H<E

%F 1737 5765 18930 24480 QJK.

5 QJK LG1742 5582 22099 15255 10:39 100:144

4 QJKh1746 5469 25275 15117 10:46 100:167

5 QJKh1751 6423 28235 17272 10:43 100:163

5 QJKh1756 5599 28892 19154 10:50 100:148

%F L 16 QJK >GJL HDM

95585 380516 245763 10:39 100:154

%F 46 QJK>LJ L

HDM

248777 1083872 690324 10:43 100:157

%F 62 GG< QJK

344361 1464388 936087 10:43 100:156

936087

GJ GJFLF <<

528301

%F L 2HDM QJK

5477 23977 247733

340838 14883651183820 10:42 100:125%F DD L64 QJK 1183820


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

A%0 A95%+. M%55-%+. B-57. D%7.

P534357-33*

%55-%+73 &-57.

P534357-33* %773 &-57.

FDM<FL HDM

GJ GJFLF <<.

304545


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

B LG D G> CGFLFLK

B33/ II, C%475 !III

G5%0 D'7-3 F53 T P5'-+ V- O* S3'-7<.

L L K O N F EFLGF< J L EE<LMKK G> L KDGO FJK G> HGHMDLGF, F< LL LK KJKMDL HJFHDDQ >JGE F FKMpFQ G> KMKKLF, ODD N<FL >JGE L GEHJLNDQ JH< FJK O K FNJDQLF HD, OFNJ, Q KGE KM<<F FDJEFL F L EFKG> KMKKLF, LK K N F FQ GFK<JD <J FJEGN<.

%L K F MFNJKDDQ JEJ< LL DD FO GDGFK KLLD< FDLQ GMFLJK, OJ JGGE F< >GG< OJ MF<FL, NGFKLFLDQ E< JH< HJGJKK F HGHMDLGF. FQ G> LGDGFK >JGE FFL #J, F L GMJK G> GF GJ LOG FLMJK,HHJ LG N JNDD<, F< NF KMJHKK<, LJ EGLJ LK.QJMK F< AJFLME F DQ, JFLME F< GJ F %LDQ,HKMK F< DLMK F KKJ AK, OJ, Q DD GMFLK, L DKLIMD LG FQ G> L LK G> FFL #J. ADD LK GDGFK <KLDK< LEKDNK F GMFLJK FL< Q KN F<

JJGMK FLGFK, O KDQ N HD LG L FO KLLDJK, OG< G> GMJK HDFLQ G> GG< DF<. %L K DMDL< LL L%KJDLK, LGM LQ FJK< NJQ KDGODQ OD LQ OJOF<JF F L DF< G> CFF, GF KLLDF F >JLD <KLJL G> QHL, <GMD< LJ FMEJK NJQ n>LF QJK <MJF L OGDHJG< G> LJ KLQ.68 BML FGL LG <ODD GF JEGL FKLFK, LMJGHF KLLDEFLK F AEJ J EHD LKLEGFQ LG L LJMLG> JEJ, LL K FNJ % DN F <GML<. DFLQ G> JDF< LG < >GJ DLLD GJ FGLF, K KG HGOJ>MD MK G> HGHMDLGF, K FJDDQ LG GNJGE DD GKLDK.

G KLLDEFLK GMD< KDQ N F OGJK EF< LF LGKG> HF, F PG, JM, F< MLG. LQJFFQ, KMHJKLLGF, F<

NK G> L EGLJ GMFLJQ OJ FLJG<M< F EHD IMFLLKEGF J D<JF. PGJLFL LPK OJ PL< Q L JGOF;L EGKL JLJJQ JKLJLGFK OJ EHGK< GF LJ LJ<; F<L GNJFGJK OJ FGL F< F< F JHLQ F< PLGJLGF >GJLEKDNK K ODD K LJ EKLJK. L MF<J DD LK <pMDLK,L GDGFK E< IM HJGJKK F HGHMDLGF. LQ G> MLG,O OK ML EDL G> %F<FK, K JHJKFL< Q DDG KGFLFF n>LQ GJ KPLQ LGMKF< FLFLK GN n>LQ QJK

G.69 E, O OK >GMF<< KF L GFIMKL, K EFLGF<Q L KE MLGJ K IMDDQ GJ EGJ HGHMDGMK >GJ L >LD


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

JLIM F 1746. PG K K< LG GFLF MF<J< LGMKF<FLFLK; O, FGLOLKLF<F L PJLGFK G> LHFK OJLJK, K KMHHGK< LG nN LEK JLJ LF OL LGFLF< F L LE G> GFLRME.70

%F L GJLMMK GDGFQ G> BJRD, GNJF< OL DEGKL IMDLQJFFQ, LJ OJ KMHHGK< LG , GN LJLQ QJK G, KPMF<J< LGMKF< FLFLK G> MJGHF PLJLGF.71

ML F< JF GDGFK, LGM MF<J L GNJFEFL G> PDMKN GEHFK G> EJFLK, KLDD HJKKL< F LJNF MF<JNJQ <K<NFL.72

BML L FDK GJL-AEJF GDGFK, FGO L HGOJ>MD HGHDG> L FL< LLK G> AEJ, >J GMLKLJHH< DD L GLJK F L

HJGJKK G> LJ HGHMDLGF. G L IMFLLQ G> J DF< O LQHGKKKK< F GEEGF OL L HFK F< GJLMMK GDGFK,LQ <<< JLJ <J G> DJLQ G> DJLQ F< IMDLQ.GM FGL OLGML KGE JKLJLGFK GF LJ >GJF GEEJ,LQ OJ DDGO< L DJLQ G> EFF LJ GOF FLJFDmJK. HGDLD FKLLMLGFK O HJND< OJ >NGMJD LGL DFLGF F< <NKGF G> HJGHJLQ. F<K O OJ FGLMDLNL< Q L HJGHJLGJ OLF DEL< LE, OJ <DJ<JFLD LG FQ GLJ HJKGF. %F FFKQDNF LJ OK FG JLG> HJEGFLMJ; F< F L HJGNFK G> O FDF<, L D<KLKGF < GFDQ <GMD KJ. J OJ FG LLK F FQ G> LLLK, F< KJDQ FQ LPK.

AF< GF GMFL G> L PLJE HFKK G> GG< DF<, F< KLMLGF >NGMJD LG L PHGJLLGF G> JF, HLD GMD< FGL EGJ <NFLGMKDQ EHDGQ< LF F JMDLMJ; O, LL KE LE LL L mGJ<K L JLKL IMFLLQ G> DLQ OGJ,KMHHDK L EGKL NDMD HJG<M LG L KGLQ.

GFKIMF G> LK >NGMJD JMEKLFK MFL<, OK JH<LQ G> FJK DEGKL OLGML HJDDD F KLGJQ. JGMGML

DD L FGJLJF HJGNFK L HGHMDLGF OK >GMF< LG <GMD LKD> F 25 QJK. GJFD FMEJ G> HJKGFK O < KLLD< FL >GMJ HJGNFK G> O FDF< F 1643, OK 21,200. A>LJOJ<KL OK DMDL< LL EGJ D>L LE LF OFL LG LE. %F L QJ1760 LQ OJ FJK< LG D> EDDGF. Q <, LJ>GJ, DDDGF <GMD< LJ FMEJ F 25 QJK. %F O JKQ L HJG<G> <GMDF HHJ< LG 22 QJK, F< F G< %KDF< KLDD DKK.%F L KLLDEFLK, OJ L FLFLK HHD< LEKDNKKGDDQ LG JMDLMJ, F< DMPMJQ OK FGL FGOF, LQ OJKMHHGK< LG <GMD LJ FMEJ F n>LF QJK. ADGF L K-

GKL, O OGMD< FLMJDDQ nJKL FL<, L HJG< G> <GMDF OK GML 35 QJK, F< F KGE G> L EJLE LGOFK


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

L HGHMDLGF OK KGDMLDQ L KLF<.73 JGE L DL FKMKE< F AEJ, L HHJK LL, LF DD L LLK LGLJ,LQ N KLDD GFLFM< LG <GMD LJ FMEJK OLF 25

QJK;74 F< K L OGD HGHMDLGF K FGO KG JL K FGL LG ELJDDQ mL< Q L EJLGFK >JGE MJGH, F< K L K

FGOF LL, F KGE G> L LGOFK F< <KLJLK FJ L K-GKL,L HJGJKK G> HGHMDLGF K F GEHJLNDQ KDGO; L KN<FL, LL F L FLJGJ G> L GMFLJQ F FJD, L HJG< G> <GMDF >JGE HJGJLGF GFDQ EMKL N F GFK<JDQ DKKLF 25 QJK.

HGHMDLGF G> L FL< LLK G> AEJ, GJ<F LG L>GMJL FKMK, F 1820, OK 7,861,710. N FG JKGF LGDN LL #JL BJLF K DKK HGHMDGMK L HJKFL, >GJ LEJLGF G> L KEDD HJFL KLG O HJG<M< LK

FMEJK. F L GFLJJQ, JLF <J G> EJLGF K FGOFLG >NGMJD LG L HGHMDLGF G> L EGLJ GMFLJQ. %L KF HJLMDJDQ JEJ< LL L LOG HFK HJGNFK, >JGEO L JLKL FMEJ G> HGHD EJL< LG AEJ,E F GFKIMF EGJ HGHMDGMK.

LNJ OK L GJFD FMEJ G> BJLK EJFLK OFJK< KG >KL F GJL AEJ, DL MK K, Q <GK FGL FIMD FMEJ HJG<M F IMD FJK F L KE LE F #JLBJLF? GNGMK JKGF LG KKF< K L OFL G> >GG<; F<LL LK OFL K L EGKL pFL MK G> L LJ EE<LK LG HGHMDLGF, O N F GKJN< LG HJND F DDKGLK; K N<FL >JGE L JH<LQ OL O NF GD< KLLKJGNJ L <KGDLGFK G> OJ, HKLDF, >EF, F< LGFNMDKGFK G> FLMJ. Q J LF >GJ KGJL LE HD< DLLDF L KLMLGF G> FO GDGFK; F< L mL K DOQK FKOJDLG OL EL PHL<. %> L F<MKLJQ G> L FLFLK FGL<KLJGQ<, KMKKLF ODD KGGF FJK QGF< L OFLK G> LJ<M< FMEJK; F< L FNJD GFKIMF ODD , LLHGHMDLGF, O >GJ HJHK OK FJDQ KLLGFJQ, ODD FEE<LDQ LG FJK, F< ODD GFLFM LK HJGJKK LDD L

>GJEJ HGHMDLGF K JGNJ<.

>JLD HJGNF G> DF<JK, O K F KG G>LF L KLG> L EGKL <KLJMLN OJK, >LJ JKHL G> >O QJK KDOQK HHJ< K J F< HGHMDGMK K NJ. MF<EFK<HGHMDLGF G> JF, O K >GJ F FGL<, K F FKLF

NJQ KLJGFDQ F HGFL. LDK G> MKKED mGJ< GFLFMDHJGG>K G> NJQ JH< FJK >LJ JL EGJLDLK; F< L LD>GJ JMKK F< LMF, O % N FKJL<,75 K HJLMDJDQKLJF F LK JKHL. mLK G> L <J<>MD HDM F

GF<GF, F 1666, OJ FGL HJHLD 15 GJ 20 QJK >LJOJ<K. %LEQ NF <GML< OLJ MJQ F< QHL J MHGF F


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

NJ EM DKK HGHMDGMK >GJ L HDMK O HJG<DDQ DQLE OKL. %> L FMEJ G> HGHD O LQ GFLF GFK<JDQ DKK FGO LF >GJEJDQ, L K JLJ LG LLJML< LGL LQJFFQ F< GHHJKKGF G> L GNJFEFLK MF<J O LQJGF, F< L GFKIMFL <KGMJEFLK LG JMDLMJ, LF LG

L DGKKK O LQ KMKLF Q L HDM. LJK G> L EGKL<KLJMLN >EFK F CF, %F<GKLF, QHL, F< GLJ GMFLJK,J Q DD GMFLK NJQ KGGF GDLJL<; F< L EGKL LJEF<GMKGFNMDKGFK G> FLMJ, KM K NGDF JMHLGFK F< JLIMK,> LQ <G FGL HHF KG >JIMFLDQ K LG <JN OQ L FLFLKGJ <KLJGQ LJ KHJL G> F<MKLJQ, N F >GMF< LG HJG<M ML LJoF mL GF L NJ HGHMDLGF G> FQ KLL.

%L K HHJ< >JGE L JKLJK G> <mJFL GMFLJK, ON DJ<Q F HJG<M<, LL L HJGJKK G> LJ HGHMDLGF

K < Q L HJG<D, LGM JJMDJ, JLMJFK G> HDMKF< KDQ KKGFK. J. GJL, F K MJGMK JKJK FLG DDK G> EGJLDLQ, G>LF MKK L PHJKKGFi"LJJD GJJLNK G> LJ<MF<F G> EFF<;"76 F< F LD G> DD L HDMK,HKLDFK F< >EFK, G> O GMD< GDDL GMFLK, KOKL GFKLFQ F< MFNJKDLQ G> LJ GHJLGF.

H<ED QJK F K LD, GJ L QJK F O L HDMGJ KGE JL F< OKLF H<E HJND<, (>GJ KEDDJ KDQKKGFK KE FGL LG FDM<<;) J 431,77 G> O 32 OJ>GJ L CJKLF ZJ.78 %> O <N< LJ>GJ L QJK G> LHJKFL ZJ Q 399, L ODD HHJ, LL L HJG<D JLMJFK G> KM H<EK, LG KGE GMFLJK LL O J IMFL< OL,N F GF F NJ GFDQ L L FLJND G> GML 4T QJK.

> L 254 JL >EFK F< <JLK FMEJL< F L LD, 15OJ >GJ L CJKLF ZJ,79 FFF OL LL OGMJJ< F DKLF, F L LE G> AJE. %>, KMLJLF LK15, O <N< L QJK G> L HJKFL ZJ Q L JEF<J, L ODDHHJ LL L NJ FLJND LOF L NKLK G> LK <J<>MDKGMJ K F GFDQ GML 7T QJK.

$GO >J LK "LJJD GJJLNK LG L J<MF<F G> EFF<"N F GKGF< Q L LGG JH< FJK G> HGHMDLGF, K HGFL O L OGMD< NJQ <pMDL LG <LJEF OL FQ <JG> HJKGF. MKK G> EGKL G> GMJ <KKK HHJ LG MK LG KG EQKLJGMK, F< HJGDQ J JDDQ KG NJGMK, LL L OGMD< JKFKK LG DQ LGG EM KLJKK GF FQ KFD GF; ML L ODD FGLHJHK LGG EM LG KQ, LL 9EGF? LK MKK O GMLJLFDQ LG JF JGO<< GMKK F< FKMpFL GJ MFOGDKGE>GG<, O J L FLMJD GFKIMFK G> F FJK G>

HGHMDLGF >KLJ LF L GEEG<LGFK G> GMFLJQ OLJKHL LG LLGFK F< >GG< ODD DDGO.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

ADEGKL DD L KLGJK G> H<EK, O O HGKKKK, LF< LGGFnJE LK KMHHGKLGF, Q <KJF LE F FJD K EFLJ HJFHD JNK EGF L DGOJ DKKK G> HGHD. %F J.GJL'K LDK LK JMEKLF K >JIMFLDQ EFLGF<;80 F< L>MJLJ HHJK LL NJQ GFK<JD HJGHGJLGF G> L H<E

QJK LJ >GDDGO< GJ OJ GEHF< Q KKGFK G> <JLF< < >GG<.81 %F GLJ HDK DKG EFLGFK JL HDMK K<EFKF HJLMDJDQ L FMEJK G> L DGOJ GJ KJND KGJL G> HGHD;82 F< F KHF G> <mJFL <KKK GKJNK LLLGK O J GKGF< Q < F< MFOGDKGE >GG<FJDDQ DKL L DGFKL.83

FGO >JGE GFKLFL PHJF, LL >NJK J FJL< FGMJ DK, GMJ EFM>LGJK, GMJ JGO<< OGJGMKK F< F LFJJGO F< DGK KLJLK G> GMJ DJ LGOFK; DD O KLMLGFK

HHJ LG KEDJ F LJ mLK LG KIMD< HGNJLQ; F< OFFGL <GML LL MKK G> LK F<, JNL< F <J,GFLJML< LG L HJG<MLGF F< HJNDF G> LGK JL F<OKLF HDMK >GJEJDQ KG GEEGF F MJGH, ML O FGO,>JGE L ELLGF G> LK MKK, J NJQ OJ GFK<JDQL<, F< F EFQ HDK HHJ LG GEHDLDQ PLJHL<.

> L GLJ JL KGMJ G> EFF<, >EF, L EQ GKJN<LL L K FGL F L FLMJ G> LFK, LL L FJK G> HGHMDLGFKGMD< KGDMLDQ HJG<M GF. K FJK, LGM JH<, KFKKJDQ J<MD; F< K L MEF >JE FFGL KMHHGJL<,NF >GJ NJQ KGJL LE, OLGML >GG<, L K N<FL, LL FG EGJMEF FK F JGO MH LF LJ K HJGNKGF LG EFLF. BMLLGM L HJFHD G> HGHMDLGF FFGL KGDMLDQ HJG<M >EF, L HJHJK L OQ >GJ GF; F< Q >JIMFLDQ GDF LDGOJ DKKK G> HGHD LG KMKKL FJDQ GF L KEDDKL IMFLLQ G> >GG< LL ODD KMHHGJL D>, LMJFK NF KDL <nFQ >JGE L>DMJ G> L KKGFK FLG KNJ <JL; F< EQ >JDQ K<,LJ>GJ, LG GF G> L HJFHD MKK G> >EF. AEGF LKFK G> F HHJGF <JL, J. GJL EFLGFK GF GJ EGJ

QJK G> DMPMJFL JGHK LGLJ;84 F< LK GKJNLGF K

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KEDD-HGP, O EQ GFK<J< K L EGKL HJNDFL F<>LD H<E F MJGH, K G> DD GLJK, HJHK, L EGKL <pMDLLG GMFL >GJ, LGM L HJG<K G> LK JLMJFK J F EFQ HDKJMDJ.85 J. GJL GKJNK, LL >JGE L KLGJK G> LK<KGJ<J L KEK LG N NJQ DLLD <HF<F MHGF L HKL GJ

HJKFL GFKLLMLGF G> L OLJ GJ KKGFK, F< LL L HHJKH<EDDQ L DD LEK F< F DD KLLK G> L J, LGM FGL KG


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

>JIMFLDQ F J< >JGKL. FGO G> FG FKLFK, % DN, G> LKF DJDQ FJL< MF<J FQ JMEKLFK G> KLMLGF. % <GFGL EF LJ>GJ LG FKFML LL HGNJLQ F< JGO<< GMKKNJ KGDMLDQ HJG<M< L; ML % EQ DDGO< LG JEJ, LL FLGK HDK OJ LK JLMJFK J JMDJ, F< LK JNK EGF

D<JF, HJLMDJDQ EGF LGK G> L DGOJ DKK, JGFK<JD, L FKKJDQ >GDDGOK LL LK JMEKLFK, F JLJ <J LF MKMD, EMKL DOQK HJ< F< GEHFQ LKHHJF; LL K, >JGE L LE G> LK DKL NKL, L NJFMEJ G> D<JF ODD FJKF, L HGHD ODD, FGFKIMF, JGOF HGGJJ, F< L GMKK ODD EGJJGO<< LDD FGLJ NKL JEGNK LK KMHJMF<FL HGHMDLGF.

%F DD LK KK, GO DLLD KGNJ >GJ O EQ <KHGK< LGLLJML LG L mLK G> L HJFHD G> HGHMDLGF F L LMD

HJG<MLGF G> <KGJ<JK, O FFGL NG< DDGOF LJ >GJ KHJ<KHGKF MKK LG L JHLGF G> GFLGF, F< K NF

NJQ JL <<LGFD >GJ LG L PLFKNFKK F< >LDLQ G> LKJNK.

%L K GKJN< Q J. GJL LL KNJ EGJLD H<E KFJDDQ KM<< Q F MFGEEGF DLFKK, >JGE L DL<KLEHJ NF JJ< Gm EGKL G> L <DFF F< OGJF GMLGFKLLMLGFK.86 %L K HJGD, DKG, LL FGLJ MK G> L EQ L JLJ HDFLQ G> JGGE F< >GG<, F< L GFKIMFLDQEDGJL< GF<LGF G> L DGOJ DKKK G> L HGHD. GELEK,GJ<F LG J. GJL, NJQ >JML>MD QJ K >GDDGO< Q NJQEGJLD F< KDQ GF, F< EGJLD GFK G>LF KM<< Q NJQ>JML>MD, K > LMJ KGML LJ LG HJNFL GJ IMDQ JHJ LDGKK Q <L. %F FJD L FPL QJ >LJ KDQ F< EGJLD GFKK HJGDn F HJGHGJLGF LG L J<JK D>L.87

K DKL mL O N KF EGKL KLJFDQ PEHDn< F LLD >GJ JMKK F< LMF.88 AF< >JGE LK F< GLJ LDK G> MKKED, L DKG HHJK LL, OF L FJKF HJG<M G> GMFLJQ F< L FJKF <EF< >GJ DGMJ, KG >J EDGJL L

GF<LGF G> L DGMJJ K JLDQ LG FGMJ EJJ, LMKLGE G> JDQ EJJK K FJDDQ GFLFM<, LDD L HGHMDLGFK GF QGF< L FJK< HJG<M, F< KDQ KKGFK HHJLG L FLMJD F< FKKJQ GFKIMF. GFLFFLDJKLJK PL EFQ FKLFK G> JH< FJK, FLJJMHL< FLK EFFJ Q EGJLD <KKK; F< L F>JF KEK LG , LLLGK GMFLJK OJ KMKKLF K FJKF KMpFLDQ LGFGMJ HGHMDLGF, ML FGL LG FKOJ DD LK <EF<K, ODD EGJ KML LG HJG<D H<EK, LF LGK OJ LFJK G> HGHMDLGF K EGJ FJDQ GEEG<L< LG L NJ

HJG<M.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

GFNJK G> LK ODD G> GMJK LJM. %F LGK GMFLJK OJ KML LG HJG<D KFKKK, L FJK G> HGHMDLGF, GJL PKK G> JLK GN L <LK, ODD JLJ F LFLJNDK G> LK HJG<K LF K MKMD F GMFLJK FGL KG EMKML LG LK <KKK. %> MJQ F< QHL N F FJDQ

KLLGFJQ F LJ NJ HGHMDLGF >GJ L DKL FLMJQ, F LFLJNDK G> LJ HJG<D HDMK, L JLK EMKL N P<<L <LK F EM JLJ HJGHGJLGF LF F KM GMFLJK KJF F< FDF<.

%L K >GJ LK JKGFK LL FG KLELK G> >MLMJ HGHMDLGF GJ<HGHMDLGF, >GJE< >JGE FQ PKLF JL G> FJK GJ<JK, F <HF<< MHGF. J DDE LLQ DMDL< LLF L QJ 1800 L LQ G> GF<GF OGMD< GFLF 5,359,00089FLFLK, FKL< G> O L <GK FGL FGO GFLF n>L HJL G>

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NJ HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG <LK F FDF< <MJF LDKL FLMJQ EQ GFK<J< K GML 12 LG 10, GJ 120 LG 100. HJGHGJLGF F JF >GJ LF QJK, F<F F 1780, OK GML115 LG 100.91 GM LK HJGHGJLGFK MF<GML<DQ NJ< L<mJFL HJG<K <MJF L FLMJQ, QL O N JKGF LG LF

LL LQ << FGL NJQ F FQ NJQ GFK<JD <J; F< L ODDHHJ LJ>GJ, LL L HGHMDLGF G> JF F< FDF< <GEEG<L< LKD> EGJ FJDQ LG L NJ HJG<M G> GMFLJQ LF EFQ GLJ KLLK. GHJLGF G> L HJNFLNiOJKiL KDFL LGM JLF <KLJMLGF G> D> F DJLGOFK F< EFM>LGJKiF< L DGK LLGFK F<FKMpFL >GG< G> EFQ G> L HGGJiHJNFL HGHMDLGF >JGEGMLJMFFF L EFK G> KMKKLF; F<, > % EQ MK FPHJKKGF O JLFDQ L nJKL HHJK KLJF, KMHJK< LFKKLQ G> JL F< JNF H<EK LG <KLJGQ OL K

J<MF<FL. %> OKLF HDM OJ LG KOH Gm LOG EDDGFK FFDF<, F< KP EDDGFK F JF, L FFGL <GML< LL, >LJ


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

L FLFLK < JGNJ< >JGE L <J<>MD KG, LHJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG <LK OGMD< JK EM GN L MKMDNJ F LJ GMFLJQ <MJF L DKL FLMJQ.

%F O JKQ L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG <LK, GF F NJ G> 7

QJK, F<F OL 1743, OK 300 LG 100. %F JF F< FDF<L NJ HJGHGJLGF FFGL JGF< L EGJ LF 120 LG100. #JL F< KLGFKF K LK <mJF K, O GML FGL LG KG OGF<J-KLJM L L, K LG LLJML L LG L EJMDGMKFLJHGKLGF G> $NF. MKK G> L J FGL JEGL, DLFL F<EQKLJGMK, ML FJ MK, JGMF< GML MK, F< GHF LG LFNKLLGF G> NJQ FIMJF EF<. %L GJ<K OL L EGKLDJD KHJL G> HDGKGHQ LG DN LL FG KLGF F >DD, GJ HDFLJK, OLGML L EE<L FQ G> <NF HGOJ. BML O FGO>JGE PHJF, LL LK GHJLGFK G> OL O DD FLMJ N

F GF<ML< DEGKL FNJDQ GJ<F LG nP< DOK. AF<KF L OGJD< F, L MKK G> HGHMDLGF F< <HGHMDLGFN F HJGDQ K GFKLFL K FQ G> L DOK G> FLMJ OLO O J IMFL<.

HKKGF LOF L KPK K HHJ< F NJQ LG KGFJDQ L KE, LL L EQ DOQK GFK<J<, F DJDFM, K NF IMFLLQ. JL DO G> FKKLQ, OHJNFLK HGHMDLGF >JGE FJKF F FQ GMFLJQ QGF< L >GG<O L F LJ HJG<M GJ IMJ, K DO KG GHF LG GMJ NO,KG GNGMK F< N<FL LG GMJ MF<JKLF<FK, LL O FFGL >GJ EGEFL <GML L. <mJFL EG<K O FLMJ LK LGJHJKK J<MF<FL HGHMDLGF, <G FGL F<< HHJ LG MK KGJLF F< JMDJ; ML LGM O FFGL DOQK HJ<L LEG<, O EQ OL JLFLQ HJ<L L >L. %> L HJGHGJLGF G> L JLK LG L <LK >GJ >O QJK F<LK F FJK G> FMEJK EM QGF< L HJGHGJLGFD FJK< GJ IMJ< >GG<G> L GMFLJQ, O EQ HJ>LDQ JLF LL, MFDKK FEJLGF L HD, L <LK ODD KGJLDQ P< L JLK,F< LL L FJK O < F GKJN< >GJ >O QJKFFGL L JD NJ FJK G> L HGHMDLGF G> L

GMFLJQ. %> LJ OJ FG GLJ <HGHMDLF MKK, F< > LHJNFLN << FGL GHJL NJQ KLJGFDQ, NJQ GMFLJQOGMD< OLGML <GML KML LG HJG<D HDMK F< >EFK.

GFDQ LJM JLJGF G> JD F< HJEFFL FJK F LHGHMDLGF G> FQ GMFLJQ, K L FJK G> L EFK G> KMKKLF. BML NF LK JLJGF K KML LG KGE KDL

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N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

FJK F L EFK G> KMKKLF. CF, %F< F< LGMFLJK HGKKKK< Q L B<GOF AJK, K O N KF FL >GJEJ HJL G> LK OGJ, HHJ LG FKOJ LG LK <KJHLGF. NJ HJG<M G> LK GMFLJK KEK LG ML JDQKMpFL LG KMHHGJL L DNK G> L FLFLK, F< G> GMJK FQ

<nFQ >JGE L <FKK G> L KKGFK EMKL >LD. LGFKF LK KLL EMKL FKKJDQ KML LG >EFK.

%F AEJ, OJ L JOJ< G> DGMJ K L HJKFL KG DJD, LDGOJ DKKK EL JLJF NJQ GFK<JDQ F QJ G> KJLQ,OLGML ELJDDQ <KLJKKF LEKDNK. A >EF LJ>GJKEK LG DEGKL EHGKKD. %L EQ PHL<, LL F LHJGJKK G> L HGHMDLGF G> AEJ, L DGMJJK ODD F LE EM DKK DJDDQ JOJ<<. FMEJK ODD F LK KHJEFFLDQ FJK, OLGML HJGHGJLGFD FJK F L EFK

G> KMKKLF.

%F L <mJFL GMFLJK G> MJGH LJ EMKL KGE NJLGFKF L HJGHGJLGF G> L FMEJ G> FLFLK, F< L IMFLLQ G> >GG< GFKME<, JKF >JGE L <mJFL LK G> DNF OHJND F KLL. DGMJJK F L KGML G> FDF< J KGMKLGE< LG L nF OLF J<, LL LQ ODD KMmJLEKDNK LG D> KLJN< >GJ LQ ODD KMEL LG DN D LGL HKFLK.

Q EL HJHK, F LE, Q L GFKLFL GHJLGF G> L J<DO G> FKKLQ, J<M< LG DN NF D L DGOJ DKKK G> L CFK, F< L GMFLJQ OGMD< LF OL L KE IMFLLQ G> >GG< KMHHGJL JLJ HGHMDLGF. BML LG mL LK EMKL DOQK <pMDL, F< NJQ >JF< LG MEFLQ ODD GH, F GJLNLLEHL.

% N EFLGF< KGE KK OJ HGHMDLGF EQ HJEFFLDQFJK OLGML HJGHGJLGFD FJK F L EFK G> KMKKLF. BML L K N<FL LL L NJLGF F <mJFL KLLKLOF L >GG< F< L FMEJK KMHHGJL< Q L K JKLJL< LG

DEL QGF< O L FFGL HKK. %F NJQ GMFLJQ, L HGHMDLGFG> O K FGL KGDMLDQ <JKF, L >GG< EMKL FKKJDQKMpFL LG KMHHGJL F< GFLFM L J G> DGMJJK.

LJ JMEKLFK F L KE, L EQ pJE< LLGMFLJK J HGHMDGMK GJ<F LG L IMFLLQ G> MEF >GG<O LQ HJG<M GJ F IMJ; F< HHQ, GJ<F LG LDJDLQ OL O LK >GG< K <N<<, GJ L IMFLLQ O <Q'K DGMJ ODD HMJK. CGJF GMFLJK J EGJ HGHMDGMK LFHKLMJ GMFLJK, F< J GMFLJK EGJ HGHMDGMK LF GJF

GMFLJK. BML LJ HHFKK <GK FGL <HF< LJ MHGF LJF LFDQ GJ >MDDQ FL<, MHGF LJ HGNJLQ GJ LJ JK,


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

LJ QGML GJ LJ ; ML GF L HJGHGJLGF O L HGHMDLGFF< L >GG< J LG GLJ.

K HJGHGJLGF K FJDDQ L EGKL >NGMJD F FO GDGFK,OJ L FGOD< F< F<MKLJQ G> F GD< KLL GHJL GF L

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%> GMFLJQ OJ FNJ LG GNJJMF Q HGHD EGJ <NF<

F JLK, ML D>L LG LK GOF FLMJD HJGJKK F NDRLGF; >JGE LLE LL LK HJG<M EL GFK<J< K F MFL, LG L LELL L EL GFK<J< K EDDGF, <MJF L DHK G> EFQLGMKF< QJK, LJ EL FGL KFD HJG< OF L EKKG> L HGHD GMD< K< LG >J >JGE <KLJKK, LJ <JLDQGJ F<JLDQ, >GJ OFL G> >GG<. %F NJQ KLL F MJGH, KF ON nJKL < GMFLK G> L, EDDGFK F< EDDGFK G> MEFPKLFK N F JHJKK< >JGE LK KEHD MK, LGMHJHK F KGE G> LK KLLK F KGDML >EF EQ FNJ NF FGOF.

MKL L FGL LF FGOD<< Q F LLFLN PEFJ G> LKLGJK G> EFF<, LL, F NJQ F< F NJQ KLL F OEF K PKL< GJ <GK FGO PKL,

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GHMDLGF FNJDQ FJKK OF L EFK G> KMKKLFFJK,92 MFDKK HJNFL< Q HGOJ>MD F< GNGMK K:

K K, F< L K O H L HGHMDLGF <GOF LGL DND G> L EFK G> KMKKLF, J EGJD JKLJFL, N, F<EKJQ?

%F GEHJF L KLL G> KGLQ O K F GFK<J< F LKKGF< GG OL LL O >GJE< L KML G> L nJKL, % LF L HHJK LL F EG<JF MJGH L HGKLN K LG HGHMDLGFHJND DKK, F< L HJNFLN K EGJ LF F HKL LEK,F< F L EGJ MFNDR< HJLK G> L OGJD<.

J, L HJ<GEFFL LG L HGHMDLGF G> KN FLGFK,K JLFDQ L<, NF FDM<F L DL MFHHQ JNGDMLGFJQ


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

GFLKLK; F< KF L HJNDF G> JLJ <J G> HJKGFDDFDFKK, G> LLJ EG<K G> DJF F< MD<F LGOFK, F< G> EGJ IMD <KLJMLGF G> L HJG<MLK G> L KGD >JGEEHJGNF FGOD< F HGDLD GFGEQ, HDMK, NGDFL <KKKF< >EFK N F JLFDQ ELL<, F< N GE DKK

>JIMFL.

L JJ< LG L HJNFLN LG HGHMDLGF, LGM L EMKL FGOD<< LL LL JF G> L O GEK MF<J L< G> EGJD JKLJFL,93 <GK FGL L HJKFL HJND EM EGFL ED HJL G> KGLQ; QL % E KLJGFDQ <KHGK< LG DN LLL HJNDK EGJ LF F LGK KLLK O OJ nJKL GFK<J<;F< L F KJDQ <GML< LL F EG<JF MJGH EMDJJ HJGHGJLGF G> OGEF HKK GFK<JD HJL G> LJ DNKF L PJK G> LK NJLM, LF F HKL LEK F< EGF

MFNDR< FLGFK. BML GONJ LK EQ , > O GFK<J GFDQL FJD LJE O EHDK HJFHDDQ <DQ G> L EJJMFGF >JGE HJM<FLD GFK<JLGFK, OLGML J>JF LGGFKIMFK, L EQ GFK<J< F LK DL K L EGKLHGOJ>MD G> L K, O F EG<JF MJGH H <GOF LHGHMDLGF LG L DND G> L EFK G> KMKKLF.

1.JFDF'K KDD. H. 9.

2.%L HHJK, >JGE KGE JFL DMDLGFK F< KLELK, LL>JGE L nJKL KLLDEFL G> AEJ, LG L QJ 1800, L HJG<KG> <GMDF N F ML NJQ DLLD GN LOFLQ QJK. FGLGF L FJK G> AEJF HGHMDLGF F BGG . H. P.

3.J'K KJN. GF NJK. Q. NGD. . H. 274. 4L <L.

4.%<. H. 282.

5. LK LD L L F< G> H. N. GG .

6.GDL. AJL. H. 14.

BGG %, CHLJ %%.

7.%L ODD GKJN<, LL % J MK L LJE EGJ9D F LK EGKLGFnF< KFK. BQ EGJD JKLJFL % OGMD< MF<JKLGG< LG EF JKLJFL >JGE EJJ, >JGE HJM<FLD EGLNK, OL GF<MLKLJLDQ EGJD <MJF L HJG< G> LK JKLJFL; F< % N FNJFLFLGFDDQ <NL< >JGE LK KFK. F % N OK< LGGFK<J L JKLJFL >JGE EJJ MFGFFL< OL LKGFKIMFK, % N LJ DD< L HJM<FLD JKLJFL, GJ HJLG> L HJNFLN , G> O F<< L >GJEK L HJFHDJF.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

8. AK L FJD GFKIMF G> N K EKJQ, F< K LKGFKIMF K L HJK JKGF OQ F LGF K LJE< NGMK,L EQ HHJ LL L LJE EKJQ DGF OGMD< J KMpFL,F< LL L K KMHJoMGMK LG MK GL. BML L JLGF G> L LJE

N OGMD< FLJG<M GFK<JD GF>MKGF FLG GMJ DFM

F< <K. OFL L HJLMDJDQ LG <KLFMK LGK LGFK, LFJD LF<FQ G> O K LG HJG<M EKJQ, F< O JLJ>GJ HJGL< Q L GEEF<K G> L CJLGJ, F< LHJHLK G> L EGJDKL, DLGM, F LJ EE<L GJ F<N<MDmLK, LQ EQ HJG<M HJHK PLDQ L GFLJJQ. JLnLGF G> DD GMJ HKKGFK F LK EE<L mL K HHFKK,FGL EKJQ; F<, F F<N<MD FKLFK, NF L JEGLGFKIMFK (L DKL F LK D>) EQ HGKKDQ GE MF<J LKE <FGEFLGF. J EQ N F KGE JJMDJGFFPGFK OL OGEF, O N <<< LG L HHFKK G> GL

HJLK, F< N FMJ< FG GF. K F<N<MD LGFK,LJ>GJ, FFGL GE MF<J L < G> EKJQ. BML LQ J KLDDN<FLDQ NGMK, MK F LGF K KG <FGEFL<, O

NGDLK F PHJKK HJHL, >GMF<< MHGF LK FJD LF<FQ LGHJG<M EKJQ, OLNJ EQ LK F<N<MD mL; F< FGHJKGF F <GML L FJD LF<FQ G> F DDL FLJMGJKLOF L KPK, LG FMJ L HHFKK G> KGLQ.

9. M<GMK IMKLGFK O J GF FDJ JMDL< FGLDF<, F< L NDMD GMFLK O K GDDL< F LLHJL G> L KDF<, <G E L KL GFGMJ; F< LK GMFLKODD NJ JEF F PLJGJ<FJQ EGFMEFL G> L DJFF, GG<KFK, F< FJD F>GJELGF G> L DJQ G> GLDF<. %L K LG JJLL< LL L <GFF HJKK J FGL HML LGLJ F LOGJ, O OGMD< N KKKL< L EEGJQ GL F LLFF F<JGDDLF L KLL G> HJLMDJ <KLJLK. JHLLGFK F<GFLJ<LGJQ GHFGFK O GMJ J FGL F EQ GHFGF KGGLGFD; K, LG L JKMDL G> KM LKLEGFQ, EGJ >L EQ NF LF O GMD< HGKKDQ N LG L LKLEGFQ G> FQF<N<MD. NF OJ LK JKMDL <JOF >GJ MK Q KGE EKLJF<, LGM EM NDMD LE OGMD< MF<GML<DQ KN<, L

F>GJELGF OGMD< FGL KG KLK>LGJQ. %>, OL >O KMGJ<FLEHJGNEFLK, LK OGJ < GFLF< MJL F< GEHDLJKLJK >GJ L DKL 150 QJK, L OGMD< N F FKLED,F< OGMD< N PL< LLJ HLMJ G> L FLJFD KLL G> GMFLJQ LF K QL F HJKFL< LG L OGJD<. BML LK DKLEGKL KKFLD EHJGNEFL FG <DF GMD< N mL<.

10.%> L FO DGMJJK LJGOF QJDQ FLG L EJL KGMD< nF<FG EHDGQEFL ML F JMDLMJ, LJ GEHLLGF EL KG DGOJL EGFQ-HJ G> DGMJ, K LG HJNFL L FJK G> HGHMDLGF

>JGE GKGFF F mLN <EF< >GJ EGJ GJF; GJ, F GLJOGJ<K, > L DF<DGJ<K F< >JEJK GMD< L FGLF ML F


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

<<LGFD IMFLLQ G> JMDLMJD DGMJ F PF >GJ FQ<<LGFD HJG<M O LQ GMD< JK, LQ EL FGL LEHL< LG JK L.

11.J EK LMJL NJQ MKLDQ GEHJK L FJLN >MDLQ LG

KHJF DG<< OL NJD OL, (GDL. GF. NGD. . . . . 4.H. 20.) O OGMD< G> GMJK HJG<M PLDQ LL F< G> GKDDLGF O K F EFLGF<. %F L nJKL GG G> KGDLD GFGEQ, K PHDF< EFQ HJLK G> L KML G> HGHMDLGF NJQ DQ.

12.% N PHJKK< EQKD> F LK MLGMK EFFJ, MK %DN LJ J KGE FKLFK, OJ HGHMDLGF <GK FGL HMH LG L DND G> L EFK G> KMKKLF. BML LK J PLJEKK; F<, FJDDQ KHF, L EL K<, LL,

2. GHMDLGF DOQK FJKK OJ L EFK G> KMKKLFFJK3. K O JHJKK L KMHJGJ HGOJ G> HGHMDLGF, F< H LK mLK GF DND OL L EFK G> KMKKLF, J DD JKGDND FLG EGJD JKLJFL, N F< EKJQ.

BGG %, CHLJ %%%.

13.CGG'K JKL GQ. NGD. . H. 59.

14.CGG'K GF< GQ. NGD. . H. 187.

15. FGMNJ'K GQ., NGD. . . . . . H. 13.

16.QEK'K EKKQ LG AN, . . H. 129, F< AKL KJK, NGD. N. H. 401.

17.CGG'K JKL GQ. NGD. . H. 240.

18.CGDDFK'K AGMFL G> O GML DK, AHHF<P, H. 549. 4LG.

19.%<. AHHF. H. 557. 4LG.

20.CGDDFK'K AGMFL G> O GML DK, AHHF<P, H. 558.

21.CGDDFK'K O GML DK, AHHF. H. 559.

22.%<. AHHF. H. 563.

23.%<. AHHF. H. 583.

24.CGDDFK'K O GML DK, AHHF. FGL, H. 562.

25.%<. AHHF. H. 560.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

26.CGDDFK'K O GML DK, AHHF. H. 607.

27. FJDDQ, L AHHF L FDKCGDGFQ F O GML DK.

28.CGDDFK'K O GML DK, AHHF<P, H. 597.

29.CGDDFK'K O GML DK, AHHF<P, H. 598.

30.%<. . . H. 34, F< AHHF. H. 551.

31.GJLKGF'K $KLGJQ G> AEJ, NGD. . . N. H. 127. L KI.GLNG <L. 1780.

32.JFDF'K KDD. H. 2.

33.GJLKGF, . N. H. 129.

34.GJLKGF, . N. H. 106. BMJ'K AEJ, NGD. , H. 187.CJDNGP, $KL. < D GMNDD JF, LGE. . H. 304. nLM,gMJK <K MNK, LGE. . H. 590. %F L GMJK G> LK HLJ %G>LF N L KE J>JFK K GJLKGF; ML FNJ OLGMLNF PEF< F< NJn< LE EQKD>. J % N FGL < FGHHGJLMFLQ G> <GF LK, % J>J LG GJLKGF DGF.

35.JNDK LG <KGNJ L GMJ G> L D, NGD. . HH. 223, 559.

36. GQ <FK D'%FL]JMJ < D'A>JIM, LGE. . H. 12, 13.

37.GJLKGF, . N. H. 71. LLJK <>. L CMJMKK, LGE. N. H.48, 322, 330. LGE. N. H. 20. 12EG. <L. 1780. CJDNGP, LGE. .H. 303, 423. $FFHF, gMJK <K MNK, H. 37.

38.GJLKGF, . N. H. 103.

39.GJLKGF, . N. H. 103. LLJK <>, HKKE. CJDNGP, $KL.GMN. J. LGE. . H. 287. GQ. < ]JGMK, . P. H. 402, 4LG. GF<GF.

40.GJLKGF, . N. H. 105. LLJK <>. LGE. N. H. 329. GJGJ'K GJL AEJ, H. 211. CJMP $KL. CF<. H. 57.

41.GJLKGF, . N. H. 106. QFD, $KL. <K %F<K, LGE. N. . N.H. 110, 8NG. 10 NGD. 1795.

42.GJLKGF, . N. H. 106. CJMP $KL. CF<. H. 57. nLM,LGE. . H. 590.

43.GJLKGF, . N. H. 72. DDK'K GQ, H. 198. BMJ'K AEJ, NGD. . H. 187.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

44.LLJK <>. LGE. N. H. 20, 22.

45.CJDNGP, . J. LGE. . H. 304.

46.GJLKGF, . N. H. 107. LLJK <>. LGE. P. H. 140.

47.GJLKGF, . N. H. 107. LLJK <>. LGE. N. H. 86.

48.GJLKGF, . N. H. 108.

49.nLM, gMJK <K MN. LGE. . H. 592.

50.CJDNGP, LGE: . H. 303. QFD, $KL. <K %F<K, LGE. N. D.PN. H. 22.

51.GJLKGF, . N. H. 73. GQ <'DDG, LGE. . H. 232.

52.GJLKGF, . N. H. 102. LLJK <>. LGE. N. H. 87.

53.LLJK <>. LGE. P. H. 364. GJLKGF, . N. H. 115.

54.GJLKGF, . N. H. 107.

55.LLJK <>. HKKE. GQ <'DDG, LGE. . H. 343. BMJ'K AEJ, NGD. . H. 187. CJDNGP, LGE. . H. 303, 304.

56.CJMPMK KQK, LL KJDQ GF F LJLQ JK EFGG<($KL. CF<. H. 57); ML LK EMKL NJQ JL PJLGF.

57.GJLKGF, . N. H. 85.

58.CJDNGP, LGE., , H. 302, 303.

59.GJLKGF, . N. H. 86. CJDNGP, LGE. . H. 364. nLM,LGE. . H. 360, 361.

60.LLJK <>. LGE. N. H. 83.

61.LLJK <>. LGE. N. H. 317. L KI.

62.B. N. H. 86.

63.QFD, . PN. H. 23.

64.CGG, LJ< GQ. NGD. . . . H. 520. GQ. < ]JGMK, . P.

65.LLJK <>. LGE. N. H. 79, 339. LGE. P. H. 125.

66. GQ <'DDG, LGE. . H. 349.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

67.%<. LGE. . H. 549.

68.LLJK <>. LGE. N. H. 335.

69. FGMNJ'K GQ. NGD. . . . . N. H. 256.

70.%<. . N. H. 242.

71.CJDNGP KHK F L KLJGFKL LJEK G> L PLJE nDLF< KLF G> L AEJF FK, "F F HML FLJJ <FK DMJKFK IM'GF F KGL EHKL]:" F< L <JL G> LJ EDK, KQK,"NGMK >JGL GJJMJ." GD. . H. 338.

72.GJLKGF, . N. H. 182. GQ <'DDG, LGE. . H. 340.

73.JK'K GQ, . P. H. 138.

74.JK'K GQ, . PP. H. 252. FGMNJ'K GQ, NGD. .. N. . . H. 313.

75.CGG'K 3< GQ, NGD. . H. 305.

76.%<. . . H. 316.

77. GQ < ]JGMK, . P. H. 403.

78.CJDNGP; $KL. < D GMN. JF, LGE. . 202, 203, 429.

79.GJLKGF, . N. H. 147.

80.GJLKGF, . N. H. 147. LLJK <>. LGE. N. H. 40, 86, 8HKKE. CGG'K 3< GQ. NGD. . H. 324. JK'K GQ. . PPN. H. 267.

81.GJLKGF, . N. H. 172. CJDNGP, GMN. JF, LGE. . H.203.

82.LLJK <>. LGE. N. H. 346.

83.GJLKGF, . N, H. 172. AGMFL G> GJL AEJ, Q GJGJK, H. 250.

84.GJLKGF, . N. H. 150.

85.GJLKGF . N. H. 164.

86.LLJK <>. LGE. N. H. 205.

87.GJLKGF, . N. H. 164.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

88.LLJK <>. LGE. N. H. 105, 271. LGE. N. H. 266.

89.CMLGMK K CHLF CGG DOQK K, KQK G> L ODF<JK, "L OK ML LGG N<FL LL LQ N JL DF >GJLK F< G> >GG<." GF< GQ, NGD. . H. 246. AF< F L DKL

GQ, KHF G> LJ HJHLMD GKLDLK, KQK, "F<HJHK L <KJ G> GG< ED EQ FG KEDD FLEFL." GD.. H. 137.

90.CGG'K J< GQ, NGD. , H. 271.

91.JK'K GQ, . PPN. H. 255.

92.LLJK <>. LGE. N. H. 360.

93.CJDNGP, G. J. LGE. . H. 376.

94.GJLKGF, . N. H. 155. LLJK <>. LGE. N. H. 182, 360.

95.LLJK <>. LGE. N. H. 243. K CJMFK EMDLHD\JFLHJG<MKEFL, L F KKR HM <'FF]K DMJ FGEJ EGFL WLJFL EDD EK.

96.nLM, LGE. . H. 163.

97.K MKK EQ HJHK HHJ EGJ LF KMpFL LG H

L HGHMDLGF <GOF LG L DND G> L EFK G> KMKKLF; F<LQ JLFDQ OGMD< KG, > L JHJKFLLGFK NF G> LMF>JML>MDFKK G> L %F<F OGEF OJ MFNJKDDQ, GJ NFFJDDQ LJM. %L K HJGD LL KGE G> L GMFLK JPJL<, ML L K <pMDL LG KQ O; F< L EMKL FGOD<<, LL, NF DDGOF >GJ DD KM PJLGFK, LQJ EHDQ KMpFL LG KLDK L HGFL HJGHGK<.

98.GJLKGF, . N. H. 129, 130.

99.LLJK <>. LGE. N. H. 357.

100.%<. H. 321.

101.%<. LGE. P. H. 145.

102.%<. LGE. N. H. 66, 81, 345. LGE. P. H. 145.

103.%<. LGE. P. H. 90, 142. GJLKGF, . N. H. 141.

104.GJLKGF, FGL 28 LG H. 117, . N.

105.GJLKGF, H. 196.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

106.. 194.

107.QFD, $KLGJ <K %F<K, LGE. N. D. PN. H. 22.

108.$KL. . J. LGE. . H. 338.

109.LLJK <>. LGE. N. H. 66, 81, 345. P. 145.

110.%<. LGE. N. H. 82, 196, 197, 215. P. 151.

111.CJDNGP, . J. LGE. . H. 201. $FFHF, gMJK <K MN.H. 78.

112.LLJK <>. LGE. N. H. 167, 220.

113.%<. LGE. N. H. 33.

114.%<. LGE. N. H. 71.

115.LLJK <>. LGE. N. H. 383. P. 140.

116.%<. LGE. N. H. 79.

117.GJLKGF, . N. H. 121. BMJ'K AEJ, NGD. . H. 30.

118.GJLKGF, . N. H. 212.

119.LLJK <>. LGE. P. H. 381.

120.%<. LGE. P. H. 191.

121.%<. LGE. P. H. 206, 380.

122.JK'K GQ, . PPN. H. 266.

123.%<. . P. H. 132.

124. FGMNJ'K GQ, NGD. . . . . . H. 273.

125.%<. . H. 282.

126.%<. NGD. . . N. . . H. 304.

127. GQ < ]JGMK, . P. H. 400.

128.LK G> L $KLGJQ G> F, NGD. . H. 99, 105, 8NG. 2< <L.

129.GJLKGF, . N. H. 141.

130.LLJK <>. LGE. N. H. 21. GJLKGF, . N, H. 139.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

131.GJLKGF, . N. H. 190, 242.

132.GJ GJK'K AGMFL G> GJL AEJ, H. 210.

133.CJDNGP, LGE. . H. 302.

134.GJLKGF, . . H. 185. BMJ'K AEJ, NGD. . . 300.

135.CJDNGP, . J. LGE. . H. 260.

136. FJD FLJG<MLGF G> nJ-JEK EGF L %F<FK KHJGDQ JLDQ GFLJML< LG L <EFMLGF G> L OD< FEDK.

1.QFD, $KLGJ <K %F<K, NGD. . DN. . H. 3. 10 NGDK. 8NG. 1795.

2.CGG'K JKL GQ, NGD. . H. 240, 4LG.

3. L <mJFL GMFLK G> O #MF F< O BJLF, FL $KLGJ= <=K *9N?9LGFK 9MP L=JJ=K AMKLJ9D=K; F< G> OCD<GF F< L O $J<K F CGG'K GF< GQ, NGD. .. .

4.CGG'K JKL GQ, NGD. . H. 345. GF< GQ, NGD. . H. 101.J< GQ, NGD. . H. 161, 8.

5.CGG'K GF< GQ, NGD. . H. 246.

6.%<. J< GQ, NGD. . H. 124.

7.CGG'K J< GQ, NGD. . H. 137.

8.%<. GF< GQ, NGD. . H. 127.

9.CGG'K JKL GQ, NGD. . H. 66.

10.%<. H. 45.

11.%<. J< GQ, NGD. . H. 157.

12.%<. JKL GQ, NGD. . H. 43.

13.%<. NGD. , H. 405.

14.CGG'K JKL GQ, NGD. . H. 45.

15.KKGFJQ GQ, AHHF<P, H. 347.

16.CGG'K GF< GQ, NGD. . H. 349.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

17.% >D NJQ DLLD <GML LL LK JL G> FJK K EM KDGOJLF OGMD< JDDQ L HD, KMHHGKF NJQ LG JEGN<.%> LL, OL LK HJKFL HJG<M, OJ HGHD< GFDQ OL MF<J< HJKGFK, L LOG KPK F IMD FMEJK, F< EFGFKLFL LG GF OGEF; % FFGL ML LF LL, >GJ nN GJ KP

KMKKN HJG<K, L FJK OGMD< EGJ JH< LF F FQFKLF LJLG FGOF, F< LL LQ OGMD< HJGDQ <GMD LJFMEJK F DKK LF n>LF QJK.

18.CGG'K JKL GQ, NGD. . H. 207, L KI. GF< GQ, NGD.. H. 352. J< GQ, NGD. . H. 157, L KI. KKGFJQ GQ,

AHHF<P, H. 347, 4LG.

19.J. AF<JKGF L< F L HLQ G> FLMJDKL F< KMJGF FCGG'K DKL NGQ. CHLF CGG, F< DD L GpJK G> L

PH<LGF, KE LG N < NJQ GHFGF G> K LDFLK F<MJQ G> GKJNLGF. $K GMFLK, LJ>GJ, EQ DGG<MHGF K G> L nJKL MLGJLQ.

20.CGG'K J< GQ, NGD, . H. 158, 159.

21.%<. GF< GQ, NGD. . H. 352.

22.$ME'K KKQK, NGD. . KKQ P. H. 431. 8NG. 1764.

23.CGG'K GF< GQ, NGD. . H. 187.

24.%<. J< GQ, NGD. . H. 157.

25.BGMFNDD, GQ. MLGMJ <M GF<, . . H. 217. CGG'K JKL GQ, NGD. . H. 244. KKGFJQ GQ, H. 224.

26.CGG'K GF< GQ, NGD. . H. 182, 183.

27. FGMNJ'K GQ. NGD. . . . . 6. H. 98. 4LG.

28.CGG'K J< GQ. NGD. . H. 148.

29.%<. H. 153, 154.

30.CGG'K GF< GQ. NGD. , H. 176.

31.%<. J< GQ. NGD. . H. 154.

32.%<. H. 155.

33.%<. H. 148.

34. FGMNJ'K GQ. NGD. . . . . 7. H. 137.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

35.KKGFJQ GQ, H. 192 8 385.

36.%<. AHHF. H. 347.

37.%<. . P. H. 212.

38.KKGFJQ GQ. H. 195. AHHF. H. 385.

39.CGG'K GF< GQ. NGD, . H. 182, 8 KI. F< 346.

40.KKGFJQ GQ. H. 225.

41.% GH % EQ FNJ EKMF<JKLGG< OL JJ< LG KGE G> LK HJNFLN MKK G> GNJ-HGHMDLGF, F< KMHHGK< LGEHDQ L KDLKL HHJGLGF G> LE, EJDQ MK % JDLLJ mLK. A MK, O EQ HJNFL FQ HJLMDJ ND, EQ QGF< DD GEHJKGF OGJK LF L ND LKD>.

42.CGG'K J< GQ. NGD. . H. 406.

43.H. 232.

44.H. 233.

45.CGG'K J< GQ. NGD. . H. 247.

46. FGMNJ, NGD. . . . . . H. 187, 188.

47.CGG'K J< GQ. NGD. . H. 157.

48.%<.

49.CGG'K J< GQ. NGD. . H. 401. GD. . H. 543. GD. . H. 130.KKGFJQ GQ. H. 270.

50.CGG'K J< GQ, NGD. . H. 394.

51.%<. GF< GQ. NGD. , H. 289. GQ < ]JGMK, . N, H. 323.. N. H. 336. 4LG. 1794.

52.]JGMK, . N. H. 326. . N. H. 336.

53.%<. . N. H. 336.

54.CGG'K GF< GQ. NGD. . H. 289.

55.]JGMK, . N. H. 336.

56.%<.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

57.F FnFL] < MFK FK.i$KL. <K NLGF MP JJK AMKLJDK, NGD. . H. 507.

58.CGG'K J< GQ, NGD. . H. 158, FGL G> L <LGJ.

59.$JJK'K CGDDLGF G> GQK, 2 NGDK. >GDG <L. 1744, NGD. . H.794. K JDLGF K NF Q GF ADJL < F<KDG, #JEFLJNDDJ G> KGE JHMLLGF >GJ n<DLQ, LGM % DN, F LKFKLF, LK K GMFLK >JGE L ML OJLJK IMGL< QGFLKIMM (KHJL <K GP, DN. 23. . 17). MLGJLQ K FGLHJHK KMpFL LG KLDK L PKLF G> KG KLJF MKLGE;LGM % GF>KK L <GK FGL HHJ LG E OGDDQ EHJGD. %F LKE GMFL L K EFLGF<, LL LJ K FG <mJF G> GF<LGF EGF LK HGHD, F< LL LJ OJK J KG DGG<DKKLL L <L G> KFD HJKGF FJDDQ <<K LE. %F NJQ

DLQ DEL, OJ L LK G> L HGHD OJ >NGMJD LGHGHMDLGF F< GEEMFLQ G> GG<K OK KLDK<, K FGF<N<MD OGMD< N JKGF LG >J H9JLMD9J HGN=JLQ >JGE DJ >EDQ, L GNJFEFL OGMD< F EFFJ GEHDD< LGL MHGF LKD> L KMHHJKKGF G> L HGHMDLGF Q DO; F<, KLK OGMD< L JLKL NGDLGF G> NJQ FLMJD >DF, LJFFGL EGJ >GJD JMEFL FKL GEEMFLQ G> GG<K.

60.KKGFJQ GQ. AHHF. H. 385.

61.%<. H. 270.

62. FGMNJ'K GQ. NGD. . . . . N. H. 230.

63.%<. . N. F< N.

64. GQ F J G> ]JGMK, . P. H. 420. F. LJFKD. 4LG.

65.%<. . P. H. 400.

66.#FKK, . P.

67. NJGMK JFFK, <NKGFK; F< GFLKLK G> L JLJLJ FLGF J MJGMKDQ <KJ< F L #FDGD $KLGJQ G> L JLJK Q L F AMD #R: (LJFKDL< FLG FDK >JGEL JF, OL <<LGFK, F 2 NGDK. 8NG.) ML L EK>GJLMF G> DDKLGJQ K, LL OD L HJLMDJ EGLNK G> >O HJFK F<D<JK, F LJ NJGMK HJGLK G> ELGF, J KGELEK<LD< OL MJQ, L FJD MKK O JGO< LJKLF<J<K OL ODDF >GDDGOJK J G>LF FLJDQ GNJDGG<.

68.LMK < GJMK #JEFGJME, K. 37.

69.%<. .


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

70.#GF'K DF F< DD G> L GEF EHJ, NGD. . . P. H.407, L KI. 8NG. <L. 1783.

71.%<. NGD. . . P. H. 455, 456.

72.%<. NGD. . . P. H. 431.

73.#GF, NGD. . . P. H. 13.

74.%<. H. 11.

75.%<. H. 19, A. . 270.

76.%<. H. 26.

77.%<. NGD. . . P. H. 75.

78.#GF, NGD. . . P. H. 79, A. . 277.

79.%<. . P. H. 132, A. . 296.

80.%<. . P. H. 84.

81.%<. . P. H. 130.

82.%<. . PN. H. 254, A. . 322.

83.#GF, NGD. . . PN. H. 125, A. . 332.

84.%<. H. 127.

85.%<. . PP. H. 215, A. . 356.

86.%<. H. 228, F< NGD. N. . PP. H. 17, >JGE A. . 357 LG 359.

87.%<. NGD. N. . PP. H. 17, F< NGD. . . PP. H. 229.

88.#GF NGD. N. . PPN. >JGE A. . 364 LG 375.

89.%<. NGD. N. . PPN. H. 382, L KI. A. . 376.

90.%<. NGD. N. . PPP. H. 213.

91.%<. H. 214. A. . 406.

92.%<. H. 224.

93.GJLKGF'K CJDK . NGD. . KL. . H. 7. 8NG. 1782.

94.%<. H. 10, 11, 12.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

95.%KLGJ GJFLF NDD, D. . H. 1, 2.

96.#GF, NGD. . . P. H 360, FGL. MD GFMK, >JGE OGE L KKMHHGK< LL ND K LF LK <KJHLGF, OJLKLMK:iHLFLJGFDK HD IMFLb EK ZKLM KGDK JEGL KL

L FND >JGJ D<, LFLb KDMJGJ GJHGJMK GEFME LHJGHF<K FLMK EK GHLL. ML \ GFLJJG, GEFKEJ<F JG, IMb KGDK KL >JNGJ NFGJ, b EGJK KLMF<FLGJ, L <MF<K EFMK HL EGJLDMK. **** MDLZIMIMGIM P Y, b IMG< LFLK EGJLDME LMJEK JEFL, IMFLKDJ NP KMpL, KZH FLK JKKZ KMFL, IMZ FGF KGDME HJLK

AKZ, K< LE EPE K GFLME FJGHE qPJ. (#KLK GFGJ<GJME, D. . . .)

97. BDDG #DDG, N. 22. GJMK #JEF. K. PPN.

98. BDDG #DDG, N. 22.

99.#GF, NGD. . . P. H. 361.

100.%<. H. 348.

101.LMK < GJMK #JEF. KL. N.; CZKJ < BDD. #DD. N.22.

102.CZKJ >GMF< F #MD EGKL >GJE<D GDGFQ MF<J

AJGNKLMK, F< FJD <J< HJNDF LL F >O QJK DDL #JEFK OGMD< HKK L F. BDD. #DD. . 31.

103.#GF, NGD. N. . PPN. H. 283.

104.%<. . FGL.

105.K FLGFK <GKK]K MP DELK < D'MFNJK Q LF<JGFL>JE. #JF<MJ L ]<. <K GE. . PN. H. 187.

106.LMK < GJMK #JE. K. PN.

107.%<. K. PN.

108.%<. K. PP.

109.LMK < GJMK #JE. K. PP.

110.CZKJ < BDD. #DD, N. 23.

111.#GF, NGD. . . P. H. 360.

112.%<. NGD. . . P. H. 417.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

113.GJLKGF'K CJDK . NGD. . K. . H. 11.

114.%<. H. 7.

115.DDL, %FLJG<. W D'$KLGJ < FFEJ, LGE, . . P. H. 221,

223, 224. D2EG. 1766.

116.%<. H. 226.

117.DDL, %FLJG<. W D'$KLGJ < FFEJ, LGE. . . P. H. 221.

118.JHK L NDR< OGJD< GMD< FGL GFK<J< KHJ>LDQ KMJ >JGE FGLJ FGJLJF GJ KLJF FMF<LGF, LDDL LGLD F F L JL G> OJ, Q L FLJG<MLGF G> MFHGO<J, N LG EHJGN< KDD F< FGOD< L <<<

<NFL GNJ HQKD >GJ.

119.$KL. F. LGE. . . P. H. 206.

120.%<. H. 205, 206.

121.$KL. F. LGE. . . P. H. 207.

122. JJ LJJE ML PHLJ FFME LJK >DHJKMKJK, IME NGJ GKLK L NMDFJ EJJ; HJME IMFEbL FJK N<LMJ KM<GJ IMJJ IMG< HGKKK KFMF HJJ.

LMK < GJ. #JE. GLF, F<<, F L KLGJQ G> EFF<,K EGJ N<FL LF L PLJE <pMDLQ OL O LK JF<; F< FG JMEFL LJ>GJ F EGJ >DDGMK LF LGF>J LL LGK HGHD J FGL HF< OL OFL, OG <G FGL E HJGHJ MK G> LJ DF<K.

123.H<EK JLMJF EGJ GJ DKK >JIMFLDQ, GJ<F LG LJ NJGMK KGDK, KLMLGFK, J, 8. $F KGE JLMJF QJDQ, K FQHL F< CGFKLFLFGHD; GLJK GF F >GMJ GJ nN QJK, KGML JHGD F< ADHHG; GLJK, KJ GF F LF, LODN GJ

LJLF QJK, K F FDF<; GLJK FGL F DKK LF LOFLQ QJK,K F *GJO9Q 9F< L@= *GJL@=JF %KD9F<K. GJL, $KLGJQ G> AJ,KGFK; 8. NGD. . H. 344.

124.$KL. F. . P. H. 209.

125.#GF, GJLKGF F< DDL KE DD JLJ LG KH G> GJFF<K'K PHJKKGF N9?F9 F9LGFME K FGJJL F<PJL<; ML LG E L HHJK PLDQ HHDD, LGM LGLJ PHJKKGF, GpF FLME, L DKL LJ LJFKDLGF G> L,KLGJ=@GMK= G> F9LGFK, K FGL MJL.

BGG %, CHLJ %%.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

1.#GF, NGD. N. . PPN. H. 348.

2.#GF, NGD. N. . PPPN. H. 54.

3.%<. H. 55.

4.#FD. $KL. G> JLJK, NGD. . K. . 8NG. 1730.

5. GQ. < GDFQ, LGE. . . PP. H: 351. 8NG. 1787.

6.#FD. $KL. JL. NGD. . H. 382.

7.#FD. $KL. JL. NGD. . H. 390.

8.%<. H. 430, 431.

9.%<. H. 426.

10.#FD. $KL. JL. NGD. . H. 459.

11.%<. H. 455.

12.#FD. $KL. JL. NGD. . H. 573, L KI.

13.%<. NGD. . . P.

14.#FD. $KL. JL. NGD. . H. 412.

15.%<. NGD. . H. 413.

16.%<. H. 413, 414, F< . P.

17."Q MKL>Q L K DO>MD LG N EFQ ONK, MK LQ KQLQ JF MK EFQ D<JF, O O F KDD >GJ J<Q-EGFQ, GJPF >GJ FKKJQ GFNFFK; QL OF LQ N FGLOJOLD LG EFLF LE, LQ GD< L H G> JLQ LGEMJ<J F>FLK FO-GJF, K DKG LQ <G KM K J K F< HKL

JGNJQ, MK LQ KQ LQ >J LE >JGE JL <D G> EKJQ." J GF CJ<F'K JNDK, $JJK'K CGD. . . . . H. 865.

18.#FD. $KL. JL. NGD. . H. 545.

19.%DK K <KHMLJGFL D LJJ FMDL, GEE HJE FGMK DKLGQFK K <KHMLFL DK ]JLK. AFK DK LJGMNJGFL <>J]IMFLK GKGFK < MJJ HGMJ D FGMJJLMJ < DMJKKLMP, 8.**** DK MJGFL MLFL < GKK W J]DJ HJ D <JGL<K FK IM'DK F MJGFL HM W <]<J HJ D <JGL ND. GFLK.

KHJL <K GP, D. PN. . P.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

20. GQ. < GDFQ, LGE. . . PP. H. 361, 362, 363.

21.#GF, NGD. P. .1. H. 238, 239.

22. GQ. < GDFQ, LGE. . . PP. H. 353.

23. GQ. < GDFQ, LGE. . . PPP. H. 350.

24.%<. H. 354.

25.%<. H. 350.

26. GQ. < GDFQ, LGE. . . PP. H. 359.

27.%<. H. 380.

28.%<. H. 366.

29.%<. H. 378.

30.MJ'K JNDK, NGD. . . N. H. 207.

31.%L K JLJ MJGMK JMEKLF, LL LJML KG EHGJLFL,O K F KLL< F< FGOD<< Q KG EFQ MLGJK,KGMD< KG JJDQ N F HMJKM< LG LK GFKIMFK. GHD JFGL NJQ <Q <QF G> >EF. $GO LF K L HGHMDLGF

JMDL< LG L EKMJ G> L EFK G> KMKKLF?

32. AMKK JJN-L'D IM GMJ <K <FK, <K FD\NEFK <KLMP; L LL MJJ < EJM< KL MF < DDK IM GMHFL<NFL DK AJK. GQ. < GDFQ, LGE. , . PP. H. 364.

33.GL NF F D LG HJGMJ L OGJ G> DDK GF LKLGJQ G> L GFGD FLGFK, % N J E< MK G> FJDJ<EFL G> L OGJK G> L MKKF LJNDDJK, F 4 NGDK. GL.HMDK< L BJF F< MKFF F 1781 F< 1784, FLLD<]GMNJLK MKKK, LGE, . H. 399.

34.]GMN. MKK. LGE. . H. 389.

35.%<. H. 396, 397, 398.

36.%<. H. 378.

37.CLL EMDLLM< <]NKL LGML IM K LJGMN KMJ KGF HKK;DK EE\FFL N MP LGML D ]LD IM'DK F GFKGEEFL HK, LJ]<MKFL Y D'KDN DK >EEK, DK F>FK, L DK GEEK,

IM'DK F'GFL HK EKKJ]K. ]GMN. MKK. LGE. . H. 390.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

38.]GMN. MKK. LGE. . H. 221. LJ K <KJ< JMF<J L FE G> GJGLK, O OK LJ HHJGHJLHHDDLGF. MKKFK DD< LE Q L EGJ FJD FE G> DEMK.

39.%<. H. 327.

40.]GMN. MKK. LGE. . H. 319, 320, 321.

41.%<. H. 221. GG'K O G> L MKKF EHJ, NGD. . . . H.30. AFGLJ FKLF G> JH< FJK HJKFLK LKD> F GDGFQ G> HLR< DEMK, OG JN< >JGE MKK >JLD <KLJL LGKLLD F. JGE 8695, O OK LK FMEJ F 1754, L <FJK< F 1771 LG 14,000. GG'K O G> L MKK. EH. NGD. .. . H. 32, 33.

42.GG'K O G> L MKK. EH. NGD. . . . H. 29, 30, 31.]GMN. MKK. LGE. . H. 221.

43.]GMN. MKK. LGE. . H. 275, 276.

44.%<. H. 272, 273, 274.

45.%<. H. 324.

46.]GMN. MKK. LGE. . H. 310.

47.%<. H. 270.

48.%<. H. 311, 312, 313.

49.F EL D >M W LGMLK DK EMDK < D] L < >GMJJ.****CFL FIMFL NDDK ]DEFL FF<]K. ]EGJK <M BJGF< GLL, LGE. . H. 272. $ NK MJGMK <KJHLGF G> L<NKLLGF G> JLJ JEQ, F< G> LK KMmJFK F OFLJEHF. CLL GMJF] GeL W D'JE] HDMK < 3,000 GEEK, L30,000 NMP, IM H]JJFL < >JG<, H. 267.

50.]GMNJLK MKKK, NGD. . H. 261.

51. GQ. < GDFQ, NGD. . . 23. H. 353.

52.]GMN. MKK. LGE. . H. 467; . H. 10, 11, 12, 8.

53.%<. LGE. . H. 290, 8.; . H. 11; N. H. 304.

54.#FD. $KL. G> L JLJK, NGD. . H. 407.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

55.JNDK G> E. MJMIMK, F 1253. $JJK'K CGDDLGF G> GQ.. . . . H. 561.

56.]GMN. MKK. LGE. . H. 413.

57.DDK LK FGL G> L KJLQ G> OGEF GJKMHJMF<F G> EDK EGF L DEMK, FGLOLKLF<FL EGJ GFKLFL PHGKMJ G> L ED KP LG NJQ F< G> <FL. ]GMN. MKK. LGE. . H. 320.

58.%<. H: 239.

59.%<. H. 324.

60.J'K %FLJGJ G> A>J, . PP. H. 261. 4LG.

61.%<. . PP. H. 312.

62.J'K %FLJGJ G> A>J, . PP. H. 291 8 KI.

63.%<. . PP. H. 280.

64.J'K A>J, . PP. H. 284.

65.'MK HJ]ELMJ <K >EEK KL HML-^LJ D MK < DJ]NL] < DMJ N; DK F>FK KGFL K <]M]K, L K HM

GFLJFLK HJ DK H\JK L E\JK IM <\K DMJ HDMK LF<J MFKKDK K DNJFL W LGML IM D FLMJ DMJ KM\J; JF F'KL K JJIM < LJGMNJ <FK HMHD IMDIM nDD IM HMKK K KGMNFJ<M LEK MIMD DD KK] <'^LJ NJ. $KLGJ LMJDD <D'$GEE, NGD. N. H. 235. 5L <L. 12EG. 31 NGDK.

66.J'K A>J, . PP. H. 265. AK L GMFLK G> J, F< LGKGF O BMmGF K >GMF<< K GKJNLGFK, J HJGDQGMFLK G> <mJFL FLGFK, F< JLFDQ L <mJFL HJG<K, OFFGL F>J LL LJ K FGJJL MK LQ <mJ >JGE GLJ; ML K >J K J'K GKJNLGFK PLF<, LQ J JLFDQFLLD< LG EGJ J<L LF FQ G> L LJNDDJK O HJ<<E.

67.J'K A>J, . PP. H. 267.

68.J'K A>J, . PP. H. 287.

69.%<. H. 288.

70.JFDF'K KDD. H. 9.

71.J'K A>J, . PP. H. 295.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

72.%<. H. 288, FGL.

73.%<. H. 295.

74.J'K A>J, . PP. H. 248.

75.%<. . PPN. H. 336.

76. LOG JL JIMKLK MKL EFLGF< >GJ JD FJK G> HGHMDLGF, FEDQ, KMJLQ G> HJGHJLQ, F< LK FLMJDGFGELFL, F<MKLJQ, FFGL PHL< LG PKL EGF L FJGFLGFK, OD L LJp F KDNK GF L GKL NK KM GFKLFLFGMJEFL LG L HDMF<JF PMJKGFK O J <KJK.J LK LJp L F F<, O EL JLGFDDQ GH LL, >GJL DHK G> FQ DGF HJG<, >MLMJ LJNDDJK OGMD< D LG N

MK EGJ >NGMJD HLMJ G> L KLL G> KGLQ EGF L A>JF FLGFK, LF LL <JOF Q J.

77.BJM'K JNDK LG <KGNJ L GMJ G> L D, NGD. . H.556. 4LG.

78.BJM'K JNDK, NGD. . H. 223.

79.BJM'K JNDK LG <KGNJ L GMJ G> L D; NGD. N. H.411.

80.%<. NGD. . . P. H. 280.

81.BJM, NGD. . . P. H, 281.

82.BJM, NGD. . H. 33.

83.%<. NGD. . H. 279.

84.%<. NGD. . H 178.

85.%<. H. 153.

86.%<. NGD. N. H. 22.

87.%<. NGD. . . . H. 68. . N. H. 178; NGD. . . P, H. 353.

88.BJM, NGD. . . N. H. 195.

89.%<. . N. H. 124.

90.%<. . PP. H. 738.

91.BJM, NGD. . . PP. H. 739.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

92.%<. . . H. 88.

93.%<. . P. H. 306.

94.%<. H. 292.

95.%<. NGD. N. H. 119.

96.BJM, NGD. . . N. H. 192.

97.%<. NGD. N. . N. H. 112.

98.%<. NGD. N. H. 258.

99.%<. . . H. 14.

100.BJM, NGD. . H. 559.

101.BJM, NGD. N. H. 349.

102.%<. H. 353.

103.%<. H. 411.

104.BJM, NGD. N. H. .511.

105.%<. H. 511.

106.BJM, NGD. . . PN. H. 710.

107. GQ < GDFQ, LGE. . . . H. 33. 8NG.

108. GQ < GDFQ, LGE. . . P. H. 170.

109. GQ < GDFQ, LGE. . . P. H. 172.

110. GDFQ, LGE. . . P. H. 173. K KL G> L KLL G> L

HKFLJQ F QHL NF Q GDFQ KEK LG FJDQ GFnJE<Q DD GLJ OJLJK GF LK KML; F< HJLMDJDQ F NDMDHHJ FLLD< CGFK<=J9LGFK ?]F]J9D=K KMJ D'A?JMDLMJ= <= D'!?QHL=, H9J (. =QF=J. (]EGJK KMJ D' QHL, LGE. N. H. 1.)

111. GQ. < GDFQ, LGE. . . P. K. .

1.JNDK F ELKL, NGD. . H. 147. 8NG. F. LJFK. 1790.

2.%<. H. 264.

3.%<. NGD. . H. 252, 253.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

4.JNDK F ELKL, NGD. . H. 128.

5. GQ. < DDK, LGE. N. H. 68. 4LG. 5 NGDK. 1788, JK.

6.%<. H. 60.

7.%<. H. 72.

8.%<. H. 60.

9. GQ. < DDK, LGE. N. H. 92.

10.%<. H. 5.

11.GDL. GF. . . . N. H. 30. 4LG.

12. GQ. < DDK, LGE. . H. 250.

13.]GMN. MKK. NGD. N. H. 329. 8NG. 4 NGDK. BJF.

14.%D Q >GJL HM < <]L <FK D HQK, HJIM D HDMHJL <KLFK KGFL MDLNLMJK, L ]D\NFL MP-E^EK <KKLMP.iGQ. < DDK, LGE. N. H. 4.

15.%F <<LGF LG L MKK J EFLGF<, % N DLDQ FF>GJE< LL GF G> L HJFHD JKGFK OQ DJ LJLK G> J

DF< D MFMDLNL< F LK HJL G> L OGJD< K L KOJE G> DGMKLK, O L JLF KKGFK GNJK LK <KLJLK, F< >JGEL JNK G> O L K EHGKKD LG HJGLL L JKF JGH.

16.GG'K O G> L MKKF EHJ, NGD. . H. 242. HJFHD mL, HJHK, G> LK EHGJLLGFK G> >GJFJK, OKL FLJG<MLGF G> >J EF FKL< G> KDNK, F< G> #JEFF<MKLJQ FKL< G> MKKF F<GDF; ML L FLJG<MLGF G> LLHJL G> HLD O GFKKLK F EFJQ OGMD< NJQ JLHGFL, F< L HFKK G> EFM>LMJK OGMD< KGGF N LMDLNLGJK LKL >GJ LE.

17. GQ. < DDK, LGE. . H. 10.

18.%<. LGE. N. H. 3.

19. GQ. < DDK, LGE. N. H. 6.

20.%<. H. 3.

21.GG'K O G> L MKKF EHJ, NGD. . H 239.

22. GQ. < DDK, LGE. N. H. 5.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

23.%<. H. 253.

24.GG'K MKKF EHJ, NGD. . H. 313.

25. GQ. < DDK, LGE. . H. 16. GM F GMFLJK OJ L

HJGJLN HGOJ K FNJ >MDDQ DD< FLG LGF, MFDLQKKGFK F< H<EK N ML DLLD mL GF L NJHGHMDLGF; QL F FO GDGFK, O J <mJFLDQJMEKLF< F LK JKHL, LQ ELJDDQ EH< LK HJGJKK.K HGFL K FGL KMpFLDQ MF<JKLGG<. %> F GMFLJK O OJLJ KLLGFJQ GJ FJKF NJQ KDGODQ, DD L EE<LK LG HGHMDLGF, O < F GKJN<, OJ LG GFLFM F>GJ, FG MF<F G> >GG< GMD< ELJDDQ FJK L FMEJG> HGHD. BML L HJK OQ F O KM F MF<FGHJLK K Q <EFKF L EE<L K O >GJ

HJND<. GK, GONJ, O EQ JEF, LJ >JGE L<pMDLQ G> FF LK, GJ >JGE FQ MF>NGMJDJMEKLFK F L KGD GJ DEL, ODD KLDD GFLFM LG GHJL FHJNFLF L HJGJLN HGOJ >JGE HJG<MF LK >MDD mL.

26. GQ. < DDK, LGE. . H. 17. LGE. N. H. 411

27.%<. LGE. N. H. 252, L KI.

28.GG'K MKKF EHJ, NGD. . H. 245.

29. GQ. < DDK, LGE. N. H. 253.

30. GQ. < DDK, LGE, N. H. 175.

31.LJ MKK EQ GFMJ F JKLJFF L HGHMDLGF G> J, O N FGL F FGL< Q DDK. %F FJD, L KGMD< GKJN<, OL JJ< LG DD L EE<L K LG HGHMDLGF,O % LJ N < GJ KDD N GKGF LG EFLGF, LL, KL K N<FLDQ EHGKKD LG KJLF L PLFL LG O LK,F< L HJGHGJLGF G> L OGD HJGJLN HGOJ O L

EH<K, FG MJL F>JFK JKHLF L LMD KLL G> HGHMDLGF F <JOF >JGE LE W HJGJ. HJNDF KF LOG <mJFL FLGFK EQ HHJ LG PLDQ L KE K LGF<, QL > LQ J <mJFL F <J, L JL G> FJK F ODD, G> GMJK, K <mJFL K HGKKD. ADD LL F <GF,LJ>GJ, K LG HJG< K F HQKD FIMJK; LL K, nJKL LGGKJN L >LK, F< LF GMFL >GJ LE >JGE L KL DLKLL F GDDL<.

32. GQ. < GDFQ, LGE. . . PPPN. H. 373. 8NG. 1787.

33. GQ. < GDFQ, LGE. . . PPPN. H. 373.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

34.%<. H. 374.

35. GQ. < GDFQ, LGE. . . PPPN. H. 375.

36.%<. H. 376.

37.%<. H. 377.

38. GQ. < GDFQ, LGE. . . PPPN. H. 379.

39.LGF'K MJK EH. . N. 2< <L. 1799.

40.LGF'K MJK EH. . . H. 55.

41. GQ. < GDFQ, LGE. . . PPP. H. 347.

42.%<. H. 350.

43. GQ. < GDFQ, LGE. . . PPPN. H. 369.

44.%<. . PPPN. H. 38.

45.%<. . PPP. H. 345.

46.%<. . PPPN. H. 381.

47.LGF'K MJK EH. . N. H. 275.

48. GQ. < GDFQ, LGE. . . PD. H. 445.

49.LGF'K MJK EH. . N, H. 275.

50.LGF'K MJK EH. . N. H. 264.

51.%<. H. 291.

52.%<. H. 280.

53.J GF CJ<F'K JNDK, $JJK'K CGDDL. . . . . H. 870.

54.]GMN. MKK. LGE. . H. 293.

55.CJ<F'K JNDK, $JJK'K CGDDL. . . . . H. 902.

56.%<.

57.]GMN. MKK, LGE. . H. 377.

58.J DDE GFK'K GJK, NGD. . . P. H. 354. HF G> L%F<F DOK, L A] QFD KQK, " HGHMDLGF KL MF <NGJ


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

HJEL>, MF GJ<J < D FLMJ K KJ], IM D DG HJEL <LJGEHJ, < EFLJ, < K HJMJJ HGMJ >NGJKJ MF EJ." $KL.<K %F<K, LGE. . D. . H. 81. 8NG. 10 NGDK. JK, 1795.

59.J E. GFK'K GJK, NGD. . . . H. 124.

60.%<. H. 130.

61.%<. H. 141.

62.%<. NGD. . . P. H. 340.

63.J DDE GFK'K GJK, NGD. . . P. H. 343.

64.%<. NGD. . . . H. 96.

65.J DDE GFK'K GJK, NGD. . . N. H. 221.

66.%<. . P. H. 343.

67.%<. . N. H. 221.

68.J DDE GFK'K GJK, NGD. . . . H. 120.

69.%<. H. 121.

70.J DDE GFK'K GJK, NGD. . . . H. 141.

71.%<. . P. H. 337.

72.%<. . N. H. 219.

73.%<. . N. H. 325.

74.J DDE GFK'K GJK, NGD, . : P. H. 346, 347.

75.%<. . . H. 133.

76.J DDE GFK'K GJK, NGD. . . N. H. 165. . P. H. 397.

77.%<. . P. H. 397, 398.

78.LLJK <>. LGE. PN. H. 178.

79.%<. H. 284.

80.J DDE GFK'K GJK, NGD. . . P. H. 390.

81.$KL. <K %F<K, LGE. . DN. . H. 97. 8NG. 10 NGDK. JK, 1795.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

82. AKL KJK, NGD. N. H. 354.

83. AKL KJK, NGD. N. H. 14.

84.KHJL <K GP, DN. PN. . 5.

85.MJFJ'K EKKQ LG L, HJL . . P. H. 351.

86.%<. . . H. 172.

87.%.

88.MJFJ'K EKKQ, HJL . . N. H. 312.

89.%<. . P. H. 348, 350.

90.MJFJ'K EKKQ, HJL . . P. H. 349.

91.MJFJ'K EKKQ, HJL . . P. H. 330.

92.MD<'K $KL. G> CF, 2 NGDK. >GDG, 1738. NGD. . H. 244.

93.EKKQ LG CF, NGD. . AHHF. H. 615. 4LG.

94.EKKQ LG CF, NGD. . AHHF. H. 155. 4LG.

95.MD<'K CF, NGD. . H. 278.

96.KHJL <K GP, DN. N. . PP.

97.MD<'K CF, NGD. . H. 314.

98.%<. H. 274.

99.MD<'K CF, NGD. . H. 275.

100.%<. .

101.%<. H. 276.

102.LLJK <>. LGE. PP. H. 132.

103.MD<'K K CF, NGD. . H. 272.

104.EKKQ LG CF, LMFLGF, NGD. . H. 544.


106.MD<, HLJ GF AJMDLMJ, NGD. . H. 272; HLJ GFDFLQ, H. 314.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

107.LLJK <>. L CMJMKK, LGE. PP. H. 448.

108.MD<'K CF, NGD. . H. 303.

109.EKKQ LG CF, NGD. . H. 157.


111.%<. H. 151.

112.%<. H. 152:


114.MD<'K CF, NGD. . H. 277.

115.LLJK <>. L CMJMKK, LGE. PN. H. 394.

116.LLJK <>. L CMJMKK, LGE. PN. H. 394. L KI.


118.MD<'K CF, NGD. . H. 244.

119.MD<'K CF, NGD. . H. 278. EK\J L D JF< FGEJ<'LFLK < D'EHJ Q MKFL LL EMDLLM< HJG<MK

<'KDNK: HJKIM LGMK DK NDLK, L ]F]JDEFL LGMLK DK nDDK< KJN <'MF EKGF KGFL KDNK. LLJK <>. LGE. PP, H.145.


121.LLJK <>. LGE. PP. H. 187.

122.LLJK <>. LGE. PP. H. 126.

123.%<. H. 127.

124.MD<'K CF, NGD. . H. 259.

125.%<. 256.

126.LLJK <>. LGE. PP. H. 100.

127.%<. H. 110.

128.LLJK <>. LGE. PP. H. 111.

129.LLJK <>. LGE. PP. H. 124.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

131. AFFDK G> L CFK GFJK. MD<'K CF, NGD. . H.136.

132.%<.

133.LLJK <>. LGE. PP. H. 154.

134.JK'K GQ, . N. H. 92.

135.LLJK <>. L CMJMKK, LGE. PP. H. 174.

136.%<. H. 186.

137.%<. H. 175.

138.LLJK <>. LGE. PP. H. 180.

139.%<. H. 187.

140.%<. H. 184.

141. GD. . . N. . . H. 396. 8NG. F. LJF.

142.N. PP. . P. %L K KMJHJKF LL GFLKIMM, OG

HHJK KGELEK LG MF<JKLF< L KML G> HGHMDLGF, KGMD<L GLJ LEK E KM GKJNLGFK K LK.

143.BGG .

1.KKQ P. H. 467, 4LG. <L.

2.DLG < MK, D. N.

3.DLG < HMDY, D. N.

4.DLG < HM. D. N.

5. AJKLGLDK HJ, < HM. D. N. . PN.

6. HM. D. . . N. #DDK'K AJKLGL. NGD. . . . H. 87. GJ LGFNFF G> LGK OG EQ FGL GGK L LJGMD G> GFKMDLFL GJFD, % J>J L L KE LE LG #DDK'K LJFKDLGF; MLKGE HKKK K OGDDQ GELL<, F< G> GLJK K FGLNF L DLJD KFK, K GL F >J NJKGF.

7. HM. D. . . N. #DDK'K AJKLGL. NGD. . . . H. 87.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

8. HM. D. . . N. #DDK'K AJKLGL. NGD. . . . H. 91.

9. HM. D. . . P. #DDK'K AJKLGL. NGD. . . . H. 107.

10. AJKLGL. < HM. D. . . P. #DDK'K AJKLGL. NGD. . . . H.

113.

11. MK, D. N.

12.$ME'K KKQ, . P. H. 951.

13.KKJLLGF, H. 62, 8NG. 1763, <FMJ.

14.. N. . P.

15.GFQKMK $DJF. D. . 15.

16.$ME, KKQ, P. H. 488.

17. AEGJ JGDK.

18. GJMK #JEFGJME, 19. $GO GEHDLDQ L DOKJDLF LG L FGMJEFL G> EJJ F< G> D<JF OJ<KHK<, HHJK >JGE KH G> FMMK DP F LNG, H.30. "2GK =FE N<=G HJGJ=9LGK nDGK FMF >=JK =L 9N:MK =PHGF=J=,FMF 9<KLJ9F?MD9LGK EK=JG EGJLK ?=F=J= =D<=J=; K=FL IMZ F

HKK NK=J:MK E=<9EF:MK =HGLK GJ?F=E >MLMJ @GEFMK =PLF?M9FL, =L H9JJ<ME >9MFL 9FL=IM9E H9J9FL." NF DFQLLEHLK LG PMK L; "MGFE DIMJME >MF<LK HDF DJKLD NFY F<L." . PPP. . N.

19.< >L MJLG NP MDD HMJHJ DLG; FLME JLK MMK,LFLME E<EF HGKKMFL, MZ KLJDK >L, LIM GEFK F

NFLJ FF<GK CGF<ML.iMNFD, L. N. 593.

20.KHJL <K GP, DN. PP. . 21.

21.%<.

22. AMDMK #FMK, D. . . 6.

23.KKJLLGF, AHHF<P, H. 247.

24.KKQ P. H. 505.

25.KKQ P. H. 504.

26.KKQ P. H. 433.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

27.KKJL. GF L MEJK G> FF<, H. 91.

28.%<. H. 88.

29.KKJL. GF L MEJK G> FF<, H. 89.

30.$ME, KKQ P. H. 433.

31.%<.

32. AHHF BLN, F< HJHK L HDM FKGE GMFLJK, EQ GFK<J< K HQKD MKK GHJLF FF PKKN <J. PLJE F< MFMKMD LLEFL G> LGEFK LG NGMK DQ, F< L HJGEKMGMK FLJGMJK FLL, EQ GFK<J< K EGJD MKK G> L KE FLMJ.M FKLFK, F< GLJK G> L KE F<, O EL HJGDQ >GMF<, E L FKKJQ LG IMD>Q L FJD HJGHGKLGF K FL LPL.

35.KKQ P. H. 425.

36.KKJLLGF, H. 80.

37.%<. H. 93.

38.KKQ P.

1. JKLJK >GJ MKK N KEDDJ EGJLDLQ; ML L KKMHHGK< LL LQ J <>LN. %L HHJK, GONJ, LL FFDF< F< DK <MJF L LF QJK F<F OL 1820, LEGJLDLQ OK KLDD DKK LF F GJOQ.

2.JMH'K LLKL <J FKF GFJ, NGD. . H. 4.

3.%<. D . H. 5.

4.JMH'K LLKL <J FKF GFJ, NGD. , H. 4. HJGHGJLGF G> QJDQ EJJK LG L OGD HGHMDLGF K GF G> LEGKL GNGMK JLJGFK G> L GHJLGF G> L HJNFLN ,LGM FGL IML GJJL GF. #FJDDQ KHF, L HJNFLN K JLJ LF EL F>JJ< >JGE LK JLJGF; MKF L DLQ GMFLJK G> MJGH, OJ KEDD HJGHGJLGF G> EJJK LK HD, L JLJ FMEJ G> GD< HGHD DNF L

L LE G> LK EJJK ODD EGJ LF GMFLJDF< QL KEDDJ HJGHGJLGF G> HJKGFK MF<J L G> HMJLQ. %F KM


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

GMFLJQ K GJOQ, L HJKGFK >JGE 20 LG 50, LL K, G> L EGKLDDQ LG EJJQ, J JLJ HJGHGJLGF LG L OGDHGHMDLGF LF F EGKL G> L GLJ GMFLJK G> MJGH; F<GFKIMFLDQ L LMD HJGHGJLGF G> EJJK F GJOQ,GEHJ< OL LL G> GLJK, ODD FGL PHJKK L >MDD PLFL F

O L HJNFLN GHJLK.

5. >O HJLMDJK, O % KDD EFLGF JDLF LG GJOQ,OJ GDDL< <MJF KMEEJ PMJKGF F LL GMFLJQ F L

QJ 1799.

6. A <MLJ'K HGJLGF K L D> G> KGF'K HGJLGF.

7.JMHL'K LLKL <J FKF GFJ, NGD. . H. 4.

8.%<. LD . H. 4. %F L DM LLKLIM <K LLK FGK,KF HMDK<, L HHJK LL L OGD FMEJ G> JLK >GJ LnN QJK KMKIMFL LG 1794, OK 138,799, G> <LK 94,530, G> EJJK 34,313. K FMEJK N L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG<LK K 146 LG 100, G> JLK LG EJJK K 4 LG 1, F< G> <LKLG EJJK K 275 LG 100. NJ HJGHGJLGF G> QJDQ JLKK KLL< LG 1/35, F< G> QJDQ <LK 1/49 G> L OGDHGHMDLGF. NGD. . . N.

BGG %%, CHLJ %%.

9. GD. . 4LG. JFL< L JK, 1772.

10.%<. H. 27.

11.J'K KJN. GF NJK. QE. NGD. . H. 126, 4L <L.

12.]EGJK HGMJ KJNJ W D GFFGKKF <K mJK HGDLIMKL ]GFGEIMK <M GQME < M\<, 4LG. 1776, . N. H. 187.K OGJ K GFK<J< K NJQ GJJL F LK F>GJELGF, F< K FJL J<L L LGGDE.

13.MKKED'K #GLLD J<FMF, NGD. . : . KL. PPPN. <L.1798.

14.%<. KL. PPPN. H. 91.

15.%<. NGD. . H. 60.

16.JMH'K LLKL <J FKF GFJ, NGD. . L. . H.5. 1765.

17.GE G> LK NDDQK J KLJFDQ HLMJKIM. HJFHDJG< >JGE CJKLF LG JGFLE D<K >GJ FJDQ 180 FDK


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

EDK LJGM GFLFM< NDDQ G> LK F<, Q L K< G> NJQnF JNJ, O F GF HJL KLJLK GML FLG L PLFKN DGKF. % E FDF< LG DN LL LJ K FGL FQ JNJ F DDMJGH, L GMJK G> O, mGJ<K KM GFKLFL KMKKGF G> ML>MD F< JGEFL KFJQ. %L GK MF<J <mJFL FEK F

<mJFL HJLK. NJ<MJ F L GJOQ NDDQK K HMDJDQ KG>L,L >GD G> L LJK DMPMJFL, F< F KMEEJ FG LJK HHJG> FGJLJF DEL.

18.]EGJK <M GQME < M\<, LD PN. H. 174.

19.%<. . N. H. 198.

20.%<. LD PD. H. 418, . N. H. 201. % << FGL nF< GML PLDQ LEKMJ G> L O<K LMF. %L K JLJ DKK LF GMJ K, GJ D>-

IMJLJ.

21.%<. . N. H. 201.

22.]EGJK <M GQME < M\<, LD PD. H. 418.

23.%<. . N. H. 184.

24.%<, H. 196.

26.%<. H. 21, 22.

27.]EGJK AJ]]K < D'A<]E < LGGDE, H. 29.

28.%<. H. 31.

29.K K F GFnJE< OL JJ< LG FDF<, Q LKLJLK G> HJK JKLJK O N DLDQ F HMDK<.

QJK 1795 F< 1800 J EJ< Q <EFMLGF G> EJJK F<JLK, F< F FJK G> <LK.

30.]EGJK <M GQME < M\<, . N. H. 188.

31.]EGJK <M GQME < M\<, . N. H. 191.

32.CFLRDJ EFLGFK L JLMJFK >JGE DF< =m=LN=E=FL =FK=E=F] K GFDQ LJ JFK >GJ GF. . N. H. 196.

33.]EGJK <M GQME < M\<, . N. H. 202.

34.]EGJK <M GQME < M<, . N. H. 204.

35.%<. . N.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

36.%<. H. 188.

37.]EGJK <M GQME < M\<, . N. H. 204.

38.%<. <.

39.]EGJK <M GQME < M\<, . N. H. 177.

40.]EGJK <M GQME < M\<, . N. H. 184.

41.]EGJK < D'A<]E < LGGDE, H. 29.

42.]EGJK <M GQME < M\<, LD PD.

43.J'K KJN. GF NJK. Q. NGD. , H. 125.

44.]EGJK <M GQME < M\<, . N. H. 1 196.

45.#dLLD J<FMF, NGD. . C. N. K. 120, H. 231.

46.JFKLGFK G> L GQD A<EQ G> FK L LGGDE>GJ L QJ 1809, F< MHHDEFL LG L FQDGHZ< BJLFF,

AJLD, GJLDLQ, Q J. DF, ALMJQ LG L MF > AKKMJFGLQ. HJG< G> nN QJK J FGL< OK >J >JGE FQJEJD H<EK, F< NFLGF < GEEF< F 1804.

BGG %%, CHLJ %%%.

47. GD. . . . H. 162.

48.%<. H. 145.

49.GN AL A<EZ, LGE. N.

50. O G> L MKKF EHJ, NGD. . . . H. 148.

51.]EGJK HJ . . JmL, GN AL A<EZ, LGE. N.

52.GG'K O G> L MKK. EH. NGD. . . . H. 147.

53.]EGJK AJ]]K <] D'A<]E < LGGDE, H. 28.

54. O G> MKK. EH. NGD. . . . H. 146.

55.]EGJ HJ . . JmL, GN AL A<EZ, LGE. N.

56.]EGJ HJ . . JmL, GN AL A<EZ, LGE. N.

57.]EGJK AJ]]K < D'A<]E < LGGDE; H. 28:


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

58.GN AL A<EZ, LGE. N.

59.GG'K O G> L MKKF EHJ, NGD. . . . H. 155.

60.%<. H. 151.

61.%<. FGL, H. 150.

62. O G> L MKKF EHJ, NGD. . . . H. 201.

63.GG'K O G> L MKKF EHJ, NGD. . GG . KL. . H.126, L KI.

64.KHJL <K GP, DN. PP. . P.

65.MKKED, #dLLD J<FMF, NGD. . . N. KL. DN. H. 126.

66.CJGE, MJ < #JdKK F< BNdDJMF <J MJGH. LLF,H. 88, HK. 1785.

67.MKKED, #dLLD J<FMF, NGD. . . N. KL. DN. H. 127.M HJGHGJLGF G> EJJK GMD< FGL, GONJ, KMHHD< F GMFLJQ D $GDDF<, >JGE L JLK OLF L LJJLGJQ, ML EMKL MK< HJFHDDQ Q L FoMP G> >GJFJK: F< L K FGOFLL KM F FoMP, >GJ L NGDMLGF, OK GFKLFLDQ LFHD. $GDDF<, F<<, K F DD< L JN G> #JEFQ.

68.MKKED, #dLLLD J<FMF, NGD. . . N, KL, DN. H. 128.

69.MKKED, #dLLD J<FMF, NGD. , . . KL. PPPN. H. 92.

70.MKKED, #dLLD J<FMF, NGD. . , N. KL. DP. H. 132.

71.%<. KL. DP. H. 134.

72.%<. KL. DPN. H. 134.

73.%<. KL. DPN. H. 135.

74.MKKED, #dLLD J<FMF, NGD. . . N. KL. DPP. H. 140.

75.MKKED, #dLLD J<FMF, NGD. . . N. KL. DN. H. 125.

76.%<. KL. DPPN. H. 147.

77.%<. KL. DP. H. 129.

78.%<.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

79.%<. KL. DPP. H. 137.

80.CJGE, MJ < #JdKK MF< BNdDJMF <J MJGHKFLLF, H. 89.

81.LLJ PP.

82.KHJL <K GP, DN. PP. . PPN.

83.MKKED, #dLLD J<FMF, NGD. . . N. KL, DPPN. H. 151.

84.MKKED, #dLLD J<FMF, NGD. . . N. K. PN. H. 225.

85.%<. F< . . K. PPN. H. 93.

86.%<. . . K. PPN. H. 80, F< . N. K. PN. H. 225.

87.%<. . N. K. PN. H. 225.

88.%<.

89.JMH'K LLKL, NGD. . H. 4.

90.MKKED, #dLLD J<FMF, NGD. . H. 60.

91. GD. . . . K. PPPN. H. 91.

92.CJGE, fJ < #JdKK MF< BNdDJMF <J MJGHKFLLF, H. 116.

93.CJGE, fJ < BNdDJMF <J MJGHK. LL. H. 118.

94.%<. H. 120.

95.%<. H. 122.

96.CJGE'K MJGHKF LLF, H. 127.

97.MHHDEFL LG L FQDGHZ< BJLFF, AJLD JMKK.

1. L <mJFL EGJK >GJ L QJ 1766.

2.]EGJK, 8. HJ D G]L] GFGEIM < BJF. AFF]1766, HJE\J HJL, H. 15 L KI. GLNG. BJF.

3.]EGJK, 8. HJ D G]L] GFGEIM < BJF, LD P. H.120. AFF] 1766.

4.%<. H. 22.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

5.]EGJK, 8. HJ D G]L] GF. < BJF. AFF] 1766,HJE\J HJL, LD N. H. 22.

6.%<. LD . H. 21.

7.%<. LD . H. 16.

8. HHJ F L BDGL\IM BJLFFIM, HMDK< L#FN, LGE. N. H. 328.

9.]EGJK, 8. HJ D G]L] GF. < BJF. AFF] 1766,HJE\J HJL, H. 47, 48.

10.%<. H. 48.

11.%.

12.]EGJK, 8. HJ D G]L] GF. < BJF. AFF] 1766,HJE\J HJL, H. 48, L KI.

13.]EGJK, 8. HJ D G]L] GF. < BJF, AFF] 1766,LD N. H. 64.

14.%<. LD . H. 15.

15.]EGJK, 8. HJ D G]L] GF. < BJF. AFF] 1766, H.

11 F< 12.

16.%<.

17.%<. H. 11.

18.%<. H. 13.

19.]EGJK, 8. HJ D G]L] GF. < BJF. AFF] 1766,LD P. H. 120.

20.%<. LD . H. 11.

21.]EGJK, 8. HJ D G]L] GF. < BJF. AFF] 1766, H.29, L KI.

22.F GMFL G> KGF< F< LJ< EJJK, L >MF<LQ G> EJJK EMKL DOQK DKK LF L >MF<LQ G> EJJ<OGEF. EGLJK DGF J J GFK<J<, OLGML J>JFLG L FMEJ G> MKF<K.

23.]EGJK, 8. HJ D G]L] GF. < BJF. AFF] 1766, H.32.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

24.%<. LD . H. 21.

25.]EGJK, 8. HJ D G]L] < BJF. AFF] 1766, LD N.H. 92, L KI.

26.%<. LD P. H. 120.

27.%<. LD P.

28.]EGJK, 8. HJ D G]L] < BJF. AFF] 1766, HJE\JHJL, H. 27.

29.%<. HJE\J HJL, L. .

30.LLKLIM < D MKK, MJF<, LGE. N. H. 405, 8NG. 4 NGDK.MKFF, 1796.

31.BKJMF NGF BJF, NGD. . L. . H. 35, 2 NGDK. 8NG. BJF.1796.

32.. JNGKL, G> #FN, F K LJFKDLGF G> LK OGJ, NKKGE GMFL G> L KEDD CFLGF G> #DNK, F O L GLLGF-EFM>LMJ < F FLJG<M<. %L HHJK LL L < F NJQHJGKHJGMK L nJKL, F< < GKGF< L G> JDQ EJJK,F< GFK<JD FJK G> HGHMDLGF; ML KMKIMFLDQ OKE PLJEDQ DGO, F< >GMJL HJL G> L HGHMDLGF OK

<HF<FL MHGF JLQ >GJ LJ KMHHGJL. HJGHGJLGFK G> LJLK F< <LK LG L HGHMDLGF, FKL< G> F 1 LG 36, F< 1LG 45, K F L QK < M<, < GE K 1 LG 26, F< 1 LG 35.

AF<, GJ<F LG DLJ GMFL F L DKL LJFKDLGF, LHJGHGJLGF G> L JLK LG L HGHMDLGF, <MJF L 14 QJK >JGE1805 LG 1819, OK K 1 LG 24, F< G> L <LK K 1 LG 30.

33.BKJMF NGF BJF, NGD. . H. 40.

34.K HLJ OK OJLLF F 1802, F< J>JK LG L KLL G>

JF >GJ L H G> AEFK.

35.. 32, 8NG. 78 HK.

36. A. GMF'K JNDK F JF, NGD. . . PN. H. 466, 4LG. 1792.

37. D'A<EFKLJLGF <K FFK, LGE. . . P. H. 256, 12EG.1785.

38.KK, H. 31.

39. D'A<EFKLJLGF <K FFK, LGE. . . P. H. 255.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

40.DM <K JLK, 8. . . H. 7.i. #JFJ, F L FGLK LGK <LGF G> A<E EL, DMDLK LL GFDQ GML KPLL HJLG> L JF HGHMDLGF OK <KLJGQ< F L JEK. $ KMHHGKKGFDQ 500,000 EG<< L GF, F< LL LK FMEJ OK KMHHD<Q 400,000 EGJ F L GMJK G> L OJ; F< DDGOF >GJ L

FMEJ O OGMD< < FLMJDDQ, LL L <<LGFD EGJLDLQGKGF< Q L OJ OK GFDQ GML 45,000 QJ. GE. N.FGL PPP. H. 284. %> L LMD DGKK OJ FG EGJ LF LKKLLEFLK E L, KEDD FJK G> JLK OGMD< N KDQJHJ< L; ML % KGMD< LF LL LK KLELK J HJGDQ KEM DGO L LJML, K J JFK <'%NJFGK'K J GN.

41.KK < ML, H. 28.

42.MHHGKF L FJK< FMEJ G> D<JF L FQ HJG< LG

IMD L FMEJ G> EF KFL F L JEK, QL LK D<JF,F DD NJQ QGMF, GMD< FGL KMHHGK< LG GFKME IMFLLQIMD LG LL O OGMD< GFKME< Q L KE FMEJ G> JGOF-MH HJKGFK.

43.DM <K JLK, 8. . . H. 14.

44. D'A<EFKLJLGF <K FFK, LGE. . . P. H. 254.

45.KK < ML, H. 28.

46. D'A<EFKLJLGF <K FFK, LGE. . . P. H. 255. KK <ML, H. 29.

47. GMF'K JNDK F JF, NGD. . . PN. H. 466.

48. FJDDQ . PN. NGD. . F< L MKL GKJNLGFK GF LKKMLK FLJKHJK< F EFQ GLJ HJLK G> K NJQ NDMD GMJ.

49. D'A<EFKLJLGF <K FFK, LGE, . . P. H. 262, L KI.

50.%F L /L9LKLIM= #]F]J9D= =L 9JLMD\J= <= D9 J9F=, =L <= K=K CGDGF=K, DLDQ, HMDK<, L JLMJFK G> L HJ>LK >GJ L QJ %. J NF, F< KE LG MKL>Q LK GFLMJ. JLKJ 955,450, L <LK 821,871, F< L EJJK 202,177. KFMEJK J<DQ IMD J'K KLELK; F< QL DD LDMDLGFK F LK OGJ, GL OL JKHL LG L OGD HGHMDLGFF< LK HJGHGJLGF LG KIMJ DM, E L GD< LJJLGJQ G> JF EGJ HGHMDGMK FGO LF L L FFF G> L JNGDMLGF. KLEL G> L HGHMDLGF, L L HJG< G> L CGFKLLMFL

AKKEDQ, K DJ<Q F EFLGF<; F< L LK LE L FMEJG> HJKGFK LG KIMJ DM OK JGF< 996. %F L QJ %. G>

L JHMD, L JKMDL G> L BMJM < C<KLJ N HGHMDLGF G> 26,048,254, F< L FMEJ LG KIMJ DM


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

1,020. %F L QJ %%. ]H\J DMDL< L OGD HGHMDLGF G> JF L 33,501,094, G> O 28,810,694 DGF< LG FFLJF; L FMEJ LG KIMJ DM 1,101; ML L DMDLGFK,L HHJK, OJ >GMF<< MHGF L nJKL KLEL E< Q LCGFKLLMFL AKKEDQ, O OK >LJOJ<K JL< K LGG .

%F L QJ %. F< . L <<LGF G> <EGFL F< L KD G> DJK< L OGD HGHMDLGF LG 34,376,313; L FMEJ LG KIMJDM 1,086. FMEJ DGFF LG D< JF K FGL KLL<. %LKEK LG N F GML 28,000,000.

HJL G> LK OGJ JDLF LG HGHMDLGF K FGL <JOF MH OLEM FGOD< G> L KML. F JEJ K NJQ MJGMK. %L KGKJN< LL L HJGHGJLGF G> EJJK LG L HGHMDLGF K K 1LG 110, F< G> JLK K 1 LG 25; >JGE O L K F>JJ<, LL GF->GMJL G> L GJF DN LG EJJQ. %> LK F>JF OJ MKL, JF

OGMD< KGGF <HGHMDL<.

%F DMDLF, L NDM G> DNK, L MLGJ EK MK G> BMmGM'KLDK, O J FLJDQ FGJJL, F >GMF<< HJFHDDQ GFJKLJK LF >JGE L NDDK JGMF< JK. Q E LHJGDLQ G> D> L JL GFDQ DLLD GN L QJK; O,LF L LGOFK F< L GMFLJQ LGLJ, K NJQ KGJL G> L MKLNJ.

JDQ FQ LF OGJL FGLF K F <<< F LK OGJ LG

L <LDK NF F L KKQ G> ML, O % N DJ<Q>JIMFLDQ J>JJ< LG. F L OGD % N FGL KF KMpFLJGMF<K LG E E DLJ FQ G> EQ GFLMJK F LK HLJ,LGM HJGDQ LQ J FGL ODD->GMF<<. %F<<, F <GHLF J. <'%NJFGK' DMDLGFK JKHLF L LMD DGKK G> EF <MJFL JNGDMLGF, % FNJ LGML EQKD> GJF GML Q >LK; ML, LJ<J ODD OJ LL % <GHL< LE JLJ >GJ L K G> DDMKLJLGF LF >JGE KMHHGKF LE KLJLDQ LJM.

51.KK < ML, H. 28. %L K DQ HJGD LL LK FJKG> DDLEL JLK GKGF< EGJ LF MKMD FMEJ G>

D<JF LG PHGK< F LGK <J<>MD JHLDK, D=K $cHL9MP <=K !F>9FK LJGMN]K, K FGL< Q J JFK <'%NJFGK; MLHJGDQ LK JMD MKLGE OK GFnF< LG HJLMDJ <KLJLK, F<L FMEJ PHGK<, MHGF L OGD, EL J FG JLHJGHGJLGF LG L KME G> DD L JLK.

52.DM <K JLK, 8. . . H. 13, 14.

53. HJGHGJLGF G> EJJK LG L HGHMDLGF F JF,GJ<F LG J, K 1 LG 113, LGE. . . P. H. 255.

54. D'A<EFKLJLGF <K FFK, LGE, . . P. H. 263.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

55.F % OJGL LK HLJ, % N < F GHHGJLMFLQ G> KFL AF9DQK= <=K JG\K 2=J:9MP <=K CGFK=DK #]F]J9MP <= ]H9JL=E=FL, O NK NJQ HJLMDJ F< DQ MJGMKGMFL G> L FLJFD KLL G> JF >GJ L QJ %%%. LJKHL LG L HGHMDLGF, GML G> 69 <HJLEFLK, L JHGJLK >JGE

O J NF, F 16 L HGHMDLGF K KMHHGK< LG FJK<;F 42 <EFK<; F 9 KLLGFJQ; F< F 2 L LN HGHMDLGF KK< LG <EFK<, ML L FMEJD LG JEF L KE. %LHHJK, GONJ, LL EGKL G> LK JHGJLK J FGL >GMF<< GFLMD FMEJLGFK; F< OLGML KM HGKLN <L, L HJNDFGHFGFK GF L KML G> HGHMDLGF, LGLJ OL L FKKJQF< MFNJKDDQ FGOD<< >L G> NJQ GFK<JD<EFMLGF F L EDK G> EDLJQ , OGMD< FLMJDDQ <KHGKHGHD LG LF LL L FMEJK MHGF L OGD EMKL <EFK<. M<F EJDQ >JGE HHJFK, L KMKLLMLGF G>

MF<J< D<JF >GJ MF<J< JGOF-MH HJKGFK OGMD< JLFDQFGL HJG<M L KE EHJKKGF OL JJ< LG HGHMDLGF. %KGMD< FGL KMJHJK<, LJ>GJ, >, OF L FMEJLGFK >GJL QJ %. J GEHDL<, L KGMD< HHJ LL L HGHMDLGFMHGF L OGD K FGL <EFK<. %F KGE G> L JHGJLK D'9K9F= ?]F]J9D= J]H9F<M= KMJ D= H=MHD=, F< D9 <NKGF <=K ?J9F<K

HJGHJ]L]K, J EFLGF< K L MKK G> FJK; F< DEGKLMFNJKDDQ, D=K E9J9?=K HJ]E9LMJ]K, F< D=K E9J9?=K EMDLHD]K

H9J D9 J9FL= <=K DGP EDL9J=K, J HJLMDJDQ FGL<.

DF<-LP, GJ GFLJ:MLGF >GF\J=, K MFNJKDDQ GEHDF< G>;F<< L HHJK LG PLJEDQ NQ, F< LG >DD NJQ MFIMDDQ.%L OK FLF<< LG GFDQ n>L G> L FL HJG<M; ML, >JGE LMFEHJGN< KLL G> JMDLMJ F FJD, L FMEJ G> KEDDHJGHJLGJK, F< HJLMDJDQ L LLEHL LG MDLNL LGG EMKMJ> F HJGHGJLGF LG L HLD EHDGQ<, L G>LF EGMFLK LG >GMJL, LJ<, GJ NF D>. F HJGHJLQ K KG EM <N<<LL L JFL F< HJGnL G> >JE EMKL GEF<, F GJ<J LGKMHHGJL >EDQ MHGF L, DF<-LP EMKL FKKJDQ JLDQ EH<MDLNLGF; LGM L K DLLD GJ FG mL G> LK F< OF >JEKJ DJ, F< DL GML LG LFFLK, K K EGKL >JIMFLDQ L K F

FDF<. AEGF L EH<EFLK LG JMDLMJ EFLGF< F LJHGJLK, L LGG JL <NKGF G> DF<K >JGE L FO DOK G> KMKKGF K FGL<. HJLLGF G> KGE G> L JL <GEFKOGMD< HJGDQ GFLJML LG L EHJGNEFL G> JMDLMJ; ML;KM<NKGFK G> L FLMJ J DDM<< LG OGMD< JLFDQ N GFLJJQ mL, F< OGMD< LF< EGKL HJLMDJDQ LG <EFK FLHJG<M, F< E DF<-LP GL GHHJKKN F< MFHJG<MLN. %> DD L DF< F FDF< OJ <N<< FLG >JEK G> 20D. -QJ, OKGMD< HJGDQ EGJ HGHMDGMK LF O J L HJKFL; ML K FLGF O KGMD< PLJEDQ HGGJ, F< KGMD< MF<J LGLD

FDLQ G> EFLFF L KE FMEJ G> EFM>LMJK GJGDDLF L KE LPK K L HJKFL. ADD L <HJLEFLK


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

<EF< <EFMLGF G> L GFLJ:MLGF >GF\J K KGDMLDQFKKJQ LG L HJGKHJLQ G> JMDLMJ.

> L KLL G> L GKHLDK F< JLD KLDKEFLK, G> LHJNDF G> JQ F< L EGJLDLQ EGF L PHGK<

D<JF, EGKL <HDGJD HLMJ K <JOF F DEGKL DD LJHGJLK; >JGE O O KGMD< L nJKL <KHGK< LG F>J JLJ <J G> HGNJLQ F< EKJQ EGF DD L DGOJ DKKKG> HGHD F FJD. %L HHJK, GONJ, LL L GKHLDK F<JLD KLDKEFLK DGKL DEGKL L OGD G> LJ JNFMK<MJF L JNGDMLGF; F< LK KM<<F KMLJLGF G> KMHHGJL >JGE JL FMEJ G> HGHD OG < FG GLJ JDF, LGLJ OLL FGOF >DMJ G> EFM>LMJK F L LGOFK, F< L NJQ JLFJK G> DDLEL D<JF, EL HJG<M DD L <KLJKKFHHJFK <KJ< F L JHGJLK, OLGML EHF L

JL >L G> L EDGJL< GF<LGF G> JMDLMJD DGMJJK FFJD, FKKJDQ JKF >JGE L FGOD<< HJ G> DGMJ F< GEHJLN HFKK G> GJF; F< L K >JGE LK HJLG> L KGLQ LL L mLN HGHMDLGF G> GMFLJQ KHJFHDDQ KMHHD<. %> L HGGJ'K JLK G> FDF< OJ KM<<FDQGDK<, LJ OGMD< MF<GML<DQ L EGKL GEHDL<<KLJKK EGF LGK OG OJ >GJ KMHHGJL< Q LE; ML %KGMD< FGL PHL LL LJ L GF<LGF G> L DGMJF HJL G> L KGLQ F FJD, GJ L HGHMDLGF G> L GMFLJQ, OGMD<KMmJ >JGE L. AK L HJGHGJLGF G> DDLEL D<JF F JF

K JKF KG PLJGJ<FJDQ K >JGE 1/47 G> DD L JLK LG 1/11, LK N<FL LL EGJ EL F<GF< F GKHLDK, F< EGJ GMLG> LK < LF MKMD, F< QL EGJ LF MKMD FMEJ JJ< L GE, F< KH L EGJLDLQ G> LGK <J<>MDJHLDK. %L HHJK LL >JGE L DGO KLL G> L >MF<K F LGKHLDK L HJGHJ FMJKK GMD< FGL H<, F< FMEJK G> D<JF << >JGE KGDML >EF. GE G> L GKHLDK L DKL

NJQ HJGHJDQ J>MK< LG JN FQ EGJ.

JHGJLK, MHGF L OGD, <G FGL HJKFL >NGMJD HLMJ G> L FLJFD KLL G> JF; ML KGELF K MF<GML<DQ LG

LLJML< LG L FLMJ G> LK JHGJLK, O, GFKKLF K LQ<G G> GKJNLGFK PHDFF L KLL G> L <mJFL<HJLEFLK, F< G> HJLMDJ <EF<K, OL NO LG GLFKKKLF GJ JD> >JGE GNJFEFL, L K LG PHL< LL LQKGMD< DF JLJ LG L MF>NGMJD K<. F L IMKLGF KJKHLF L EHGKLGF G> FO LPK, GJ L JD> >JGE GD< GFK,HGHD ODD FJDDQ GEHDF G> LJ HGNJLQ. F L KML G> LPK, F<<, L OGMD< HHJ, K > L JF GNJFEFL EMKL DLLD HMRRD<. GJ LGM L NJQ HJGHJDQ JGEEF<< LG LCGFK=DK ?]F]J9MP FGL LG F<MD F NM GEHDFLK, ML LG

EFLGF KHn JNFK, F< HJGHGK KHn JE<K, F<HJLMDJDQ FGL LG <NK L GDLGF G> GF LP OLGML


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

KMKLF FGLJ; QL DD L LPK HHJ LG E LG JHJGL<, F< EGKL >JIMFLDQ F FJD LJEK, OLGML LHJGHGKD G> FQ KMKLLML.

(9 GFLJ:MLGF >GF\J, D9 L9P= EG:D9J=, D=K :9JJ\J=K, D=K <JGLK

<= <GM9F=, DD PL LLJ GEHDFLK; F< L GFDQ FO KMKLLMLLL KLJM E OK LP MHGF E, O, F L HJKFLDEGKL PLFL F JF, FFGL PHL< LG QD< JNFMKMpFL LG DF DD L JKL. OGJ, MHGF L OGD, KPLJEDQ MJGMK; F< K KOF L OK G> L GNJFEFL LGFGO L KLL G> <HJLEFL, F< LG DKLF LG NJQGKJNLGF F< HJGHGKD >GJ LK EHJGNEFL, K DQ J<LDLG L JMDF HGOJ. %L OK HMDK< >GJ KGJL LE; ML LJMDLGF G> L OK KGGF KLGHH< F< GFnF< LG L EFKLJK, D=K GFK=DK ?]F]J9MP, 8. %F<< L <GMEFLK J N<FLDQ EGJ G>

HJNL LF G> HMD FLMJ, F< JLFDQ N FGL L J G> F FLF<< >GJ FJD JMDLGF.

BGG %%, CHLJ %%.

57.. 331. JK, 1805.

58.%F L QJ 1792 DO OK HKK< PLJEDQ >NGMJD LGJDQ EJJK. K OK JHD< F L QJ %., F< DOKMKLLML< O LJO JL GKLDK F L OQ G> EJJ,GJ<F LG ML (H. 234.) K LOG DOK ODD KKKL FGMFLF >GJ KEDD HJGHGJLGF G> JLK F< EJJK F L LF

QJK HJNGMK LG 1813, GFKKLFLDQ OL L HGKKDLQ G> DJHJGHGJLGF F L nJKL KP GJ KNF QJK >LJ L GEEFEFLG> L JNGDMLGF.

59. GMF'K JNDK F JF, NGD. . H. 437.

60.. 391.

61.. 13.

62.K HLJ OK OJLLF F 1802, MKL >LJ L nJKLFMEJLGF, L JKMDLK G> O OJ HMDK< F 1801.

63.KJN. GF L KMDLK G> L GHMDLGF AL, H. 11, HJFL< F1801. FKOJK LG L GHMDLGF AL N L DFL HHDQJKM< L IMKLGF G> L HGHMDLGF G> LK GMFLJQ >JGE LGKMJLQ F O L < F KG DGF FNGDN<, F< N mGJ<<KGE NJQ NDMD <L LG L HGDLD DMDLGJ. AL L KE LEL EMKL GF>KK< LL LQ J FGL KG GEHDL K FLJDQ LGPDM< JKGFFK F< GFLMJK JKHLF L F>JFKO J LG <JOF >JGE LE. %L K JFKLDQ LG GH< LL


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

L KML EQ FGL KMmJ< LG <JGH >LJ L HJKFL mGJL.GO LL L nJKL <pMDLQ K JEGN<, F FMEJLGF NJQ LF

QJK EL JF<J< KQ F< >EDJ; F< L JKLJK G> JLK, <LK F< EJJK EL JN< NJQ QJ, GJ LDKL NJQ nN QJK. % E HJKM<<, LL EGJ F>JFK J LG

<JOF JKHLF L FLJFD KLL G> GMFLJQ >JGE KMJKLJK LF O N QL F F L L G> KMHHGKF.

64.O KJN. GF BDDK G> GJLDLQ, H. 265. 8N0. 1750.

65.O KJN. GF BDDK G> GJLDLQ, H. 247. 8NG. 1750.

66. HGHMDLGF K LF L 9,168,000, F< L FFMD <LK L186,000. (K. GF L KMDLK G> GH. AL. H. 6 F< 9.)

67.J < BNdDJMF <J MJGHKF LLF, H. 127.

68.MKKED, #dLLD J<FMF, NGD. . H. 60.

69.. 6.

70.%L K Q FG EFK KMJHJKF, LL GMJ HGHMDLGF KGMD< NF MF<JJL< >GJEJDQ, L DKL Q FQ HJKGF OG LLEHL< LGKLEL L >JGE L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK GJ <LK. DD L DLGHMDLGF AL FG GF GMD< N EF< LL L LMD JLMJFKG> FFMD <LK, O EL FLMJDDQ N F PHL< LG

K MJL F LK GMFLJQ K F GLJK, OGMD< LMJF GML LG DKKLF 49L HJL G> L HGHMDLGF. %> L LMD JLMJFK >GJ JF,NF KG DGF G K L LF QJK F<F OL 1780, < FEMDLHD< Q 49, K OGMD< N HHJ< L LL LE LG N HGHMDLGF G> GN 40 EDDGFK. NJ G> FFMD <LK OK818,491. J, < D'A<EFKLJLGF <K FFK, LGE. . . P. H.255. 12EG. 1785.

71.J'K KJN. GF NJK. QE. NGD. . FGL, H. 10. JKL<<LGFD KKQ, 4L <L. %F HJLMDJ HJKK, HJNL

GEEMFLGFK J HJHK EGJ LG <HF<< MHGF LFHMD JLMJFK; MK F FJD LGK DJQEF GFDQ JHHD< LG, OG J F KGE <J FLJKL< F L KML, F< G> GMJK L EGJ HFK LG MJL.

72.O KJNLGFK GF BDDK G> GJLDLQ, LD P. H. 133.

73.#dLLD J<FMF, NGD. . . . K. PP. H. 74.

74.KLEL G> L MEJ G> %FLFLK F #. BJLF.

75.J'K KJN. GF NJK. QE. NGD. . FGL, H. 272.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

76.%<. NGD. . JKL <<LGFD KKQ, FGL, H. 4.

77.J'K KJN. GF NJK. QE. NGD. . JKL <<LGFD KKQ,FGL, H. 4.

78. EGJLDLQ L LGGDE OK, GJ<F LG JFLF, 1 F19.

79.KJN. GF NJK. QE. NGD. . JKL <<LGFD KKQ, H. 4.

80. AF KLEL G> L HGHMDLGF GJ EGJLDLQ G> GF<GF, >GJL DL FMEJLGF, DOQK <HF< L JL FGOD<< <nFK F LJKLJK; ML LK OK FGL L K F L KE <J OL LGLJ LGOFK J FE<. J. J, F DDMKGF LG <EFKF

HGHMDLGF, GF O KML L HHJK LL K KG O<DQ JJ<,KQK NJQ F<<DQ, LL HJHK EQ N F FKFKDQFoMF< LG EFLF F GHFGF GF <NF<.

81.%FJK F< JK G> KKK, H. 32, 4LG. 180

82.. 13.

83.J'K KJN. GF NJK. QE. NGD. . H. 264-266. 4L <L.

84.%<. NGD. . H. 268.

85.O KJNLGFK GF BDDK G> GJLDLQ, H. 76.

86.J'K KJN. GF NJK. QE. NGD. . H. 17.

87.GJL'K O KJN. AKLJL >JGE #JMFL, H. 277.

88.%<. H. 276.

89.K OK OJLLF >GJ L GELL< JLMJFK OJ <<< F1810. K <<LGFK E L JLK F 1800 EGMFL LG 263,000,FKL< G> 255,426, F< FJK L HJGHGJLGF G> JKLJ< JLKLG 1 F 35.i L FPL HLJ.

90. ANJ E<ME G> HLKEK >GJ L DKL nN QJK 255,426.GH. 9,198,000. (KJN. GF KMDLK, H. 9.)

91.O KJN. H. 267.

92.%F HJNL FIMJK, <KKFLJK F< LGK OG <G FGL JKLFLJ D<JF, ODD FGL G> GMJK JGF< F L HGHMDLGF;

GFKIMFLDQ KM FIMJK, K >J K LQ PLF<, ODD EGJMJLDQ PHJKK L LJM HJGHGJLGF G> JLK; F< O J >JDQ


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

MKLn< F EF MK G> LE, F GJ<J LG KLEL LFGOD<< <nFQ G> JLK F L HMD JLMJFK.

93.KLEL G> L MEJ G> %FLFLK F #JL BJLF, 8. H.27.

94.. 6.

95.O KJN. LDK . F< . H. 22 F< 44; J'K KJN. GFNJK. QE. NGD. . H. 311.

96.DM <K JLK, 8. . . H. 16.

97.KJN. GF L KMDLK G> L GHMDLGF AL, H. 8.

98.GHMDLGF AKLJLK, JK KLJK. FD KMEEJQ, H. 455.

99.KJN. GF L KMDLK G> L GHMDLGF AL, H. 9.

100.%<.

101.KJN. GF L KMDLK G> L GHMDLGF AL, H, 9.

102.GHMDLGF AKLJLK, JK KLJK, H. 455.

103.. 9.

104. D'A<EFKLJLGF <K FFK, LGE. . . P. H. 252. 12EG.1783.

1. L GHMDLGF AKLJLK HMDK< F 1811, F< L NDMD JDEFJQ KJNLGFK Q J. EF.

2. LD G> L HGHMDLGF LJGMGML L FLMJQ, F HPPN. G> L JDEFJQ KJNLGFK LG L GHMDLGF AKLJLK,HJFL< F 1811.

3. L JDEFJQ KJNLGFK GF L GHMDLGF AKLJLK,H. PPN.

4. GHMDLGF AKLJLK, 1811, H 196 G> L JK KLJ AKLJL.

5. A FJD >GJEMD >GJ KLELF L HGHMDLGF G> GMFLJQ LFQ <KLF >JGE JLF HJG<, MF<J NF JMEKLFK G> JLK F< EGJLDLQ, EQ >GMF< F BJ<'K DEFLK G> ADJ,H. 225.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

G. A = DG. + F DG. 1 +

E -

E

%F L HJKFL K, = 9,287,000; F = 10; E = 47; = 29T.

E - 1 E - 80

= F< 1 + =

E 79 E 79

DG. G> 80/79 = 00546; F DG. 1 +

E -

E

= 05460. G. . = 6.96787, O <<< LG 05460 = 7.02247 LDG G> A, L FMEJ FKOJF LG O K 10,531,000.

6. NJQ KEDD <mJF LOF L HGHMDLGF G> 1780 F<1785, K NF F L LD, KEK KLJGFDQ LG EHDQ LL GF G> LLOG KLELK K JJGFGMK.

7.GHMDLGF AKLJLK, 1811. JDEFJQ O, H. PPN.

8.JGE L GF GJ GLJ G> LK MKK, % N DLLD <GML, LL

L FMEJK F L LD, >GJ 1760 F< 1780, O EHDQ KG JH<F FJK G> HGHMDLGF F LL FLJND, <G FGL J L HJGHJJDLGF LG GLJ. %L K HJGD LL L FMEJ NF >GJ1770 K LGG JL.

9.. 20.

10.JDEFJQ KJNLGFK, H. N.

11.%<.

12. EJLGFK FLG FDF< >JGE %JDF< F< GLDF< EQGMFL >GJ KGE HGJLGF G> L PKK G> L FMEJLGFK GNOL K OJJFL< Q L PKK G> L JLK GN L <LK.

13.LLKLD AGMFL G> GLDF<, NGD. . H. 167.

14.LLKLD AGMFL G> GLDF<, NGD. . H. 407.

15.%<. NGD. PP. H. 383.

16.GHMDLGF AKLJLK, JK KLJK, H. 459.

17.%<. H. 458.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

18.LLKLD AGMFL G> GLDF<, NGD. PP. H. 383. GEHJKGF OL FDF< J, J>JK LG L LE G> L nJKLFMEJLGF. J K DLLD <GML LL L EGJLDLQ G> GLDF< K<EFK<, F< L HJGHGJLGF G> JLK LG <LK FJK< KF1800.

19. GD. N. H. 1.

20.F OJLJ LK FGL G> LK JMEKLF F< GKJNK,LL >GJEJDQ L JLK KE LG N GJF JLJ HJGHGJLGF LGL OGD HGHMDLGF LF L HJKFL. JGDQ, KQK, EGJ OJGJF, F< LJ OK JLJ EGJLDLQ. JK G> GFLIMLLJ, NGD.

N. H. 121.

21. GD. . H. 385.

22. GD. P. H. 194.

23. GD. . H. 449.

24. GD. P. H. 317.

25.JK G> GDK, GMFLQ G> GKK, NGD. P. H. 422.

26. GD. P. H. 574.

27. GD. N. H. 308.

28. GD. N. H. 194.

29.%L K F DMDL< LL, GF F NJ, L <mJF G> F L D<JF G> L KE >EDQ K GML LOG QJK.

30. GD. N. H. 308.

31.%L K DLDQ F KLL< F JDEFL, LL L HGGJ-DOK G> GLDF< J FGL ELJDDQ <mJFL >JGE LGK G> FDF<, LGMLQ N F NJQ <mJFLDQ MF<JKLGG< F< PML<; ML,OLNJ EQ L DOK GF L KML, L HJL K FJDDQK J JHJKFL<; F< L K L HJL DGF LL GFJFK LHJKFL IMKLGF.

32. GD. N. H. 74.

33.%<. N. H. 21.

34.JKK G> GJK F< JF, CGMFLQ G> AJ<F, NGD. P. 189.

35.JK G> MLD, NGD. N. H. 305.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

36. GD. N. H. 121.

37.JK G> FJ<F, CGMFLQ G> GKK, NGD. . H. 505.

38. GD. P. . 550.

39. GD. . H. .

40. GD. N. H. 391.

41. AGJ<F LG L JLMJFK F L FMEJLGF G> 1800, LOGD HGHMDLGF G> GLDF< OK GN 1,590,000, F< LJ>GJL FJK MH LG LL LE OK GN 320,000. %F 1810 LHGHMDLGF OK 1,805,688; F< F 1820, 2,093,456.

42.%F L KLLKLD GMFL G> GLDF< L K K<, LL L NJ<KLF LOF L D<JF G> L KE >EDQ K FDMDL< LG GML LOG QJK.

43. AGJ<F LG L JL G> FJK O K DLDQ F LFHD F FDF< (1802,) L HJG< Q DMDLGF OGMD< GML3U QJK.

44. LJM HJGHGJLGF ODD JLJ, >, K >GJ KLL<, LJK JKGF LG DN LL F DD JKLJK L GEKKGFK F L JLKF< <LK J EGJ FMEJGMK LF F L EJJK.

45.%F HDK OJ LJ J EFQ EJLGFK G> HGHD, LDMDLGFK ODD G> GMJK <KLMJ<. %F LGOFK, HJLMDJDQ,OJ LJ K >JIMFL F G> FLFLK, F< OJ L G>LFHHFK LL L EJJK G> L HGHD F L FGMJFGMFLJQ J DJL<, L F>JFK >JGE L HJGHGJLGF G> JLKLG EJJK J FGL LG <HF<< GF.

46.#dLLD J<FMF, NGD. . LDK, H. 98.

47.MKKED, NGD. . LDK, H. 95.

48.%F JF, >GJ L JNGDMLGF, L HJGHGJLGF G> DDLELJLK OK 1/47 G> L OGD FMEJ. JGDQ L K DKK F LKGMFLJQ.

49.J. J NJQ MKLDQ KQK (KJN. GF NJK. Q. NGD. . H. 269.4L. <L.) "LL L FJD mL G> F FJK OD L K GF GFF GMFLJQ K LG JF<J L HJGHGJLGF G> HJKGFK EJJQFFFMDDQ, LG L FFMD <LK ?J=9L=J F< LG L FFMD JLK D=KK LF L LJM HJGHGJLGF EJJQF GML G> FQ NF FMEJ GJF.

K HJGHGJLGF FJDDQ DK LOF L GLJ LOG HJGHGJLGFK,ML DOQK FJKL L nJKL." %F LK GKJNLGFK % FLJDQ J


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

OL E, ML F FGL LG LK HKK HHJK LG E LG >DD FLGF JJGJ. $ KQK, LL > L HJGDnFKK G> EJJK FJK< (L HJG:9:DL=K G> D>= F< L@= =FGMJ9?=E=FL LG E9JJ9?= JEFF L KE) GL L FFMD JLK F< MJDKOGMD< FJK F HJGHGJLGF LG L FFMD O<<FK. L L

HJGHGJLGF G> FFMD JLK OGMD< FJK K JLFDQ LJM; F< %J FGOD< EQ JJGJ F <mJF >JGE J. J GF LK HGFLF EQ DKL <LGF; ML % KLDD LF LL L HJGHGJLGF G> MJDK LGO<<FK OGMD< FGL FKKJDQ FJK MF<J L JMEKLFKJ KMHHGK<.

50. J<J ODD OJ LL, K DD L GJF EMKL <, <LK,EQ F KGE KK LF K KQFGFQEGMK OL JLK. %> O <L <LK JKLJ< G> DD L JLK O < LF HD F GMFLJQ <MJF JLF HJG<, <KLFMKF L EJJ< >JGE

L MFEJJ<, L K N<FL LL L FMEJ G> LGK OG <<EJJ<, GEHJ< OL L OGD FMEJ G> <LK, OGMD<MJLDQ PHJKK L HJGHGJLGF G> L JLK O < DN< LGEJJQ.

51.%> L HJGHGJLGFK EFLGF< Q J. BJLGF MKL, LPHLLGF G> D> F AEJ K GFK<JDQ DKK LF F MKK,O K L JKGF LL % N LF GFDQ LF QJK >GJ L<mJF LOF L G> EJJ F< L G> <L,FKL< G> n>LF QJK, K F MKK. AGJ<F LG L EG<<GHL< Q J. J, (NGD. . H. 272,) G> KLELF L PHLLGFG> D> F GMFLJK L HGHMDLGF G> O K FJKF, LKPHLLGF F MKK OGMD< GML 38, (JLK 1/26, <LK 1/50,EF 1/38), F< KMHHGKF L G> EJJ LG 23, L<mJF OGMD< 15.

F LK OK OJLLF, % N KF JKGF LG DN, >JGE KGEDMDLGFK G> J. DF, LMJQ LG L MF > AKKMJFGLQ, LL J. J'K EG< G> KLELF L PHLLGF G> D> FGMFLJK LL J FJKF K Q FG EFK GJJL, F< LL LLJM PHLLGF G> D> F KM GMFLJK DK NJQ EM FJJ L

HJGHGJLGF G> L FFMD EGJLDLQ, LF EF LOF L FFMDEGJLDLQ F< L HJGHGJLGF G> FFMD JLK; ML % JLF L EFHJGHGJLGF F L DMDLGFK G> LK HLJ, MK % nF< LLLK EF PHJKKK EGJ FJDQ L HJG< OF L <LK ODDIMD L HJKFL JLK, GJ GJ< OL L HJKFL EJJK,LF L <KLF G> L PHLLGF G> D>. %F HJGJKKNGMFLJQ, OJ L FFMD JLK GFK<JDQ P< L FFMD<LK, L HJG< L O L FFMD <LK ODD IMD LHJKFL FFMD JLK K DKK <KLFL LF L PHLLGF G> D>.

52.K HHDK LG L KLL G> HGHMDLGF >GJ 1800.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

53.BJLK 1/30, <LK 1/40, EF 1/35; F< GF L KMHHGKLGFLL L G> EJJ K 28, L <mJF OGMD< 7.

54.> 28,473 EJJK F GEJF, 5,964 G> L EF OJO<GOJK. MKKED, NGD. . LDK, H. 98. AF< GJ<F LG

BMKF, G> 14,759 EJJK F JMKK F< DK, 3,071 G> LEF OJ O<GOJK. MKKED, NGD . LDK, H. 95. MJLDMDLK LL 100 EF FJDDQ EJJQ 110 OGEF. ]EGJK HJD G]L] GFGEIM < BJF. AFF] 1766, HJEJ HJL,H 30.

55.J. J EKD> K FKKL< KLJGFDQ MHGF LK, (NGD. . H. 270.4L <L.) F< QL KQK (H. 275) LL DL>MDFKK F<HJGDnFKK J HJGDQ MKK G> FJK KD<GE KHJL<,F< J>JK LG JKLJK G> JLK F< O<<FK K HJGG> G> L. BML

LGM LK MKK EQ MF<GML<DQ PKL LGLJ, QL > J.J'K JKGFF MKL, KM G-PKLF FFGL HGKKDQ F>JJ< >JGE L DKLK G> JLK F< O<<FK. %F<< L LOGGMFLJK, O<F F< JF, LG L JKLJK G> O J>JKK KGOF L HJGDnFKK G> LJ EJJK, J FGOF LG QFG EFK JEJDQ DLQ; F< L JKLJK G> LGOFK LG O DDM<K, LGM LQ EQ KGO, K FLF<K, OFL G> HJGDnFKK, QL, GJ<F, LG K HJNGMK JKGFF, KGO L LKE LE JL DLFKK, F< LJ>GJ GML FGL LG HJG<M< K HJGG> G> L KF G> GL. FJD >L LLJ. J OKK LG KLDK EQ KLDD JEF LJM, LL GMFLJQKLMLGFK J GL EGJ DLQ F< EGJ HJGDn LF LGOFK: MLLK >L JLFDQ FFGL F>JJ< EJDQ >JGE DKLK G> JLK F<EJJK. L JJ< LG L <mJFL GMFLJK G> MJGH, L ODDFJDDQ >GMF<, LL LGK J L EGKL DLQ O J LDKL HJGDn, F< LGK L EGKL HJGDn O J L DKLDLQ. JDJ G> EJJ F MFDLQ GMFLJK K LGNGMK JKGF G> LK >L.

56.J < BNdDJMF <J MJGHK. LL. H. 91.

57. AL HJKFL (1825), F< >GJ L DKL LF, GJ NF LOFLQ QJK,LJ K JKGF LG DN LL D> G> L GJF DN LG 45 QJK.

58. HJGHGJLGFK J EFLGF< J <mJFL >JGE LGKO N F LF >JGE L <<LGFD LD F J. GG'KKGF< <LGF; ML LQ J KKME< J K EGJ KDQ F<DJDQ DDMKLJLF L KML.

59.MKKED, #dLLD J<FMF, NGD. . LD PP. H. 83 G> LLDK.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

60. FMEJ G> HGHD >GJ L HDM, GJ<F LGMKKED'K DMDLGFK, (NGD. . . P. KL. 173,) OK 570,000,>JGE O > O KMLJL 247,733, L FMEJ <QF F L HDM,L JEF<J, 322,267, ODD L HGHMDLGF >LJ L HDM;O, <N<< Q L FMEJ G> EJJK F< L FMEJ G>

JLK >GJ L QJ 1711, EK L EJJK GML GF LOFLQ-KPL HJL G> L HGHMDLGF, F< L JLK GML GF LFL HJL.M PLJGJ<FJQ HJGHGJLGFK GMD< GFDQ GMJ F FQ GMFLJQ FF F<N<MD QJ. %> LQ OJ LG GFLFM, LQ OGMD< <GMD LHGHMDLGF F DKK LF LF QJK. %L K HGKKD LL LJ EQ EKL F L LD, F< LL L JLK F< EJJK G> LHDM QJK J FDM<< F L QJ 1711; LGM K L <LKJ J>MDDQ KHJL<, L KEK NJQ KLJF LL L KGMD< KG.%L K GONJ ELLJ G> FG JL EHGJLF. GLJ QJK JKMpFL LG DDMKLJL L FJD HJFHD.

61.MKKED, #dLLD J<FMF, NGD. . . N. K. DPPPN. H. 175.

62.$KLGJQ G> AJ, KGFK, 8. NGD. . H. 344.

63.MKKED'K #dLLD J<FMF, NGD. . LDK, H. 88.

64.MKKED, NGD. , LDK, H. 91.

65.%<. H. 99.



68.GJL'K O KJN. GF BDDK G> GJLDLQ, H. 259, 8NG. 1750.

69. GQ. <'DDG, LGE. . DN. N. . N. H. 229, 4LG. 1752.

70.EL'K DL G> LGFK, NGD. . . N. . N. H. 363.

71.%<. H. 365.

72.%<. H. 368, 369.

73.J' K KJN. GF NJK. QE. NGD. . H. 282, 283, F< NGD. .H. 260. % N DLDQ < F GHHGJLMFLQ G> KF KGE PLJLK>JGE L KJEGF G> J. LQDK, >JGE O J. J K LF LK>LK. HF G> G< %KDF<, J. LQDK KQK LL, LGM LHJG< G> <GMDF >GJ L OGD GDGFQ K 25 QJK, QL LL L K<mJFL F <mJFL HJLK, F< OLF DF< K 20 F< 15 QJK. HGHMDLGF G> L nN LGOFK G> #DGMKLJ, LML, CGNFLJQ, KL

#JFO F< PLJ, OK 5033, A. . 1798, F< 6986, A. . 1755;O EHDK HJG< G> <GMDF G> 15 QJK GFDQ. $ EFLGFK


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

>LJOJ<K, LL L GMFLQ G> FL <GMDK F 20 QJK, F< LGMFLQ G> JGN<F F 18 QJK.

74. F JLD F L MHHDEFL LG L FQDGHZ<BJLFF GF GHMDLGF, H. 308; F< MJGMK LD, H. 310,

DMDL< Q J. DF, ALMJQ LG L MF > AKKMJF p,O KLJFDQ GFnJEK F< DDMKLJLK L GEHML< JL G> FJK F L FL< LLK, F< KOK LL L FFGL KKFLDDQ mL< Q EEJLGFK.

75. H. 500.

76.O KJN. GF BDDK G> GJLDLQ, H. 96.

77.$KL. G> AJ, KGFK, 8. NGD. . H. 366.

78.%<. NGD. . H. 202.

79.$KL. G> AJ, KGFK, 8, NGD. . H. 206.

80.$KL. G> AJ; KGFK, 8. NGD. . H. 206. L KI.

81.%<. NGD. . H. 206. L KI. F< 336.

82.O KJN. H. 125.

83.O KJN. H. 108.

84.$KL. G> AJ, KGFK, 8: NGD. . H. 367.

85.%<. NGD. . H. 411.

86.$KL. G> AJ, KGFK, 8. NGD. . H. 344.

87.O KJN. H. 191.

88.%<. H. 500.

89.GDLD AJLEL, H. 17.

90.MJNQ G> L MJK EHJ, . N. H. 281.

91.J < D'A<EFKLJLGF <K FFK, LGE. . . P. H. 255.

92.BQ F FJK F L EFK G> KMKKLF, K L PHJKKGFK MK< J, K DOQK EFL KM F FJK K L EKK G> LHGHMDLGF F GEEF<; GLJOK L F G> FG ND F

FGMJF F FJK G> HGHD.


N7.0 (FJL< HLEJ,2013)

an essay on the principle of population, 1 vols. [1826, 6th ed.]

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