an environmental ontology for global city indicators (iso

AnEnvironmentalOntologyfor

GlobalCityIndicators(ISO37120)

DaliaDahleh,MarkS.FoxEnterpriseIntegrationLaboratory

UniversityofToronto5King’sCollegeRoad,TorontoON,M5S3G8

[email protected]

[email protected],17September2016

GlobalCityIndicatorEnvironmentOntology 2

1 Introduction

TheinternationalstandardISO37120,publishedin2014,definesover100cityindicatorstobeusedgloballybycitiestomeasureandcomparetheirperformance.Theycover17themes,includingeducation,environment,health,safety,finance,andshelter.

ThegoalofthePolisGnosisproject(Fox,2015)istoautomatetheanalysisofcityperformanceasdefinedbytheseindicatorsbasedondatapublishedontheSemanticWeb.ThePolisGnosishasdevelopedasetofontologies(GlobalCityIndicatorOntologies)thatareabletorepresentboththedefinitionofISOandotherindicatorsandthedatacitiesusetoderivetheirindicatorvalues.

Thispaperdescribestheontologiesdevelopedtorepresentenvironmentalthemeindicators.ItbuildsontheGCIFoundationontology(Fox,2013)forrepresentingthecityindicatorsmeta-data,aswellasotherrelevantexistingontologies,suchastheW3Csensorontology.

Webeginbydefiningtheenvironmentalthemeindicatorsandthecompetencyquestionsthattheontologiesmustanswer.Wethenreviewexistingindicatorsandontologiesrelevanttotheenvironmentalthemeanddeterminewhethertheycanbereusedinourontologies.Next,wedefineasetofenvironmentrelatedontologiesormicrotheorieswhichwethenusetodefineeachoftheISO37120Environmentthemeindicators.Finally,weevaluateourontologiesbytheircompetencyquestions.

2 Indicators and their Competency Requirements

Inthissection,wedefinetheenvironmentalthemeindicatorslistedinISO37120.Asetofcompetencyquestionswillbeoutlinedforeachoftheseindicators,whichourenvironmentalontologywillanswer.Thecompetencyquestionsthusrepresenttheknowledgerequirementsoftheontology.NotethattheGCIfoundationontologyaddressesthemeasurementtheory,statistics,provenance,validityandtrustquestions,whicharethereforeexcludedhere.

Thefourcategoriesofcompetencyquestionstobedefinedare:

• Factual(F):Questionsthataskwhatthevalueofsomepropertyis.• Consistency–Definitional(CD):Questionsthatdeterminewhethertheinstantiationof

anindicatorbyacityisconsistentwiththeISO37120definition.• Consistency–Internal(CI):Questionsthatdeterminewhetherdifferentpartsofthe

instantiationareconsistentwitheachother.• Deduced(D):Avalueorrelationshipthatcanbededucedfromtheinstantiation.


ISO 37120 Environmental Indicators 2.1

2.1.1 Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration (ISO37120-8.1)

Thedefinitionoffineparticulatematterconcentration,asstatedinISO37120,is:

“Fineparticulatematter(PM2.5)concentrationshallbecalculatedasthetotalmassofcollectedparticlesthatare2.5micronsorlessindiameter(numerator)dividedbythevolumeofairsampled(denominator).TheresultshallbeexpressedastheconcentrationofPM2.5inmicrogramsperstandardcubicmeter(µg/m3).

ThemethodformeasurementshallinvolvetheuseofanairsamplerwhichdrawsambientairataconstantflowrateintoaspeciallyshapedinletwherethesuspendedparticulatematterisinertiallyseparatedintooneormoresizefractionswithinthePM2.5sizerange.The24-hour(daily)measurementsofPM2.5concentrationsareforwardedtoadatabasewhereyearlysummariesforeachmonitoringstationsarecomputed.

NOTE SincedataforPM2.5isnotreadilyavailable,levelsareoftencalculatedonthebasisofPM10emissionandthisisreportedasaseparateindicator.”

CompetencyQuestions

1. (F)WhatisthelocationofthesensorforsampleX?2. (F)WhatisthereadingofsensorXattimeY?3. (F)WhatisthemassofparticlesinsampleX?4. (F)WhatisthevolumeofairinsampleX?5. (D)HowmanysamplesweretakenatlocationXoverperiodY?6. (D)WhatistheaveragefineparticulatematterconcentrationoverperiodY?7. (F)Whatisasamplecomposedof?8. (F)Wherearethesamplesstored?

2.1.2 Particulate matter (PM10) concentration (ISO37120-8.2)

Thedefinitionofparticulatematterconcentration,asstatedinISO37120,is:

“Particulatematter(PM10)concentrationshallbecalculatedasthetotalmassofcollectedparticlesinthePM10sizerange(numerator)dividedbythevolumeorairsampled(denominator).TheresultshallbeexpressedastheconcentrationofPM10inmicrogramsperstandardcubicmeter(µg/m3).

ThemethodformeasurementshallinvolvetheuseofanairsamplerwhichdrawsambientairatconstantflowrateintoaspeciallyshapedinletwherethesuspendedparticulatematterisinertiallyseparatedintooneormoresizefractionswithinthePM10sizerange.The24-hour


(daily)measurementsofPM10concentrationsareforwardedtoadatabasewhereyearlysummariesforeachmonitoringstationsarecomputed.

NOTE Particulatematterisamixtureofmicroscopicsolidsandliquiddropletssuspendedintheair.Theseparticulatesare

madeupofanumberofcomponents,includingacids(suchasnitratesandsulfates),organicchemicals,metals,soilordustparticles,andallergens(suchasfragmentsofpollenormouldspores).Coarseparticlesaregreaterthan2.5micronsandlessorequalto10micronsindiameterandaredefinedas“respirableparticulatematter”orPM10.Sourcesofcoarseparticlesincludecrushingorgrindingoperations,anddustfrompavedorunpavedroads.”

CompetencyQuestions

1. (F)WhatisthelocationofthesensorforsampleX?2. (F)WhatisthereadingofsensorXattimeY?3. (F)WhatisthemassofparticlesinsampleX?4. (F)WhatisthevolumeofairinsampleX?5. (D)HowmanysamplesweretakenatlocationXoverperiodY?6. (D)WhatistheaveragefineparticulatematterconcentrationoverperiodY?7. (F)Whatisasamplecomposedof?8. (F)Wherearethesamplesstored?

2.1.3 Greenhouse gas emissions measured in tonnes per capita ( ISO37120-8.3)

Thedefinitionofgreenhousegasemissionsmeasurement,asstatedinISO37120,is:

“Thegreenhousegasemissionsmeasuredintonnespercapitashallbemeasuredasthetotalamountofgreenhousegasesintonnes(equivalentcarbondioxideunits)generatedoveracalendaryearbyallactivitieswithinthecity,includingindirectemissionsoutsidecityboundaries(numerator)dividedbythecurrentcitypopulation(denominator).Theresultshallbeexpressedasthetotalgreenhousegasemissionspercapitaintonnes.

Thetotalaggregatetonnage(expressedasequivalentcarbondioxideunitsofgreenhousegas)ofgreenhousegasemissionsshallbecalculatedforallactivitieswithinthecityforthepreceding12months.

TheGlobalProtocolforCommunity-ScaleGHGEmissions(GPC),(2012AccountingandReportingStandard)referstoamulti-stakeholderconsensus-basedprotocolfordevelopinginternationalrecognizedandacceptedcommunity-scalegreenhousegasaccountingandreporting.Thisprotocoldefinesthebasicemissionssourcesandcategorieswithinsectorsforacommunity-scaleGHGinventory,inordertostandardizeGHGinventoriesbetween


communitiesandwithinacommunityovertime.Theprotocolprovidesaccountingmethodologiesandstep-by-stepguidanceondatacollection,quantification,andreportingrecommendationsforeachsourceofemissions.

Bothemissionssourcesandsectorcategorizationsreflecttheuniquenatureofcitiesandtheirprimaryemissionssources.Theseincludeemissionsfrom:1)Stationaryunits,2)Mobileunits,3)Waste,and4)Industrialprocessandproductusesectors.Forfurtherspecifications,refertothefullGPCmethodology.Localgovernmentsshallbeexpectedtoprovideinformation(i.e.quantifiedemissions)foreachoftheseemissionsources.

Inordertoaddresstheissueofinter-citysourcesofemissionsthattranscendmorethanonejurisdictionalbody,theGPCintegratestheGHGProtocolScopedefinitions,asfollows:

Scope2emissions:Energy-relatedindirectemissionsthatresultasaconsequenceofconsumptionofgrid-suppliedelectricity,heating,and/orcooling,withinthecommunity’sgeopoliticalboundary.

Scope3emissions:Allotherindirectemissionsthatoccurasaresultofactivitieswithinthecommunity’sgeopoliticalboundary.

Forstep-by-stepguidanceondataandaccountingcollection,seeSection3oftheGPC.http://www.ghgprotocol.org/files/ghgp/GPC%20v9%2020120320.pdf

NOTE Greenhousegases(GHGs)aregasesintheatmospherethatabsorbinfraredradiationthatwouldotherwiseescapetospace;therebycontributingtorisingsurfacetemperatures.TherearesixmajorGHGs:carbondioxide(CO2),methane(CH4),nitrousoxide(N2O),hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs),perfluorocarbons(PFCs),andsulfurhexafluoride(SF6).Thewarmingpotentialforthesegasesvariesfromseveralyearstodecadestocenturies.

UsersmayalsoconsulttheISO14064seriesonGreenhouseGasesforfurtherguidance.”

CompetencyQuestions

1. (F)WhatisthetypeofsensorusedforsampleX?2. (F)Whatarethecomponentsofgreenhousegases?3. (F)WhichgreenhousegasdoessampleXmeasure?4. (F)Foreachcomponent,whatistheamount?5. (F)WhatisthelocationofthesensorforsampleX?6. (F)WhatisthereadingofsampleXattimeY?7. (D)WhatisthetotalamountofgreenhousegasesduringtimeY?8. (CD)Isthetotalamountofgreenhousegasesmeasuredintonnes?9. (F)Whatisthepopulationofthecity?10. (D)Whatisthetotalaggregatetonnageofgreenhousegasemissionsforallactivities

withinthecityforthepreceding12months?


2.1.4 NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) concentration (ISO37120-8.4)

Thedefinitionofnitrogendioxideconcentration,asstatedinISO37120,is:

“NO2concentrationshallbecalculatedasthesumofdailyconcentrationsforawholeyear(numerator)dividedby365days(denominator).TheresultshallbeexpressedastheannualaveragefordailyNO2concentrationsthroughouta24hourperiodfromallmonitoringstationswithinthecity.

NOTE IfthelocalairqualitymonitoringstationmeasuresNO2inpartsperbillion,thefollowingconversionratiotoµg/m3canbeused:1ppb=1.88µg/m3.Theconversionassumesanambientpressureof1atmosphereandatemperatureof25degrees˚C.Thegeneralequationisµg/m3=(ppb)*(12.187)*(M)/(273.15+˚C)whereMisthemolecularweightofthegaseouspollutant.Anatmosphericpressureof1atmosphereisassumed.

UsersofthisstandardshouldalsonotethefrequencyofNO2exposures.Peakexposureisdeterminedbycalculatingthenumberoftimesthehourlymeanexceeded200µg/m3inacalendaryear.Long-termexposureisdeterminedbycalculatingthenumberoftimesthedailymeanexceeded40µg/m3ofNO2inacalendaryear.

Datasources:HourlyaverageconcentrationsaremeasuredbymonitoringequipmentandreportedtoAirQualitymonitoringauthority(i.e.CityEnvironmentOffice,NationalEnvironmentOffice,etc.)

CompetencyQuestions

1. (F)WhatisthetypeofsensorusedforsampleX?2. (F)WhatisthelocationofthesensorforsampleX?3. (F)WhatisthereadingofsampleXattimeY?4. (D)WhatisthehourlyaverageconcentrationofNO2?5. (D)WhatisthedailyaverageconcentrationofNO2?6. (CD)WhatunitistheNO2concentrationmeasuredin?7. (D)Howmanytimesdidthehourlymeanexceeded200µg/m3?8. (D)Howmanytimesdidthedailymeanexceed40µg/m3?

2.1.5 SO2 (sulphur dioxide) concentration (ISO37120-8.5)

Thedefinitionofsulphurdioxideconcentration,asstatedinISO37120,is:

“SO2concentrationshallbecalculatedasthesumofdailyconcentrationforthewholeyear(numerator)dividedby365days.Theresultshallbedeterminedbyaveragingthehourlyconcentrationsthroughouta24hourperiodfromallmonitoringstationswithinthecity.


UsersofthisstandardshouldalsonotethefrequencyofSO2exposures.Peakexposureisdeterminedbycalculatingthenumberoftimesthe10minutemeanexceeded500µg/m3ofSOs

inacalendaryear.Long-termexposureisdeterminedbycalculatingthenumberoftimesthedailymeanexceeded20µg/m3ofSO2inacalendaryear.

NOTE IfthelocalairqualitymonitoringstationmeasuresSO2inpartsperbillion,thefollowingconversionratiotoµg/m3:1ppb=2.62µg/m3shallbeused.Theconversionassumesanambientpressureof1atmosphereandatemperatureof25degrees˚C.Thegeneralequationisµg/m3=(ppb)*(12.187)*(M)/(273.15+˚C)whereMisthemolecularweightofthegaseouspollutant.Anatmosphericpressureof1atmosphereisassumed.

Datasources:HourlyaverageconcentrationsaremeasuredbymonitoringequipmentandreportedtoAirQualitymonitoringauthority(i.e.CityEnvironmentOffice,NationalEnvironmentOffice,etc.)

CompetencyQuestions

Questionsforthisindicatorarethesameasthequestionsforthepreviousindicator,butforSO2

insteadofNO2.

2.1.6 O3 (Ozone) concentration ( ISO37120-8.6)

Thedefinitionofozoneconcentration,asstatedinISO37120,is:

“O3(ozone)concentrationshallbecalculatedasthesumofdailyconcentrationforthewholeyear(numerator)dividedby365days(denominator).TheresultshallbeexpressedastheannualaveragefordailyO3(ozone)concentrationinµg/m3.O3isnormallymonitoredat8-hourintervals.Todeterminethe24houraveragedailyconcentration,thethree8hourconcentrationsshallbedeterminedandaveragedovera24hourperiodatallmonitoringstationswithinthecity’sboundaries.

NOTE IfthelocalairqualitymonitoringstationmeasuresO3inpartsperbillion,thefollowingconversionratiotoµg/m3shallbeused:1ppb=2.00µg/m3.Theconversionassumesanambientpressureof1atmosphereandatemperatureof25degrees˚C.Thegeneralequationisµg/m3=(ppb)*(12.187)*(M)/(273.15+˚C)whereMisthemolecularweightofthegaseouspollutant.Anatmosphericpressureof1atmosphereisassumed.

Long-termexposureshallbedeterminedbythenumberofdayswhenthedailyaverageconcentrationoveran8hourexposureexceeds100µg/m3.Long-termexposureshallbenoted.

CompetencyQuestions

Questionsforthisindicatorarethesameasthequestionsforthepreviousindicator,butforO3.


2.1.7 Noise Pollution (ISO37120-8.7)

Thedefinitionofnoisepollutionmeasurement,asstatedinISO37120,is:

“NoisepollutionshallbecalculatedbymappingthenoiselevelLden(day-evening-night)likelytocauseannoyanceasgiveninISO1966-2:1987,identifyingtheareasofthecitywhereLdenisgreaterthan55dB(A)andestimatingthepopulationofthoseareasasapercentageofthetotalcitypopulation.Theresultshallbeexpressedasthepercentageofthepopulationaffectedbynoisepollution.

UsersofthisstandardshouldnotethatnoisepollutioncanalsoberecordedasLn(night)andwhenexceeding50dB(A)islikelytocausesleepdeprivation.

NOTE AnotherusefulindicatorofthenoiselevelsinacityisthedegreeofannoyanceasspecifiedinISO/TS15666:2003.

Datasources:AverageconcentrationsaremeasuredbymonitoringequipmentandreportedtoAirQualitymonitoringauthority(i.e.CityEnvironmentOffice,NationalEnvironmentOffice,etc.)

CompetencyQuestions

1. (F)WhatisthetypeofsensorusedforsampleX?2. (F)WhatisthelocationofthesensorforsampleX?3. (F)WhatisthepopulationoftheareacoveredbysensorX?4. (F)WhatisthereadingofsampleXattimeY?5. (F)Whatisthepopulationofthecity?6. (D)WhatisthenoiselevelLdeninareaX?7. (D)Whatisthepercentageofthepopulationaffectedbynoisepollution?8. (D)DoesLnexceed50dB(A)?

2.1.8 Percentage change in number of native species ( ISO37120-8.8)

Thedefinitionofpercentagechangeinnumberofnativespecies,asstatedinISO37120,is:

“Thepercentagechangeinnumberofnativespeciesshallbecalculatedasthetotalnetchangeinspecies(numerator)dividedbythetotalnumberofspeciesfromthe5taxonomicgroupsfrommostrecentsurvey(denominator).Theresultshallthenbemultipliedby100andexpressedasapercentage.

Thenetchangeinspeciesshallbecalculatedasthenumberofnewspecieswithinthecityfromthethreecoretaxonomicgroupsandthecity’sselectionofanadditionaltwotaxonomicgroups


(asaresultofre-introduction,rediscovery,newspeciesfound,etc.)subtractedbythenumberofspeciesthathavebecomeextirpatedorlocallyextinctwithinthecity.

Thethreecoretaxonomicgroupsshallrefertovascularplants,birdsandbutterflies.Additionaltaxonomicgroupsthatcitiesshouldselectcanincludethefollowing:mammals,insects,bryophytes,fungi,amphibians,reptiles,freshwaterfish,molluscs,dragonflies,carabidbeetles,spiders,hardcorals,marinefish,seagrasses,sponges,etc.AfulllistcanbefoundintheUser’sManualfortheCityBiodiversityIndex.

Datasources:Possiblesourcesofdataincludegovernmentagenciesinchargeofbiodiversity,citymunicipalities,urbanplanningagencies,cityforestrydepartments,biodiversitycentres,naturegroups,universities,etc.”

CompetencyQuestions

1. (F)Howmanydifferentspeciesarepresentinthecity?2. (F)Whatarethetaxonomicgroupsinthecity?3. (F)Whatarethespeciespresentinthecity?4. (F)Whatarethenewspeciesinthecity?5. (D)Whatisthenumberofnewspecieswithinthecity?6. (F)Whichspecieshavebecomeextirpatedorlocallyextinctwithinthecity?7. (D)Whatisthenumberofspeciesthathavebecomeextirpatedorlocallyextinctwithin

thecity?8. (CD)Arethespecieswithinthethreecoretaxonomicgroupsorthecity’sselectionofan

additionaltwotaxonomicgroups?9. (D)Whatisthetotalnetchangeinspecies?

Ontology Requirements 2.2TheintroductionoftheISO37120standardshasallowedforglobalstandardizationofhowwemeasurecityperformance.Tobeabletoachieveautomated,replicable,andgloballycomparablemeasurements,thesestandardsandtheirsupportinginformationmustberepresentedinamachinereadableformatthattrulyengulfstheconceptsbeyondtheirEnglishdefinitions.ThisisthebasisfortheGCIontologies.

Fortheenvironmentalindicatorstheme,wedefinetheseconceptsormicrotheoriesbasedonthe8indicatorsandtheircompetencyquestions,asoutlinedintheprevioussection.Thefirst6indicatorscoverdifferenttypesofairpollution,the7thcoversnoisepollution,andthelastcoversbiologicalspecies.

Withtheexceptionofthelast,allourindicatorsaremeasuredbyautomaticsensors.Eachreadingisameasureofacertainquantity,andismeasuredinacertainunit.


Basedonthis,tobeabletodescribealloftheseindicatorscompletely,weneedtodefinethefollowingmicrotheories:

1- Pollution2- Species3- Sensors

3 Background

City Indicators 3.1Therearemanyenvironmentalindicatorsusedaroundtheworldtohelpcitiesmeasurethestateoftheenvironment.Inlinewiththepressure-state-responsemodeldevelopedbytheOECD1,theseindicatorsfallintothreesubsets.Thefirstsubset,referredtoas“state”indicators,isthecollectionofecologicalindicatorswhichcanincludephysical,biologicalandchemicalmeasures,suchastemperature,orthenumberofbreedingbirdpairsinanarea.Thesecondsubset,referredtoas“pressure”indicators,isthecollectionofindicatorsthatmeasurehumanactivitiesoranthropogenicpressures,suchasgreenhousegasemissions.Thethirdsubsettracksocietalresponsestoenvironmentalissues,suchasthenumberofpeopleservicedbysewagetreatment.Alltheseindicatorscanvaryfromveryspecificmeasuresusedintechnicalresearch,toverygeneralandsimplemeasuresuseddailybythegeneralpublic,suchasUVindex.

InCanada,forexample,CanadianEnvironmentalSustainabilityIndicators2(CESI)measuretheprogressoftheFederalSustainableDevelopmentStrategy,reporttoCanadiansonthestateoftheenvironment,anddescribeCanada'sprogressonkeyenvironmentalsustainabilityissues.SomeCESIsareconcernedwithgreenhousegasemissions,airquality,airpollutantemissions,freshwaterqualityinCanadianrivers,waterquantityinCanadianrivers,extentofCanada’swetlands,andthestatusofmajorfishstocks,amongmanyothers.

Environmental Standards 3.2Environmentalstandardsareputinplacebyagenciesaroundtheworldtoensureacertainqualityofenvironmentalmeasures.Thesecanvaryingeographicalconstraints,withsomestandardsbeingenforcedlocally,regionally,nationally,orglobally.

InCanada,forexample,Canada-wideStandards3(CWS)flowfromapoliticalcommitmentbyfederal,provincialandterritorialMinisterstoaddresskeyenvironmentalprotectionandhealth

1TheOECDEnvironmentalIndicatorsdocumentationcanbefoundathttps://www.oecd.org/env/indicators-modelling-outlooks/24993546.pdf2CESIscanbefoundontheEnvironmentandClimateChangeCanadawebsiteathttps://www.ec.gc.ca/indicateurs-indicators/3CWSscanbefoundontheEnvironmentandClimateChangeCanadawebsiteathttp://www.ec.gc.ca/lcpe-cepa/


riskissuesthatrequireconcertedactionacrossCanada.CWSscanincludequalitativeorquantitativestandards,guidelines,objectivesandcriteriaforprotectingtheenvironmentandreducingriskstohumanhealth.CWSsincludestandardsforbenzene,dioxins,mercury,particulatematter,ozone,andpetroleumhydrocarbons.

InEurope,theEuropeanCommission4hasanexclusiverighttoproposenewenvironmentalpolicy,aswellasaresponsibilitytoensuretheimplementationofenvironmentalrules.TheEUisconsideredtohavethemostextensiveenvironmentallawsofanyinternationalorganisation.TheEU’senvironmentallegislationaddressesissuessuchasacidrain,ozonelayer,airquality,noisepollution,wasteandwaterpollution,andsustainableenergy.Itisestimatedtoamounttowellover500directives,regulationsanddecisions.

Globally,theISO14000Environmentalmanagement5familyofstandardsprovidestoolsforcompaniesandorganizationsofallkindstomanagetheirenvironmentalresponsibilities.Itprovidesaframeworkforenvironmentalmanagementsystems(EMS),focusesonspecificapproachessuchasauditsandcommunications,andaddressesenvironmentalchallengessuchasclimatechange.

Ontologies 3.3Beforewebuildourontology,welookforexistingontologiesthatarerelatedtoanyofthemicrotheoriesabove,andassessthedegreetowhichtheyanswerourcompetencyquestions.Theontologieswefoundthatcontainconceptsandpropertiesrelatedtothecompetencyquestionsinclude:

1- LawandEnvironmentOntology(http://leo.informea.org/)2- NASAClimateOntology(https://cds.nccs.nasa.gov/tools-services/ontology/)3- AIR_POLLUTION_Onto(http://dl.ifip.org/db/conf/ifip12/aiai2009/Oprea09.pdf)4- BioTop(http://www2.imbi.uni-freiburg.de/ontology/biotop/)5- EnvO(http://environmentontology.org/)6- W3CSemanticSensorNetworkOntology

(http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/ssn/ssnx/ssn)

LawandEnvironmentOntology(http://leo.informea.org/)

Accordingtotheirwebsite,“LEOprovidesanagreedtosemanticstandardforanyinstitutionororganizationthatcollectsandmanagesdata,informationandknowledgeinthefieldofEnvironmentalLawandGovernance”.Thisismoreofataxonomy,asitprovidesahierarchyofenvironmentaltermsalongwiththeirdefinitionsandlinkstorelatedlaws.Itisnotwrittenin.owloranyotherontologyformat.4TheEuropeanCommission’senvironmentalstandardscanbefoundathttp://ec.europa.eu/environment5TheISO14000Environmentalmanagementfamilyofstandardscanbefoundathttp://www.iso.org/iso/iso14000


LEOisverybroad,withahierarchyofdefinitionsincludingalltermsrelatedtoland,water,air,pollution,biodiversity,chemicals,etc.However,itfocusesmoreonthelawaspectofenvironmentaldatacollection,andisespeciallydesignedforMEA(MultilateralEnvironmentalAgreements)andInternationalEnvironmentalLaw.

AsdepictedinFigure1,theLEOisdividedintothefollowingsections:AirandClimate,Land,Water,Biodiversity,andChemicalsandWastes.ThesectionsthataremostrelevanttousareAirandClimate,andBiodiversity.

Figure1:MaincomponentsofLEO

AIR_POLLUTION_Onto(http://dl.ifip.org/db/conf/ifip12/aiai2009/Oprea09.pdf)

Thisontologyfocusesonairpollution(whichare6outofthe8ISO37120environmentalindicators).Theprimaryfocusofthisontologyistolinkpollutantswithmeteorologicalfactors.Thus,itdividesitsclassesintopollutants,pollutantsources,andmeteorologicalfactors.

TheontologyfocusesonsomeofthesamepollutantsthatareintheISO37120standard,includingSO2,NO2,CO2,PM2.5,andPM10.Itdoesnot,however,includetheothergreenhousegasesorozone.Also,itdoesnotincludesensorsordatacollectionmethods.

ThisontologyisoutlinedinthereferencedPDFfile,butisnotavailableasanOWLfile.Thefollowingfigure,availablefromthePDFfile,showsomerelevantclassesusedinthisontology.Therelevantclasseswillberecreatedinourontology.


Figure2:AIR_POLLUTION_Ontoclasses

EnvO(http://environmentontology.org/)

EnvOisacommunityontologythat“providesacontrolled,structuredvocabularythatisdesignedtosupporttheannotationofanyorganismorbiologicalsamplewithenvironmentdescriptors.”

EnvOisaverybroadontology,whichdividesitsclassesintobiomes,environmentalfeatures,andenvironmentalmaterial.Examplesofthethreeareforests,ponds,andwater,respectively.Thus,thisontologyattemptstodescribetheenvironmentasawhole.

W3CSemanticSensorNetworkOntology(http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/ssn/ssnx/ssn)

Thisisabroadontologythatdescribesthecapabilitiesofdifferentsensors,theirmeasurementprocessesandtheresultantobservations.Itprovidesafoundationforotherontologiestousefortheirsensorinformation.Thefollowingdiagramillustratestheclassesandtheirrelationshipsinthisontology.


Figure3:SSNOntology

Relevanttoourproject,theSSNontologydefinesclassesforsensingdevicesandtheiroutputs,andrelatesthemviatheproperty‘isProducedBy’.Theseclasseswillbeimportedandusedinourontologytorelateourpollutantstotheirsensors.Theprefix‘ssn’willbeusedwhereneeded.

Global City Indicator Foundation Ontology 3.4Todevelopanenvironmentalontologythatcanrepresentthedefinitionofeachenvironmentalindicatorandanswerthecorrespondingcompetencyquestions,wefirstbuildontheGlobalCityIndicatorFoundationOntology6.TheGCIFoundationOntologyintegratesandextendsthefollowingexistingontologies,depictedinFigure4.

• Time(Hobbs&Pan,2006).• Measurement(Rijgersbergetal.,2011)• Statistics(Pattuelli,2009).• Validity(Fox&Huang,2005).• Trust(Huang&Fox,2006).• Placenames(www.geonames.org).

6The GCI Foundation ontology can be found at http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/GCI/GCI-Foundation.owl along with its documentation at http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/GCI/GCI-Foundation.html. We will use the prefix “gci” where needed.


Figure4:GCIFoundationOntologyComponents

Thiscoversthemetadataforallindicators,andservesasafoundationforallindicatorthemes.Tocompletelyrepresentanindicatortheme,eachontologybuildsonthisfoundationandaddstoitallinformationrelevanttothespecifictheme.

4 Architecture of the Global City Indicator Ontology


Figure5depictstheorganizationoffilesusedtodefinetheISO37120ontologywearedeveloping.Onlyfouroftheindicatorthemesaredepictedhereduetospacelimitations.Atthehighestlevel,i.e.,ISO37120Ontologylevel,theISO37120module7containsthegloballyuniqueidentifier(IRI)foreachISO37120indicator.Forexample,theIRIfortheNO2

concentrationindicatoris:“http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/ISO37120.owl#8.4”.

ForeachcategoryofindicatorsintheISO37120specification,(e.g.Environment),thereisaseparatefilethatprovidesthedefinitionofeachindicatorinthatcategory.Forexample,ISO37120/Environment.owl8providesacompleteOWLdefinitionforalleightoftheindicatorsintheISO37120specification.TheGCIOntologylevelprovidesthecategoryspecificontologiesrequiredtodefineeachcategory’sindicators.Forexample,todefinetheISO37120Environmentindicators,weneedanenvironmentalontologycoveringconceptssuchaspollution,sensors,species,etc.7The ISO 37120 module is available at http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/GCI/37120.owl.8http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/GCI/ISO37120/Environment.owl.

Figure5:ISO37120OntologyModules


GCI-Environment.owl9providestheclassesusedbyISO37120/Environment.owl.

AllofthecategoryspecificindicatorontologiesrelyabouttheGCIFoundationontologyformoregenericconceptssuchaspopulationcountsandratios,meta-information,etc.

TheEnterpriseOntologylevelcontainsEnterpriseModellingontologies.InthisfigureweonlyshowtheOrganizationOntologyfile10(Foxetal.,1998),whichisoneoftheTOVEEnterpriseModellingontologies(Fox&Grüninger,1998).InadditiontotheOrganizationontology,TOVEhasontologiesspanning:

• ActivitiesandStates(Gruninger&Fox,1994)• Resources(Fadeletal.,1994;Fadel,1994).• QualityMeasurement(Kim&Fox,1994).• Activity-BasedCosting(Thametal.,1994).• Product(Linetal.,1997).• ProductRequirements(Linetal.,1996).• HumanResources(Fazel-Zarandi&Fox,2012).

Finally,theFoundationOntology(Fox,2013)levelprovidesverybasicontologiesthatwereselectedasthefoundationfortheGCI-Foundation.owlontology.Wereviewherethebasicstructureofaratioindicator,asdefinedintheGCIFoundationontology,anduponwhichtheenvironmentalindicatorsarebased.AtthecoreoftheFoundationontologyistheOMmeasurementontology(Rijgersbergetal.,2011).Thepurposeofameasurementontologyistoprovidetheunderlyingsemanticsofanumber,suchaswhatisbeingmeasuredandtheunitofmeasurement.Theimportanceofgroundinganindicatorinameasurementontologyistoassurethatthenumbersarecomparable.Notethatthisdoesmeanthattheyaremeasuringthesamething,butthattheactualmeasuresareofthesametype,e.g.,theunitsforNO2areconsistentlyinµg/m3.Figure7depictsthebasicclassesoftheOMontologyusedtorepresentanindicator.TherearethreemainclassesinOM:a‘Quantity’thatdenoteswhatisbeingmeasured,e.g.,diameterofaball;a‘UnitofMeasure’thatdenoteshowthequantityismeasured,e.g.,centimeters;anda‘Measure’thatdenotesthevalueofthemeasurementwhichislinkedtotheboth‘Quantity’and‘UnitofMeasure’.Forexample,NO2_Concentrationisasubclassof‘Quantity’thathasavaluethatisasubclassof‘Measure’whoseunitsare‘micrograms_per_cubic_metre’thatisasubclassof‘UnitofMeasure’.

9The GCI Environmental ontology can be found at http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/GCI/Environment/GCI-Environment.owl along with its documentation at http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/GCI/Environment/index.html. We will use the prefix “gcien” where needed.10The Organization ontology can be found at http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/organization.owl along with its documentation at http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/organization.html. We will use the prefix “org” where needed.


Eachindicatoroftheeightenvironmentalthemeindicatorsisaratioofacertainnumeratortoacertaindenominator.Eachnumeratorordenominatormaybedefinedbyacertainrelatedclass.Forexample,thenumeratorfortheNO2concentrationindicatoristheyearlysumofNO2concentrations(Yearly_Sum_NO2),whichisdefinedbytheindividualmeasuresofNO2concentrations(NO2_Concentration)overtheyear.Aratioindicatorhasaunitofmeasuredependingontheindicator.Eachindicatorismeasuredforaspecificyear,usingproperty

Figure6:MeasurementOntology


‘for_year’,andforaspecificcity,usingtheproperty‘for_city’.Figure8illustratesthisstructure,whichwillbeusedintheindicatordefinitionsthatfollow.

5 GCI Environmental Ontology InordertorepresentthedefinitionsoftheISO37120environmentalindicatorsandanswertheircompetencyquestions,weneedtodefineallinformationnotincludedintheGCIFoundationontology.Theseincludemicrotheoriesofpollution,sensors,andspecies.Thesethreemicrotheoriesarerepresentedintheirseparateontologies.

Figure7:FoundationOntologyratiodefinition


Pollution Ontology 5.1Thissectiondescribesthepollutionontologyfoundat:http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/GCI/Environment/Pollution.owlSevenofoureightenvironmentalthemeindicatorsarerelatedtopollution.Eachofthesevenisconcernedwithaspecifictypeofpollutant.Forexample,thefourthindicatorisconcernedwiththeairpollutantNO2.Wereviewitscompetencyquestions:1.(F)WhatisthetypeofsensorusedforsampleX?2.(F)WhatisthelocationofthesensorforsampleX?3.(F)WhatisthereadingofsampleXattimeY?4.(D)WhatisthehourlyaverageconcentrationofNO2?5.(D)WhatisthedailyaverageconcentrationofNO2?6.(CD)WhatunitistheNO2concentrationmeasuredin?7.(D)Howmanytimesdidthehourlymeanexceed200µg/m3?8.(D)Howmanytimesdidthedailymeanexceed40µg/m3?Toansweranyofthesequestions,weneedtofirstdefinewhichpollutantwearemeasuring.Therefore,wefirstneedanontologythatrepresentsthedifferenttypesofpollutants.Reviewingourontologiesinsection3.3,weseethattheontologyAIR_POLLUTION_Ontocontainssomeclasseswecanreuse,namelyAirPollutantanditssubclasses:SO2,NO2,CO2,PM2.5,andPM10.SinceAIR_POLLUTION_Ontoisnotavailableasanowlfile,wemustrecreatetheseclasses,andaddothersthatweneed.AsdescribedinFigure6,pollutantsaredividedintothreesubclasses:airpollution,waterpollution,andnoisepollution.Airpollutionisdividedintofivesubclasses:particulatematter,nitrogendioxide,sulphurdioxide,ozone,andgreenhousegases.Particulatematterisdividedintotwosubclasses,PM2.5andPM10.Greenhousegasesaredividedintosixsubclasses:N2O,HFCs,PFCs,CH4,CO2,andSF6.


Figure8:PollutionTaxonomy

Thisontologyrepresentspollutantsandpollutantconcentrations.Therespectiveclassesarerelatedbytheattribute“measures”.TheontologyimportstheGCIFoundationontologytoexpresstheunitsofmeasureofeachpollutantconcentration.TheGCIFoundationontologyusestheOntologyofUnitsofMeasure11togiveafoundationformeasurementsandtheirunits.Itdividesmeasurementsintoaquantity,suchaslength,andaunitofmeasure,suchasmeters.Aunitofmeasurehasascaleclassifiedasintervalorratio,andwhetherthenumberisthecompositionofdimensions,suchasvelocitybeingcomposedofspeedanddirection.Italsodefineswhetherithasastartingpoint,suchasabsolutezeroontheKelvinscale.Wealsorelateeachmeasurementofpollutionconcentrationtothesensoritismeasuredby,usingtheproperty“is_produced_by”andtheclass“Sensing_device”,bothimportedfromtheW3CSensorOntology.Thefollowingtablesdefinetheclassesandpropertiesinthepollutionontology.Class Property ValueRestrictionPollution_concentration owl:subClassOf om:Quantity

measures exactly1Pollutiontemporal_average somePollution_average

11TheOntologyofUnitsofMeasure(OM)canbefoundathttp://www.wurvoc.org/vocabularies/om-1.6/.Wewillusetheprefix“om”whereneeded.


ssn:is_produced_by exactly1ssn:Sensing_devicePollution_average has_periodicity exactly1gci:intervalWecanmeasurethehourly,daily,monthly,oranyotheraverageforanypollutant.Thisisdefinedbytheclass“Pollution_average”,whichcanhaveaperiodicityofanyinterval,suchashour,day,ormonth.Class Property ValueRestrictionAir_pollution_concentration owl:subClassOf Pollution_concentration

measures exactly1Air_pollutionClass Property ValueRestrictionNoise_pollution_concentration owl:subClassOf Pollution_concentration

measures Noise_pollutionom:unit_of_measure valuegci:decibel

Class Property ValueRestrictionNO2_concentration owl:subClassOf air_pollution_concentration

measures exactly1NO2om:unit_of_measure valuegci:microgram_per_cubic_metre

Class Property ValueRestrictionSO2_concentration owl:subClassOf air_pollution_concentration

measures exactly1SO2om:unit_of_measure valuegci:microgram_per_cubic_metre

Class Property ValueRestrictionO3_concentration owl:subClassOf air_pollution_concentration

measures exactly1O3om:unit_of_measure valuegci:microgram_per_cubic_metre

ForPM2.5andPM10,thedefinitionoftheconcentrationisbasedonthemassofparticlesdividedbythevolumeofairsampled.Therefore,wedefineclassesformassandvolumeaswell,andrelatethemtotheconcentrationusingthenumeratoranddenominatorpropertiesdefinedinthefoundationontology.Class Property ValueRestrictionPM2.5_concentration owl:subClassOf air_pollution_concentration

measures exactly1PM2.5om:unit_of_measure valuegci:microgram_per_cubic_metregci:numerator exactly1PM2.5_Massgci:denominator exactly1PM2.5_Volume

PM2.5_Mass owl:subClassOf om:Mass


om:unit_of_measure valuegci:microgram

PM2.5_Volume owl:subClassOf om:Volumeom:unit_of_measure valueom:cubic_metre

Class Property ValueRestrictionPM10_concentration owl:subClassOf air_pollution_concentration

measures exactly1PM10om:unit_of_measure valuegci:microgram_per_cubic_metregci:numerator exactly1PM10_Massgci:denominator exactly1PM10_Volume

PM10_Mass owl:subClassOf om:Massom:unit_of_measure valuegci:microgram

PM10_Volume owl:subClassOf om:Volumeom:unit_of_measure valueom:cubic_metre

Forthegreenhousegases,wedefineclassesforeachtypeseparatelyasfollows.Class Property ValueRestrictionN2O_concentration owl:subClassOf GHGs_concentration

measures exactly1N2Oom:unit_of_measure valueom:tonne

Class Property ValueRestrictionCO2_concentration owl:subClassOf GHGs_concentration measures exactly1CO2 om:unit_of_measure valueom:tonneClass Property ValueRestrictionSF6_concentration owl:subClassOf GHGs_concentration

measures exactly1SF6om:unit_of_measure valueom:tonne

Class Property ValueRestrictionCH4_concentration owl:subClassOf GHGs_concentration

measures exactly1CH4om:unit_of_measure valueom:tonne

Class Property ValueRestrictionHFCs_concentration owl:subClassOf GHGs_concentration

measures exactly1HFCsom:unit_of_measure valueom:tonne


Class Property ValueRestrictionPFCs_concentration owl:subClassOf GHGs_concentration

measures exactly1PFCsom:unit_of_measure valueom:tonne

Sensor Ontology 5.2Thissectiondescribesthesensorontologyfoundat:http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/GCI/Environment/Sensors.owlSomeofourcompetencyquestionsareconcernedwiththesensorsusedtomeasuretheenvironmentalindicators.Forexample,forgreenhousegases:

1. (F)WhatisthetypeofsensorusedforsampleX?and

7. (F)WhatisthelocationofthesensorforsampleX?Toidentifythesensorusedineachmeasurement,weneedtodefinetheclassforsensorsandthepropertythatrelatesthemeasurementwiththesensor.TheseareimportedfromtheW3CSemanticSensorNetworkOntologyreviewedinSection3.3asfollows.

Class Property ValueRestrictionssn:Sensing_Device owl:subClassOf ssn:PhysicalObject

measures someom:Quantitygci:haslocation exactly1gci:Geocoordinates

wheressnistheprefixfortheW3CSensorOntology.Todifferentiatebetweenthetypesofpollutants,wedefineadditionalclassesforeachtypeofsensorasfollows.

Class Property ValueRestrictionPM2.5_Sensing_device owl:subClassOf ssn:Sensing_devicePM10_Sensing_device owl:subClassOf ssn:Sensing_deviceNO2_Sensing_device owl:subClassOf ssn:Sensing_deviceO3_Sensing_device owl:subClassOf ssn:Sensing_deviceSO2_Sensing_device owl:subClassOf ssn:Sensing_deviceN2O_Sensing_device owl:subClassOf ssn:Sensing_device


CO2_Sensing_device owl:subClassOf ssn:Sensing_deviceSF6_Sensing_device owl:subClassOf ssn:Sensing_deviceCH4_Sensing_device owl:subClassOf ssn:Sensing_devicePFCs_Sensing_device owl:subClassOf ssn:Sensing_deviceHFCs_Sensing_device owl:subClassOf ssn:Sensing_deviceNoise_Sensing_device owl:subClassOf ssn:Sensing_device

Species Ontology 5.3Thissectiondescribesthespeciesontologyfoundat:http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/GCI/Environment/Species.owlThisontologyisneededtoanswerthecompetencyquestionsoftheeightenvironmentalthemeindicator:

1. (F)Howmanydifferentspeciesarepresentinthecity?2. (F)Whatarethetaxonomicgroupsinthecity?3. (F)Whatarethespeciespresentinthecity?4. (F)Whatarethenewspeciesinthecity?5. (D)Whatisthenumberofnewspecieswithinthecity?6. (F)Whichspecieshavebecomeextirpatedorlocallyextinctwithinthecity?7. (D)Whatisthenumberofspeciesthathavebecomeextirpatedorlocallyextinctwithin

thecity?8. (CD)Arethespecieswithinthethreecoretaxonomicgroupsorthecity’sselectionofan

additionaltwotaxonomicgroups?9. (D)Whatisthetotalnetchangeinspecies?

ThequestionsrefertothetaxonomicgroupsdefinedintheUser’sManualfortheCityBiodiversityIndex12.Torepresentthesetaxonomicgroups,wecreateaclassforeachofthemasfollows.Class Property ValueRestrictionTaxonomicGroup owl:subClassOf owl:ThingCoreTaxonomicGroup owl:subClassOf TaxonomicGroupOptionalTaxonomicGroup owl:subClassOf TaxonomicGroupVascularPlants owl:subClassOf CoreTaxonomicGroupBirds owl:subClassOf CoreTaxonomicGroupButterflies owl:subClassOf CoreTaxonomicGroupMammals owl:subClassOf OptionalTaxonomicGroupInsects owl:subClassOf OptionalTaxonomicGroupBryophytes owl:subClassOf OptionalTaxonomicGroup12TheUser’sManualforCityBiodiversityIndexcanbefoundathttps://www.cbd.int/authorities/doc/User's%20Manual-for-the-City-Biodiversity-Index18April2012.pdf


Fungi owl:subClassOf OptionalTaxonomicGroupAmphibians owl:subClassOf OptionalTaxonomicGroupReptiles owl:subClassOf OptionalTaxonomicGroupFreshwaterFish owl:subClassOf OptionalTaxonomicGroupMolluscs owl:subClassOf OptionalTaxonomicGroupDragonflies owl:subClassOf OptionalTaxonomicGroupCarabidBeetles owl:subClassOf OptionalTaxonomicGroupSpiders owl:subClassOf OptionalTaxonomicGroupHardCorals owl:subClassOf OptionalTaxonomicGroupMarineFish owl:subClassOf OptionalTaxonomicGroupSeagrasses owl:subClassOf OptionalTaxonomicGroupSponges owl:subClassOf OptionalTaxonomicGroupEachspeciesisasubclassofataxonomicgroup.Wethenneedtorepresentthechangeinspecies,ie:additionofanewspeciesorextinctionofanexistingspecies.WecreateaclassforaSpeciesEvent,whichcontainsalltheinformationaboutthatevent.Torepresenttheseevents,weimporttheEventOntology13andexpandonitasfollows.Class Property ValueRestrictionSpeciesEvent owl:subClassOf event:Event

for_species someTaxonomicGroupevent:place exactly1geo:SpatialThingevent:time exactly1

time:TemporalEntityreason somexsd:string

SpeciesIntroduction owl:subClassOf SpeciesEventSpeciesExtinction owl:subClassOf SpeciesEvent

6 ISO 37120 Environmental Indicators Ontology Nowthatwehavedefinedthepollution,sensors,species,andfoundationontologies,wehavealltheclassesandpropertiesnecessarytorepresentthedefinitionsoftheISO37120Environmentalindicators.Inthissection,werepresenttheeightEnvironmentalthemeindicators.TheOWLdefinitionscanbefoundathttp://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/GCI/ISO37120/Environment.owl.

13TheEventOntologycanbefoundathttp://motools.sourceforge.net/event/event.html


Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration ( ISO37120:8.1) 6.1ThefollowingdiagramshowsapartialdefinitionofISO37120:8.1.SomesubClassOflinkshavebeenomittedduetospacelimitations.

Figure10usestheFoundationontologytoprovidethescaffoldingforindicator8.1.ThePM2.5indicatorisaratiothathasthenumeratoroftotalmassofparticulatematterofsize2.5micronsorless,anddenominatorofthetotalvolumeoftheairsampled.Thetotalmassofparticulatematterisderivedfromtheindividualmeasurementsofmasseachday.Similarly,thetotalvolumeofairsampledisderivedfromtheindividualmeasurementsofvolumeeachday.Torepresentthisinourontology,webuildonthestructuredefinedinthe


GovStatOntology14.Thetotalmassandtotalvolumearedefinedassubclassesofthe“gs:Parameter”class.IntheGovStatOntology,everyparameterisrelatedtoapopulationofmeasurementsbytheproperty“gs:is_described_by”.Inourcase,thepopulationisacollectionofPM2.5massreadings.Thepopulationmeasureisalsorelatedtotheobservations,orindividualmeasurements,bytheproperty“gs:is_composed_of”.PM2.5_Total_Massisalsoasubclassofom:Quantity,andPM2.5_Massisalsoasubclassofom:Mass.Theselinkshavebeenomittedfromthegraphforclarity.Torepresenteachmeasurementcompletely,werelateittoatimestampandalocationstamp.WealsoincludetheURIforthedatabasewherethemeasurementsarestored.Class Property ValueRestrictionPM2.5_Total_Mass owl:subClassOf gs:Parameter,om:QuantityPM2.5_Total_Volume owl:subClassOf gs:Parameter,om:QuantityPM2.5_Mass_Readings owl:subClassOf gs:Population

gs:is_described_by exactly1PM2.5_Total_Massgs:is_composed_of somePM2.5_Mass

PM2.5_Volume_Readings owl:subClassOf gs:Populationgs:is_described_by exactly1PM2.5_Total_Volumegs:is_composed_of somePM2.5_Volume

PM2.5_Mass owl:subClassOf gs:Observation,om:Mass databaseURI somexsd:stringPM2.5_Volume owl:subClassOf gs:Observation,om:Volume databaseURI somexsd:stringClass Property ValueRestrictionPM2.5_concentration ssn:is_produced_by PM2.5_Sensingdevice

gci:haslocation exactly1sc:Geocoordinatesgci:inDateTime exactly1gci:instant

databaseURI somexsd:string

Fine particulate matter (PM10) concentration ( ISO37120:8.2) 6.2SimilarlytoPM2.5,the8.2indicatorisdeterminedbytheratioofthemassofPM10particlestothevolumeofairsampled.Figure10illustratesthedefinition,andthetablesthatfollowdefinethenewclassesandproperties.

14TheGovStatOntologycanbefoundatontology.eil.utoronto.ca/govstat.owl.Theprefixgswillbeusedwhereneeded.


Figure9:Indicator8.2Definition

Class Property ValueRestrictionPM10_Total_Mass owl:subClassOf gs:Parameter,om:QuantityPM10_Total_Volume owl:subClassOf gs:Parameter,om:QuantityPM10_Mass_Readings owl:subClassOf gs:Population

gs:is_described_by exactly1PM10_Total_Massgs:is_composed_of somePM10_Mass

PM10_Volume_Readings owl:subClassOf gs:Populationgs:is_described_by exactly1PM10_Total_Volumegs:is_composed_of somgPM10_Volume

PM10_Mass owl:subClassOf gs:Observation,om:Mass databaseURI somexsd:stringPM10_Volume owl:subClassOf gs:Observation,om:Volume


databaseURI somexsd:stringClass Property ValueRestrictionPM10_concentration ssn:is_produced_by PM10_Sensingdevice



Greenhouse gas emissions measured in tonnes per capita 6.3(ISO37120:8.3)

Thedefinitionofthisindicatorinvolvestheadditionofallmeasurementsofgreenhousegasesovertheyearasthenumerator,andthepopulationofthecityasthedenominator.ThisrequirestheadditionofnewclassestodefinetheyearlysumofGHGsaswellasthecitypopulation,asshownbelow.

Unlikeparticulatematterdefinitionsabove,theseparateGHGmeasurementsdonotconsistofanumeratorandadenominator,butconsistofasinglemeasurementintonnes.Thesemeasurementsareaggregatedtoformthepopulationsubclass‘GHGs_readings’.Thesumofthesereadingsformtheparametersubclass‘Yearly_Sum_GHGs’.Inturn,thissumisdividedbythecitypopulationtoresultinthefinalindicator.



Class Property ValueRestrictionYearly_Sum_GHGs owl:subClassOf gs:ParameterGHGs_Readings owl:subClassOf gs:Population

gs:is_described_by exactly1Yearly_Sum_GHGsgs:is_composed_of someGHGs_Concentration

GHGs_Concentration owl:subClassOf gs:ObservationAgain,torepresenteachmeasurementcompletely,werelateittoatimestampandalocationstamp.WealsoincludetheURIforthedatabasewherethemeasurementsarestored.

Class Property ValueRestrictionGHG_concentration ssn:is_produced_by GHG_Sensingdevice


databaseURI somexsd:stringTorepresentthecurrentpopulationofthecity,weusetheclassfor‘City_population_size’,definedintheGCIFoundationontology,asfollows.

Class Property ValueRestriction


gci:City_population_size owl:subClassOf gci:Population_sizegci:cardinality_of gci:City_populationom:unit_of_measure gs:decokilopcgci:for_city exactly1city

gci:City_population owl:subClassOf gs:Populationgci:defined_by gci:City_resident

NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) concentration ( ISO37120:8.4) 6.4ThedefinitionofthenitrogendioxideindicatoristhetotalsumofNO2concentrationsoverayear,dividedbythenumberofdaysinayear.UnlikethedefinitionofGHGs,theyearlysumhereistheadditionofdailyaveragesforayear.



Torepresentthisdefinition,wedefinetheclassesasfollows.

Class Property ValueRestrictionYearly_Sum_NO2 owl:subClassOf gs:ParameterNO2_Average_Readings owl:subClassOf gs:Population

gs:is_described_by exactly1Yearly_Sum_NO2gs:is_composed_of someNO2_Average

NO2_Average owl:subClassOf gs:Observationhas_periodicity om:Day

Theaverageiscalculateddailyasspecifiedintheindicatordefinition.Thus,theperiodicityoftheaverageisspecifiedas‘Day’.


Wemustalsoaddthemeasurefornumberofdaysinayear.Thismustfollowthemeasurementontologyquantity-measure-unitschemeasshownbelow.

Class Property ValueRestrictionDays_in_year owl:subClassOf om:Quantity

om:value Measure_of_days_in_yearMeasure_of_days_in_year owl:subClassOf om:Measure

om:unit_of_measure om:DayWealsoaddthetimeandlocationstamptoeachconcentrationmeasurementasfollows,andincludetheURIforthedatabasewherethemeasurementsarestored

Class Property ValueRestrictionNO2_concentration ssn:is_produced_by NO2_Sensingdevice

gci:haslocation exactly1sc:Geocoordinatesgci:inDateTime exactly1gci:instanttemporal_average someNO2_average


SOs (sulphur dioxide) concentration ( ISO37120:8.5) 6.5ThisdefinitionisverysimilartoNOs.Thefigureillustratesthedefinitionoftheindicatorandthetablesdescribethenewclassesandproperties.



Class Property ValueRestrictionYearly_Sum_SO2 owl:subClassOf gs:ParameterSO2_Average_Readings owl:subClassOf gs:Population

gs:is_described_by exactly1Yearly_Sum_SO2gs:is_composed_of someSO2_Average

SO2_Average owl:subClassOf gs:Observationhas_periodicity gci:Day



SO2_concentration ssn:is_produced_by SO2_Sensingdevicegci:haslocation exactly1sc:Geocoordinatesgci:inDateTime exactly1gci:instanttemporal_average someSO2_average


O3 (Ozone) concentration ( ISO37120:8.6) 6.6ThisdefinitionisalsoverysimilartoNOsandSOs.Thedefinitionisillustratedbelowfollowedbythedescriptionofnewclassesandproperties.



Class Property ValueRestrictionYearly_Sum_O3 owl:subClassOf gs:ParameterO3_Average_Readings owl:subClassOf gs:Population

gs:is_described_by exactly1Yearly_Sum_O3gs:is_composed_of someO3_Average

O3_Average owl:subClassOf gs:Observationhas_periodicity gci:Day

Class Property ValueRestrictionO3_concentration ssn:is_produced_by O3_Sensingdevice

gci:haslocation exactly1sc:Geocoordinatesgci:inDateTime exactly1gci:instanttemporal_average someO3_average


Noise Pollution ( ISO37120:8.7) 6.7Fornoisepollution,thedefinitionisthepercentageofthepopulationaffectedbynoisepollution.Thenumeratorhereisthesizeofthepopulationlivinginareaswherethenoiselevelishigherthan55dB.Thedenominatoristhetotalpopulationofthecity.

First,wemustdefineaclassforLden(Level-day-evening-night).Thisistheaveragesoundlevelovera24hourperiod,withapenaltyof5dBaddedfortheeveninghoursor19:00to22:00,andapenaltyof10dBaddedforthenighttimehoursof22:00to07:00.

Class Property ValueRestrictionLden day-evening-night Noise_pollution_concentration

om:unit_of_measure gci:decibelThen,wedefinetheclassthatrepresentsthepartofthepopulationthatisaffectedbyLdenbeinggreaterthan55dB.

Class Property ValueRestrictionLdenHigh_population owl:subClassOf gci:Population

gci:defined_by LdenLdenHigh_population_size owl:subClassOf gci:Population_size

gci:cardinality_of LdenHigh_populationThen,wecompletethedefinitionofeachmeasurementbyrelatingittoitssensor,time,andlocation,anddefiningitstemporalaverage.WealsoincludetheURIforthedatabasewherethemeasurementsarestored.



Noise_pollution_concentration

ssn:is_produced_by Noise_Sensingdevicegci:haslocation exactly1sc:Geocoordinatesgci:inDateTime exactly1gci:instanttemporal_average someNoise_average


Thedefinitionisillustratedinfigure15.


Percentage change in number of native species ( ISO37120:8.8) 6.8Forthisindicator,thenumeratorisdefinedasthenetchangeinspecies,whilethedenominatorisdefinedasthetotalnumberofspecies.



Todefinethenetchangeinspecies,wemustbeabletorepresentnewadditionsaswellasextinctions.Thisisachievedbytheclasses‘SpeciesIntroduction’and‘SpeciesExtinction’,whichcontainalltherelevantinformationabouttheevent.Thatway,wecanidentifywhichspeciesarecurrentlypresent,andwhichhavegoneextinct.

Thenumberofspeciesthatareintroducediscalculatedasthecardinalityofthepopulation,‘SpeciesIntroduced’.Similarly,thenumberofspeciesthatareextinctiscalculatedasthecardinalityofthepopulation,‘SpeciesExtinct’,asanegativeinteger.Then,thenetchangeinspeciesistheadditionoftwocardinalities.Thepropertyaddition_ofdenotesthetermswhosevaluesneedtobeaddedtocalculatethenetchange.Thetermsalsoneedtobedisjointwitheachother.

Class Property ValueRestrictionSpeciesIntroduced_size owl:subClassOf gci:Population_size

gci:cardinality_of SpeciesIntroduced SpeciesIntroduced owl:subClassOf gci:Population

gci:defined_by SpeciesIntroductionowl:disjointWith SpeciesExtinct


Class Property ValueRestrictionSpeciesExtinct_size owl:subClassOf gci:Population_size

gci:cardinality_of SpeciesExtinct SpeciesExtinct owl:subClassOf gci:Population

gci:defined_by SpeciesExtinctionowl:disjointWith SpeciesIntroduced

Class Property ValueRestrictionNet_change_in_species owl:subClassOf gci:Population_size

addition_of Only(SpeciesIntroduced_sizeandSpeciesExtinct_size)

Class Property ValueRestrictionTotal_number_of_species owl:subClassOf gci:Population_size

gci:cardinality_of TaxonomicGroupPopulationTaxonomicGroupPopulation owl:subClassOf gci:Population

gci:defined_by Taxonomicgroup

7 Evaluation InthissectionweverifythattheEnvironmentIndicatorontologyanswersthecompetencyquestionslaidoutinsection2.Weusethedatafortheyear2013forthecityofTorontoinOntario,Canada.WechoosetheISO37120:8.1indicator,theindicatorforPM2.5concentration,asanexample.

Firstwedefineourexampleinstancesinthetablesbelow.ThefirsttabledefinestheinstancesthatprovidebackgroundinformationonthecityofToronto,whilethesecondtabledefinesinstancesofconceptsrelatedtothe8.1indicator.

Prefixesareasfollows:

• gn:http://sws.geonames.org/• sc:http://schema.org/• gci:http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/GCI/Foundation/GCI-Foundation.owl#

o Thefoundationontologydescribedinsection4• pol:http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/GCI/Environment/Pollution.owl#

o Thepollutionontologydefinedinsection5


• sen:http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/GCI/Environment/Sensors.owl# o Thesensorsontologydefinedinsection5

• ssn:http://purl.oclc.org/NET/ssnx/ssno TheW3CSensorontology

• om:http://www.wurvoc.org/vocabularies/om-1.8/o Themeasurementontology

• gs:http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/govstat.owl#o Thegovstatontologydescribedinsection6

• iso:http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/ISO37120.owl#o URIsforeachISO37120indicator

• isoen:http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/GCI/ISO37120/Environment.owl#o TheISO37120environmentindicatorsdefinitionsdefinedinsection6

Instance Property Valuegn:6251999 rdfs:label Canada

rdfs:type gn:Featurerdfs:type sc:Country

gn:6093943 rdfs:label Ontariordfs:type gn:Featurerdfs:type sc:Province

gn:6167865 rdfs:label Torontordfs:type gn:Featurerdfs:type sc:City

Instance Property Value8.1_ex(instanceof8.4)

rdfs:type iso:8.1gci:numerator 8.1_ex_PM2.5_Total_Massgci:denominator 8.1_ex_PM2.5_Total_Volumefor_year 2013gci:for_city gn:6167865

8.1_ex_value(thevalueof8.1)

rdfs:type om:Measureom:numerical_value

8.42

om:unit_of_measure

gci:microgram_per_cubic_metre

8.1_ex_PM2.5_Total_Mass(numeratorof8.1)

rdfs:type isoen:PM2.5_Total_Massom:value 8.1_ex_PM2.5_Total_Mass_value

8.1_ex_PM2.5_Total_Mass_value

rdfs:type om:Measureom:numerical_valu 0.04945


(valueofnumeratorof8.1) eom:unit_of_measure

gci:microgram

8.1_ex_PM2.5_Mass_Readings(populationof8.1numerator)

rdfs:type isoen:PM2.5_Mass_Readingsgs:is_described_by 8.1_ex_PM2.5_Total_Mass_valuegs:is_composed_of 8.1_ex1_PM2.5_Mass,

8.1_ex2_PM2.5_Mass,8.1_ex3_PM2.5_Mass

8.1_ex1_PM2.5_Mass(observationof8.1numerator)

rdfs:type pol:PM2.5_Massom:value 8.1_ex1_PM2.5_Mass_value

databaseURI http://www.airqualityontario.com/history/

8.1_ex1_PM2.5_Mass_value(valueofobservationof8.1numerator)


0.01542

om:unit_of_measure

gci:microgram

8.1_ex2_PM2.5_Mass



8.1_ex2_PM2.5_Mass_value


0.01751

om:unit_of_measure

gci:microgram

8.1_ex3_PM2.5_Mass



8.1_ex3_PM2.5_Mass_value


0.01652

om:unit_of_measure

gci:microgram

8.1_ex_PM2.5_Total_Volume(denominatorof8.1)

rdfs:type isoen:PM2.5_Total_Volumeom:value 8.1_ex_PM2.5_Total_Volume_value

8.1_ex_PM2.5_Total_Volume_value(valueofdenominatorof8.1)


0.00587

om:unit_of_measure

gci:cubic_metre

8.1_ex_PM2.5_Volume_Reading rdfs:type isoen:PM2.5_Volume_Readings


s(populationof8.1denominator)

gs:is_described_by 8.1_ex_PM2.5_Total_Volume_valuegs:is_composed_of 8.1_ex1_PM2.5_Volume,

8.1_ex2_PM2.5_Volume,8.1_ex3_PM2.5_Volume

8.1_ex1_PM2.5_Volume(observationof8.1denominator)

rdfs:type pol:PM2.5_Volumeom:value 8.1_ex1_PM2.5_Volume_valuedatabaseURI http://www.airqualityontario.com/his

tory/8.1_ex1_PM2.5_Volume_value(valueofobservationof8.1denominator)


0.0021

om:unit_of_measure

gci:cubic_metre

8.1_ex2_PM2.5_Volume rdfs:type pol:PM2.5_Volumeom:value 8.1_ex2_PM2.5_Volume_value


8.1_ex2_PM2.5_Volume_value


0.00188

om:unit_of_measure

gci:cubic_metre

8.1_ex3_PM2.5_Volume rdfs:type pol:PM2.5_Volumeom:value 8.1_ex3_PM2.5_Volume_value


8.1_ex3_PM2.5_Volume_value


0.00189

om:unit_of_measure

gci:cubic_metre

8.1_ex1_PM2.5_Concentration rdfs:type pol:PM2.5_Concentrationgci:numerator 8.1_ex1_PM2.5_Massgci:denominator 8.1_ex1_PM2.5_Volumeom:value 8.1_ex1_PM2.5_Concentration_valuepol:temporal_average

pol:PM2.5_average

ssn:is_produced_by 8.1_ex1_PM2.5_Sensing_Devicegci:inDateTime 8.1_ex1_instantgci:haslocation 8.1_ex1_geocoordinates


8.1_ex1_PM2.5_Concentration rdfs:type om:Measure


_value om:numerical_value

7.34

om:unit_of_measure


8.1_ex1_PM2.5_Sensing_Device rdfs:type sen:PM2.5_Sensing_Devicegci:haslocation 8.1_ex1_geocoordinates

8.1_ex1_instant rdfs:type gci:instantgci:inXSDDateTime 2013-01-01T02:00:00

8.1_ex1_geocoordinates rdfs:type sc:Geocoordinatessc:address 184CollegeSt,Toronto,ONsc:postalCode M5S3E4


pol:PM2.5_average



8.1_ex2_PM2.5_Concentration_value


9.31

om:unit_of_measure



8.1_ex2_geocoordinates rdfs:type sc:Geocoordinatessc:address 184CollegeSt,Toronto,ONsc:postalCode M5S3E4


pol:PM2.5_average




8.1_ex3_PM2.5_Concentration_value


8.74

om:unit_of_measure


8.1_ex3_PM2.5_Sensing_Device rdfs:type sen:PM2.5_Sensing_Devicegci:haslocation 8.1_ex3_geocoordinates


8.1_ex3_geocoordinates rdfs:type sc:Geocoordinatessc:address 900BaySt,Toronto,ONsc:postalCode M7A1C2

Next,weanswerthecompetencyquestionsforindicator8.1usingSPARQLqueriesasfollows.

1. WhatisthelocationofthesensorforsampleX?

SELECT?location?postalWHERE {?sc:Geocoordinatessc:address?location. ?sc:Geocoordinatessc:postalCode?postal. ?sen:PM2.5_Sensing_Devicegci:haslocation?sc:Geocoordinate. :8.1_ex1_PM2.5_Concentration?ssn:is_produced_by?sen:PM2.5_Sensing_Device} Answer:184CollegeSt,Toronto,ONM5S3E4

2. WhatisthereadingofsensorXattimeY?

SELECT?reading?unitWHERE{?om:Measureom:numerical_value?reading.

?om:Measureom:unit_of_measure?unit. ?pol:PM2.5_Concentrationom:value?om:Measure. ?pol:PM2.5_Concentrationssn:is_produced_by8.1_ex1_PM2.5_Sensing_Device. ?pol:PM2.5_Concentrationgci:inDateTimegci:instant. ?gci:instantgci:inXSDDateTime:2013-01-01T02:00:00} Answer:7.34microgram_per_cubic_metre

3. WhatisthemassofparticlesinsampleX?SELECT?mass?unitWHERE{?om:Measureom:numerical_value?mass.


?om:Measureom:unit_of_measure?unit.?pol:PM2.5_Massom:value?om:Measure.:8.1_ex1_PM2.5_Concentrationgci:numerator?pol:PM2.5_Mass}Answer:0.01542microgram

4. WhatisthevolumeofairinsampleX?

SELECT?volume?unitWHERE{?om:Measureom:numerical_value?volume.

?om:Measureom:unit_of_measure?unit. ?pol:PM2.5_Volumeom:value?om:Measure. :8.1_ex1_PM2.5_Concentrationgci:denominator?pol:PM2.5_Volume} Answer:0.0021cubicmetre

5. HowmanysamplesweretakenatlocationXoverperiodY?

SELECT(COUNT?samplesAS?num)WHERE {?samplesapol:PM2.5_Concentration. ?pol:PM2.5_Concentrationgci:haslocationsc:Geocoordinates. ?sc:Geocoordinatessc:postalCode:M5S3E4. ?pol:PM2.5_Concentrationgci:inDateTimegci:instant. ?gci:instantgci:inXSDDateTime?dateTime. FILTER(?dateTime>="2013-01-01T00:00:00"^^xsd:dateTime&&

?dateTime<="2013-01-03T00:00:00"^^xsd:dateTime)} Answer:2

6. WhatistheaveragefineparticulatematterconcentrationoverperiodY?

SELECT(AVG(?concentration)AS?avg)WHERE{?om:Measureom:numerical_value?concentration.?pol:PM2.5_Concentrationom:value?om:Measure.

?pol:PM2.5_Concentrationgci:inDateTimegci:instant. ?gci:instantgci:inXSDDateTime?dateTime. FILTER(?dateTime>="2013-01-01T00:00:00"^^xsd:dateTime&&

?dateTime<="2013-01-04T00:00:00"^^xsd:dateTime)}Answer:8.42


7. Whatisasamplecomposedof?

SELECT?observation?numericalvalue?unitWHERE{?observationapol:PM2.5_Mass.:8.1_ex_PM2.5_Mass_Readingsgs:is_composed_of?observation.?observationom:value?value.?valueom:numerical_value?numericalvalue.?valueom:unit_of_measure?unit}Answer:8.1_ex1_PM2.5_Mass0.01542microgram

8.1_ex2_PM2.5_Mass0.01751microgram 8.1_ex3_PM2.5_Mass0.01652microgram

8. Wherearethesamplesstored?SELECT?databaseWHERE{8.1_ex1_PM2.5_ConcentrationdatabaseURI?database}Answer:http://www.airqualityontario.com/history/

8 Conclusions ThisresearchdefinesanontologyfortherepresentationofISO37120Environmentalthemeindicatordefinitions.Todoso,wefirstdefinethreeontologiestorepresentallrelevantinformationrelatingtopollution,sensors,andspecies.Thisallowstheautomationoftheanalysisofacity’sperformance,asrepresentedbytheseindicators,inordertoidentifyrootcauseofdifferencesovertimeandbetweencities.

Insummary,thisresearchmakesthefollowingcontributions:

1. Definesapollutionontology,asensorontology,andaspeciesontology.2. RepresentseachISO37120environmentalindicatordefinitionusingtheGCIFoundation

ontologyandthethreeabovementionedontologies.3. EnablesthepublishingoftheISO37120environmentalthemeindicatordefinitionsusing

SemanticWebstandards.


9 Acknowledgements ThisresearchwassupportedinpartbytheNaturalScienceandEngineeringResearchCouncilofCanada.

10 References ISO37120,(2014),“ISO37120:SustainableDevelopmentofCommunities–IndicatorsforCityServicesandQualityofLife”,InternationalOrganizationforStandardization,FirstEdition,2014-05-15,ISO37120:2014(E).

Daly,A.andP.Zannetti,(2007),“AnIntroductiontoAirPollution–Definitions,Classifications,andHistory”.

Fadel,F.G.,(1994),"AResourceOntologyforEnterpriseModelling",M.A.Sc.Thesis,EnterpriseIntegrationLaboratory,UniversityofToronto.

Forde,A.,andFox,M.S.,(2015),"AnInnovationOntologyforGlobalCityIndicators(ISO37120)",WorkingPaper,EnterpriseIntegrationLaboratory,UniversityofToronto,http://eil.mie.utoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/GCI-Innovation-Ontology-v15.pdf.

Fox,M.S.,(2013),“AFoundationOntologyforGlobalCityIndicators”,WorkingPaper,EnterpriseIntegrationLaboratory,UniversityofToronto.http://eil.utoronto.ca/smartcities/papers/GCI-Foundation-Ontology.pdf

Fox,M.S.,(2014),“AnEducationOntologyforGlobalCityIndicators(ISO37120)”,WorkingPaper,EnterpriseIntegrationLab,UniversityofToronto,http://eil.utoronto.ca/wpcontent/uploads/smartcities/papers/GCI-Education.pdf.

Fox,M.S.,(2015),“PolisnosisProject:OntologiesForCityIndicators”,MechanicalandIndustrialEngineeringDepartment,UniversityOfToronto,http://eil.utoronto.ca/smartcities/papers/PolisGnosis-11mar2015.pdf

Fox,M.S.,andPettit,C.J.,(2015)“OntheCompletenessofOpenCityDataforMeasuringCityIndicators”,ProceedingsoftheIEEEConferenceonSmartCities,GuadalajaraMexico.

Fox,M.S.,andHuang,J.,(2005),“KnowledgeProvenanceinEnterpriseInformation”,InternationalJournalofProductionResearch,Vol.43,No.20.,pp.4471-4492.,http://www.eil.utoronto.ca/km/papers/fox-ijpr05.pdf.

Grüninger,M.,andFox,M.S.,(1995),“MethodologyfortheDesignandEvaluationofOntologies.”ProceedingsoftheWorkshoponBasicOntologicalIssuesinKnowledgeSharing,IJCAI-95,Montreal,Canada.


Hitzler,P.,etal.,(2012),“OWL2WebOntologyLanguagePrimer(2ndEdition)”,http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-primer.

Hobbs,J.R.,andPan,F.,(2006),“TimeOntologyinOWL”,http://www.w3.org/TR/owltime/.

Horridge,M.,andPatel-Schneider,P.F.,(2013),“OWL2WebOntologyLanguageManchesterSyntax(2ndEdition),W3CWorkingGroupNote11December2012,http://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-manchester-syntax/.

Huang,J.,andFox,M.S,(2006),"AnOntologyofTrust–FormalSemanticsandTransitivity,"ProceedingsoftheInternationalConferenceonElectronicCommerce,pp.259-270.http://www.eil.utoronto.ca/km/papers/huang-ec06.pdf

ISOCentralSecretariat,(2009),“Environmentalmanagement:TheISO14000familyofInternationalStandards”,http://www.iso.org/iso/theiso14000family_2009.pdf

OECDEnvironmentDirectorate,(2008),“OECDKEYENVIRONMENTALINDICATORS”,https://www.oecd.org/env/indicators-modelling-outlooks/37551205.pdf

Pattuelli,M.C.,(2003),“TheGovStatOntology:TechnicalReport”.TheGovStatProject,IntegrationDesignLaboratory,SchoolofInforma-tionandLibraryScience,UniversityofNorthCarolinaatChapelHill,http://ils.unc.edu/govstat/papers/govstatontology.doc.

Rijgersberg,H.,Wigham,M.,andTop,J.L.,(2011),“HowSemanticscanImproveEngineeringProcesses:ACaseofUnitsofMeasureandQuantities”,AdvancedEngineeringInformatics,Vol.25,pp.276-287.

Uceda-Sosa,R.,Srivastava,B.,andSchloss,B.,(2012),“BuildingaHighlyConsumableSemanticModelforSmarterCities”,InProceedingsoftheworkshoponAIforanIntelligentPlanet,ACM.

11 Appendix TheGlobalCityIndicatorFoundationontologycanbefoundin:http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/GCI/Foundation/GCI-Foundation.owl.

TheGlobalCityIndicatorEnvironmentontologycanbefoundin:http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/GCI/Environment/GCI-Environment.owl.

URIsforalloftheISO37120indicatorscanbefoundin:http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/ISO37120.owl.

DefinitionsoftheISO37120Environmentindicators,usingtheGCIFoundationandEnvironmentontologiescanbefoundin:http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/GCI/ISO37120/Environment.owl.


RepresentationoftheCityofToronto2013ISO37120Environmentvaluescanbefoundin:http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/ISO37120/Toronto/2013/ISO37120_8_2013_TO.owl

an environmental ontology for global city indicators (iso

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