an environmental ontology for global city indicators (iso
TRANSCRIPT
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AnEnvironmentalOntologyfor
GlobalCityIndicators(ISO37120)
DaliaDahleh,MarkS.FoxEnterpriseIntegrationLaboratory
UniversityofToronto5King’sCollegeRoad,TorontoON,M5S3G8
[email protected],17September2016
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GlobalCityIndicatorEnvironmentOntology 2
1 Introduction
TheinternationalstandardISO37120,publishedin2014,definesover100cityindicatorstobeusedgloballybycitiestomeasureandcomparetheirperformance.Theycover17themes,includingeducation,environment,health,safety,finance,andshelter.
ThegoalofthePolisGnosisproject(Fox,2015)istoautomatetheanalysisofcityperformanceasdefinedbytheseindicatorsbasedondatapublishedontheSemanticWeb.ThePolisGnosishasdevelopedasetofontologies(GlobalCityIndicatorOntologies)thatareabletorepresentboththedefinitionofISOandotherindicatorsandthedatacitiesusetoderivetheirindicatorvalues.
Thispaperdescribestheontologiesdevelopedtorepresentenvironmentalthemeindicators.ItbuildsontheGCIFoundationontology(Fox,2013)forrepresentingthecityindicatorsmeta-data,aswellasotherrelevantexistingontologies,suchastheW3Csensorontology.
Webeginbydefiningtheenvironmentalthemeindicatorsandthecompetencyquestionsthattheontologiesmustanswer.Wethenreviewexistingindicatorsandontologiesrelevanttotheenvironmentalthemeanddeterminewhethertheycanbereusedinourontologies.Next,wedefineasetofenvironmentrelatedontologiesormicrotheorieswhichwethenusetodefineeachoftheISO37120Environmentthemeindicators.Finally,weevaluateourontologiesbytheircompetencyquestions.
2 Indicators and their Competency Requirements
Inthissection,wedefinetheenvironmentalthemeindicatorslistedinISO37120.Asetofcompetencyquestionswillbeoutlinedforeachoftheseindicators,whichourenvironmentalontologywillanswer.Thecompetencyquestionsthusrepresenttheknowledgerequirementsoftheontology.NotethattheGCIfoundationontologyaddressesthemeasurementtheory,statistics,provenance,validityandtrustquestions,whicharethereforeexcludedhere.
Thefourcategoriesofcompetencyquestionstobedefinedare:
• Factual(F):Questionsthataskwhatthevalueofsomepropertyis.• Consistency–Definitional(CD):Questionsthatdeterminewhethertheinstantiationof
anindicatorbyacityisconsistentwiththeISO37120definition.• Consistency–Internal(CI):Questionsthatdeterminewhetherdifferentpartsofthe
instantiationareconsistentwitheachother.• Deduced(D):Avalueorrelationshipthatcanbededucedfromtheinstantiation.
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ISO 37120 Environmental Indicators 2.1
2.1.1 Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration (ISO37120-8.1)
Thedefinitionoffineparticulatematterconcentration,asstatedinISO37120,is:
“Fineparticulatematter(PM2.5)concentrationshallbecalculatedasthetotalmassofcollectedparticlesthatare2.5micronsorlessindiameter(numerator)dividedbythevolumeofairsampled(denominator).TheresultshallbeexpressedastheconcentrationofPM2.5inmicrogramsperstandardcubicmeter(µg/m3).
ThemethodformeasurementshallinvolvetheuseofanairsamplerwhichdrawsambientairataconstantflowrateintoaspeciallyshapedinletwherethesuspendedparticulatematterisinertiallyseparatedintooneormoresizefractionswithinthePM2.5sizerange.The24-hour(daily)measurementsofPM2.5concentrationsareforwardedtoadatabasewhereyearlysummariesforeachmonitoringstationsarecomputed.
NOTE SincedataforPM2.5isnotreadilyavailable,levelsareoftencalculatedonthebasisofPM10emissionandthisisreportedasaseparateindicator.”
CompetencyQuestions
1. (F)WhatisthelocationofthesensorforsampleX?2. (F)WhatisthereadingofsensorXattimeY?3. (F)WhatisthemassofparticlesinsampleX?4. (F)WhatisthevolumeofairinsampleX?5. (D)HowmanysamplesweretakenatlocationXoverperiodY?6. (D)WhatistheaveragefineparticulatematterconcentrationoverperiodY?7. (F)Whatisasamplecomposedof?8. (F)Wherearethesamplesstored?
2.1.2 Particulate matter (PM10) concentration (ISO37120-8.2)
Thedefinitionofparticulatematterconcentration,asstatedinISO37120,is:
“Particulatematter(PM10)concentrationshallbecalculatedasthetotalmassofcollectedparticlesinthePM10sizerange(numerator)dividedbythevolumeorairsampled(denominator).TheresultshallbeexpressedastheconcentrationofPM10inmicrogramsperstandardcubicmeter(µg/m3).
ThemethodformeasurementshallinvolvetheuseofanairsamplerwhichdrawsambientairatconstantflowrateintoaspeciallyshapedinletwherethesuspendedparticulatematterisinertiallyseparatedintooneormoresizefractionswithinthePM10sizerange.The24-hour
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(daily)measurementsofPM10concentrationsareforwardedtoadatabasewhereyearlysummariesforeachmonitoringstationsarecomputed.
NOTE Particulatematterisamixtureofmicroscopicsolidsandliquiddropletssuspendedintheair.Theseparticulatesare
madeupofanumberofcomponents,includingacids(suchasnitratesandsulfates),organicchemicals,metals,soilordustparticles,andallergens(suchasfragmentsofpollenormouldspores).Coarseparticlesaregreaterthan2.5micronsandlessorequalto10micronsindiameterandaredefinedas“respirableparticulatematter”orPM10.Sourcesofcoarseparticlesincludecrushingorgrindingoperations,anddustfrompavedorunpavedroads.”
CompetencyQuestions
1. (F)WhatisthelocationofthesensorforsampleX?2. (F)WhatisthereadingofsensorXattimeY?3. (F)WhatisthemassofparticlesinsampleX?4. (F)WhatisthevolumeofairinsampleX?5. (D)HowmanysamplesweretakenatlocationXoverperiodY?6. (D)WhatistheaveragefineparticulatematterconcentrationoverperiodY?7. (F)Whatisasamplecomposedof?8. (F)Wherearethesamplesstored?
2.1.3 Greenhouse gas emissions measured in tonnes per capita ( ISO37120-8.3)
Thedefinitionofgreenhousegasemissionsmeasurement,asstatedinISO37120,is:
“Thegreenhousegasemissionsmeasuredintonnespercapitashallbemeasuredasthetotalamountofgreenhousegasesintonnes(equivalentcarbondioxideunits)generatedoveracalendaryearbyallactivitieswithinthecity,includingindirectemissionsoutsidecityboundaries(numerator)dividedbythecurrentcitypopulation(denominator).Theresultshallbeexpressedasthetotalgreenhousegasemissionspercapitaintonnes.
Thetotalaggregatetonnage(expressedasequivalentcarbondioxideunitsofgreenhousegas)ofgreenhousegasemissionsshallbecalculatedforallactivitieswithinthecityforthepreceding12months.
TheGlobalProtocolforCommunity-ScaleGHGEmissions(GPC),(2012AccountingandReportingStandard)referstoamulti-stakeholderconsensus-basedprotocolfordevelopinginternationalrecognizedandacceptedcommunity-scalegreenhousegasaccountingandreporting.Thisprotocoldefinesthebasicemissionssourcesandcategorieswithinsectorsforacommunity-scaleGHGinventory,inordertostandardizeGHGinventoriesbetween
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communitiesandwithinacommunityovertime.Theprotocolprovidesaccountingmethodologiesandstep-by-stepguidanceondatacollection,quantification,andreportingrecommendationsforeachsourceofemissions.
Bothemissionssourcesandsectorcategorizationsreflecttheuniquenatureofcitiesandtheirprimaryemissionssources.Theseincludeemissionsfrom:1)Stationaryunits,2)Mobileunits,3)Waste,and4)Industrialprocessandproductusesectors.Forfurtherspecifications,refertothefullGPCmethodology.Localgovernmentsshallbeexpectedtoprovideinformation(i.e.quantifiedemissions)foreachoftheseemissionsources.
Inordertoaddresstheissueofinter-citysourcesofemissionsthattranscendmorethanonejurisdictionalbody,theGPCintegratestheGHGProtocolScopedefinitions,asfollows:
Scope2emissions:Energy-relatedindirectemissionsthatresultasaconsequenceofconsumptionofgrid-suppliedelectricity,heating,and/orcooling,withinthecommunity’sgeopoliticalboundary.
Scope3emissions:Allotherindirectemissionsthatoccurasaresultofactivitieswithinthecommunity’sgeopoliticalboundary.
Forstep-by-stepguidanceondataandaccountingcollection,seeSection3oftheGPC.http://www.ghgprotocol.org/files/ghgp/GPC%20v9%2020120320.pdf
NOTE Greenhousegases(GHGs)aregasesintheatmospherethatabsorbinfraredradiationthatwouldotherwiseescapetospace;therebycontributingtorisingsurfacetemperatures.TherearesixmajorGHGs:carbondioxide(CO2),methane(CH4),nitrousoxide(N2O),hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs),perfluorocarbons(PFCs),andsulfurhexafluoride(SF6).Thewarmingpotentialforthesegasesvariesfromseveralyearstodecadestocenturies.
UsersmayalsoconsulttheISO14064seriesonGreenhouseGasesforfurtherguidance.”
CompetencyQuestions
1. (F)WhatisthetypeofsensorusedforsampleX?2. (F)Whatarethecomponentsofgreenhousegases?3. (F)WhichgreenhousegasdoessampleXmeasure?4. (F)Foreachcomponent,whatistheamount?5. (F)WhatisthelocationofthesensorforsampleX?6. (F)WhatisthereadingofsampleXattimeY?7. (D)WhatisthetotalamountofgreenhousegasesduringtimeY?8. (CD)Isthetotalamountofgreenhousegasesmeasuredintonnes?9. (F)Whatisthepopulationofthecity?10. (D)Whatisthetotalaggregatetonnageofgreenhousegasemissionsforallactivities
withinthecityforthepreceding12months?
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2.1.4 NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) concentration (ISO37120-8.4)
Thedefinitionofnitrogendioxideconcentration,asstatedinISO37120,is:
“NO2concentrationshallbecalculatedasthesumofdailyconcentrationsforawholeyear(numerator)dividedby365days(denominator).TheresultshallbeexpressedastheannualaveragefordailyNO2concentrationsthroughouta24hourperiodfromallmonitoringstationswithinthecity.
NOTE IfthelocalairqualitymonitoringstationmeasuresNO2inpartsperbillion,thefollowingconversionratiotoµg/m3canbeused:1ppb=1.88µg/m3.Theconversionassumesanambientpressureof1atmosphereandatemperatureof25degrees˚C.Thegeneralequationisµg/m3=(ppb)*(12.187)*(M)/(273.15+˚C)whereMisthemolecularweightofthegaseouspollutant.Anatmosphericpressureof1atmosphereisassumed.
UsersofthisstandardshouldalsonotethefrequencyofNO2exposures.Peakexposureisdeterminedbycalculatingthenumberoftimesthehourlymeanexceeded200µg/m3inacalendaryear.Long-termexposureisdeterminedbycalculatingthenumberoftimesthedailymeanexceeded40µg/m3ofNO2inacalendaryear.
Datasources:HourlyaverageconcentrationsaremeasuredbymonitoringequipmentandreportedtoAirQualitymonitoringauthority(i.e.CityEnvironmentOffice,NationalEnvironmentOffice,etc.)
CompetencyQuestions
1. (F)WhatisthetypeofsensorusedforsampleX?2. (F)WhatisthelocationofthesensorforsampleX?3. (F)WhatisthereadingofsampleXattimeY?4. (D)WhatisthehourlyaverageconcentrationofNO2?5. (D)WhatisthedailyaverageconcentrationofNO2?6. (CD)WhatunitistheNO2concentrationmeasuredin?7. (D)Howmanytimesdidthehourlymeanexceeded200µg/m3?8. (D)Howmanytimesdidthedailymeanexceed40µg/m3?
2.1.5 SO2 (sulphur dioxide) concentration (ISO37120-8.5)
Thedefinitionofsulphurdioxideconcentration,asstatedinISO37120,is:
“SO2concentrationshallbecalculatedasthesumofdailyconcentrationforthewholeyear(numerator)dividedby365days.Theresultshallbedeterminedbyaveragingthehourlyconcentrationsthroughouta24hourperiodfromallmonitoringstationswithinthecity.
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UsersofthisstandardshouldalsonotethefrequencyofSO2exposures.Peakexposureisdeterminedbycalculatingthenumberoftimesthe10minutemeanexceeded500µg/m3ofSOs
inacalendaryear.Long-termexposureisdeterminedbycalculatingthenumberoftimesthedailymeanexceeded20µg/m3ofSO2inacalendaryear.
NOTE IfthelocalairqualitymonitoringstationmeasuresSO2inpartsperbillion,thefollowingconversionratiotoµg/m3:1ppb=2.62µg/m3shallbeused.Theconversionassumesanambientpressureof1atmosphereandatemperatureof25degrees˚C.Thegeneralequationisµg/m3=(ppb)*(12.187)*(M)/(273.15+˚C)whereMisthemolecularweightofthegaseouspollutant.Anatmosphericpressureof1atmosphereisassumed.
Datasources:HourlyaverageconcentrationsaremeasuredbymonitoringequipmentandreportedtoAirQualitymonitoringauthority(i.e.CityEnvironmentOffice,NationalEnvironmentOffice,etc.)
CompetencyQuestions
Questionsforthisindicatorarethesameasthequestionsforthepreviousindicator,butforSO2
insteadofNO2.
2.1.6 O3 (Ozone) concentration ( ISO37120-8.6)
Thedefinitionofozoneconcentration,asstatedinISO37120,is:
“O3(ozone)concentrationshallbecalculatedasthesumofdailyconcentrationforthewholeyear(numerator)dividedby365days(denominator).TheresultshallbeexpressedastheannualaveragefordailyO3(ozone)concentrationinµg/m3.O3isnormallymonitoredat8-hourintervals.Todeterminethe24houraveragedailyconcentration,thethree8hourconcentrationsshallbedeterminedandaveragedovera24hourperiodatallmonitoringstationswithinthecity’sboundaries.
NOTE IfthelocalairqualitymonitoringstationmeasuresO3inpartsperbillion,thefollowingconversionratiotoµg/m3shallbeused:1ppb=2.00µg/m3.Theconversionassumesanambientpressureof1atmosphereandatemperatureof25degrees˚C.Thegeneralequationisµg/m3=(ppb)*(12.187)*(M)/(273.15+˚C)whereMisthemolecularweightofthegaseouspollutant.Anatmosphericpressureof1atmosphereisassumed.
Long-termexposureshallbedeterminedbythenumberofdayswhenthedailyaverageconcentrationoveran8hourexposureexceeds100µg/m3.Long-termexposureshallbenoted.
CompetencyQuestions
Questionsforthisindicatorarethesameasthequestionsforthepreviousindicator,butforO3.
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2.1.7 Noise Pollution (ISO37120-8.7)
Thedefinitionofnoisepollutionmeasurement,asstatedinISO37120,is:
“NoisepollutionshallbecalculatedbymappingthenoiselevelLden(day-evening-night)likelytocauseannoyanceasgiveninISO1966-2:1987,identifyingtheareasofthecitywhereLdenisgreaterthan55dB(A)andestimatingthepopulationofthoseareasasapercentageofthetotalcitypopulation.Theresultshallbeexpressedasthepercentageofthepopulationaffectedbynoisepollution.
UsersofthisstandardshouldnotethatnoisepollutioncanalsoberecordedasLn(night)andwhenexceeding50dB(A)islikelytocausesleepdeprivation.
NOTE AnotherusefulindicatorofthenoiselevelsinacityisthedegreeofannoyanceasspecifiedinISO/TS15666:2003.
Datasources:AverageconcentrationsaremeasuredbymonitoringequipmentandreportedtoAirQualitymonitoringauthority(i.e.CityEnvironmentOffice,NationalEnvironmentOffice,etc.)
CompetencyQuestions
1. (F)WhatisthetypeofsensorusedforsampleX?2. (F)WhatisthelocationofthesensorforsampleX?3. (F)WhatisthepopulationoftheareacoveredbysensorX?4. (F)WhatisthereadingofsampleXattimeY?5. (F)Whatisthepopulationofthecity?6. (D)WhatisthenoiselevelLdeninareaX?7. (D)Whatisthepercentageofthepopulationaffectedbynoisepollution?8. (D)DoesLnexceed50dB(A)?
2.1.8 Percentage change in number of native species ( ISO37120-8.8)
Thedefinitionofpercentagechangeinnumberofnativespecies,asstatedinISO37120,is:
“Thepercentagechangeinnumberofnativespeciesshallbecalculatedasthetotalnetchangeinspecies(numerator)dividedbythetotalnumberofspeciesfromthe5taxonomicgroupsfrommostrecentsurvey(denominator).Theresultshallthenbemultipliedby100andexpressedasapercentage.
Thenetchangeinspeciesshallbecalculatedasthenumberofnewspecieswithinthecityfromthethreecoretaxonomicgroupsandthecity’sselectionofanadditionaltwotaxonomicgroups
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(asaresultofre-introduction,rediscovery,newspeciesfound,etc.)subtractedbythenumberofspeciesthathavebecomeextirpatedorlocallyextinctwithinthecity.
Thethreecoretaxonomicgroupsshallrefertovascularplants,birdsandbutterflies.Additionaltaxonomicgroupsthatcitiesshouldselectcanincludethefollowing:mammals,insects,bryophytes,fungi,amphibians,reptiles,freshwaterfish,molluscs,dragonflies,carabidbeetles,spiders,hardcorals,marinefish,seagrasses,sponges,etc.AfulllistcanbefoundintheUser’sManualfortheCityBiodiversityIndex.
Datasources:Possiblesourcesofdataincludegovernmentagenciesinchargeofbiodiversity,citymunicipalities,urbanplanningagencies,cityforestrydepartments,biodiversitycentres,naturegroups,universities,etc.”
CompetencyQuestions
1. (F)Howmanydifferentspeciesarepresentinthecity?2. (F)Whatarethetaxonomicgroupsinthecity?3. (F)Whatarethespeciespresentinthecity?4. (F)Whatarethenewspeciesinthecity?5. (D)Whatisthenumberofnewspecieswithinthecity?6. (F)Whichspecieshavebecomeextirpatedorlocallyextinctwithinthecity?7. (D)Whatisthenumberofspeciesthathavebecomeextirpatedorlocallyextinctwithin
thecity?8. (CD)Arethespecieswithinthethreecoretaxonomicgroupsorthecity’sselectionofan
additionaltwotaxonomicgroups?9. (D)Whatisthetotalnetchangeinspecies?
Ontology Requirements 2.2TheintroductionoftheISO37120standardshasallowedforglobalstandardizationofhowwemeasurecityperformance.Tobeabletoachieveautomated,replicable,andgloballycomparablemeasurements,thesestandardsandtheirsupportinginformationmustberepresentedinamachinereadableformatthattrulyengulfstheconceptsbeyondtheirEnglishdefinitions.ThisisthebasisfortheGCIontologies.
Fortheenvironmentalindicatorstheme,wedefinetheseconceptsormicrotheoriesbasedonthe8indicatorsandtheircompetencyquestions,asoutlinedintheprevioussection.Thefirst6indicatorscoverdifferenttypesofairpollution,the7thcoversnoisepollution,andthelastcoversbiologicalspecies.
Withtheexceptionofthelast,allourindicatorsaremeasuredbyautomaticsensors.Eachreadingisameasureofacertainquantity,andismeasuredinacertainunit.
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Basedonthis,tobeabletodescribealloftheseindicatorscompletely,weneedtodefinethefollowingmicrotheories:
1- Pollution2- Species3- Sensors
3 Background
City Indicators 3.1Therearemanyenvironmentalindicatorsusedaroundtheworldtohelpcitiesmeasurethestateoftheenvironment.Inlinewiththepressure-state-responsemodeldevelopedbytheOECD1,theseindicatorsfallintothreesubsets.Thefirstsubset,referredtoas“state”indicators,isthecollectionofecologicalindicatorswhichcanincludephysical,biologicalandchemicalmeasures,suchastemperature,orthenumberofbreedingbirdpairsinanarea.Thesecondsubset,referredtoas“pressure”indicators,isthecollectionofindicatorsthatmeasurehumanactivitiesoranthropogenicpressures,suchasgreenhousegasemissions.Thethirdsubsettracksocietalresponsestoenvironmentalissues,suchasthenumberofpeopleservicedbysewagetreatment.Alltheseindicatorscanvaryfromveryspecificmeasuresusedintechnicalresearch,toverygeneralandsimplemeasuresuseddailybythegeneralpublic,suchasUVindex.
InCanada,forexample,CanadianEnvironmentalSustainabilityIndicators2(CESI)measuretheprogressoftheFederalSustainableDevelopmentStrategy,reporttoCanadiansonthestateoftheenvironment,anddescribeCanada'sprogressonkeyenvironmentalsustainabilityissues.SomeCESIsareconcernedwithgreenhousegasemissions,airquality,airpollutantemissions,freshwaterqualityinCanadianrivers,waterquantityinCanadianrivers,extentofCanada’swetlands,andthestatusofmajorfishstocks,amongmanyothers.
Environmental Standards 3.2Environmentalstandardsareputinplacebyagenciesaroundtheworldtoensureacertainqualityofenvironmentalmeasures.Thesecanvaryingeographicalconstraints,withsomestandardsbeingenforcedlocally,regionally,nationally,orglobally.
InCanada,forexample,Canada-wideStandards3(CWS)flowfromapoliticalcommitmentbyfederal,provincialandterritorialMinisterstoaddresskeyenvironmentalprotectionandhealth
1TheOECDEnvironmentalIndicatorsdocumentationcanbefoundathttps://www.oecd.org/env/indicators-modelling-outlooks/24993546.pdf2CESIscanbefoundontheEnvironmentandClimateChangeCanadawebsiteathttps://www.ec.gc.ca/indicateurs-indicators/3CWSscanbefoundontheEnvironmentandClimateChangeCanadawebsiteathttp://www.ec.gc.ca/lcpe-cepa/
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riskissuesthatrequireconcertedactionacrossCanada.CWSscanincludequalitativeorquantitativestandards,guidelines,objectivesandcriteriaforprotectingtheenvironmentandreducingriskstohumanhealth.CWSsincludestandardsforbenzene,dioxins,mercury,particulatematter,ozone,andpetroleumhydrocarbons.
InEurope,theEuropeanCommission4hasanexclusiverighttoproposenewenvironmentalpolicy,aswellasaresponsibilitytoensuretheimplementationofenvironmentalrules.TheEUisconsideredtohavethemostextensiveenvironmentallawsofanyinternationalorganisation.TheEU’senvironmentallegislationaddressesissuessuchasacidrain,ozonelayer,airquality,noisepollution,wasteandwaterpollution,andsustainableenergy.Itisestimatedtoamounttowellover500directives,regulationsanddecisions.
Globally,theISO14000Environmentalmanagement5familyofstandardsprovidestoolsforcompaniesandorganizationsofallkindstomanagetheirenvironmentalresponsibilities.Itprovidesaframeworkforenvironmentalmanagementsystems(EMS),focusesonspecificapproachessuchasauditsandcommunications,andaddressesenvironmentalchallengessuchasclimatechange.
Ontologies 3.3Beforewebuildourontology,welookforexistingontologiesthatarerelatedtoanyofthemicrotheoriesabove,andassessthedegreetowhichtheyanswerourcompetencyquestions.Theontologieswefoundthatcontainconceptsandpropertiesrelatedtothecompetencyquestionsinclude:
1- LawandEnvironmentOntology(http://leo.informea.org/)2- NASAClimateOntology(https://cds.nccs.nasa.gov/tools-services/ontology/)3- AIR_POLLUTION_Onto(http://dl.ifip.org/db/conf/ifip12/aiai2009/Oprea09.pdf)4- BioTop(http://www2.imbi.uni-freiburg.de/ontology/biotop/)5- EnvO(http://environmentontology.org/)6- W3CSemanticSensorNetworkOntology
(http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/ssn/ssnx/ssn)
LawandEnvironmentOntology(http://leo.informea.org/)
Accordingtotheirwebsite,“LEOprovidesanagreedtosemanticstandardforanyinstitutionororganizationthatcollectsandmanagesdata,informationandknowledgeinthefieldofEnvironmentalLawandGovernance”.Thisismoreofataxonomy,asitprovidesahierarchyofenvironmentaltermsalongwiththeirdefinitionsandlinkstorelatedlaws.Itisnotwrittenin.owloranyotherontologyformat.4TheEuropeanCommission’senvironmentalstandardscanbefoundathttp://ec.europa.eu/environment5TheISO14000Environmentalmanagementfamilyofstandardscanbefoundathttp://www.iso.org/iso/iso14000
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LEOisverybroad,withahierarchyofdefinitionsincludingalltermsrelatedtoland,water,air,pollution,biodiversity,chemicals,etc.However,itfocusesmoreonthelawaspectofenvironmentaldatacollection,andisespeciallydesignedforMEA(MultilateralEnvironmentalAgreements)andInternationalEnvironmentalLaw.
AsdepictedinFigure1,theLEOisdividedintothefollowingsections:AirandClimate,Land,Water,Biodiversity,andChemicalsandWastes.ThesectionsthataremostrelevanttousareAirandClimate,andBiodiversity.
Figure1:MaincomponentsofLEO
AIR_POLLUTION_Onto(http://dl.ifip.org/db/conf/ifip12/aiai2009/Oprea09.pdf)
Thisontologyfocusesonairpollution(whichare6outofthe8ISO37120environmentalindicators).Theprimaryfocusofthisontologyistolinkpollutantswithmeteorologicalfactors.Thus,itdividesitsclassesintopollutants,pollutantsources,andmeteorologicalfactors.
TheontologyfocusesonsomeofthesamepollutantsthatareintheISO37120standard,includingSO2,NO2,CO2,PM2.5,andPM10.Itdoesnot,however,includetheothergreenhousegasesorozone.Also,itdoesnotincludesensorsordatacollectionmethods.
ThisontologyisoutlinedinthereferencedPDFfile,butisnotavailableasanOWLfile.Thefollowingfigure,availablefromthePDFfile,showsomerelevantclassesusedinthisontology.Therelevantclasseswillberecreatedinourontology.
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Figure2:AIR_POLLUTION_Ontoclasses
EnvO(http://environmentontology.org/)
EnvOisacommunityontologythat“providesacontrolled,structuredvocabularythatisdesignedtosupporttheannotationofanyorganismorbiologicalsamplewithenvironmentdescriptors.”
EnvOisaverybroadontology,whichdividesitsclassesintobiomes,environmentalfeatures,andenvironmentalmaterial.Examplesofthethreeareforests,ponds,andwater,respectively.Thus,thisontologyattemptstodescribetheenvironmentasawhole.
W3CSemanticSensorNetworkOntology(http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/ssn/ssnx/ssn)
Thisisabroadontologythatdescribesthecapabilitiesofdifferentsensors,theirmeasurementprocessesandtheresultantobservations.Itprovidesafoundationforotherontologiestousefortheirsensorinformation.Thefollowingdiagramillustratestheclassesandtheirrelationshipsinthisontology.
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Figure3:SSNOntology
Relevanttoourproject,theSSNontologydefinesclassesforsensingdevicesandtheiroutputs,andrelatesthemviatheproperty‘isProducedBy’.Theseclasseswillbeimportedandusedinourontologytorelateourpollutantstotheirsensors.Theprefix‘ssn’willbeusedwhereneeded.
Global City Indicator Foundation Ontology 3.4Todevelopanenvironmentalontologythatcanrepresentthedefinitionofeachenvironmentalindicatorandanswerthecorrespondingcompetencyquestions,wefirstbuildontheGlobalCityIndicatorFoundationOntology6.TheGCIFoundationOntologyintegratesandextendsthefollowingexistingontologies,depictedinFigure4.
• Time(Hobbs&Pan,2006).• Measurement(Rijgersbergetal.,2011)• Statistics(Pattuelli,2009).• Validity(Fox&Huang,2005).• Trust(Huang&Fox,2006).• Placenames(www.geonames.org).
6The GCI Foundation ontology can be found at http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/GCI/GCI-Foundation.owl along with its documentation at http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/GCI/GCI-Foundation.html. We will use the prefix “gci” where needed.
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Figure4:GCIFoundationOntologyComponents
Thiscoversthemetadataforallindicators,andservesasafoundationforallindicatorthemes.Tocompletelyrepresentanindicatortheme,eachontologybuildsonthisfoundationandaddstoitallinformationrelevanttothespecifictheme.
4 Architecture of the Global City Indicator Ontology
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Figure5depictstheorganizationoffilesusedtodefinetheISO37120ontologywearedeveloping.Onlyfouroftheindicatorthemesaredepictedhereduetospacelimitations.Atthehighestlevel,i.e.,ISO37120Ontologylevel,theISO37120module7containsthegloballyuniqueidentifier(IRI)foreachISO37120indicator.Forexample,theIRIfortheNO2
concentrationindicatoris:“http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/ISO37120.owl#8.4”.
ForeachcategoryofindicatorsintheISO37120specification,(e.g.Environment),thereisaseparatefilethatprovidesthedefinitionofeachindicatorinthatcategory.Forexample,ISO37120/Environment.owl8providesacompleteOWLdefinitionforalleightoftheindicatorsintheISO37120specification.TheGCIOntologylevelprovidesthecategoryspecificontologiesrequiredtodefineeachcategory’sindicators.Forexample,todefinetheISO37120Environmentindicators,weneedanenvironmentalontologycoveringconceptssuchaspollution,sensors,species,etc.7The ISO 37120 module is available at http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/GCI/37120.owl.8http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/GCI/ISO37120/Environment.owl.
Figure5:ISO37120OntologyModules
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GCI-Environment.owl9providestheclassesusedbyISO37120/Environment.owl.
AllofthecategoryspecificindicatorontologiesrelyabouttheGCIFoundationontologyformoregenericconceptssuchaspopulationcountsandratios,meta-information,etc.
TheEnterpriseOntologylevelcontainsEnterpriseModellingontologies.InthisfigureweonlyshowtheOrganizationOntologyfile10(Foxetal.,1998),whichisoneoftheTOVEEnterpriseModellingontologies(Fox&Grüninger,1998).InadditiontotheOrganizationontology,TOVEhasontologiesspanning:
• ActivitiesandStates(Gruninger&Fox,1994)• Resources(Fadeletal.,1994;Fadel,1994).• QualityMeasurement(Kim&Fox,1994).• Activity-BasedCosting(Thametal.,1994).• Product(Linetal.,1997).• ProductRequirements(Linetal.,1996).• HumanResources(Fazel-Zarandi&Fox,2012).
Finally,theFoundationOntology(Fox,2013)levelprovidesverybasicontologiesthatwereselectedasthefoundationfortheGCI-Foundation.owlontology.Wereviewherethebasicstructureofaratioindicator,asdefinedintheGCIFoundationontology,anduponwhichtheenvironmentalindicatorsarebased.AtthecoreoftheFoundationontologyistheOMmeasurementontology(Rijgersbergetal.,2011).Thepurposeofameasurementontologyistoprovidetheunderlyingsemanticsofanumber,suchaswhatisbeingmeasuredandtheunitofmeasurement.Theimportanceofgroundinganindicatorinameasurementontologyistoassurethatthenumbersarecomparable.Notethatthisdoesmeanthattheyaremeasuringthesamething,butthattheactualmeasuresareofthesametype,e.g.,theunitsforNO2areconsistentlyinµg/m3.Figure7depictsthebasicclassesoftheOMontologyusedtorepresentanindicator.TherearethreemainclassesinOM:a‘Quantity’thatdenoteswhatisbeingmeasured,e.g.,diameterofaball;a‘UnitofMeasure’thatdenoteshowthequantityismeasured,e.g.,centimeters;anda‘Measure’thatdenotesthevalueofthemeasurementwhichislinkedtotheboth‘Quantity’and‘UnitofMeasure’.Forexample,NO2_Concentrationisasubclassof‘Quantity’thathasavaluethatisasubclassof‘Measure’whoseunitsare‘micrograms_per_cubic_metre’thatisasubclassof‘UnitofMeasure’.
9The GCI Environmental ontology can be found at http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/GCI/Environment/GCI-Environment.owl along with its documentation at http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/GCI/Environment/index.html. We will use the prefix “gcien” where needed.10The Organization ontology can be found at http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/organization.owl along with its documentation at http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/organization.html. We will use the prefix “org” where needed.
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Eachindicatoroftheeightenvironmentalthemeindicatorsisaratioofacertainnumeratortoacertaindenominator.Eachnumeratorordenominatormaybedefinedbyacertainrelatedclass.Forexample,thenumeratorfortheNO2concentrationindicatoristheyearlysumofNO2concentrations(Yearly_Sum_NO2),whichisdefinedbytheindividualmeasuresofNO2concentrations(NO2_Concentration)overtheyear.Aratioindicatorhasaunitofmeasuredependingontheindicator.Eachindicatorismeasuredforaspecificyear,usingproperty
Figure6:MeasurementOntology
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‘for_year’,andforaspecificcity,usingtheproperty‘for_city’.Figure8illustratesthisstructure,whichwillbeusedintheindicatordefinitionsthatfollow.
5 GCI Environmental Ontology InordertorepresentthedefinitionsoftheISO37120environmentalindicatorsandanswertheircompetencyquestions,weneedtodefineallinformationnotincludedintheGCIFoundationontology.Theseincludemicrotheoriesofpollution,sensors,andspecies.Thesethreemicrotheoriesarerepresentedintheirseparateontologies.
Figure7:FoundationOntologyratiodefinition
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Pollution Ontology 5.1Thissectiondescribesthepollutionontologyfoundat:http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/GCI/Environment/Pollution.owlSevenofoureightenvironmentalthemeindicatorsarerelatedtopollution.Eachofthesevenisconcernedwithaspecifictypeofpollutant.Forexample,thefourthindicatorisconcernedwiththeairpollutantNO2.Wereviewitscompetencyquestions:1.(F)WhatisthetypeofsensorusedforsampleX?2.(F)WhatisthelocationofthesensorforsampleX?3.(F)WhatisthereadingofsampleXattimeY?4.(D)WhatisthehourlyaverageconcentrationofNO2?5.(D)WhatisthedailyaverageconcentrationofNO2?6.(CD)WhatunitistheNO2concentrationmeasuredin?7.(D)Howmanytimesdidthehourlymeanexceed200µg/m3?8.(D)Howmanytimesdidthedailymeanexceed40µg/m3?Toansweranyofthesequestions,weneedtofirstdefinewhichpollutantwearemeasuring.Therefore,wefirstneedanontologythatrepresentsthedifferenttypesofpollutants.Reviewingourontologiesinsection3.3,weseethattheontologyAIR_POLLUTION_Ontocontainssomeclasseswecanreuse,namelyAirPollutantanditssubclasses:SO2,NO2,CO2,PM2.5,andPM10.SinceAIR_POLLUTION_Ontoisnotavailableasanowlfile,wemustrecreatetheseclasses,andaddothersthatweneed.AsdescribedinFigure6,pollutantsaredividedintothreesubclasses:airpollution,waterpollution,andnoisepollution.Airpollutionisdividedintofivesubclasses:particulatematter,nitrogendioxide,sulphurdioxide,ozone,andgreenhousegases.Particulatematterisdividedintotwosubclasses,PM2.5andPM10.Greenhousegasesaredividedintosixsubclasses:N2O,HFCs,PFCs,CH4,CO2,andSF6.
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Figure8:PollutionTaxonomy
Thisontologyrepresentspollutantsandpollutantconcentrations.Therespectiveclassesarerelatedbytheattribute“measures”.TheontologyimportstheGCIFoundationontologytoexpresstheunitsofmeasureofeachpollutantconcentration.TheGCIFoundationontologyusestheOntologyofUnitsofMeasure11togiveafoundationformeasurementsandtheirunits.Itdividesmeasurementsintoaquantity,suchaslength,andaunitofmeasure,suchasmeters.Aunitofmeasurehasascaleclassifiedasintervalorratio,andwhetherthenumberisthecompositionofdimensions,suchasvelocitybeingcomposedofspeedanddirection.Italsodefineswhetherithasastartingpoint,suchasabsolutezeroontheKelvinscale.Wealsorelateeachmeasurementofpollutionconcentrationtothesensoritismeasuredby,usingtheproperty“is_produced_by”andtheclass“Sensing_device”,bothimportedfromtheW3CSensorOntology.Thefollowingtablesdefinetheclassesandpropertiesinthepollutionontology.Class Property ValueRestrictionPollution_concentration owl:subClassOf om:Quantity
measures exactly1Pollutiontemporal_average somePollution_average
11TheOntologyofUnitsofMeasure(OM)canbefoundathttp://www.wurvoc.org/vocabularies/om-1.6/.Wewillusetheprefix“om”whereneeded.
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ssn:is_produced_by exactly1ssn:Sensing_devicePollution_average has_periodicity exactly1gci:intervalWecanmeasurethehourly,daily,monthly,oranyotheraverageforanypollutant.Thisisdefinedbytheclass“Pollution_average”,whichcanhaveaperiodicityofanyinterval,suchashour,day,ormonth.Class Property ValueRestrictionAir_pollution_concentration owl:subClassOf Pollution_concentration
measures exactly1Air_pollutionClass Property ValueRestrictionNoise_pollution_concentration owl:subClassOf Pollution_concentration
measures Noise_pollutionom:unit_of_measure valuegci:decibel
Class Property ValueRestrictionNO2_concentration owl:subClassOf air_pollution_concentration
measures exactly1NO2om:unit_of_measure valuegci:microgram_per_cubic_metre
Class Property ValueRestrictionSO2_concentration owl:subClassOf air_pollution_concentration
measures exactly1SO2om:unit_of_measure valuegci:microgram_per_cubic_metre
Class Property ValueRestrictionO3_concentration owl:subClassOf air_pollution_concentration
measures exactly1O3om:unit_of_measure valuegci:microgram_per_cubic_metre
ForPM2.5andPM10,thedefinitionoftheconcentrationisbasedonthemassofparticlesdividedbythevolumeofairsampled.Therefore,wedefineclassesformassandvolumeaswell,andrelatethemtotheconcentrationusingthenumeratoranddenominatorpropertiesdefinedinthefoundationontology.Class Property ValueRestrictionPM2.5_concentration owl:subClassOf air_pollution_concentration
measures exactly1PM2.5om:unit_of_measure valuegci:microgram_per_cubic_metregci:numerator exactly1PM2.5_Massgci:denominator exactly1PM2.5_Volume
PM2.5_Mass owl:subClassOf om:Mass
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om:unit_of_measure valuegci:microgram
PM2.5_Volume owl:subClassOf om:Volumeom:unit_of_measure valueom:cubic_metre
Class Property ValueRestrictionPM10_concentration owl:subClassOf air_pollution_concentration
measures exactly1PM10om:unit_of_measure valuegci:microgram_per_cubic_metregci:numerator exactly1PM10_Massgci:denominator exactly1PM10_Volume
PM10_Mass owl:subClassOf om:Massom:unit_of_measure valuegci:microgram
PM10_Volume owl:subClassOf om:Volumeom:unit_of_measure valueom:cubic_metre
Forthegreenhousegases,wedefineclassesforeachtypeseparatelyasfollows.Class Property ValueRestrictionN2O_concentration owl:subClassOf GHGs_concentration
measures exactly1N2Oom:unit_of_measure valueom:tonne
Class Property ValueRestrictionCO2_concentration owl:subClassOf GHGs_concentration measures exactly1CO2 om:unit_of_measure valueom:tonneClass Property ValueRestrictionSF6_concentration owl:subClassOf GHGs_concentration
measures exactly1SF6om:unit_of_measure valueom:tonne
Class Property ValueRestrictionCH4_concentration owl:subClassOf GHGs_concentration
measures exactly1CH4om:unit_of_measure valueom:tonne
Class Property ValueRestrictionHFCs_concentration owl:subClassOf GHGs_concentration
measures exactly1HFCsom:unit_of_measure valueom:tonne
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Class Property ValueRestrictionPFCs_concentration owl:subClassOf GHGs_concentration
measures exactly1PFCsom:unit_of_measure valueom:tonne
Sensor Ontology 5.2Thissectiondescribesthesensorontologyfoundat:http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/GCI/Environment/Sensors.owlSomeofourcompetencyquestionsareconcernedwiththesensorsusedtomeasuretheenvironmentalindicators.Forexample,forgreenhousegases:
1. (F)WhatisthetypeofsensorusedforsampleX?and
7. (F)WhatisthelocationofthesensorforsampleX?Toidentifythesensorusedineachmeasurement,weneedtodefinetheclassforsensorsandthepropertythatrelatesthemeasurementwiththesensor.TheseareimportedfromtheW3CSemanticSensorNetworkOntologyreviewedinSection3.3asfollows.
Class Property ValueRestrictionssn:Sensing_Device owl:subClassOf ssn:PhysicalObject
measures someom:Quantitygci:haslocation exactly1gci:Geocoordinates
wheressnistheprefixfortheW3CSensorOntology.Todifferentiatebetweenthetypesofpollutants,wedefineadditionalclassesforeachtypeofsensorasfollows.
Class Property ValueRestrictionPM2.5_Sensing_device owl:subClassOf ssn:Sensing_devicePM10_Sensing_device owl:subClassOf ssn:Sensing_deviceNO2_Sensing_device owl:subClassOf ssn:Sensing_deviceO3_Sensing_device owl:subClassOf ssn:Sensing_deviceSO2_Sensing_device owl:subClassOf ssn:Sensing_deviceN2O_Sensing_device owl:subClassOf ssn:Sensing_device
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CO2_Sensing_device owl:subClassOf ssn:Sensing_deviceSF6_Sensing_device owl:subClassOf ssn:Sensing_deviceCH4_Sensing_device owl:subClassOf ssn:Sensing_devicePFCs_Sensing_device owl:subClassOf ssn:Sensing_deviceHFCs_Sensing_device owl:subClassOf ssn:Sensing_deviceNoise_Sensing_device owl:subClassOf ssn:Sensing_device
Species Ontology 5.3Thissectiondescribesthespeciesontologyfoundat:http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/GCI/Environment/Species.owlThisontologyisneededtoanswerthecompetencyquestionsoftheeightenvironmentalthemeindicator:
1. (F)Howmanydifferentspeciesarepresentinthecity?2. (F)Whatarethetaxonomicgroupsinthecity?3. (F)Whatarethespeciespresentinthecity?4. (F)Whatarethenewspeciesinthecity?5. (D)Whatisthenumberofnewspecieswithinthecity?6. (F)Whichspecieshavebecomeextirpatedorlocallyextinctwithinthecity?7. (D)Whatisthenumberofspeciesthathavebecomeextirpatedorlocallyextinctwithin
thecity?8. (CD)Arethespecieswithinthethreecoretaxonomicgroupsorthecity’sselectionofan
additionaltwotaxonomicgroups?9. (D)Whatisthetotalnetchangeinspecies?
ThequestionsrefertothetaxonomicgroupsdefinedintheUser’sManualfortheCityBiodiversityIndex12.Torepresentthesetaxonomicgroups,wecreateaclassforeachofthemasfollows.Class Property ValueRestrictionTaxonomicGroup owl:subClassOf owl:ThingCoreTaxonomicGroup owl:subClassOf TaxonomicGroupOptionalTaxonomicGroup owl:subClassOf TaxonomicGroupVascularPlants owl:subClassOf CoreTaxonomicGroupBirds owl:subClassOf CoreTaxonomicGroupButterflies owl:subClassOf CoreTaxonomicGroupMammals owl:subClassOf OptionalTaxonomicGroupInsects owl:subClassOf OptionalTaxonomicGroupBryophytes owl:subClassOf OptionalTaxonomicGroup12TheUser’sManualforCityBiodiversityIndexcanbefoundathttps://www.cbd.int/authorities/doc/User's%20Manual-for-the-City-Biodiversity-Index18April2012.pdf
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Fungi owl:subClassOf OptionalTaxonomicGroupAmphibians owl:subClassOf OptionalTaxonomicGroupReptiles owl:subClassOf OptionalTaxonomicGroupFreshwaterFish owl:subClassOf OptionalTaxonomicGroupMolluscs owl:subClassOf OptionalTaxonomicGroupDragonflies owl:subClassOf OptionalTaxonomicGroupCarabidBeetles owl:subClassOf OptionalTaxonomicGroupSpiders owl:subClassOf OptionalTaxonomicGroupHardCorals owl:subClassOf OptionalTaxonomicGroupMarineFish owl:subClassOf OptionalTaxonomicGroupSeagrasses owl:subClassOf OptionalTaxonomicGroupSponges owl:subClassOf OptionalTaxonomicGroupEachspeciesisasubclassofataxonomicgroup.Wethenneedtorepresentthechangeinspecies,ie:additionofanewspeciesorextinctionofanexistingspecies.WecreateaclassforaSpeciesEvent,whichcontainsalltheinformationaboutthatevent.Torepresenttheseevents,weimporttheEventOntology13andexpandonitasfollows.Class Property ValueRestrictionSpeciesEvent owl:subClassOf event:Event
for_species someTaxonomicGroupevent:place exactly1geo:SpatialThingevent:time exactly1
time:TemporalEntityreason somexsd:string
SpeciesIntroduction owl:subClassOf SpeciesEventSpeciesExtinction owl:subClassOf SpeciesEvent
6 ISO 37120 Environmental Indicators Ontology Nowthatwehavedefinedthepollution,sensors,species,andfoundationontologies,wehavealltheclassesandpropertiesnecessarytorepresentthedefinitionsoftheISO37120Environmentalindicators.Inthissection,werepresenttheeightEnvironmentalthemeindicators.TheOWLdefinitionscanbefoundathttp://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/GCI/ISO37120/Environment.owl.
13TheEventOntologycanbefoundathttp://motools.sourceforge.net/event/event.html
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Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration ( ISO37120:8.1) 6.1ThefollowingdiagramshowsapartialdefinitionofISO37120:8.1.SomesubClassOflinkshavebeenomittedduetospacelimitations.
Figure10usestheFoundationontologytoprovidethescaffoldingforindicator8.1.ThePM2.5indicatorisaratiothathasthenumeratoroftotalmassofparticulatematterofsize2.5micronsorless,anddenominatorofthetotalvolumeoftheairsampled.Thetotalmassofparticulatematterisderivedfromtheindividualmeasurementsofmasseachday.Similarly,thetotalvolumeofairsampledisderivedfromtheindividualmeasurementsofvolumeeachday.Torepresentthisinourontology,webuildonthestructuredefinedinthe
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GovStatOntology14.Thetotalmassandtotalvolumearedefinedassubclassesofthe“gs:Parameter”class.IntheGovStatOntology,everyparameterisrelatedtoapopulationofmeasurementsbytheproperty“gs:is_described_by”.Inourcase,thepopulationisacollectionofPM2.5massreadings.Thepopulationmeasureisalsorelatedtotheobservations,orindividualmeasurements,bytheproperty“gs:is_composed_of”.PM2.5_Total_Massisalsoasubclassofom:Quantity,andPM2.5_Massisalsoasubclassofom:Mass.Theselinkshavebeenomittedfromthegraphforclarity.Torepresenteachmeasurementcompletely,werelateittoatimestampandalocationstamp.WealsoincludetheURIforthedatabasewherethemeasurementsarestored.Class Property ValueRestrictionPM2.5_Total_Mass owl:subClassOf gs:Parameter,om:QuantityPM2.5_Total_Volume owl:subClassOf gs:Parameter,om:QuantityPM2.5_Mass_Readings owl:subClassOf gs:Population
gs:is_described_by exactly1PM2.5_Total_Massgs:is_composed_of somePM2.5_Mass
PM2.5_Volume_Readings owl:subClassOf gs:Populationgs:is_described_by exactly1PM2.5_Total_Volumegs:is_composed_of somePM2.5_Volume
PM2.5_Mass owl:subClassOf gs:Observation,om:Mass databaseURI somexsd:stringPM2.5_Volume owl:subClassOf gs:Observation,om:Volume databaseURI somexsd:stringClass Property ValueRestrictionPM2.5_concentration ssn:is_produced_by PM2.5_Sensingdevice
gci:haslocation exactly1sc:Geocoordinatesgci:inDateTime exactly1gci:instant
databaseURI somexsd:string
Fine particulate matter (PM10) concentration ( ISO37120:8.2) 6.2SimilarlytoPM2.5,the8.2indicatorisdeterminedbytheratioofthemassofPM10particlestothevolumeofairsampled.Figure10illustratesthedefinition,andthetablesthatfollowdefinethenewclassesandproperties.
14TheGovStatOntologycanbefoundatontology.eil.utoronto.ca/govstat.owl.Theprefixgswillbeusedwhereneeded.
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Figure9:Indicator8.2Definition
Class Property ValueRestrictionPM10_Total_Mass owl:subClassOf gs:Parameter,om:QuantityPM10_Total_Volume owl:subClassOf gs:Parameter,om:QuantityPM10_Mass_Readings owl:subClassOf gs:Population
gs:is_described_by exactly1PM10_Total_Massgs:is_composed_of somePM10_Mass
PM10_Volume_Readings owl:subClassOf gs:Populationgs:is_described_by exactly1PM10_Total_Volumegs:is_composed_of somgPM10_Volume
PM10_Mass owl:subClassOf gs:Observation,om:Mass databaseURI somexsd:stringPM10_Volume owl:subClassOf gs:Observation,om:Volume
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databaseURI somexsd:stringClass Property ValueRestrictionPM10_concentration ssn:is_produced_by PM10_Sensingdevice
gci:haslocation exactly1sc:Geocoordinatesgci:inDateTime exactly1gci:instant
databaseURI somexsd:string
Greenhouse gas emissions measured in tonnes per capita 6.3(ISO37120:8.3)
Thedefinitionofthisindicatorinvolvestheadditionofallmeasurementsofgreenhousegasesovertheyearasthenumerator,andthepopulationofthecityasthedenominator.ThisrequirestheadditionofnewclassestodefinetheyearlysumofGHGsaswellasthecitypopulation,asshownbelow.
Unlikeparticulatematterdefinitionsabove,theseparateGHGmeasurementsdonotconsistofanumeratorandadenominator,butconsistofasinglemeasurementintonnes.Thesemeasurementsareaggregatedtoformthepopulationsubclass‘GHGs_readings’.Thesumofthesereadingsformtheparametersubclass‘Yearly_Sum_GHGs’.Inturn,thissumisdividedbythecitypopulationtoresultinthefinalindicator.
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Figure10:Indicator8.3Definition
Class Property ValueRestrictionYearly_Sum_GHGs owl:subClassOf gs:ParameterGHGs_Readings owl:subClassOf gs:Population
gs:is_described_by exactly1Yearly_Sum_GHGsgs:is_composed_of someGHGs_Concentration
GHGs_Concentration owl:subClassOf gs:ObservationAgain,torepresenteachmeasurementcompletely,werelateittoatimestampandalocationstamp.WealsoincludetheURIforthedatabasewherethemeasurementsarestored.
Class Property ValueRestrictionGHG_concentration ssn:is_produced_by GHG_Sensingdevice
gci:haslocation exactly1sc:Geocoordinatesgci:inDateTime exactly1gci:instant
databaseURI somexsd:stringTorepresentthecurrentpopulationofthecity,weusetheclassfor‘City_population_size’,definedintheGCIFoundationontology,asfollows.
Class Property ValueRestriction
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gci:City_population_size owl:subClassOf gci:Population_sizegci:cardinality_of gci:City_populationom:unit_of_measure gs:decokilopcgci:for_city exactly1city
gci:City_population owl:subClassOf gs:Populationgci:defined_by gci:City_resident
NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) concentration ( ISO37120:8.4) 6.4ThedefinitionofthenitrogendioxideindicatoristhetotalsumofNO2concentrationsoverayear,dividedbythenumberofdaysinayear.UnlikethedefinitionofGHGs,theyearlysumhereistheadditionofdailyaveragesforayear.
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Figure11:Indicator8.4Definition
Torepresentthisdefinition,wedefinetheclassesasfollows.
Class Property ValueRestrictionYearly_Sum_NO2 owl:subClassOf gs:ParameterNO2_Average_Readings owl:subClassOf gs:Population
gs:is_described_by exactly1Yearly_Sum_NO2gs:is_composed_of someNO2_Average
NO2_Average owl:subClassOf gs:Observationhas_periodicity om:Day
Theaverageiscalculateddailyasspecifiedintheindicatordefinition.Thus,theperiodicityoftheaverageisspecifiedas‘Day’.
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Wemustalsoaddthemeasurefornumberofdaysinayear.Thismustfollowthemeasurementontologyquantity-measure-unitschemeasshownbelow.
Class Property ValueRestrictionDays_in_year owl:subClassOf om:Quantity
om:value Measure_of_days_in_yearMeasure_of_days_in_year owl:subClassOf om:Measure
om:unit_of_measure om:DayWealsoaddthetimeandlocationstamptoeachconcentrationmeasurementasfollows,andincludetheURIforthedatabasewherethemeasurementsarestored
Class Property ValueRestrictionNO2_concentration ssn:is_produced_by NO2_Sensingdevice
gci:haslocation exactly1sc:Geocoordinatesgci:inDateTime exactly1gci:instanttemporal_average someNO2_average
databaseURI somexsd:string
SOs (sulphur dioxide) concentration ( ISO37120:8.5) 6.5ThisdefinitionisverysimilartoNOs.Thefigureillustratesthedefinitionoftheindicatorandthetablesdescribethenewclassesandproperties.
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GlobalCityIndicatorEnvironmentOntology 35
Figure12:Indicator8.5Definition
Class Property ValueRestrictionYearly_Sum_SO2 owl:subClassOf gs:ParameterSO2_Average_Readings owl:subClassOf gs:Population
gs:is_described_by exactly1Yearly_Sum_SO2gs:is_composed_of someSO2_Average
SO2_Average owl:subClassOf gs:Observationhas_periodicity gci:Day
Class Property ValueRestriction
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SO2_concentration ssn:is_produced_by SO2_Sensingdevicegci:haslocation exactly1sc:Geocoordinatesgci:inDateTime exactly1gci:instanttemporal_average someSO2_average
databaseURI somexsd:string
O3 (Ozone) concentration ( ISO37120:8.6) 6.6ThisdefinitionisalsoverysimilartoNOsandSOs.Thedefinitionisillustratedbelowfollowedbythedescriptionofnewclassesandproperties.
Figure13:Indicator8.6Definition
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Class Property ValueRestrictionYearly_Sum_O3 owl:subClassOf gs:ParameterO3_Average_Readings owl:subClassOf gs:Population
gs:is_described_by exactly1Yearly_Sum_O3gs:is_composed_of someO3_Average
O3_Average owl:subClassOf gs:Observationhas_periodicity gci:Day
Class Property ValueRestrictionO3_concentration ssn:is_produced_by O3_Sensingdevice
gci:haslocation exactly1sc:Geocoordinatesgci:inDateTime exactly1gci:instanttemporal_average someO3_average
databaseURI somexsd:string
Noise Pollution ( ISO37120:8.7) 6.7Fornoisepollution,thedefinitionisthepercentageofthepopulationaffectedbynoisepollution.Thenumeratorhereisthesizeofthepopulationlivinginareaswherethenoiselevelishigherthan55dB.Thedenominatoristhetotalpopulationofthecity.
First,wemustdefineaclassforLden(Level-day-evening-night).Thisistheaveragesoundlevelovera24hourperiod,withapenaltyof5dBaddedfortheeveninghoursor19:00to22:00,andapenaltyof10dBaddedforthenighttimehoursof22:00to07:00.
Class Property ValueRestrictionLden day-evening-night Noise_pollution_concentration
om:unit_of_measure gci:decibelThen,wedefinetheclassthatrepresentsthepartofthepopulationthatisaffectedbyLdenbeinggreaterthan55dB.
Class Property ValueRestrictionLdenHigh_population owl:subClassOf gci:Population
gci:defined_by LdenLdenHigh_population_size owl:subClassOf gci:Population_size
gci:cardinality_of LdenHigh_populationThen,wecompletethedefinitionofeachmeasurementbyrelatingittoitssensor,time,andlocation,anddefiningitstemporalaverage.WealsoincludetheURIforthedatabasewherethemeasurementsarestored.
Class Property ValueRestriction
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GlobalCityIndicatorEnvironmentOntology 38
Noise_pollution_concentration
ssn:is_produced_by Noise_Sensingdevicegci:haslocation exactly1sc:Geocoordinatesgci:inDateTime exactly1gci:instanttemporal_average someNoise_average
databaseURI somexsd:string
Thedefinitionisillustratedinfigure15.
Figure14:Indicator8.7Definition
Percentage change in number of native species ( ISO37120:8.8) 6.8Forthisindicator,thenumeratorisdefinedasthenetchangeinspecies,whilethedenominatorisdefinedasthetotalnumberofspecies.
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GlobalCityIndicatorEnvironmentOntology 39
Figure15:Indicator8.8Definition
Todefinethenetchangeinspecies,wemustbeabletorepresentnewadditionsaswellasextinctions.Thisisachievedbytheclasses‘SpeciesIntroduction’and‘SpeciesExtinction’,whichcontainalltherelevantinformationabouttheevent.Thatway,wecanidentifywhichspeciesarecurrentlypresent,andwhichhavegoneextinct.
Thenumberofspeciesthatareintroducediscalculatedasthecardinalityofthepopulation,‘SpeciesIntroduced’.Similarly,thenumberofspeciesthatareextinctiscalculatedasthecardinalityofthepopulation,‘SpeciesExtinct’,asanegativeinteger.Then,thenetchangeinspeciesistheadditionoftwocardinalities.Thepropertyaddition_ofdenotesthetermswhosevaluesneedtobeaddedtocalculatethenetchange.Thetermsalsoneedtobedisjointwitheachother.
Class Property ValueRestrictionSpeciesIntroduced_size owl:subClassOf gci:Population_size
gci:cardinality_of SpeciesIntroduced SpeciesIntroduced owl:subClassOf gci:Population
gci:defined_by SpeciesIntroductionowl:disjointWith SpeciesExtinct
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Class Property ValueRestrictionSpeciesExtinct_size owl:subClassOf gci:Population_size
gci:cardinality_of SpeciesExtinct SpeciesExtinct owl:subClassOf gci:Population
gci:defined_by SpeciesExtinctionowl:disjointWith SpeciesIntroduced
Class Property ValueRestrictionNet_change_in_species owl:subClassOf gci:Population_size
addition_of Only(SpeciesIntroduced_sizeandSpeciesExtinct_size)
Class Property ValueRestrictionTotal_number_of_species owl:subClassOf gci:Population_size
gci:cardinality_of TaxonomicGroupPopulationTaxonomicGroupPopulation owl:subClassOf gci:Population
gci:defined_by Taxonomicgroup
7 Evaluation InthissectionweverifythattheEnvironmentIndicatorontologyanswersthecompetencyquestionslaidoutinsection2.Weusethedatafortheyear2013forthecityofTorontoinOntario,Canada.WechoosetheISO37120:8.1indicator,theindicatorforPM2.5concentration,asanexample.
Firstwedefineourexampleinstancesinthetablesbelow.ThefirsttabledefinestheinstancesthatprovidebackgroundinformationonthecityofToronto,whilethesecondtabledefinesinstancesofconceptsrelatedtothe8.1indicator.
Prefixesareasfollows:
• gn:http://sws.geonames.org/• sc:http://schema.org/• gci:http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/GCI/Foundation/GCI-Foundation.owl#
o Thefoundationontologydescribedinsection4• pol:http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/GCI/Environment/Pollution.owl#
o Thepollutionontologydefinedinsection5
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• sen:http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/GCI/Environment/Sensors.owl# o Thesensorsontologydefinedinsection5
• ssn:http://purl.oclc.org/NET/ssnx/ssno TheW3CSensorontology
• om:http://www.wurvoc.org/vocabularies/om-1.8/o Themeasurementontology
• gs:http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/govstat.owl#o Thegovstatontologydescribedinsection6
• iso:http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/ISO37120.owl#o URIsforeachISO37120indicator
• isoen:http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/GCI/ISO37120/Environment.owl#o TheISO37120environmentindicatorsdefinitionsdefinedinsection6
Instance Property Valuegn:6251999 rdfs:label Canada
rdfs:type gn:Featurerdfs:type sc:Country
gn:6093943 rdfs:label Ontariordfs:type gn:Featurerdfs:type sc:Province
gn:6167865 rdfs:label Torontordfs:type gn:Featurerdfs:type sc:City
Instance Property Value8.1_ex(instanceof8.4)
rdfs:type iso:8.1gci:numerator 8.1_ex_PM2.5_Total_Massgci:denominator 8.1_ex_PM2.5_Total_Volumefor_year 2013gci:for_city gn:6167865
8.1_ex_value(thevalueof8.1)
rdfs:type om:Measureom:numerical_value
8.42
om:unit_of_measure
gci:microgram_per_cubic_metre
8.1_ex_PM2.5_Total_Mass(numeratorof8.1)
rdfs:type isoen:PM2.5_Total_Massom:value 8.1_ex_PM2.5_Total_Mass_value
8.1_ex_PM2.5_Total_Mass_value
rdfs:type om:Measureom:numerical_valu 0.04945
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GlobalCityIndicatorEnvironmentOntology 42
(valueofnumeratorof8.1) eom:unit_of_measure
gci:microgram
8.1_ex_PM2.5_Mass_Readings(populationof8.1numerator)
rdfs:type isoen:PM2.5_Mass_Readingsgs:is_described_by 8.1_ex_PM2.5_Total_Mass_valuegs:is_composed_of 8.1_ex1_PM2.5_Mass,
8.1_ex2_PM2.5_Mass,8.1_ex3_PM2.5_Mass
8.1_ex1_PM2.5_Mass(observationof8.1numerator)
rdfs:type pol:PM2.5_Massom:value 8.1_ex1_PM2.5_Mass_value
databaseURI http://www.airqualityontario.com/history/
8.1_ex1_PM2.5_Mass_value(valueofobservationof8.1numerator)
rdfs:type om:Measureom:numerical_value
0.01542
om:unit_of_measure
gci:microgram
8.1_ex2_PM2.5_Mass
rdfs:type pol:PM2.5_Massom:value 8.1_ex2_PM2.5_Mass_value
databaseURI http://www.airqualityontario.com/history/
8.1_ex2_PM2.5_Mass_value
rdfs:type om:Measureom:numerical_value
0.01751
om:unit_of_measure
gci:microgram
8.1_ex3_PM2.5_Mass
rdfs:type pol:PM2.5_Massom:value 8.1_ex3_PM2.5_Mass_value
databaseURI http://www.airqualityontario.com/history/
8.1_ex3_PM2.5_Mass_value
rdfs:type om:Measureom:numerical_value
0.01652
om:unit_of_measure
gci:microgram
8.1_ex_PM2.5_Total_Volume(denominatorof8.1)
rdfs:type isoen:PM2.5_Total_Volumeom:value 8.1_ex_PM2.5_Total_Volume_value
8.1_ex_PM2.5_Total_Volume_value(valueofdenominatorof8.1)
rdfs:type om:Measureom:numerical_value
0.00587
om:unit_of_measure
gci:cubic_metre
8.1_ex_PM2.5_Volume_Reading rdfs:type isoen:PM2.5_Volume_Readings
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s(populationof8.1denominator)
gs:is_described_by 8.1_ex_PM2.5_Total_Volume_valuegs:is_composed_of 8.1_ex1_PM2.5_Volume,
8.1_ex2_PM2.5_Volume,8.1_ex3_PM2.5_Volume
8.1_ex1_PM2.5_Volume(observationof8.1denominator)
rdfs:type pol:PM2.5_Volumeom:value 8.1_ex1_PM2.5_Volume_valuedatabaseURI http://www.airqualityontario.com/his
tory/8.1_ex1_PM2.5_Volume_value(valueofobservationof8.1denominator)
rdfs:type om:Measureom:numerical_value
0.0021
om:unit_of_measure
gci:cubic_metre
8.1_ex2_PM2.5_Volume rdfs:type pol:PM2.5_Volumeom:value 8.1_ex2_PM2.5_Volume_value
databaseURI http://www.airqualityontario.com/history/
8.1_ex2_PM2.5_Volume_value
rdfs:type om:Measureom:numerical_value
0.00188
om:unit_of_measure
gci:cubic_metre
8.1_ex3_PM2.5_Volume rdfs:type pol:PM2.5_Volumeom:value 8.1_ex3_PM2.5_Volume_value
databaseURI http://www.airqualityontario.com/history/
8.1_ex3_PM2.5_Volume_value
rdfs:type om:Measureom:numerical_value
0.00189
om:unit_of_measure
gci:cubic_metre
8.1_ex1_PM2.5_Concentration rdfs:type pol:PM2.5_Concentrationgci:numerator 8.1_ex1_PM2.5_Massgci:denominator 8.1_ex1_PM2.5_Volumeom:value 8.1_ex1_PM2.5_Concentration_valuepol:temporal_average
pol:PM2.5_average
ssn:is_produced_by 8.1_ex1_PM2.5_Sensing_Devicegci:inDateTime 8.1_ex1_instantgci:haslocation 8.1_ex1_geocoordinates
databaseURI http://www.airqualityontario.com/history/
8.1_ex1_PM2.5_Concentration rdfs:type om:Measure
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_value om:numerical_value
7.34
om:unit_of_measure
gci:microgram_per_cubic_metre
8.1_ex1_PM2.5_Sensing_Device rdfs:type sen:PM2.5_Sensing_Devicegci:haslocation 8.1_ex1_geocoordinates
8.1_ex1_instant rdfs:type gci:instantgci:inXSDDateTime 2013-01-01T02:00:00
8.1_ex1_geocoordinates rdfs:type sc:Geocoordinatessc:address 184CollegeSt,Toronto,ONsc:postalCode M5S3E4
8.1_ex2_PM2.5_Concentration rdfs:type pol:PM2.5_Concentrationgci:numerator 8.1_ex2_PM2.5_Massgci:denominator 8.1_ex2_PM2.5_Volumeom:value 8.1_ex2_PM2.5_Concentration_valuepol:temporal_average
pol:PM2.5_average
ssn:is_produced_by 8.1_ex1_PM2.5_Sensing_Devicegci:inDateTime 8.1_ex2_instantgci:haslocation 8.1_ex2_geocoordinates
databaseURI http://www.airqualityontario.com/history/
8.1_ex2_PM2.5_Concentration_value
rdfs:type om:Measureom:numerical_value
9.31
om:unit_of_measure
gci:microgram_per_cubic_metre
8.1_ex2_instant rdfs:type gci:instantgci:inXSDDateTime 2013-01-02T02:00:00
8.1_ex2_geocoordinates rdfs:type sc:Geocoordinatessc:address 184CollegeSt,Toronto,ONsc:postalCode M5S3E4
8.1_ex3_PM2.5_Concentration rdfs:type pol:PM2.5_Concentrationgci:numerator 8.1_ex3_PM2.5_Massgci:denominator 8.1_ex3_PM2.5_Volumeom:value 8.1_ex3_PM2.5_Concentration_valuepol:temporal_average
pol:PM2.5_average
ssn:is_produced_by 8.1_ex3_PM2.5_Sensing_Devicegci:inDateTime 8.1_ex3_instantgci:haslocation 8.1_ex3_geocoordinates
databaseURI http://www.airqualityontario.com/history/
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8.1_ex3_PM2.5_Concentration_value
rdfs:type om:Measureom:numerical_value
8.74
om:unit_of_measure
gci:microgram_per_cubic_metre
8.1_ex3_PM2.5_Sensing_Device rdfs:type sen:PM2.5_Sensing_Devicegci:haslocation 8.1_ex3_geocoordinates
8.1_ex3_instant rdfs:type gci:instantgci:inXSDDateTime 2013-01-03T02:00:00
8.1_ex3_geocoordinates rdfs:type sc:Geocoordinatessc:address 900BaySt,Toronto,ONsc:postalCode M7A1C2
Next,weanswerthecompetencyquestionsforindicator8.1usingSPARQLqueriesasfollows.
1. WhatisthelocationofthesensorforsampleX?
SELECT?location?postalWHERE {?sc:Geocoordinatessc:address?location. ?sc:Geocoordinatessc:postalCode?postal. ?sen:PM2.5_Sensing_Devicegci:haslocation?sc:Geocoordinate. :8.1_ex1_PM2.5_Concentration?ssn:is_produced_by?sen:PM2.5_Sensing_Device} Answer:184CollegeSt,Toronto,ONM5S3E4
2. WhatisthereadingofsensorXattimeY?
SELECT?reading?unitWHERE{?om:Measureom:numerical_value?reading.
?om:Measureom:unit_of_measure?unit. ?pol:PM2.5_Concentrationom:value?om:Measure. ?pol:PM2.5_Concentrationssn:is_produced_by8.1_ex1_PM2.5_Sensing_Device. ?pol:PM2.5_Concentrationgci:inDateTimegci:instant. ?gci:instantgci:inXSDDateTime:2013-01-01T02:00:00} Answer:7.34microgram_per_cubic_metre
3. WhatisthemassofparticlesinsampleX?SELECT?mass?unitWHERE{?om:Measureom:numerical_value?mass.
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?om:Measureom:unit_of_measure?unit.?pol:PM2.5_Massom:value?om:Measure.:8.1_ex1_PM2.5_Concentrationgci:numerator?pol:PM2.5_Mass}Answer:0.01542microgram
4. WhatisthevolumeofairinsampleX?
SELECT?volume?unitWHERE{?om:Measureom:numerical_value?volume.
?om:Measureom:unit_of_measure?unit. ?pol:PM2.5_Volumeom:value?om:Measure. :8.1_ex1_PM2.5_Concentrationgci:denominator?pol:PM2.5_Volume} Answer:0.0021cubicmetre
5. HowmanysamplesweretakenatlocationXoverperiodY?
SELECT(COUNT?samplesAS?num)WHERE {?samplesapol:PM2.5_Concentration. ?pol:PM2.5_Concentrationgci:haslocationsc:Geocoordinates. ?sc:Geocoordinatessc:postalCode:M5S3E4. ?pol:PM2.5_Concentrationgci:inDateTimegci:instant. ?gci:instantgci:inXSDDateTime?dateTime. FILTER(?dateTime>="2013-01-01T00:00:00"^^xsd:dateTime&&
?dateTime<="2013-01-03T00:00:00"^^xsd:dateTime)} Answer:2
6. WhatistheaveragefineparticulatematterconcentrationoverperiodY?
SELECT(AVG(?concentration)AS?avg)WHERE{?om:Measureom:numerical_value?concentration.?pol:PM2.5_Concentrationom:value?om:Measure.
?pol:PM2.5_Concentrationgci:inDateTimegci:instant. ?gci:instantgci:inXSDDateTime?dateTime. FILTER(?dateTime>="2013-01-01T00:00:00"^^xsd:dateTime&&
?dateTime<="2013-01-04T00:00:00"^^xsd:dateTime)}Answer:8.42
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7. Whatisasamplecomposedof?
SELECT?observation?numericalvalue?unitWHERE{?observationapol:PM2.5_Mass.:8.1_ex_PM2.5_Mass_Readingsgs:is_composed_of?observation.?observationom:value?value.?valueom:numerical_value?numericalvalue.?valueom:unit_of_measure?unit}Answer:8.1_ex1_PM2.5_Mass0.01542microgram
8.1_ex2_PM2.5_Mass0.01751microgram 8.1_ex3_PM2.5_Mass0.01652microgram
8. Wherearethesamplesstored?SELECT?databaseWHERE{8.1_ex1_PM2.5_ConcentrationdatabaseURI?database}Answer:http://www.airqualityontario.com/history/
8 Conclusions ThisresearchdefinesanontologyfortherepresentationofISO37120Environmentalthemeindicatordefinitions.Todoso,wefirstdefinethreeontologiestorepresentallrelevantinformationrelatingtopollution,sensors,andspecies.Thisallowstheautomationoftheanalysisofacity’sperformance,asrepresentedbytheseindicators,inordertoidentifyrootcauseofdifferencesovertimeandbetweencities.
Insummary,thisresearchmakesthefollowingcontributions:
1. Definesapollutionontology,asensorontology,andaspeciesontology.2. RepresentseachISO37120environmentalindicatordefinitionusingtheGCIFoundation
ontologyandthethreeabovementionedontologies.3. EnablesthepublishingoftheISO37120environmentalthemeindicatordefinitionsusing
SemanticWebstandards.
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9 Acknowledgements ThisresearchwassupportedinpartbytheNaturalScienceandEngineeringResearchCouncilofCanada.
10 References ISO37120,(2014),“ISO37120:SustainableDevelopmentofCommunities–IndicatorsforCityServicesandQualityofLife”,InternationalOrganizationforStandardization,FirstEdition,2014-05-15,ISO37120:2014(E).
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Fadel,F.G.,(1994),"AResourceOntologyforEnterpriseModelling",M.A.Sc.Thesis,EnterpriseIntegrationLaboratory,UniversityofToronto.
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Fox,M.S.,(2013),“AFoundationOntologyforGlobalCityIndicators”,WorkingPaper,EnterpriseIntegrationLaboratory,UniversityofToronto.http://eil.utoronto.ca/smartcities/papers/GCI-Foundation-Ontology.pdf
Fox,M.S.,(2014),“AnEducationOntologyforGlobalCityIndicators(ISO37120)”,WorkingPaper,EnterpriseIntegrationLab,UniversityofToronto,http://eil.utoronto.ca/wpcontent/uploads/smartcities/papers/GCI-Education.pdf.
Fox,M.S.,(2015),“PolisnosisProject:OntologiesForCityIndicators”,MechanicalandIndustrialEngineeringDepartment,UniversityOfToronto,http://eil.utoronto.ca/smartcities/papers/PolisGnosis-11mar2015.pdf
Fox,M.S.,andPettit,C.J.,(2015)“OntheCompletenessofOpenCityDataforMeasuringCityIndicators”,ProceedingsoftheIEEEConferenceonSmartCities,GuadalajaraMexico.
Fox,M.S.,andHuang,J.,(2005),“KnowledgeProvenanceinEnterpriseInformation”,InternationalJournalofProductionResearch,Vol.43,No.20.,pp.4471-4492.,http://www.eil.utoronto.ca/km/papers/fox-ijpr05.pdf.
Grüninger,M.,andFox,M.S.,(1995),“MethodologyfortheDesignandEvaluationofOntologies.”ProceedingsoftheWorkshoponBasicOntologicalIssuesinKnowledgeSharing,IJCAI-95,Montreal,Canada.
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Hitzler,P.,etal.,(2012),“OWL2WebOntologyLanguagePrimer(2ndEdition)”,http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-primer.
Hobbs,J.R.,andPan,F.,(2006),“TimeOntologyinOWL”,http://www.w3.org/TR/owltime/.
Horridge,M.,andPatel-Schneider,P.F.,(2013),“OWL2WebOntologyLanguageManchesterSyntax(2ndEdition),W3CWorkingGroupNote11December2012,http://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-manchester-syntax/.
Huang,J.,andFox,M.S,(2006),"AnOntologyofTrust–FormalSemanticsandTransitivity,"ProceedingsoftheInternationalConferenceonElectronicCommerce,pp.259-270.http://www.eil.utoronto.ca/km/papers/huang-ec06.pdf
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11 Appendix TheGlobalCityIndicatorFoundationontologycanbefoundin:http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/GCI/Foundation/GCI-Foundation.owl.
TheGlobalCityIndicatorEnvironmentontologycanbefoundin:http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/GCI/Environment/GCI-Environment.owl.
URIsforalloftheISO37120indicatorscanbefoundin:http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/ISO37120.owl.
DefinitionsoftheISO37120Environmentindicators,usingtheGCIFoundationandEnvironmentontologiescanbefoundin:http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/GCI/ISO37120/Environment.owl.
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GlobalCityIndicatorEnvironmentOntology 50
RepresentationoftheCityofToronto2013ISO37120Environmentvaluescanbefoundin:http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/ISO37120/Toronto/2013/ISO37120_8_2013_TO.owl