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You can search through the full text of this book on the webat http://books.google.com/1Standard Gennan -Works. mm w (toUege FROM Mrs.. Wln . C .. Lane. __ .... 3_ .......... & ....... "'_ .... -.. ...... -----# - .... ---- ----.... -.. ----. 164 pages, . 90 CEhl8chlager'. Pronouncing GerInan Header. To which is added" Method of Learning to Read and understand the German without a Teacher. 12mo. 2M pages, 1 25 Igilz 10 Coogle Standard. SpaDish W-orks. Onendo"". Ne_ lftedlot of' Learnlnc to :Bead. Write, and Speak the German Language. By G_. J. ADLU, . .A.M. l2mo. 610 pages, 1 16 KEY TO J:XEBCISES. Separatl volnme, Few boob bave maintained tllelr popularity In the lIChools for SO loDg a period 81 the Ollendorlr serite. 'Flie verdict prononneed In their favor, on their lIrat appearanee iDEorope, baa been lIgnaIly conftnned InAmerlCL GI'aIIlDlIln f'or Teaehllllr Englbla to Gel'llllUUo Ollendorlr'8 New Method f. Germane to Learn to Bead, Write. and Speak the EugIIah Iaguage. Arranged and adapted to 8chooll and Prlvate.A.cadlm1ee. By P. G.ume. 121110. 699 pages, 116 KEY TO THE EXERCISES. Separate volnme, PolJlflo& Bea.cler. /I vola. l2m0. CcmaIaUng of a SerIes of EngllBh atrecta, translated Into French, German, . SpanIBh and Italian _pettively. The seVeral volnmea designed .. mutnal Ke18 to each. PrIce per volnme, 1 \!II Spanish Text-Books. Alan'. Spanl.1a Being a New, and Eur Method of the SpanIBh Language; after the STI' tem of A. F. AD, Doctor of Phfioaophy, and Proteaaor at the College of N81l8II. Flat AmerIcan EdItion, reviled and enlarged. 121110. 1411 pages, 16 KEY TO THE EXEROlBES. Separate volnme, 16 Spanbh"eaeher and (lonoqalal PbraM-Book. An Eaay anC Agreeable Method of AeqnIrIDg a SpeeklDg Knowledge 9f the IfIlanIah Language. 18m0. 298 pagea, _ 60 De Vere'. of' the Spanbla LIlJlC1IIlP. With a Hfatory of the Language and PlllCtleaI ExereIHs. 121110. IITS pagel, 1 00 1II0ral_ ProgJIMIIlve Spanbh Reader. With an Analytical Study of the Spllllleh Language. By AsV8T[X JOaK MOB.u.D, A.M., H.M., Professor of the Spanish Language and IJterature In New York Free Academy_ 121110. 1 00 8BB nn O. TBU VOLlIJIlI. DigitIZed by Coogle. J Dlgit,.ed by Coogle DigitIZed by Coogle DigitIZed by Coogle I . / , ,'"r" // .' " AN ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR 01' TDB ITALIAN LANGUAGE PROGRESSIVELY ARRANGED lrOB ~ J I . VI. Olr S'CHOOLS AND COLLEGES. BY G. B. FONTANA NEW YORK: D. APPLETON 4; CO., 448 & 44-1S BROADWAY. 1864. Digitl&ed by Coogle fuu',T lIIItencl ..... kI .&Ill II eaa.r-, III tile ,..... 1811, _ G. B. I'OKT.A.K.A., la tile Oledr. .. Ollloe II tile DIIIrIa& Ooan II tile DIIIrIa& II M=_" 1111 DigitIZed by Coogle PREFACE. THE study of languages offers to a discriminating observer not only a collection of words and idioms, but the knowledge of customs, tastes, and national pe'culiarities. It is true that there are general prin-ciples which may be applied in common to all lan-guages,-the system of ideas h8.ving everywhere the same foundation, - but these are, in their appli-cation, subjected to conditions peculiar to each peo-ple. The formation of words; the construction of p ~ e s , and the modulation of sounds, are but the results of the national charaoter pervading the minutest details of a language. The Italian language, like all others, has national characteristics. The strength of its' metaphors, the conciseness 'Of its phrases, its flexible adaptability to thought, its sonorous terminations, expressive articu-lation, and musical prosody, are the living monu-ments of a people eminently artistic, and endowed with a high organic sensibility. Their early oppo-sition to foreign despotism, and triumph over bar-barism during the political struggles of forty Italian DigitIZed by Coogle r . ~ ' ' ' ) ., ~ : ' . IV PREFACE. republics, created an elegant, energetic, and express-ive language, possessing an innate nobleness and beauty. A logical and philosophical method is therefore necessary to impart the Italian language, as well as intelligence, memory, and a musical ear, on the part of the learner. The latter attainments are often to be found, but there is no Italian grammar within my knowledge which combines all the requisites of a clear and concise treatise; some aiming to teach the classical tongue of the thirteenth century, others to give the mechanical translation of words and phrases, without rules and precepts. The object of this work is to present the elements of theianguage as it is spoken to-day, in its simplest garb, both theoretically and practically. The grammar is divided into two parts, embracing sixty lessons and sixty exercises. The first part is exclusively given to rules indispensable to a general idea of the language; the second is framed for those who are desirous of having an insight into its theory, and consists of synonyms, maxims, idioms, and figurative expressions. The student will thus be enabled to observe the distinctive features of the two languages: the strength and gravity of the English - man, in his foll vigor; ~ softness and elegance of the Italian - woman, in her pArfect beauty. G.B.F. DigitIZed by Coogle INTRODUCTION. To begin a course of lessons in Italian with the arti-cle, and, after having stated that il is used for the mas-cnline gender, and la for the feminine, to caU upon the pupil for an exercise, is not at aU logical. The pupil must first know that libro, a book, is of the masculine gender, because ending in 0, and taoola, a table, of the feminine gender, because ending in a; and then he can properly apply the article, and say illibro, la taoola. The method adopted in this grammar consists in not introducing any part of speech, except a few cODJlecting words, without having first given its appropriate rule. The first lesson is therefore exclusively given to gen-ders of nouns. As the pupil knows nothing but the genders, he can write no exercise; hence, no exercise is attached to the first lesson. In the second lesson the pupil finds the article, the personal pronouns, and the auxiliary verb to M'U6. These, together with his previous knowledge of the gender of nouns, give him material enough to write a sea-tencej consequently, he is furnished with an exercise. The third lesson embraces the plural of nouns: not aU the rules for the formation of the plural, but simply those necessary to one commencing the language. The remaining rules are introduced after things more import-ant and useful to a beginner have been considered. DigitIZed by Coogle p VI lftBODlJOTION. Progressing thus gradually and methodically, the pupil becomes familiar with the language in a short time, and much effort. The irregular verbs, which in other grammars occupy ,one third, and sometimes half of book, have been simplified and reduced to rules, which are given in a single lesson. ' The indefinite pronouns have been placed in three classes: those used for persons, those for things, and those for persons and things. In Italian dictionaries some English words are found with two or more corresponding Italian words, which would naturally lead the pupil to use indiscriminately the one or the other i yet no two words have, in Italian, precisely the same import. The directions for the proper use of these synonyms have been given, in the course of the lessons, under the head bearing that caption. No definitions have been given for, the various parts of speech, as it is presumed that no one studies the grammar of a foreign language without first knowing that of his own. Several rules common to both languages have not been noticed, to avoid complicating the work. In such cases the pupil can follow the precepts of his own language. Particular pains has been taken to finish the lessons in pages, so that the vocabulary is always found on the same page as the exercise. DigitIZed by Coogle I1I1TBODUOTION. m In the arrangement of the vocabularies, the English, and not the Italian words, are placed alphabetically; for, knowing the Italian word, the pupil has no need of looking it out. The exercises contain words and expressions in com-mon use on topics which constitute daily familiar con-versation. The .forty exercises of the first part are pre-ceded by their corresponding vocabulary, so that the pupil can proceed in his study without the aid of a dic-tionary. But if he feels the need of a dictionary, he should procure a good one. Pocket dictionaries' are only useful to travellers. When the pupil has acquired a sufticient knowledge of the language to allow him to pass to the second part, he is left free, in applying the rules previously learned, to select those expressions which he thinks mast fit to convey the English idea. Oonsequently, no vocabulary is attached to the lessons. The exercises of the second part are more difticult than the preceding ones. Some of them contain extracts from celebrated poems, translated into plain prose, so that the pupil may compare his Italian translation with the original, which has been inserted for that purpose at the end of the book. Others are biographical sketches of the most prominent among the Italian writers i by which means the pupil, whilst acquiring the language, may become familiar with the life and works of some of the classic Italia.n authors, such as Manzoni, Alfieri, Tasso, Petrarch, and the father of the Italian language and literature, Dante Alighieri. DigitIZed by Coogle , DigitIZed by Coogle ITALIAN GRAMMAR. PRONUNCIATION. THE pronunciation of a spoken language can only be acquired perfectly from the voice of a native. An attempt to represent the sounds of one language by the written approximate sounds of another, would fail to give a perfect idea of its peculiarities. It would, therefore, be impossible to give rules and exoeptions for the various shades and almost imper-ceptible gradations of some of the Italian sounds. But, as a native Italian teacher is not always to be procured by those desirous of acquiring a knowl-edge of the language, a few general remarks are here given on some of the letters whose pronuncia-tion differs essentially from the English. There are but twenty-one letters in Italian, viz. : A., B, 0; D, E, F, G, H, I, L, lI, N, ... bI.. chi. ell. .. er, st. Ihk'bb, '. eI, -. .... ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0, pl. GOO, Qrl'. ... tI. 00, vi. 4sI&a. g- Wand 11 do not beloDg to the Italian alphabet, nor haTe they &D'1 oorrespondiDg IOUDd In the laugaage. The k and tie are II1lpplied 111 cA, ~ , or ,; .. , Keel, cAigliG; euep&, ecc.; expreIII, 'lpr_. The letter j Is almoIt en&irelyl'flieotAld by modern writerB, and is repre-IIIlfled by , at the beginning or in the middle of WOrdB, or by ii at the ad ; .. , Wri, Giato, principii, notjm,lIjato, priMipJ. DigitIZed by Coogle PBOlIUNCIA.TIOlf. VOWEIB. The vowels are pronounced 88 follows: .A. like the a in father; as,fame, pane. E like the e in met; 88, penna, metto, except at the close of a syllable, when it is somewhat more prolonged and open; 88, pena, 11e1UJ.* The usual way of teaching that the Italian e has, beside the close sound of the e in met, an open sound corresponding to that of the a infaJe, h88 led pupils, particularly in. singing, to mispronounce this vowel, giving to it the closing sound of the i. This is an error which should be care-fully avoided. Prolong the e 88 much 88 you like, . but always give the same sound from the beginning to the end. Say pe-e-e-e-nt, but never pe-e-e-i-ne. I like the ee in feet; 88, fine, 'Vino. 0, as pronounced in English, has a terminal sound of the Italian u; thus, no is really pronounced in English fW-U; or, expressed in English sounds, fWoOO. The Italian 0 is pronounced precisely like the first part of the English 0, without the terminal sound of u. Pronounce roU, and stop on the middle of the word, and it is precisely the Italian 0.* IT When 0 is preceded by i or .. it is alightly JD01'e prolonged and open. but has never the oloeing IIOUDd of the " ; as.jitw c:uor ,now. U like the 00 in root; as, fune, rupe. CONSONANTS. o or 9 followed by a, 0, or u, are pronounced 88 in English; but, when i>llowed by e or i, c has the *.or "orela w\&h a doable -..bIg. "hoIe nIIl ........ _ IlIdeD1U1ed bJ the pronamI'UoD of l1li1 -mreI, -11M, lI3I. DigitIZed by Coogle PBON'DNOLU'IOll. 3 sound of cA in: cMrry i as, omc&, cMna, and g the sound of g in gem i as, gemma, giro. g- The hard II01lJ1d of CG, co, ctI, anel fIG, flO, IfII, beoom.1Oft b1 the iDation of an i j .. the 10ft II01lJ1d of c., ci, and get gil beao_ hard 117 the iDIertioD of all A. Thus. thl1 an The hard IOIIDd b1 CG, cAe, cli, co, ctI; fIG,gAe, IJIri, flO,,,, The 10ft II01lJ1d 117 cia, c., rio N, cit; gia, get gi,p, git. On always fol'lDB one syllable, in Italian, and has the sound of ni in poniard i as, ignaro, Signore. Gl is pronounced as in English except before I, when it has the sound of 11 in brilliant i as, figlio. goo Oli h .. the EniliBh IOWld in mgligefillG, AfI{Ilia, AfllIlicGrIO. H has no sound in Italian; it is only used, 1. To harden the soft sound of c and g. 2. To prolong the sound of the inteljections; as, aA I aAime I 3. As a mark of distinction in the present of the verb avere, to have. D and t have the English sound, with the differ-ence that in Italian they have a softened character, while in English they both are strongly and mark-edly associated with a somewhat explosive force. Tt or dd have the sound of single English" or do R has the same sound as in English, but at the end of a syllable it is always heard as a distinct letter, being aspirated with a slight snap of the end of the tongue. The two words darao and dado can never be. mistaken in ..their pronunciation, as is the case in Ep.glish with the and JatMtr, because, while in. English the r is often pronounced without a ringing close, in Italian it receives its full sound, distinctly showing its prese.ce. S, at the beginning of words, has the hissing Bound as in English; as, Bano, Beno, sino, BOno, BUao DigitIZed by Coogle PBOIroNCU,TIOlJ B between two vowels, or followed by h, a, f', or 11, is pronounced with a soft sound, somewhat like II; as,base, IF 8 retaiDa the abarp. billling IOUDd. 1. In ClODlpound words whOll8 primiti ... e Is word commencing with '; &I. ri-lafto. 2. In words with the pronoun .i afIlxed to them; &I. dtcHi. credwi. 8. In adjectives ending in 010. 014. 0Ii. Ole; &I. glori030. glorioatJ. Be followed by e and i, like Bit i as, 8ceNffo, 8cismc6. Z, like az in all words which have I in the English word; as, ZOM, zone; galletta, gazette. It is pronounced like til when preceded by l or f', or followed by two vowels, and in nouns ending in ZIIO, or in verbs whose infinitives end in zzare i as, calza, lorza, aziime, ragazzo, spazza. It has nearly the sO'Ulld of 8 in all words ending in anza, enza i as, speranza, penitenza. Single consonants are generally pronounced soft; as, lato, COIrO, pena. Double consonants are pronounced in one sound, but stronger and more marked than when single, by dwelling on the preceding vowel, and pronouncing it with an accent; thus, latta, carro, penM, though forming their syllables lat-to, car-ro, pen-M, should be pronounced as if written Id-tto, cd-rro, pe.nM. DIPHTHONGS. Diphthongs are short and long; in each of them the vowels must be distinctly heard, with the ence that in the long diphthong each vowel is dis-tinctly articulated, as if making a syllable for itself; as, E-u-ro-pa i in the short diphthong both vowels are pronounced unitedly and quiokly; as, guancia. DigitIZed by Coogle ACCENT. ACCENT, in its common acceptation, is but a sign placed over syllables to show that they must be uttered more forcibly than the others. The Italians have but one accent, the grave ('), which is gene-rally used to mark the distinction between words otherwise written alike: as, amo, I love; amd, he loved; and also in words which in their origin were written with an additional syllable; as, bonta, tJirlu, instead of bcmtate, tJirlu.te. This accent is limited to vowels at the end of a few words; yet every word has, in Italian, its unwritten accent, because every word has a vowel on which the voice must chiefly dwell. This inflection of the voice, this rhythmic accent, being the most marked and the most varied in Italian, is, of course, the most difficult to be acquired by foreigners who are not in immediate correspondence with natives, because harmony can-not be expressed by written words, and yet har-mony is to a language what color is to a picture. It is true that the vowels have, in Italian, an expressive significance: that the open sound of the . a and 0 naturally expresses strength and gravity; the meagre sout;ld of the e and " meekness and feebleness.; the obtuse sound of the ", something sad and disagreeable; and that these vowels, prop-erly modified by the sounds of corresponding con-sonants, make the language eminently expressive, DigitIZed by Coogle 8 A.COD't. and 10 ftWble as to give to the worda a diatinctiV8 character, and eltablish an immediate analogy between the 10und. and the ideas; but thia power of expression, as in the words rimOOmbare, ululare, . ,-u,gire, luZmilM, could not be brought to its height without the necesBary proportion of measure in the modulation of articulated sounds. The rhythmic accent should be considered under two different aspects: 1, as a means to give lignifi. cance to a word; 2, as a meana to give harmony to a word. Take, for example, the word ~ , and pronounce it, giving to each syllable the same qwm-tity, and you find that the word has neither meaning nor harmony; pronounce it as if with an accent on the first vowel, raise the voice on the first syllable, and dwell upon it during the time occupied by the other two (oo-,pHo), and you have given to the word a pleasant modulation, and the meaning of I amw. Change now the accent from the first to the second syllable, give to it the quantity of the first and third (cap-i-to), and you have changed, not only the harmony, but also the meaning of the word, which is now under8tood. Then pronounce the last vowel as if it were accented, give to the last syllable the quantity of the two others (ca-pi-tO), and you have given to the word a new harmony and a new mean ing; viz., He arrived. To the above example another may be added, in the w o r d ~ . Pronounce it with the accent on the second a, as ca.;pWd-no, and you have expressed the word captain. Pronounce it with the accent on the first a, as o o ~ , and you have changed the meaning of the word into they am". DigitIZed by Coogle AOCBl!l'1'. ., From these practical illustrations, it may be seen that the purity of pronUDciation, in Italian, is based on the principle of giving to the accented syllable a certain pause, ocoupying in utterance nearly the sam.e length of time as that given to the others together, as if the meaning of the word were contained in that single syllable. This is obtained by dwelling on the accented vowel without much prolonging it, and emitting the others rapidly and less foroibly. The accented vowel must, therefore, receive more or less quantity, according to the number of sylla-bles oontained in the word. Thus, the syllable cd is properly shorter in cd1Mo than in ~ , because in the former there are but two follow-ing vowels, while in the latter cd is more pro-longed, because followed by three syllables, which must be pronoUDced in the same length of time as the first. Monosyllables and dissyllables cause no embarrass-ment. Polysyllables are divided into four classes: 1. Parole troncke (trunoated words), ending with acoented vowels; as, sckiatJitu, Uberld. 2. Parolepiane (smooth words), with the rhythmio accent on the penultimate. This olass is the most numerous in the language, comprising all the infin-itives ending in are and ire, and the first, second, and third persons singular, and the first and second plural of the past and imperfect tenses of aH verbs ; as, perdorw, cantare, partire, camava, cantai. S. Parole 8d'r'UCCiole (sliding words), with the rhythmic accent on the antepeuultimate, comprising the third person plural of the past and imperfect of all verbs; as, folgore, amavatW, perdeUero DigitIZed by Coogle 8 ACCDT. 4. Pf1IIVil6 biBdrucciole (lQore sliding words), with the accent on the last syllable but three; as, dite-melo, ordinano. The predominance of words belonging to each of these classes, according to the ideas the writer wishes to convey, gives to. the expressions a flowing smoothness, or a solemn gravity. The two following stanzas from TaB80 are given with the object of exemplifying the different influ-ences produced by their rhythmic construction. . Teneri sdegni e placide e tranquille Repulse e cari vezzi e liete paci, Sorrisi, parolette e dolci stille Di pianto, e II08pir tronohi e molli baci ; Fuse ta.i COIle tutte, e poecia unille, Ed al Cuoco tempro di lente faci, E ne formb quel si mirabil cinto Di ch'ella aveva il bel fianco mcointo. Genu lilJ., amto 16, S-, 25. Chiama gli abitator delle ombre eterne n rauco non della tartare&. tromba ; Treman Ie spaziose atre caverne, E l'aer cieco a quel rumor rimbomba. Ne stridendo giammai dalle superne Regioni del cielo il folgor piomba ; Ne Hi IICOI!8a giammai trema 1& terra Quando i vapori in sen gravida Berra. G/Jf'UI lib., canto 4, SlIG, 3. The number of the vowels e and i, and the liquid sound of the l, make the first stanza smooth and flowing. The predominance of the a, 0, and r, makes the second stanza powerful and terrible. The first stanza represents the girdle of a beautiful maid; the second, the effect of the Bound of a trumpet to call the demons to council. DigitIZed by Coogle READING EXERCISE. LA ITlLIA. QUAL bani terra che il s6le illmnini con Idce pit& serena 0 cbe risc&ldi con pih d61ce I DcSve un pm vivido, un pih pliro, un pih spirabil &ere Hi esp&n.de r DcSve s6rgono ruine pih f8mcSse e pita atte a congidn-gere, ad ornare, a rinforzare la presente bell'zza colle im&gini della passata potenza, di un' antica maesta,' di un Umpo glori6so invano dai p6steri ai 16ro padri inn-diato r A. quaI parte del m6ndo fu conceddta una mag-gi6r OOpia d'ingegni, ed a questi una maggi6r attitddine a1 ragionare prof6ndo e a1 delicato. sentire r D6ve si parla una lingua che Bfa pih ricca di chi&re pareSle e di m6di e1ettissimi, e che sfa, c6me la n6stra 10 e mirabil-mente, id6nea ad espnmere i pih subHmi pensieri e gli atretti pin teneri, arrendevole a ad 6gni deside-rio, ad 6gni bis6gno, ad cSgni volonta, dOOile a trasOOr-rere per una sc&la d'infinlti gradi, dalle armon1e pih tenui alle pih gravi e soMnni, dai pih' d61ci su6ni ai pita conciUti e veem'nti, dnico vincolo che tuttavia. con-gidnge Ie n6stre membra divise, Ultima reHquia di una fratell&nza temdta e spenta r QuaI m&i ham terra, DigitIZed by Coogle 10 come la IUlica, bagn8.ta da due man, incoronata dalle Alpi, irripta da mfile fonti, frequente eli citta magn{-fiche e di amenissime v1lle, ora sUsa in verdi, feconde, imlnense pian1ire, ora sorgente in c6lli ridenti per ogni vagMzza, ora eretta in caUne eli monti, ehe nel loro isUsso selftggio orrore mostrano. infinite belIezze, e neUe foreste sterminate, e nei gioghi variamente diru-pati ed aggruppati, e nelle v&lli fortunate, e nelle acque, o scorrenti in rlvi fresehi e molli, 0 romoreggianti nei torrenti,o percateratte balz8nti, od inlUnpidi l&ghi ehidse e riposate 1 0 ltali&ni, prostr&tevi, venerate questa sacra Urra che vide s6pra se c6rrere tanti nemici, tanti stranieri, tante emde1i fazicSni, e tante guerra combat-tersi, e tanti incendi, tante morti, tanti tradimenti, tante rapine eommettersi, e pur sempre rimase bella, vagheg-pta, desiderata t Ma baciando questa c1&ssica Una, cercate in essa con Ie vestigia che i v6stri maggiori v' impressero, e segditele. SF" The AIllowiDg words should be canfu1JT p1"OJlO1IJUleC and c0m.-mitted to memory. Ug17 Brutto. Not . No. WbJ Clai. Poor. PHeTO. HoUle Cua. POII8ible Poui6ile. So. . Coil or d. Looldng-glaaa. Speccldo. Siater-ia-law Cognata. &me SU.IO. Brother-in-law. OGgfUJlo. Dear Oaf'O. Easy. PacUe. TolplDd Pu.aTe. Handkorohief Fauoletto. Nut. J7m1uTO. Wide. La"fIO As. . Poiclal. Huband MarUo. Good morning Btulft gioNIo. DigitIZed by Coogle ~ PARTS OF SPEECH. ~ LEBBOll' :t. NOUNS. 1. NoUNS, in Italian, have two Genders,-the :Masculine and the Feminine. 2. Nouns ending in a are feminine; as, Doona, woman; penna, pen. Ex0l!:P1'10lll. 1. Proper DIoIHI. and n01lll8 u.preaai.ng rank. title8, and prot.. IIloDa of men; as Petrarca. Petrarch; Papa. Pope; Duea, Duke ; Profeta, Prophet. 2. N01lll8 ending in..,. deri:,ed from the Greek; u, Oli.a, cli-mate ; idio_. idiom; poems. poem. N: B. - See list of mascaline n01lll8 ending in a. page 228. 3. Nouns ending in 0 are masculine; as, Uomo, man; o1JJero, tree. ExOl!:P1'1Ol'I8. . 1. Pr.opern&mell of1fOJDen; as, SqJfo. Sappho ; OaliplO, CaJnIeo ; A"tID. AIeoto. 2. The words .co, echo. and mano. hand. S. N01lII8 abbreviated in poetry; u. Dido, Dido. inatead of Didoae; imago, image. iDatead ofimagi1Ul. 4. Nouns ending in 6 are either masculine or feminine. Nouns appropriate to women, and those ending in ie, tone, dine, and gine, are generally DigitIZed by Coogle 12 NOUNS. feminine; as, Nutrice, nurse; IfUperjicie, surface; leJione, lesson; Cl'lW'Udine, anvil; origine, origin; colaaione, brea.kfa.st. 5. N OUnB ending in me, re, ente, are masculine. ExmIPr!olll.-FllmI, hunger; IJItme, hope; ,eMr" teftl'; col-"'e, coverlet; pol""", dust; 'Cflre, axe; torre, tower; ".", pe0-ple; mente. mind; aorgcflle. spring; correflle, current. . OllSDV.A.TION. - Pupill acquafnted with Latin or French will8nd no di1Iioulty in aacerta.ining the gender ot n01lllll ending in e. ThOll which come 1IJlCler no given rule will be tound in the eDmplel ot the illlowing leeaou, with the article prelixed. 6. Nouns ending in i are feminine. ExCBPlIOllB. - Bllr6agianni, owl; eccliari, eclipae; pari, peer; 6rindisi, tout; Tllmigi, Thames ; eli, day, with its oompoundL 7. Nouns ending in 11 are feminine. ExmIPr!Olll. - (Jeri, J'e8\18; Perfi, Peru; raga, ragout. OllSDVAflON.-NolUI8 ending in a and tl retain their teminine gender when to these terminations are added d, in prose, Qd te in verse; e. g., Bonta, virtil, are always or the teminine gender, eva whell written 6ontate, virtute, or 6ontlJtle, virtude. N. B. - No nolUl8 in the Italian language end in unaccented u. Pupile should commit to memory the ilUowing n01lllll, and aaoer-tain their gender by the above rules. VOCABULARY. Axe Scare. G1aea (drinking) Bicc1&ier,. Braee . Bllm,. Heart euor,. Butter . Barro. Knife ... . . ColteUo. Candlestick Cantleli,r,. Oil . . ... Olio Chair Sedill. Spoon Cu.cc1&iaio. Cheese CIICio. Sugar Zvcc1&ero. Coat . . . ./l6ito Table Tllt/ola. Fever : . Fe66re. Vinegar ./lceto. Flower Fiore. Water ./lcqva. Fork . . . lIbrc1&etta. Wine Pino. DigitIZed by Coogle DEFDllTE ARTICLE. 18 LEBBOK II. THE ARTICLE. 8. THEBE are in Italian, as in English, two Ani cles,-the Definite and the IIidefinite. OF THE DEFINITE ARTICLE. 9. The definite article, which in English is em ployed only to limit the noun, has, in Italian, two uses :-1, It limits the noun; and, 2, It shows the gender and number of the noun. 10. The article is expressed in Italian by il, la, and lao 11. n is placed before nouns of the masculine gender beginning with any consonant except I or B impure, i. e., B followed by a consonant; as, n libro, the book; il vino, the wine; il Bole, the salt. . 12. Lo is used before masculine nouns beginning with I, 8 impure, or a vowel, in which latter case it drops the 0 and takes an apostrophe; as, Lo IW, the unQle; la spirito, the spirit; l'amioo, the friend. 13. La, is used before feminine nouns; as, La, tpada, the sword; la carla, the paper. OBSEaVA.nOJl. -This feminine tbrm loses the IJ and takes an apo trophe when the noun begins with a TOwel; as, L'IJlaimlJ,Z',rblJ. N. B.-The TOWel is retained betbre names of countries and kiDJ-dome; as, LIJ AmericIJ, lIJ .llIJZiIJ. DigitIZed by Coogle DDDlITB AB'l'ICLB. PBBSOIUL PRONOUNS. 10 L 2'W no.. B,li. . Be. Ell She. .. Be or It. .. .NW We. Yoi You. B,lillO. Thef." BU.,.". Thef./. Baal ... The1' Al7XILIARY VBBB .6. VBRB. ro BA. VB. . PBamft' Ho I haft. I 1lIIi Thou bait. I H Uehu. .6.66ialo. Wehaft. .6.... Y OIl haft. HllltllO The1' haft. N. B. - Let the pupU here oommlt to III8IIUII7 the 00D,j1Iptl0D. of the entire "erb. (Bee page 197.) 14. In an affirmative sentence the verb follows its subject, and must agree with it; as, 10 ho, I have; vol amete, you have; erili am, he shall have. 15. To form a negative sentence, f'Um is placed before the verb; as, 10 f'Um ho, I have not; vol non at1ete, you have not; egZi f'Um am, he shall not have. - . 16. To form an interrogative sentence, the sub-ject, whether a noun or a pronoun, must be placed after the verb; as, Eo loP Have I?-.Ame wi P Have you ?-.Avrd egZi P Shall he have? 17. An interrogative negative sentence is formed by placing non before the verb, and the subject after it; as, Non ho lo P Have I not? -Non awls wiP Have you not?-Nonavrd egliP Shall he not have? DigitIZed by Coogle DliII'IlUTB ARTIOLE. 16 VOCABULARY. And . E.- Odloua Odioto. Bread PGne. Or O. But . JIl .. PuaioIl Paricme. Co&e CqffI. PeDblte . 2ftIperino. RODor 0-. ::tr. ... Pipe. Madam 8igrwr .. t 8ale. Milk . . La.I;W. Soldier . . 801dGto Mill .. 8igftori_ Star .... 8IdltJ. Mr. or Sir 8igMre. TM. . ... Tf. No. .. NO. Yea ... Sf. If ftIIIon4 ." II 'fW8I, .I:L BLUIPLBS. H .... e you the tea ! No, Bir, I have not the tea. Has he the milk ! He haa the milk and the oo1IiIe. He baa DOt the pepper. H.ve you the aa.lt! No, Bir, I have not the salt. H .... e you not the bI1It f Yea, Bir, I haft the 1miiII. 10 AD ilJlt'ne. ... "'" woi il 'I , No. Sigrwre, io film lao U ta. H. egli U Ia& , . Egli laG ill.". l il cqTi. Eoli flO" laG U pepe. ... "',. fIOi U 1., No, 8igrwre, io _ AD U ,IJI, No" ."'" tIOi il coltello' 8l, Sigrwre, io AD U coUelIo. EXERCISE I. Have you the bread'll have the bread. Have you Dot the butter? No, air; I have Dot the butter. Has he the cheese? He baa Dot the cheese. Have you Dot the water? YeB, air; we have the water. Have they Dot the.wintI? No, Bir; they have Dot the wine. Hast thou Dot the tea? I have Dot the tea. Have you the oofree? No, Bir; I have Dot the 006ee; they have the ooft'ee. Have they the lugar? They have not the sugar. Have you Dot the milk? I h.ve not the milk. Has he the pepper? He has the pepper and the salt. Has he Dot the vin-egar? No, he baa not the vinegar; we have the vinegar. Have I the spoon? No, Bir ; you have not the spoon. Have you not the knife? YeB, Bir; we have the knife and the tOrk. Have they the water or the w i n ~ 'I They have the water and the wine. DigitIZed by Coogle 16 1'0BJUTIOll OF 'IJIB PL11BAL. LlIBBOlf III. FORMATION OF THE PLURAL. PLURAL OF NOUNS. 18. MAscuLINE NOUNS form their plural by chang-ing the final vowel of the singular into, i 88, Pf1tlIG Pope. I Papi...... PopeL VitlO WiDe. Yi,,'. . . . W"'m .. Sal. Br.lt. Sali &lta. 19. Feminine nouns ending in a form ~ e i r plu-ral by changing the a into e i 88, Dota.. . . . . . WomaD. I Donu..... Womea. P'A. Pen. PI"U PeIiL 20. Feminine nouns ending in 0 and 6 form their plural by changing these vowels into i i 88, MaflO Hand. I MaA' Hands. Mlldr.. Mother. Mad" Mothers. 21. Monosyllabic noUDs, and nouns ending in ti, ie, or with an accented vowel, are invariable. Their plural is determined by the article; as, n r. The king. n barilagillAAi. The owL La .peel. . . . . The kind. LII llinil The virtue. La ciltA The city. Ire .. 1 ilarilagillAA' Leapecie Le virtil Le cifta Thekinga. The ow1& Thekinda. The virtues. The cities. DigitIZed by Coogle FOmUTION OF TIlE PLURAL. IT 22. The following nouns are irregular in their .. . \} plural: UO/AO Han. .. "'\ Dio . God. UOlI&iA4. 1(eD. Dei Goc1& Buoi Oxen. '. i ; ~ . , Bue ... Ox. Mogl;' Wile. Mogli. Wives. J/allt Thousand. MilG..... Tho1l8&Jlcla. 23. When several nouns of different gender and number follow each other, the appropriate form of the article must be placed before each; &8, n ",ar" lG mtUir" i/Gtadulli , "/Gtadulle. The lather, mother, boys ad girl& PLURAL OF THE DEFINITE ARTIOLE. 24. The plural of il is i; as, llibri The boob. I hin;..... The wIDee. 25. The plural of 10 is gU; as, Lo 6,eel&itlO The sequiD. I Gl16,eeAin4 ,The sequiDa. Lo apirito The spirit. Gli IpirUi The spirits. N. B. - Befure DOUDS commencing with an i, gli 10le8 the i, and takes an apostrophe; as, GZ' idiot;. The idiota. I GZ' igtlOTGnU The ignorant.. 26. The plural of la is le, which drops the e when the D:,oun following it begins with an e; as, I.e 1J'ade. The swords. I I.e carte The papers. I.e GAime The 8011ls. L'w", The herbs. N. B. - This vowel ie, however, retained in the plural of in.....nable D01IIII commencing with '; thlll, L'., l'netlita, are alngular DOUDS. I.e eta, I. ,retiita, are plmal D01UII. 2 DigitIZed by Coogle 18 I'OBIIATION OP THE PLURAL. VOCABULARY. B1rd . . UcceUo. IDk . IlIClicJdnI. Book . Lilwo. IDbtand Cal_io. Boot . Btinlc. :Man . . U-. , Cat .... GaUG. Neither .NIHI, tII.-DictioDar1' .m.iourio. Nor ... HI. ~ ...... Ca,.,. Umbrella. O.mllo. EDglillb. 1,.".,. Paper CII"'" Frencll Fra,.ce_. P8Il Pen ... GramJpar Gr __ tica. Shoe. .. ScaTJlllo Bat. . . Cllppello. Slipper PiaaeUa. If_ ..... &be ftdI, after I'-ELUlPLES. Bave :JOu the biftl , I haTe neither the biftl nor the bb. JIu the EDgJi.hmaD the pD-lmiII r.Dd the peDS f He hal the penlmife, but he hal DOt the peDL BaTe ;you the glua f No, air ; I haTe .Dot the gJaas. I have the boot. A..,. .. i coUelli , Io ROta Ao til 'coUelU til I. lor-cMIIt. :sa I'I,.,lot il '-perillO Ie pea .. ' Egli ha il _perillO, .. "Ii!lOtl la I. pea"" A..,. .. il bicclier.' No. rigllOTej Io _10 il 6icclic,... 10 10 10 Iffnlc. EXERCISE. IT. "Have you the books? I have not the books. Have you the pens? I have the pens. Has he not the paper' He has the paper and the ink. Have you not the knives ? We have the knives, but we have not the forks. Have they not the tables' They have neither the chairs nor the tables. Have I the look-iDg-glaas? .You have the looking-glaas. Hast thou the hata' I have not the hata. Have I not the oil? Yes, air; you have the oil. Has the Frenchman the paper or the ink? He has neither the paper nor the ink, but he has the knives and the forks. Has he the glaas' He has neither the glaas nor the water. Have you the coata? No, air; we have not the coata. Have you the umbrellas? Yes, air; we have the umbreUaa. Have the English the boota and aUppers? They haVe the boota and the shoes, but they have not the aUppers. D'gitozed by Coogle P088JiI8SIVE PBOl!1'OUD. 18 LEBBON IV. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 27. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS are preceded by the definite article,' and agree in gender and number, not with the possessor, as in English, but with the object possessed. II no libro {::. =. {llilpea. La lUll p8'lf'lI Her pill. POSBm!8IVE PRONOUNS. JUSOULlNE. BlDgal&r. P11ll'&l. Ky n mio I mMi. Thy. n tuo I tuoi. HiI, her. n no I not Our. n taOII1'o llIoatrl. Your n tJOdro I tIOItri. Their n loro Iloro. I'ElIlNINE. BlDgular. Plual. La ",ill La lull La .... La _trll La eo"rIJ Laloro IA tAi IA tuI. IAne. I.e taOII1' IA tIOItre. IA lorD. 28. Possessive pronouns take no article (loro excepted)'when immediately followed by a noun in the sil)gular expressing rank or kindred. your 8011. '. vostro Jiglio. , HiI brother Suo /r4lello. Your lordahip, 8l1li rigIIoriIJ. Their brother. n loro /rlJtello. N. B. - The article must be 1lII8d if the pronoun iblloWl the noun i it the noun ie 1lII8d in the plural, or in a diminutive ibrm ; if pre-eeded by the 'Words BigIIore. 8igftOTIJ, 8ignorillIJ, or by any adJeo-tiTe; II, ' My brothers Your brethers., My little brother. Mybrother I tAwi /r/JleZZi. I wodri /rlJtelli. n tAio /rlltellillO. n /r/JUllo ",iD. DigitIZed by Coogle POS8IIII8IVE PBOliOUNB. VOCABULARY. AmericI.D. Brother Daughter Enemy. Father Friend Glon Hol'88 Italian LUll , AtUrlcIlM. FrGtdlo. Figliflo .Mmico. PGtlT'. Amico. GvtJRIo. Cllt/GUO. lIaliGflO. y-.,.. Has mylllster her boot f Mylllster baa her book and her pen. Han your friends my dog f No. sir; they han Dot YOUl'dog. but they haTe your flowers. Has my brother their birds f He has your oat. but he baa Dot their birds. Mother MooD. Nation Peacil Picture Rich B.emone 8iater Scm . Work MGtlT'. Lvfl .. oMuiolll. IApU. IIIIIIitG. QuaclTO. Rieco. Ri_ao. &wei"" Figlw. IAtIOf'O. optf'fIo HG miG _ilia il no lillTO 1 .MiG 'Of'ella fIG il nolillTO la lUG jIIBfIIJ. Ea"no i tIOdf'i IImlei il tAW ell'" 1 No. rigMre; uri _flG"flo il tIOdf'o eane. fAIl "Ii fIG"M i tIOIITi .ftori. Ell mw /Tatello i 101'0 ucellU. Egli fIG il fHITO ga,tto. .tAG ,gI. till" fIG i 101'0 tM:eelli. EXERCISE m. Have you my pen? No, sir; I have not your pen. Have you Dot my book? I have neither your books nor your pens. Have I not your pencil? No, sir; my sister has my pencil. Has my mend 'your penknife? He has not your penknife. they Dot his They have not his handk8rchlef. Have your brothers my ftowara? No, air ; they have Dot your ftowers. Has your sister my gloves? Yes, sir; she has your gloves and your pencil. Has he my paper? He has not your paper. Have they your chair? They have not )'our chair. Has your mother my birds? Yes, miss; she has your birds. Has my sister your picture? No, sir; she has not your picture. Has he not my hat? Yes, sir; he has your hat and your gloves. Have your mends my horse? No, sir; they have Dot your horse, but they have your dog. Has my mother your pencil? Yes, sir; she baa my pencil, your dictionary, and their grammar. DigitIZed by Coogle ABTIOLES AFFIXED TO PBEPOSITIONS. it , LESSON V. ARTICLES AFFIXED 'fO PREPOSITIONS. 29. THE Articles are affixed to certain preposi. tions, with the change, omission, or addition of some letters. . SO. The prepositions most commonly joined to the articles are, di, of; tI, to; da, from; per, for; oem, with; in, in; BU, on, upon. 1!IDgaJar. P1ur&I. IU801JLDIL WDIIIIIm. JIUoI7ULIIIL -Of the { Dot del dello deZltJ dei degU delle lliil llilo iii 10 llii lligli iii ,. ! ~ } theL,O' al alkJ alltJ ai ag7i. alle .il .14 .,. .i ,Ii .10 From tha{ Dot :: dallo dalJ4 d4i dagli dalle AI. d.'. Ai d.gli Alo { pel pello peUa pei peg7i. pelle For the Dot per il perl. per 10 peri per ,a per 10 With tha{ .. :: collo colla coi cog7i. colle _10 _10 _i _,a _10 In the {not ~ nello neUa nei negZi nelle ita 10 i.1o itai itagli i.'. aui On the S aul aullo auUa ~ D ~ .. 11 .. 10 .v 10 .vi .. ,a .. 10 N. B. - The abo",e prepoeitiona may be aeparated from the artiole, ucept CO" iI. eon I. - WheD. the art.iale I1I8pua&ed from ptf'.10 azul ,Ii must be 1II8d. azul nner iI or i .. DigitIZed by Coogle POI!I8EIiIIlVE P&ONOmrs wrm NOun. 1(1. our } {n tAio, il "'''0 Of'll11, of our book. Del tAio, tid ROdf'O To m:r, to 0lIl' Al taio, III I11III1'0 ll'rom m1, from our DIll tAio, tItalllOllJ'o Mr, our } { 1 tAlei., ROdri Of'll11, of our boob. Dei fAiri, dri Aottri To '1111. to our Ai _it 'tli ..tri ll'rom m1, from our . Dtd tAiei. dill tIOIIri }UMa }-31. The name of the thing possessed, followed by the preposition di, always precedes the name of the possessor; as, 1ohn's book, n lib"o di GioIltJAAI. AUXILIARY VERB E88ERE, 'TO BE. PJUIIIJIlIT. 10 10M I am. I Noi ritJ_ We are. Ttf rri Thou art. P'oi ride. You are. EgZi I He i&. Eglino 10M The7 are. N. B.-The pupil is nquired to be thoroughlJ aoquamted with the ... oouJuptlon oftbis 'feria. (See page 197:) DigitIZed by Coogle ARTICLES AFFIDD TO PBEPOBmONBo VOCABULAB.Yo Bed . . . . . . LeIIo. Boom BIa ..... Dish .... Piaito. Boee 0' 0 ROI/I. Earth . . . . Ten-/I. Salad. o 0 I_lGIa, Handkerchief '":colello. Scourge FltIgeUo. Humanity 0 . . U_aaa. Ston BaU.egtJ. Hubandman AgrieoUtwe. Bun . . Bole Key 0 Chiafll. True Vero. Mea, CGrflt. Tyrant 0 fir.a.o. Napkin 0 BGlpietta. Uncle Zio. Pianoforte PiaM/Orte. Uaetul .. . . . VIii Is the b7 on the table t B IG eAia .. aullll IaIlOl& , The mea' is in the room. La eGrae , ",U. elaO/l. M,y Mend haa my brother'. piano- n II&io GlAieo hIS il piaaqfort. tli fone. , mio /rtdAllo. Is the paper in the book t E IG ellrtG aellilwo) Yea, sir; the paper is in the book. S), .ignore; III ellrla , ulIUwo. EXERCISE IV. Has my brother your friend's book? He has neither your triend's book nor your sister's paper. Have I your keys? No, sir; you have not my keys, but you have my 1iI.ther's penknife. Have they not my daughter's handkerchiefs? No, sir ; they have not your daughter's handkerchiefs. Has my siater your nap-kin? Your siater has not my napkin, .An the books on the table? The books are on the table in your room. Your enemy has my brother's knife. Have they my key? No, sir; they have not your key, but they have your friend's key. Is my brother in your room? No, sir ; your brother is in my brother's room. Have you the aalad? 1 have n81tner the salad nor the vinegar. Haa your daughter my glovea? My daughter haa your glovea and your handkerchief. Have you the water or the wiue? I have the water and the wine. Has my brother the bread? My brother has neither the meat nor the bread. The paper is in my brother's book, and the book is in my siater's room on the table. Have y o ~ n o t their piotures? Yes, sir; I have their pictures and your pencil. DigitIZed by Coogle QUALII'l1lIG AD.JBO'I'lVI8. LJl880ll' VI. ADJECTIVES. 82. ADJECTIVB8 in Italian are variable, and agree with their noUDS in gender and number. QUALIFYING AD.JE0TIVJj5. 83. Adjectives ending in 0 are masculine; ~ , UOJIIO vimolO ttl 0fIUI0. :MaD 'rirtuows and honeR. 34. Adjectives ending in a are feminine; as, Dota .. bell Ii_,.. Woman beautital ....... 35. Adjectives ending in 6 are of either gender; as, UOIIO """" ttl qfa6iZe JrIaa"tIe ad atI'able. Dotau geUil. ttl lffftt.6il. Woman pnt1e &Ild atI'able. 36. Adjectives ending in 0 become feminine by ohanging the 0 into a; as, Uomo viriuolo. powro. Do" .. viriuoN. JIOH'''' PLURAL OF ADJECTIVJ!S. 37. Adjectives ending in 0 change this vowel into i; as, Uomini virluo8i, poveri. 88. Adjectives ending in a change this vowel into 6; as, Donne virluoBe, porere. 39. Adjectives ending in 6 change it into i; as, UOIIO or do" .. eor1ae. Uoal"Ior don", corleri. 40. Adjectives ending in ca and ga have cAe and gke in the plural; thus, lunga, r&cca, make lungke, ricc1&e. DigitIZed by Coogle 41. Adjectives of two syllables, ending in co and go, take eM and g. in the plural; thus, ricco, Iut'lgO, make riccAi, lu/nghi. 42. Adjectives of more than two syllables, ending in co and go, take no h, except antico, ancient, and solingo, solitary, which become anticki, soling N. B.-The ibllowiDg acijectiTes may insert or reject theA: P1Wblico, publio ; pratico, akilful ; fIIIndico, begging ; aruUogo, anal-ogou; 1OjUIico, 1IOphiItioaI.; ul"atico, wild ; ,",ico, pee-riah. 4:3. The adjectives bello, grande, santo, lose the last vowel, and take an apostrophe when followed by a noun commencing with a vowel, and drop the last syllable when followed by any consonant, except II or impure . ' Bello IJHCcAio Bell' anello Bel li6ro Grande atorico G1'4ntl'uomo O1'4A baZlo 8anto 8te/4no. 84n" Antonio. 8aA Vinceuo. N. B. - The plural of bel fa lin ; that of lIeUo is IItgZi: Bei li6ri; i 1pICeAi. GraA is ued tor both JDaIIC1Iljne aacl 1lmIiDine 1iDgu- --. Buono, good; drops the 0 when the following noun begins with a consonant, except II or 8 impure. 45. Adjectives may follow or precede the nouns. 46. Adjectives of two syllables generally pre-cede the noun. 47. Adjectives of more than two syllables, and adjectives expressing nationality, color, shape, and taste, or those preceded by molto, much, generally follow the noun; as, Lilwo lI'rGnce".\ CtJf1PIZZo lIi1lnco'l T4tHJlG rotonda., UN dolc& I'rmch book. White hat. Bound table. Sweet grapes. DigitIZed by Coogle VOCABULAlLY. Beadtal. . Ihllo. Mach, ""7 Mollo. B1aclt . . Nero. Need BiMJgfto. Coach .... CGrroIlIlG. Nun. MofIGCGo Courteou.ldnd, eone.e. Bed . . . B_. Dn. . Vatc. Boman BotuIlD. ~ t . . Odoroao. SleeTe .. MGllieG. .. QiartlillD. 8weet Dole Good . Buono. Virtue Vint. GreI.t, large. GrGfIIU. White Bwru:o. Green V".de. Yellow. GiGlio. EXAMPLES. I haTe your good &ther big 10 All U FGA 10,1'0 del tHJICf'o book. buOfl padr,. My brother hu the white hat. Mio/rattllo 1aa il cappello biallco. My friend hu my I!iater'. beauti.- II mio amico lG U bel callGllo Ili tal horae. mia rorellGo Have you the Englilb dictionary T .Ivett "ol il tlillil)llario I"IIZ- 7 They haTe my Bilter'. dreIa.' Em lta"lIo I. t1atc lli!"W aorellGo EXERCISE V. Have you your good father'. black coat? I have not his black coat. Are your sisters in my brother's coach? They have my father'. beautiful horses, and they have no need of yonI' brother's coach. You are very kind, sir. Is your dictionary very large? No, sir; my French and English dictionary is not very large, but my friend's dictionary is '!fery large. Is your sister's dreaI green or white? My sister's dreaI is not green. Have you the white gloves with you? No, sir; my white gloves are on the bed in my brother's room. Have they not my red slippers? Yes, sir; they have your red slippers and your yellow shoes. Is my friend'. red wine on the table? No, sir; your friend'. wine is not sweet, and we have no need of his wine ; we shan have my good friend's white wine. My mother's yellow roees are not fragrant. .Are the roees of your garden white or red T \The roees in illY garden are red; but they are not fra-grant. Has not my friend your sister's beautiful picture? My lister'. picture is not very beautiful. DigitIZed by Coogle TEBBS. 21 LBBBON VII. VERBS. 48. ITALIAN VERBS are divided into three classes or conJ\lgations, which are known by the termina-tion of the infinitive. 49. Infinitives end in are, ere, ire. N. B.-A few infinitiTell which do not end In either of theae termiDa.tioDs are contractions; as. Porr,. from poner,. to put; conliurr from coMue,r to conduct. 50. Infinitives in are belong to the first conjuga-tion; as, amare, to love; cantare, to sing. 51. Infinitives in ere belong to the second conju-gation; as, perdere, to lose; ardere, to burn. 52. Infinitives in ire belong to the third c9njUga-tion; as, partire, to depart; swire, to hear. 53. Regular verbs are conjugated by changing the terminations are, ere, ire, of the infinitive, into the various terminations assigned to each person of all the tenses of each conjugation. INFLECTION OJ!' A REGULAR VERB OJ!' THE FIRST CONJU. 10 cao 2\& Cia' B,li allla GATION .8.M.8.RE. TO LOVE. PIII:8BIIT. I love. I JVbi afltUlIllO Thou loTellt. Yoi alllld. He loves. Em allGno Bee page 199. We love. Yelove. Thqlove. DigitIZed by Coogle 64. The verbs of this conjugation are tegularJ except the four following and their compounds: Gndare, to go; dare, to give;/are, todoi Blare, to stay. 66. Verbs ending in care, gare, take an 1 after the c and g, whenever consonants are followed by i and e, in order to preserve the hard sound of these letters; thus, .iIlGrlCGr,,} make .. 1tClet"II,} and not _me Prf//Gr" pr,p" pregAnll, prIgS, pr".rll. 56. Verbs ending in oiare, gi4re, suppress the $ of. the root before e and i; thus, Baciar., } make {baci, } and not {hacii', bacierll .iIlGngiar" "rags, .. ngerll, "-,n, .G"""'O. 57. Verbs ending in gUGre, ckiare, and gkiare, drop the i only before another i; thus; Vegliar" } {."gli' fltglierO,} {.",lil, ","ro .Piecliar" make piecid,piec1&iero, and not piecAU,piec1ero. RGwAiar" raggl&i, rsgglierll, raggAii, raggAero. 58. The past participle joined to the verb Gvms does not change its termination to agree with the subject, but joined to the verb essere it always agrees with the subject . .MiG IOf'dlG All Gnlo. H1 aiater has hid. EN _ellG a attdG. . H,11i1ter hu bal. 59. There is in Italian but one present tense which expresses both a present action and the habit of repeating the same action; as, I am writiD" or I write, fa a.preIII8Il by' 10 ,crivo. DigitIZed by Coogle Tooa1l Haughty Proud Beeerred To sing 8ma1l To speak To atod7 VBB1I8. VOCABULARY. CAiIIlRIW'. LiflgUllo "NIIOJIioIo. .. "iero. Orgoglioto. RberWito. CaRtdr,. Piccolo. Parlan. Studiar,. That CAl. To-morroll' Doman .. To think P_r,. Truth VeriIa. Undoubtedly. Voice. Voc,. When Quatatlo. Where Dow. Well B,,,,. Wh)' f beoa1l88 PercAa 1 perclal. EXAMPLES. Is Brf 1IiIter'. Toice Terf harmo- E la woe, tli .iII rorella IRIIlIo ni01lll f af'tllOnioM r -Where IIhall you sing to-m0rr01l' f DotH! caRter,t, tlomon; r Do you Btudy the French or the Btutliale 141 lillgua Frallc, .. 0 la EDr;lIsh language! lingua 1"111 .. , r Why do you not apeak FreDoh! PercAa AM pGrlal, Franca, r Beoa1l88 I haTe not studied much. P,rcAa 71011 10 etwliato mollo. EXERCISE 'VI. Why is your Biater 80 proud? Becauee ahe sings very well. When will she Bing? To-morrow. Where? At my father's house, undoubtedly. Why? Do you Bing? Yea, I Bing, and my voice is good; but I am not proud. Do you call my Biater proud because she is reserved? No, I do not call your Biater proud becauee she is reserved, but becauee ahe thinks that her voice is rich and harmonious; and the truth is that her voice is Dot very harmonious. Have you studied the French language? Not much. Do you apeak Italian'1 No, Bir. Is not your room very amall? My room is not very amall. Do you study the EngliBh language? Yea, Bir; I study the Engliah and French Jangaagea. Is my father in the garden? He is in the garden with my siBter. My triend's little bird Binga vf!lr1 well. Where are my gloves? Your glovea are in my brother's room on his table. Is your brother in his room? No, Bir; he is not in his 100m, and I have not the key. When will he be at my tiiaD.d'. house? He will be at your friend'. house to-morrow. DigitIZed by Coogle DDO:R8TBATIVB ADJECTIVES. LBBBOll' VIII. DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES. 60. DOONSTBATIVE ADJECTIVES point definitely to one object, or to several of the same kind. QtIuIo, thI& CotuIo,} that. Qu",o, I 00, thiI or that thiDg. 8tellO, } Mederimo, lUll. 61. Questo determines an object near to or named by the person speaking or writing. 62. Ootesto, an object near to the person spoken to. 63. Queilo, an object distant both from the per-l!Ion speaking and the person spoken to. o-VAUOlf.- QlUIllo is 1J8ed only with DOUDS oomDleDcing with " or impure " or when it is at the eDd of the sentence. Before any other OODllODloDt It makes pel, and before a TOwel quell'. QIUIIIo rpeccAio. That IooJdng-gluL Quulo libro 0 quello This book or that one. QlUIll' amico. That friend. Quel libro That book. N. B. - Querto and !luello are often 1J8ed .. relative pronoUDS. in the BeIII8 of the latter and the tormer. In this _, """to invarlab17 points to the lut-mentioned object; .. , Voi a1lft, il coltello, ell il temperino; !llUleta lhono, !llUlllo a calt;tIO. Here """to baa re1'ereDoe to temperino, and not to coltello. 64. (JiO (invariable) is used instead of quuta, fJ.'IUlla, or cotesta coBa, this or that thing, or what; in which case it is always followed by eke i thus, Cw CM io ecriflO, what I write, mean. que.t" co.a CM io ecriflO. Cao CM ttl .crim, what thou writeet, mean. cote. cOla CM tu .crim. ca; CM .gii ecri"" what he writes, means !llUllla cOla CM 'fiJi .criw DigitIZed by Coogle DEI[ONSTBA.TIVE .AD.lBO'1'IVI8. 81 VOCABULARY. AOIIdem7 A. T&rialolUl .... Cloee, narrow Coward nay DiflicuU To lind Happy. Bow. Acc"'iG. AlHJro. 2'appefo. BirtUo. C0d4rdD. Giorno. Difficil TrofJI1.r,. Felice. Come. IndutriOlUl Indulrioeo. F&18ehood Mm.ngna. Large Largo. :r-m. . L .. iofte. Morning. MatliM, fAlJllillO. Never. Noll; 1AIIi.-Bong CI1.uo ... Time Tempo. To-day Oggi. WhilDllioal CI1.priccioMJ,lria6elico --,-EXAMPLES. :r. this your grammar! Have you studied the T Bhall you Bing this lOng T II that pencil your brother'. T I have this book, not that. E querIG '11. flMtrl1. grl1.",matiCl1. 1 oS_ 1IOi ,tutlitdo ll1. leno .. 1 CI1.nterele fJOi querIG 1 .E quel 1l1.pia tli _Iro Irm'lo 1 10 lao quato libro, non quello. EXERCISE VIT. Is this my brother's dictionary? Your brother does not study Italian. Thill is not hill >book. This is my Italian dictionary. Is that man your good Cather's mend? My Cather has never spoken to that man, and he.haB never been his Do you find your French lOng di1Iicult? Yes, sir ; I find the French lan-guage very di1Iicult. When will you Bing the Italian lOng? To-morrow. I am poor, but you are avaricious and whimsical. Is your carpet narrow or wide? My carpet is-neither narrow nor wide, because I have no carpet. Have you studied your les-lIOn? I have not studied myJeeson, because I have had no time. Shall you wig with my sister to-:day? Not to-day. Why not? Because I never Bing when she Bings. When shall I speak to your Cather? To-morrow. Where shall I find my hat? You will find your hat and your black glOvel! in my iather's room, on the little table. I have no need of my black gloves. Is this your Cather's piano? Yes, sir; this piano is my Cather's. How does your mend speak the French language? He does not apeak the French language very well. Shall you Bing this or that lOng' I shall Bing this BOng, not that. DigitIZed by Coogle PBBSOIUL PBOBOUD. L1I880lf IX. PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 65. PusOlfAL PRONOUNS are words used instead of noUDS, and serve to designate an object as belong-ing to the first, second, or third person. They are, Io tu egli eUa noi 1X>i eglino eUeno eao. I thOli he ahe we 1011 thef, m. thef,/. h. 01' It. which make, in the objective case, Me te lui lei noi wi loro e880 me thee him her 111 66. Personal pronouns have the objective form in the relations of possession (genitive), attribution (dative), and derivation (ablative). I, 10. He, EgU. She, Ella. Otme, DI me. Othim, m lui. Othenelt, Di". To me, .I/. mil. To him, .I/. lui. To heneIf, .I/. ". From me, DG me. From him, DG lui. From henelf, DG If. 67. To give force to the expression, personal pronoUDS are often followed by the demonstrative adjectives ste880 and medesimo. 10 ""10 :pa.rlGi G tIOdro padre I myseJt spoke to your father. BUG mederima. m a . n ~ il libro She henelt I!IeIlt the book. N. B. - No pronoUD ill pre&xed to the word "lI .. in Engliah. 10 1IuIO. I 1IIllt. aDd not 10 mafeao. 68. Be is used only for the third person, and has reference to the subject. Egli :pa.rlG IIi .11 .. He speaks of himIe1t Ella. "OR Gma. eM ., She loVell but herIel! DigitIZed by Coogle PIIBSONAL PBOIIOmm. 69. The pronouns fM, te, 86, where preceded by the preposition oon, should be transposed and united, with the elision of the n. Thus : ~ : :'} make { : : : ~ . Coa.. -. N. B. - Noaco. tI08CO. instead of "CO" flOi. CO" ,fIOl. are oblolete. 70. Loro in the dative takes no preposition, if placed before the direct object; as, Data loro 9",,10 libro. Give them thi8 book. Loro in the genitive is elegantly placed between the noun and the article without the preposition j as, n loro libro. Their book. or the book ottha. 71. Instead of ella, la ca.n be used. LA mi wol bttat. She 10". me. 72. Eg'l' and ella are often used as expletives in the sense of U. Egli a ""0. It ill true. EUG a ilApouUrilI. It is impcllBible. N. B. - B, 1II8d in BDgliah as an ezpletlve, ill gaera1l7 omitted in Italian. E ..,.0. It ill We. E impoaribilt. It is impollllble. 73. E880 is moreover used for animate and inani mate objects; and, with its feminine and plurals, is elegantly written de88o, after the verbs eBBere, to bel and parere, to seem. " Egll a tlulO. It is he. " Ni par 111-. It II88IIIIJ to be ahe. ErG" d_, pGl ,,, iii. lUI "","iflO dell' eta. They were, as thou art. in the momiDg otlilt. DigitIZed by Coogle Aaute To 88IUl'8 Blow Tobum Cloth To coat Daughter-in-law Father-in-law. Howmuch I..a:rge PEBSONAL PBONOUD. VOCABULARY. AcvIo. Lut night ADieur4r.. To look Colpo. Mother-in-law Brueiar.. N_ PIII&ftO. Prudent CoeI4r.. 8hnnrd..... JVUora. Bilk. Svocero. Bon-in-law.... QuaRto WhiteD.. Largo Word EXAMPLES. r.n .". .. Gurtlar .. S.ocera. Naao. PnMlente. Accorto. Sela. Genero. BiancA ... .I'1I Pllroill. I have not BUIlg the Italian lOng, '-_ it is toO long. 10 1&01& lao cantllto III CIII&.I'OII' 1la-lillfUJ, 'pwcAi , .. olio I.",.. Your book is good for nothing. I have spoken to my brother, not to your frieDd. n -iro libro 1&01&' 11.01&0 4 I&al14. 10 lao ptJrlllto II miD JrlltUlo, fIOI& 41 -'TO _ico. EXERCISE VITI. When shall you atudy your lel!l!On? I Bhall study my lel!l!On when your aiater Bings her lOng. Will ahe sing the l&IDe lOng? Yes, ahe will sing the same lOng with me. Why do you not Bing the Italian lOng? Because it is difficult, and my voice is not very harmonious. Will your voice be harmonious when yOu sing with her? Undoubtedly. Do you speak to my father? I speak to you, not to him. How much does this c10th COBt ? Not much. Where is your father-in-law? He is in my broth. er's garden with my good mother-in-law and his friend. .Am I not very shrewd? Why do you think IO? Beca.uae I am prudent. I have burnt their boob because they were good for nothing. Ie it pot!Bible? Yes, it is pot!Bible. Who is with your mother? Her IOn-in-law is with her. Is that man with the big nose your mother's IOn-in-law? It is he. Where is my brother? He is in my friend's room. Where is your friend's book? It is in my father's room. Is your father in the room? No, sir ; my father is not in the room; he is in my brother's garden with your good sister's friend. My aiaters have been with your friends, and I have been in my room with my mother. lIaa your mother been with you? She baa been, and is always, with me. DigitIZed by Coogle DlDEFnnTE ABTIOLE. LEBBO. X. INDEFINITE ARTICLE. 74. THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE is 'Uno for the mas-culine, and 'Una for the feminine; as, Uno '1*ekio. a lookiDHlaaa. UIIG dotallG. a WOIII&D. 75. Uno drops the 0 when followed by a conso- other than 8 impure or I, or by a vowel; as, UII UOIIIO, a man. UII libro, a boot. 76. The indefinite article must be repeated with every noun; as, . UII UOIIIO, tllIG dollllG till rGf/UflD. A. IlIAD. 1fODI&'D, and boy. 77. The indefinite article is omitted: 1. Before the adjectives pochi, a few; moUi, a great many; as, 10 laD {POCki lilwi. I haTe {a fe" boob. molli libri. a great lllADy boob. 2. Before a noun in the predicate after a verb passive or neuter, and before a noun placed in appo-sition with a noun or pronoun, unless it be con-nected with some qualifying word or phrase; as, .Mio fraJ.ello l mereGrate My brother is a merohant. Egli l FrGlleue . He is a FrenchlJlAD. JlfiD Jratello a till ricco mereGrate My brother is a rich merchant. 3. After the adjective, qualifying a noun, which follows the words cosi, so or as; troppo, too; as, COIl FGM' UOIIIO So great a maD. 7'roppo perieolOiG apeeollJlliotae Too dangerous a speculaticm. DigitIZed by Coogle 88 Ilml!lFDlI'U ABTICLE. 4. After eL, or any other word expressing ad-miration or surprise; as, Clt.e lIel catlGllo I. Wha.t .. be&utiful hone I QvGl aatIo I Wha.h fbol ! 78. The indefinite article precedes the word 10k, such; as, Un tal fAIJtto Such .. fooL Un tal cat/allo. Such a home. 79. The definite article is used instead of the English indefinite article before nouns of measure and weight: Due tlollari la liblwa. Two dollars a pound. Tr. IC.Uini la lIoItiglits. Three ahilliDga a bottle. 80. Uno is often used without a. noun, and is sometimes suppressed. Egli a "flO cAe cal.nnits ntH Be is a maD who ahmdeza eTer1-indiaHntGtAIftte. b o d ; y ~ . Egli a tIOrAO di catHfIIJ jafl&(l. He is a man of bad reput&tioD. PARTITIVE ARTIOLE. 81. The partitive article is expressed in Italian by the preposition di and the definite article: 10laodelpaM,4UI'inclaioCro,tkllo Ih&va bNlod, iDk,I1Ipl",pa.per, .cuccAero, dellacarlll, dei zwri. and books. 82. The partitive article is omitted in a negative sontence, or when we wish to make prominent the object and not its quantity: AfIIte del pane t . Ha.ve you Idly brea.d ! 10 non lao paM. I h&va no bread. 10 lao fIlno ell acqU/J. I h&va wine and water. DigitIZed by Coogle D1DD'ISIT1I ARTIOLE. 87 VOCABULARY. To uk .,. DOrAIIDdar,. Lolli.... Lu'll{/O. Dendo8Ilt. Bmejic,taI& Modeety... ModaHG. :Bitter. .II._ro. Mouth Bocctl. To commence ClnAiDciar,. Night.... NotIc. Condotl&. Odd miat&b Sproporilo. To aonte. Con/_ar,. On the contrar,y .11.1 t:OfII'rario. Gentle Gentile. To praiee Lodar,. Hammer M"rullo. Short. Cono. Te hope. Sperar,. Subject. Suddilo. IndiapeDaable ltatlilpmlalriU. Then .II.llor", dtlllftl'. HaTe you any friends ! I haTe no friends. Ia me not a Tffr11ieautitul woman ! When did you apeak to my Biater! .11._ coi ugli "mit:i1 10 DOD 110 "",ici. Non i ,IIG tlM_M ulo kllG. Q.ando pari .. " ",ill lOf'ellG 1 EXERCISE IX. " Is not this a beautiful book ? Why do you call this a beau-tiful book? Because it is a very IY&8Y book. On the contrary, this book is not very 1Y&8Y. What a beautifUl picture! Has your friend any good boob? Yes, sir; he has a few good boob. How many? Noh great many. Have your brothers any birda? My brothers have some very beautiful birds, but they do not sing. When will you begin your French lesson? To-morrow. Shall you begin your lel!llOn with my sister? Your sister has studied the French language with my friend. With your mend! where is he? Is he not a good man? I ask where he is. He is in my brother's room. Do they study their English lesson? They do not study their English lel!llOn; they sing an Italian 1ODg. Have you any good pens? I have a great many pens, but they are not very good. Where ahall I study my lesson? In your room. It is not very IY&8Y (d;) to study my lesson in my room . Why? Because my brother, his friend, and his friend's ugly sister, their'French lesson in my room. Why do you call your mend's sister ugly? Because she has a very short nOBe, aDd a very big mouth. Is she rich? Yes, she is very rich. Then she is not ugly; on the contrary,she is beau-tifUl. What an odd mistake! /1 DigitIZed by Coogle 8S FOBKATIOlf OF THE PLURAL. LESSOlf XI. FORMATION OF THE PLURAL, continued. 83. N OUlfB ending in ca and go, require an h in the plural to preserve the hard sound of the singu-lar; as, Duell. fAOIIIJrclI,l'iagtJ. make duclai. fIIOftIIrclai.l'iagM. 84. Nouns ending in cia and gia change ia into e, if this termination is a diphthong; as, BilllllCilJ. apiIIggia, make iila"c,. lpia.gge. N. B. - OllfAicill. shirt. mikes CllfAici, in the plural. to diatba-gaiah it from the singular. CAfAic a priest'. Teltment. 85. If the termination of the cia and gia is not a diphthong, the general rule is applied; as, Regia, 6ugia.. make regie. 6ugU. 86. Some nouns are used only.in the singnlar; as, Bclaialta. race ; ""ie. descendants; FOf/CfIie. progeny; Ma"" morning; Fole. ofFspring; .tirpe, stock ; c,,,to. hundred. Others are used only in the plural; as, Eleqv.ie. t a n ~ obsequies; MU', marriage ; """,,i. wings. Bpomali, nuptial ritss ; 10riici.lICiaso18 ; pantalorai. panta.lOOD8. 87. Proper names of persons are, by antonomasia, used only in the plural; as, Gli ,sleall"dri; gli ,s""i6ali. 88. Names of metals in the plural express objeots made of the same metals; as, n I,rro. iron; 1lerri. iron took DigitIZed by Coogle I'OBKATION 01' THE PLUBAL. 89 89. Names of virtues in the plural express the practioe of them; as, L' elnwiu. the virtue of r.lmIgiYiDg. I.e ,lnaoai,... practical r.lmIgi"riDg. 90. To proper names another name or a quality is added when might be confounded with others of the same family; as, Errico prilAoglailo. Errico cfUllllo. Pietro padre. Pidro.Jiglio. 91. Proper names of distinguished families are often used in the plural; as, I Medici. I Fa6lrii. I PiIoai. MONTHS. GennaJo January. Luglio . July . Fe1Jbrajo February. Ago8to August. Marzo March. 8eltembre September. Aprile April. OUobre . October. Maggio . May. Novembre November. Giugno June. Dicembre December. DA.YS. LunetA . Monday. Giovedl Thursday . Tuesday. Venert.R Friday. Mercoletn Wednesday. Babalo Saturday. Domenica Sunday. SEASONS. Primawra Spring. I Aulunno Autumn .Beta Summer. Inwmo W'mter. ('. : - . .. DigitIZed by Goog Ie I'OBJUTlOlI OP TIIB PLUJUL. VOCABULARY. Beall . . FA_ Butta . BoIIMtt. Couapudou C_ptIgaO. CcIIlTflDt eo. .... Coarap Ctwtl{/f/io. ~ .... EgUiArao. Famil7' F_igliG. I'ralt . ' 1'rdD. lIiBtorr bIoriG. m1l8trioul Bl.",.,. Haft 701l bmaght m7 BhirtB! Haft:rou m7 am-018! I have nel.ther IIOiIIOlI lUll' lmives. Haft ;you the DIoIDe of this vege-table! ' Baft 701l 871eatila! Lentil Ladt. Name Noae. Naaue Narll. OripL 0ril'_ Pea PUell&. Projeot . ProgdI& Slaft SchiAfJo. 8ucoa. 8taec_ 'me .4llJero. Vegetable IAp_. A .. tIOi porlGlo " .w CGMU , .4"'" tIOi " tIIie Jorlriri , 10 _10 III Jorlliri. III colIeUI. .4"'" tIOi il .-. Iii fINIIo le-pm,' A"", tlelle 1m" , EXERCISE X. Where is your brother? My brother is with my sister. Ale not your sisters in the convent? No, they are not in the con-vent; they are not nUDS. Where are your tools? In my broth-er's room, on the chair. The Roman soldiers were husb&nclmtlll.; the muts and vegetables which they had in their ga.rdeDa are the origin or the DaDles or some illustrious Ca.milies : the Lentuli, from lentils; the FaliJii, from beans; and the PilOfl6, from peas. The wives are the companions, and not the slaves, or their husbandB. The stars and the oxen were among the god8 or the 'Egyptians. The sleeves or my coat are very short. Have you the 1ICiama? I have the buttons or my pantaloons. Where are your daugh-ters? They are in their rooms. Are your brothers in their ltores? Yes, sir; they are in their ltores. Have they many boob? No, sir; they have not many boob, but they have & great many pictures. Have they a great many beautiful pic-tures? They have many pictures, but they are not very fine. Where are your shirts? They are in my sister's room. I have a great many trees in my garden. Have you many books ill your room? I have a few boob, but they are good. DigitIZed by Coogle / IBBEGULAR VEBBS, FIBST OONJUGATION. 4:1 LEBBO. XII. IRREGULAR VERBS, FIRST CONJUGATION. .IlND.IlRE, TO GO. D.IlRE, TO GIVE PJIlII8Bl(T. V lido or tJO I go. Do I give. VIri . Thou goeat. Dai Thou givest. Va . . He goes. Da He gives. .Iltulia1llo We go. Diamo We give. .6.ndale You go. Dale. ." . You siva. Vallno Thq.go. DIJllno Thqgiva. N. B. - For the remaiDing teDaes, aee page 20L 92. The verb andare requires the preposition. a, when followed by an infinitive, or when it expresses going to some as, VIIdo a parlIJre. I am. going to speak. Vado al mercalo. I am. going to market. If we of!going to any person's house, da is used; as, VIIdo dal medico. I am. going to the phyaiolan'L .Iltulra u1IIio Iratello. I shall go to my brother'L 93. The following nouns require the preposition di afte.r them when used before an infinitive; as, Coraggio Courage. Dau.rio . Desire. YOSI'iG. Wish. JliJgiMI.e Right. Paura Fear. VerflO!lfl4. Shame. Tempo Time. Torto .,...... Wl'OJlg. 94:. The adverbs prima, before, and dopo, after, are followed by the preposition di, and take the infinitive instead of the gerund * as in English; as, Dopo di a"," parlato. After having spokeD. Prima di allure. Be1bre going. 'DIe pIIIIMllII DaUaa to the preMIIi puUoIple III ....... 8 DigitIZed by Coogle 42 IBBEGULAB VEBBS, FIBST CONJUGATION. VOCABULARY .Aar-ble. .8.fllTtJdeflOle. Always Setllpre. ComiDg. Venturo. Company Compagnia. Compliment Complimenlo. Custom COllum,. Evening SWfJ. To fix. TUlare. To le&m Imparare. Memory Memoria. Morning Neighbor Other Pleasnre TO,preeent Probably Reward V'lIIit Week Yesterday MaUifUI. PrOlrimo. .8.ltro. Piacere. Praentar,. Probabilmmk Ricompen%fJ. V"lrilfJ. S,," nfJ. leri. EXAMPLES. I hQpe to go with you. Have you &Dy good boob I I have very good boob. He has never had a great many triendl. Spero tli awr, con fIOi. .8."" fIOi dei huoni Ziin 7 10 Ao delli6ri molto 6uotai. Egli non I&a fAIIi awlo fIlOlt, amici. EXERCISE XI. When shaIl I have the pleasure or your company? My oom pany is not very agreeable; but I shaJl go to 8p8Ild an evening with your brother-in-law next week, and then I hope to present my oompliments to you and to your dear mother. Have you :&xed the day? No, I have not:&xed the day; but I hope to be with my to-morrow morning. He will probably go with me to visit a few friends, and I think that we shaIl be at your brother's house next Tuesday. Did your friends speak of me to-day? They spoke of you, but not much. : Have your brothera oommenced their French 18l!8On? They their French 18l!l!On yesterday, but they did Jlot study much .. Shall you go in my carriage? I shaJl go to my friend's garden. My Cather has not a very good home. On the oontrary, I think that your Cather has always had some very good h01'l!8B. Have you any good books? Yes, sir; I have some very good books. Where are they? They are on the little table in my mother's room. Have you studied your 18l!l!On? I have studied my French les-son, but I have not sung my Italian song. Have you not a good memory? I have a good memory, but my voice is not very good. When shall you go to your Cather's? To-morrow. / .. DigitIZed by CONJUNCTIVE PRONOun. LHSSON XIII. CONJUNCTIVE PRONOUNS. 95. WHEN the personal pronouns are governed by a verb, and employed ill the dative and a.cC11S&o tive, they take a new form. of the dative and accusative, AmJ' Me AMi Noi A Ie. A'IlOi Voi A lui Lui. A lsi Lei A loro Loro tome me rfti is used. to us. us to thee thee . mi . ci or ne ci or ne n. n. to you vi you. vi to him gli him. 10 or il to her Ie. her. ltJ.. to them loro. them. . . Ii m., Ie f. II II II II " " " " " II " A 8e to oneself . ai. . II Be. oneself . ai. . II 96. These pronouns, thus used, are called con-junctive; as, 10 gli parlt1.i. I spoke to him. LIMnII7. I to him spoke. 10 I' t1.1IIO. I lOTe her. I her loTe. 97. Conjunctive pronouns follow or precede the verb. They follow the verb, and, with the exception of lora, are united to it: DigitIZed by Coogle OOll.roNO'l'IVII PBOlilOmrs. 1. In the affirmative imperative, except the third person; 88, Bcri_' '..,.,.11 . Write to me. and hope. BcriwlM:i ,..,.,.ate . . . . . . Write to 1111, and hope. 2. :rn: the gerund,' affirmatively; as, BcriWftdogli. dirlllll NriIa. WritiDg to him, I will tell the truth. 3. In the affirmative infinitive, which loses the final ej 88, yetlerlll, pIIrlllrl.,. morire. To _ bar, to lpeat to her, and to die. 98. In all other tenses, and in the third person of the affirmative imperative, the conjunctive pronoun precedes; as, Oi .criflll .. l1UOIe. Let him write to us if he wish .. N.B.-Intheimperr.tive, gera.nd,andiDfblitive, uaednegatlve11. the conj1lJlOtive pl'ODOlUl is placed between the negation ad the verb; u .Mm ci .ac"fIII Illra molto Not to us let him write, ad he wD1 ""IIZio. do much better. J\Iim Iii .cri_do 10 IlIr7> Not to him in writiDg. him I wD1 ds..,.,.lIre. make despair ./Vbn Ie 'C"fIU' cruddta. Not to her to write is cruelty'. 99. Conjunctive pronouns, gZi excepted, double their first letter when affixed to a verb of one sylla- . ble, or to a verb ending with an accented vowel, in which case the aCcent is omitted; as, F/lfI&7Ai quato lo11Or iDstead ot III fl&i. Dirogli di flaire. iDstead ot dir) Iii. 100. The pronoun it should be expressed by il, lo, l', when referring to a masculine noun; and by la, l', when referring to a feminine noun; as, Lo IMlI con piGeere. I will do , with pleuare. 101. The pronoun them is expressed by Zi (some-times by gli), m., and le, ; as, 10 Ii IIffll do_ai. I shall have them to-momnr. DigitIZed by Coogle OOlrroNOTIVE PBOlrOUlfB. VOCABULARY. To ab1la To bring. oarrt To bu,. . Color ...... . . DniII-maker To filrget Gold To leave Midlrtune lr-mt;y A6uallr .. PorlIJr COfItpTllrt. Color 811rl1J. Dimenlicllr Oro. Lturillr DitgrtlSiIJ. Necarita. Are 1011 PiD& to the tailor'. T No, I -aoinI to my store. Your dra has a good color. Good boob or not. New . Old . 9PiniOD Povert1 Pl'Il81Ierit;y. B.ead'y Beuon Ruin Shoemaker. Tailor. . A1UlaU dal 'IIrto1 .M.Dw. Yecc/aio. Opiniot&e. PONrla. Pro.perita. Pronto. Ba,iMN. ROtllftlJ, Cal.ollJio. 8l1rto. No, io fIIJdo alill mill IxIUegIJ. LII._II ""ie /ail un huon color .. Buoni libri, 0 no. EXERCISE XII. Has the shoemaker brought my boots ? No, sir; I went to his nora yesterday, and they were not ready. When will he bring them. ? He will bring them to-morrow. Why-doea he Dot bring them day? BecaIl88 they will Dot be ready to-day. Give me my gloves . Where are they? I left them in your brother'. lOOm: ShalT you Dot apeak to my father? I .hallspeak to him, nndoubtedly. Shall you Dot llpeak to ~ sister? No, sir; I IIhaJ.l Dot speak to her. Why ~ t ? . I llhall Dot speak to her to-day becaulI8 she did not speak to me y8llterday. This is not a good reason. Good reason or Dot, lllhall Dot speak to her to-day. I will buy this beautiful hOrlle Or my sister. Why do you Dot buy it Cor yOUrll8lf? BecaulI8 I flave DO Deed oC a small horse. The draJa-maker. brought me a white dreas; it is too large Cor me, and I IIhaJ.l give it to my mother. Give him that inbtand, and I will give you this penknife. Have you studied your 188llOn ? Yea, sir; my lesson was not very diflicult to-day. When your leaeon is not very diflicult, it is very 8&sy to study it. Bring me myoId black coat. Shall YOll give it to your mend? No, I llhall not give it \ to my mend to-day, becall88 the tailor . has not brought my Dew coat. Will he bring it to-morrow' !'o-morrow is Sunday. Is it DOt Friday to-day? No,.,. DigitIZed by Coogle 48 IBUGULAB VEIUI8. PIB8T COlUUGATlOll'. LEBBOlf XIV. IRREGULAR VERBS, FIRST CONJUGATION. FARE. TO HAXE. 8T ARE. TO BUY. I'IIDD!'. Fo or faecio I make. 810 lata,.. Frri Thou makeIIt. 81Ai. Thou ata1'l*-Fa. He makeL 8IA He Itaya. FaeciGmo. FIIIe Fanno We make. 8"amo Y OIl make. 8tok. TheT make. 8IAnno (See page 201.) We_,.. YOIl_y. TheT -,.. N. B.-The.verbfart it derived from the LatinffJf", and Ihould p1'Op8l"l,. belong to the irregular verbs of the aecond conjugation. 102. The verb jare is idiomatically employed in expressions denoting the state of the weather; as, OM tempo fa owl 1 How ill the weather to4a,., N. B. - The verb far., thWl employed, mWlt preoede the _, uoept in aD interrogative 1leDtence. Fa heZ tempo 0fIfIi. Ii is fiDe weather to-da,.. Not n tempo fa bello oggi. 103. The verb stare is idiomatically used in expressions concerning one's health; as, 0_. alAI" rignora , How do 70Il do, madam, 104. The following nouns require the verb to have, and not to be, as in English: Fa"" -' Hunger. I 8et, Thirst. Ragione. Bight. Torlo Wrong. PaUTa Pear. Yergogrw. Shame. I _ 1&ungry, Ia upn.ed 117 10 10 /afllA, I have hunger. DigitIZed by Coogle IBBEGULAB VEBBS, FIBST CONJUGATION. 4'l . To accompany Civility Cold Dear To deaerve To embrace Pear BoW18 IDgratitude XiDg VOCABULARY. .8.ccof1l!JJtJgnare. Citrilta. Freddo. Caro. Mentare. .8.bbrIJCCiare. Timore. CutJ. lragratiludiM. Re. Money To pass. spend Past To reproach. To aepamte Soon. To sparkle To thank Temperance Warm EXAMPLES. Denaro. Pauar,. Pulido. BimprOfHlrare. Separar Pruto. Scintilla,... RingratritJre. TempcrallMa. Cald.o. An you thinty or hungry? .8.Nte/llme e ute 7 I am neither thirsty nor hungry. Non Ito nl/ame nl ute, Bow are your brothera? Comr ata"llo i fIOatri /raWZi , EXERCISE xm. Good-morning, air ; how do you do? I am very well, I thank you. How is your sister? My sister is not very well. Where did you spend the day yesterday? I"W811 with my iiiend. Give me some water. Are you thirsty? Yes, I am thirsty and hun-gry. .Am. I not right in reproaching him for his ingratitude? What has he done? He has not spoken to my mother. You are right; he is proud, and he deserves it. How is the weather to-day? It is very fine weather Was it fine weather yester-day? Yesterday the weather "W8II very beautiful. Have you time to study your French 18lllOn? I have time, but I have no desire . to study it. Has your brother a desire to buy my car-riage? He has a great desire to buy it, but he has no money. When will he have money? He will probably have some money next month. Then I will give him my horse now, if he will giveme the money nan month. Is it Cold to-day? No, air; it is not very cold. Was it warm yesterday? Yes, air; it"W811 very warm yesterday. Are you afia.id to go with me? Where sha.ll we go? We will go to the shoemaker's. Has he not brought your boots? He has brought neither the boots nor the shoes. Let us go, then; I am not afraid to go with you; I"W811 only desirous to speak with your sister before going. She is not at home. When will she be at home? She will be at home soon. DigitIZed by Coogle , LlI880B' XV. USE OF THE DEFINITE ARTIOLE . 105. To DEFIlUTB ARTICLE is used before noUDS ,,.,. in 1M juJJ, ..,., of lieir B i g n ~ It is thus used before nouns designating, 1st, A class. 2d, . A species of a class. 3d, An individual of a species. 1. Gil _ita' _......u. lieD an IIIIII'IIIl. BIN &he ward _ini ill ued to npnIIIlt olua. ill ita whole ateu.t ; I. Io. aU .... N. B. - Instead ot ,Ii _ini, I'uo_ 0Ul be ued. beca1llt IIlDgalar noun -1 often be uedAl npnIIIltati:n ot the whole oIa& 2. Gli _ini virluoai IOM/"id. VIrtuoaa meD are haPP1. Here _illi "irh&ori npnIIIlta apeci., 01' numberot meD who haYe the quJity of vi"'-i. We 0Ul Uo -,. I' .... virluGlo. beca1llt .1IlDgalar noun -1 npreHDt the whole IpICIieI. 8. L' tIOIU til c:ui vi ptJrlo. The man otwhom I IIpIIk to 101L Here the noun _0 ill tI.keD. indhidaally, and the artlole ..... to limit it to lingle indiYidur.1 whom we wiah to partiaaIarlA 0BaaT.u'.l0lI'.- WIumeYer. JI01IIl i111I8Id ill an inddnite JIlUIJIR. i. e., wheD we do not wiIh to OODIider it AI whole w.., AI whole 1pII01eI. 01' as partio1Ilar iIldiYidur.1, the r.rtiole -1 be omiu.L TIlUl, we_,._,., A __ ,o otlio rip_ 01' L'GlIWr' 0 I'otlio dpitltJ. But. ill the first cue, G1ftOr. and otlioare uedln. genen.1 or indeIl-nite I11III; while, in the aeoond cue, they are limited or cIetermiul b7 I01DI olrcumsta.Dcee whioh are undentood. BUOh as I'IIIIIM' (cAe,or-tialRO IIi 6_i), Z' otlio (de .. ntiaao pei c/lttitli.) Dante _,..: BiIpoIeai: ftOIt aomo. _ gia /Ui. He replied to me: I am not man. man onOl I WIllI. Here the poet wiIheI onl,. to gift the inddnite idea otwhioh .... ill the lip. Uomo ill here 1IIICld IIOlDOWhat like qurJ.if;ying adJeoti.ft. 106. Abstract nouns, used alone, take the definite article; as, Za virtU, virtue. But, when two or more noUDS are joined together, the article may be omitted; as, virtu ell onore, virtue and honor. DigitIZed by Coogle 107. Before name . of countries, kingdoms, and provinces, the article may be used or omitted. If we' wish. to mention the whole country or the province, we must use the article; as, L& /lGliG i "l1li bella contra4&. ltaJ,J Ie beautiful oo1lJltr1. But, if we view the country i:D. a manner, or as a point, without reference, to its extent, then the article is not necessary; as, V'engo tlt& Bal(a. I come floom ltaJ,J. 108. The article is also used before names of the mountains celebrated by the poets, and before the words '8ignme, BigNwa, Signorina; as, ,B Pirulo, II PllrllGNO, L' Elicofl& Pind1UJ, Pama.uI, Heliaaa. B 8ignar GiOllllAAi, La 8ign.orll C. Mr. John, lIrIrL C. 109. The article is omitted in a. direct address; as, UOIIIO,' .. Iii tIIOrlIIle. Ma, thou r.rt mortaL lI4IliG, 0 ,. cui tlii 'II .orle. . I