an argument that the dark matter is axions
DESCRIPTION
An argument that the dark matter is axions. Pierre Sikivie Miami 2013 Conference Fort Lauderdale, December 16, 2013 Collaborators: Ozgur Erken, Heywood Tam, Qiaoli Yang. Cold dark matter axions thermalize and form a Bose-Einstein condensate. Outline. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
An argument that the dark matter is axions
Pierre Sikivie
Miami 2013 Conference
Fort Lauderdale, December 16, 2013
Collaborators: Ozgur Erken, Heywood Tam, Qiaoli Yang
Outline
1. Cold dark matter axions thermalize and form a Bose-Einstein condensate.
2. The axion BEC rethermalizes sufficiently fast that axions about to fall onto a galactic halo almost all go to the lowest energy state for given total angular momentum.
3. As a result the axions produce - caustic rings of dark matter - in the galactic plane - with radii
4. There is observational evidence for the existence of caustic rings of dark matter - in the galactic plane - with radii - with overall size consistent with tidal torque theory
5. The evidence for caustic rings is not explained by other forms of dark matter. Ordinary cold dark matter (WIMPs, sterile neutrinos, non-rethermalizing BEC, …) forms tent-like inner caustics.
The Strong CP Problem
Because the strong interactions conserve P and CP, .
2
QCD 2...
32a ag
L G G
1010
The Standard Model does not provide a reason for to be so tiny,
but a relatively small modification of the model does provide a reason …
If a symmetry is assumed,
relaxes to zero,
PQU (1)
2
2
1... .
32 2a a
a
a gL G G a a
f
a
a
f
and a light neutral pseudoscalar particle is predicted: the axion.
f f
a
a
610 GeVeV
aa fm
aa
aL g E B
f
����������������������������
= 0.97 in KSVZ model 0.36 in DFSZ model
g
5fa f fa
aL i g f f
f
The remaining axion window
laboratory searches
510 15101010 (GeV)af
(eV)am 1 510 1010
stellar evolution
cosmology
There are two cosmic axion populations: hot and cold.
When the axion mass turns on, at QCD time,
1T
1t
1 1 GeVT 9
11
1) 3 10 eV(ap t
t
71 2 10 sect
Axion production by vacuum realignment
2 2 21 1 1 1
1
1
2
1
2( ) ( ) ( ) ( )a a at t t t
tn m a f
GeVT GeVT
V
a
V
a
1
0
3 7
60 1( ) ( )a aa a
R
Rt tm mn
initialmisalignmentangle
Cold axion properties
• number density
• velocity dispersion
• phase space density
5 347 31
3 12
( )4 10( )
cm 10 GeV ( )af a t
n ta t
1
1
( )1
( )v( )
a
a t
m t a tt
83 3
6112
34
3
(2 )( ) 10
10 GeV( v)
a
a
fn t
m
N
ifdecoupled
Cold axion properties
• number density
• velocity dispersion
• phase space density
5 347 31
3 12
( )4 10( )
cm 10 GeV ( )af a t
n ta t
1
1
( )1
( )v( )
a
a t
m t a tt
83 3
6112
34
3
(2 )( ) 10
10 GeV( v)
a
a
fn t
m
N
ifdecoupled
Bose-Einstein Condensation
if identical bosonic particles
are highly condensed in phase space
and their total number is conserved
and they thermalize
then most of them go to the lowest energy
available state
why do they do that?
by yielding their energy to the
non-condensed particles, the
total entropy is increased.
BECpreBEC
the axions thermalize and form a BEC after a time
the axion fluid obeys classical field equations,behaves like CDM
the axion fluid does not obey classical field equations, does not behave like CDM
the axion BEC rethermalizes
the axion fluid obeys classical field equations,behaves like CDM
the axion fluid does not obey classical field equations,does not behave like CDM
Axion field dynamics
From self-interactions
From gravitational self-interactions
After , axions thermalize in the “condensed” regime
implies
for
and for self-gravity
Thermalization occurs due to gravitational interactions
at time 1t
-1with v)l m
1 ( )( ) / ( ) ( )g a tt H t t a t
2
2
Gm
q
q
PS and Q. Yang, PRL 103 (2009) 111301 O. Erken, PS, H. Tam and Q. Yang, Phys. Rev. D85 (2012) 063520K. Saikawa and M. Yamaguchi, Phys. Rev. D (2013) 085010
Gravitational interactions thermalize the axions and cause them to form a BEC when the photon temperature
After that 1v
m t
3 3( ) / ( ) ( )g t H t t a t
Tidal torque theory
neighboringprotogalaxy
Stromberg 1934; Hoyle 1947; Peebles 1969, 1971
Tidal torque theorywith ordinary CDM
neighboringprotogalaxy
the velocity field remains irrotational
v 0 ����������������������������
Axions rethermalize before falling onto galactic halos and go to their lowest energy state consistent with the total angular momentum they acquired from tidal torquing
provided
i.e.
Axion fraction of dark matter is more than of order 3%.
Tidal torque theorywith axion BEC
v 0 ����������������������������
in their lowest energy available state, the axions fall in with net overall rotation
Caustics of light at the bottom of a swimming pool on a sunny breezy day
watersurface
lightintensity position
poolbottom
x
x.
DM particles in phase space
DM forms caustics in the non-linear regime
x
xx
.x
Phase space distribution of DM in a homogeneous universe
z
z.
ztHz )(v
-1210v
for WIMPs
-17v 10 -8v 10
for axions (preBEC)
for sterile neutrinos
The dark matter particles lie on a 3-dimensional sheet in
6-dimensional phase space
the physical density is the projection of the phase space sheet onto position space
z
z.
The cold dark matter particles lie on a 3-dimensional sheet in
6-dimensional phase space
the physical density is the projection of the phase space sheet onto position space
z
z.
Phase space structure of spherically symmetric halos
(from Binney and Tremaine’s book)
Phase space structure of spherically symmetric halos
Galactic halos have inner caustics as well as outer caustics.
If the initial velocity field is dominated by net overall rotation, the inner caustic is a ‘tricusp ring’.
If the initial velocity field is irrotational, the inner caustic has a ‘tent-like’ structure.
(Arvind Natarajan and PS, 2005).
simulations by Arvind Natarajan
in case of net overall rotation
The caustic ring cross-section
an elliptic umbilic catastrophe
D-4
in case of irrotational flow
On the basis of the self-similar infall model(Filmore and Goldreich, Bertschinger) with angular momentum (Tkachev, Wang + PS), the caustic rings were predicted to be
in the galactic plane
with radii
was expected for the Milky Way halo from the effect of angular momentum on the inner rotation curve.
1,2,3...n
maxj 0.18
rot max40kpc v j
220km/s 0.18n
na
Effect of a caustic ring of dark matter upon the galactic rotation curve
Composite rotation curve(W. Kinney and PS, astro-ph/9906049)
• combining data on
32 well measured
extended external
rotation curves
• scaled to our own galaxy
Inner Galactic rotation curveInner Galactic rotation curve
from Massachusetts-Stony Brook North Galactic Pane CO Survey (Clemens, 1985)
Outer Galactic rotation curve
R.P. Olling and M.R. Merrifield, MNRAS 311 (2000) 361
Monoceros Ring of stars
H. Newberg et al. 2002; B. Yanny et al., 2003; R.A. Ibata et al., 2003; H.J. Rocha-Pinto et al, 2003; J.D. Crane et al., 2003; N.F. Martin et al., 2005
in the Galactic planeat galactocentric distance appears circular, actually seen forscale height of order 1 kpcvelocity dispersion of order 20 km/s
may be caused by the n = 2 caustic ring of dark matter (A. Natarajan and P.S. ’07)
20 kpcr 0 0100 270l
The caustic ring halo model assumes
• net overall rotation
• axial symmetry
• self-similarity
L. Duffy & PSPRD78 (2008)063508
The specific angular momentum distribution on the turnaround sphere
a
2
m xˆ( , ) ˆ ˆˆ( )( )
nR t
n tt
z nj
2 2
3 9( )R t t
0.25 0.35
Is it plausible in the context of tidal torque theory?
Tidal torque theorywith ordinary CDM
neighboringprotogalaxy
the velocity field remains irrotational
v 0 ����������������������������
For collisionless particles
If initially,
then for ever after.
v v, ) , ) v( , ) v( , )
, )
dr t r t r t r t
dt t
r t
0v =
0v =
in case of irrotational flow
Tidal torque theorywith axion BEC
v 0 ����������������������������
net overall rotation is obtained because, in the lowest energy state,all axions fall with the same angular momentum
in case of net overall rotation
The specific angular momentum distribution on the turnaround sphere
a
2
m xˆ( , ) ˆ ˆˆ( )( )
nR t
n tt
z nj
2 2
3 9( )R t t
0.25 0.35
Is it plausible in the context of tidal torque theory?
Tidal torque theorywith axion BEC
v 0 ����������������������������
net overall rotation is obtained because, in the lowest energy state,all axions fall with the same angular momentum
Magnitude of angular momentum
fits perfectly ( )0.25 0.35
0.05G. Efstathiou et al. 1979, 1987
max 0.18j
from caustic rings
1
2
5
2
max| | 16 8
5 3 10 3
L E
G M
j
The specific angular momentum distribution on the turnaround sphere
a
2
m xˆ( , ) ˆ ˆˆ( )( )
nR t
n tt
z nj
2 2
3 9( )R t t
0.25 0.35
Is it plausible in the context of tidal torque theory?
Self-Similarity
a comoving volume
3
( )
( ) ( , ) ( ( , )V t
t d r r t r r t
( )r a t x ( ) , ) ( )r a t x t x
( )
( , )( , )
t
r tr t
( ) , ) ( ) ( )r a t x t a t x
4 30( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ( ))x
V
t t a t d x x x x
Self-Similarity (yes!)
time-independent axis of rotation
2
3ˆ ˆ( ) ( )t z a t z t
5
3ˆ( )L t z t
1 4 523 9 3( )
ˆ( , )R t
n t t tt
0.33provided
Conclusion:
The dark matter looks like axions
fromF. Van den Bosch,A. Burkert and R. Swaters, MNRAS 326(2001) 1205
explained by axion BEC
N. Banik & PSarXiv: 1307.3547