an approach integrating life cycle analysis, externe and economic models ben maddox university of...
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An approach Integrating Life Cycle Analysis, ExternE and Economic Models
Ben Maddox
University of Newcastle
Australia
Integrated assessment for
Sustainable Regional Energy Systems
Research Aim
•Develop framework for Integrated Assessment
•Include models for: – Life Cycle Analysis– Externalities (ExternE)– Economics.
•Encompasses: – technological– environmental– economic– social impacts.
•Facilitate the inclusion of regional drivers for sustainability
Integrated Assessment?
• Process of dealing with complex issues, using knowledge from various scientific disciplines and/or stakeholders.
• Achieves equal consideration for each element of sustainability;
– Environmental– Social– Economic
• Provides a decision support framework for determining trade-offs for sustainable development.
Governance
Economic
Environment Social
EthicsSocial productivityMarkets
Trade-offs
Social viability
Eco-efficiency
=Transitionto SD
Variations over time/project cycle
Governance
Economic
Environment Social
EthicsSocial productivityMarkets
Trade-offs
Social viability
Eco-efficiency
=Transitionto SD
Variations over time/project cycle
Trade-offs
Batterham 2002
Challenges for integrated Assessment
– Ensuring that assessment is adapted to particular needs (e. Regional National or Project level)
– Accessing baseline information on environmental, social, and economic issues and integrating multiple data sets in forecast modelling, valuation techniques and BCA.
– Ensuring that the principle of stakeholder involvement and consultation is applied more widely and effectively;
– Avoiding a black box approach ensuring model uncertainty and assumptions understood by stakeholders
Elements of IA
• Input-output models • General equilibrium models (GE)• Partial equilibrium models• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)• Risk assessment• Scenario building e.g BAU• Life-cycle analysis (LCA)• Benefit-cost analysis (BCA)• Multi-criteria analysis – takes stakeholder preferences into account
Abazza 2003
Externalities ValuationAn externality exists if:– Negative/positive impacts are generated by an economic activity and
imposed on others not directly involved in a transaction.– The impact is not already priced in the market place, e.g. if the effect
is negative there is no existing compensation
Why value externalities?– Economists claim that getting the prices right is a prerequisite for
market mechanisms to work effectively for the goals of sustainable development (NEA 2001).
– Aapproaches for determining a monetary valuation for external costs and benefits of energy supply, in principle, provide a means to quantify and integrate these costs and benefits into the decision making of corporations, governments and consumers.
Internalised & Externalised cost of Energy
• Internalised costs of energy– Cost of coal/fuel– Capital costs– Labour costs
• Externalised costs of energy– Community health (respiratory illness via PM, SOx, NOx, etc.)– Ecosystem health (e.g. acid deposition)– Infrastructure degradation (roads)– Global warming (greenhouse gas emissions)– Smog (SOx and NOx transformations)
• But also: Externalised benefits of energy– Energy security– Fuel replacement (eliminating burning of coal directly in the
home e.g South Africa)
LCA & Externality Valuation• LCA is a traditional systems analysis approach used by
manufacturers, engineers and other stakeholders to quantify where environmental burdens are generated, and where opportunities for improvement exist.
• LCA is also an attractive tool for decision and policy makers for evaluating the environmental credentials of development options/policy. However, policy makers have generally found it difficult to deal with the numerous and diverse outputs of an LCA, which generally report all quantities of pollutants and resource consumption and use various methods for assessing and comparing the relevance of these values.
• Externality valuation has been used as a complimentary tool to LCA by transforming impacts into an an economic indicator.
Externality StudiesA review of externalities studies was undertaken. A wide variety of approaches was found, however the ExternE approach was adopted
for this research effort
Why ExternE?– The Impact Pathway Approach used in ExternE is the most
consistent with Life Cycle Analysis as it traces impacts from the bottom up from cradle to impact, and it is also consistent with the economic theory for an externality, I.e measures damage cost in contrast to control costs.
– The Externalities of Energy (ExternE) project began as a joint EC, US project in 1994 it is under continual development by the EC (Due for an Update this year) and has been implemented across the EU, China and Brazil http://externe.jrc.es/.
ExternE
• Involves methods for internalising external costs and benefits• Provides a monetary valuation of impacts and damages of alternative
technologies• Approach for comparing production systems• Increasingly used to provide information for decision making of
corporations, governments and consumers (IER 2003). Uses a consistent “bottom-up” methodology to evaluate the external costs associated with a range of different energy cycles
• Multidisciplinary approach:Economists, environmental scientists, health specialists, energy technologists, ecologists, atmospheric chemists, modellers and computer software specialists
Results of ExternE Implementation
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Coal
Lignite
Oil
Gas
PV
Wind
Biomass
Nuclear
Fu
el c
yc
le
EU c/kWh
Global warming costs (ExternE 1999)
Health costs (ExternE 1999)
Operating costs (1990$)
PV operating costs are approximately
64 EU c/ kWh
IEA 1999
Germany
Uncertainties• Data uncertainty ( e.g. slope of a dose - response function, cost of a day
of restricted activity, and deposition velocity of a pollutant• Model uncertainty (e.g. assumptions about causal links between
pollutants and a health impact, assumptions about the form of a dose response function (e.g with or without threshold) and choice of models for atmospheric dispersion chemistry.
• Uncertainty about policy and ethical choices ( e.g discount rate for intergenerational costs, and value of a statistical life).
• Uncertainty about the future ( e.g. potential for reducing crop losses by the development of more resistant species
• Idiosyncrasies of the analyst ( e.g. interpretation of ambiguous or incomplete information)
• Site and regional specificity for local pollutants• Upstream and downstream processes• Discounting - Global warming• Disaster aversion (currently not included)
Ideology
• Integrated Assessment can take separate; technology, economic, environmental and social models to provide indicators for decisions on sustainable development options.
• In principle an economic indicator can be achieved which describes the positive and negative aspects of a development scenario provided assumptions and uncertainties are transparent.
• Issues of regional significance can be determined and integrated into the assessment via participatory processes involving relevant stakeholders applying appropriate weightings for Sustainable Development drivers.
• A framework for assessing the sustainability of large scale development options in a regional context can be build upon these principles
Methodology• Integrate the use of Life Cycle Analysis (LCA), externality costing and economic input
– output modelling, to facilitate the assessment of the sustainability of regional development options.
• The framework is based on normalising, in monetary terms, economic, social and
ecological costs and benefits, so that all of the impacts associated various options can be considered on a similar basis and the relative magnitude of tradeoffs analysed.
• This information can then provide a knowledge base for participatory processes where a diverse cross section of stakeholders informed by the modeling results can assess and or formulate development scenarios.
• Where data does not exist for an impact or there is no acceptable valuation method, the impact will be included in a qualitative sense while indicators are developed
• Goal is to identify scenarios which perform well over a range of futures, e.g high or low global warming costs or high water externality value.
Research Framework
L C I
Traditional Economic Analysis (TEA)
Normalisation
Putting TEA LCA
& ExternE
Into common units
Assessment
Trade-offs e.g. magnitude of net +ve and -ve effect on
Key Indicator Categories
(Social, economic, ecological)
ExternE
Legend
Area of Existing Knowledge
Research Area
LCA
Regional outlook
Region with increased social ecological and economic
adaptive capacity/ sustainability e.g. a more diverse and adaptive regional energy
system
Weighting e.g. low
greenhouse gas emissions,
employment opportunities
Outcomes 1. Relative indicator of which
development option is the more valuable to society (current)
2. Sustainability, assessment of the adaptive options created by a development (future) e.g. Social & economically viable energy diversification
Strategy
Regional Drivers
Characterisation
Environmental, Industrial,
Economic, & Social Data
GIS Database for Storage,
Retrieval and Analysis
Hunter Valley as a study region• The Hunter Valley energy chain was chosen as a suitable Case
Study because it is a large supplier of both domestic electricity and energy fuel (coal) for international export.
• The location of large electricity generation infrastructure has also created an economy that contains a number of energy intensive industries, for example aluminium production. The net outcome of these operations has made the Hunter Valley a large source of greenhouse gas emissions
• It is also a region that needs to develop a range of scenarios for a transition to sustainable development which maintains economic social and environmental viability through appropriate allocation of resource competing uses. E.g water for mining viticulture power generation
Application of the ExternE Methodology
• Analysis of Air Pollution Effects
– Specification of the power generation technologies and the environmental burdens they impose (e.g. kg/s of particulates emitted by a power plant)
– Calculation of increased pollutant concentration in all effected regions eg ug/m3 of particulates, using models of atmospheric dispersion and chemistry
– Calculation of the resulting dose and physical impacts (e,g number of cases of asthma due to these particulates, using a dose- response function);
– Economic valuation of these impacts ( e.g multiplication by the cost of an asthma attack).
Monetary Value of Receptors
Crops Euro
Barley Yield loss in decitonnes 6.3
Oats 6.6
Potato 9.6
Material Maintenance costs per m2
Galvanised Steel 17-55
Limestone 299
Mortar 33
Natural Stone 299
Value of a prevented fatality $2,500,000Year of Life Lost (acute effects 3% discount rate $125,530Year of Life Lost (Chronic effects 3% discount rate $73,106Chronic Bronchitis $128,280Cerebrovascular hospital admissions $12,674Respiratory hospital admission $3,273Congestive heart Failure $2,470Chronic Cough in children $182Restructed activity day $83Asthma attack $57Cough $34Minor restricted activity day $34Sympton day $34Bronchodilar usage $30Lower respiratory symptom $6
Value of a Statistical Australian Life of 2.5 $M (DoHA (2002).
Dose Response FunctionsReceptor Impact Category Reference
Pollutant
fer
Asthmatics Cases/(yr-person ug/m3)
Adults Bronchodilator usage PM10
Nitrates
Sulfates
0.163
0.163
0.272
Children Bronchodilator usage PM10
Nitrates
Sulfates
0.078
0.078
0.129
Children Chronic cough PM10
Nitrates
Sulfates
2.07E-3
2.07E-3
3.46E-3
Entire Population
Respiratory hospital admissions
PM10
Nitrates
Sulfates
2.07E-6
2.07E-6
3.46E-6
Chronic Mortality PM10
Nitrates
Sulfates
1.57E-4
1.57E-4
2.60E-4
Ref Pope & Dockery (1995), Dockery et al (1989)
Quantification of impacts and costs
• Exposure Response Function:
• Humber of Respiratory Hospital Admissions (RHA)
• = 3.46E-6. Sulphate ug/m3 . Population* $3,273(per case)
• Annual averages as determined with TAPM
Results from Implementation of ExternE
MWh 2002Bayswater 15250000Liddell 9290000Total 24540000
Health Cost estimated at $2 per MWh using PM, GGE cost of $43.5 PPP Adjusted from a value of 29 Euro/ t – CO2. For Bayswater and Liddell this equates to approximately ~ $40/MWh so externalised cost estimated at $ 42 per MWh
Population Receptor Condition Estimated Cost
Asthma (11.3%) Bronchodilator $1,618,714
Cough $1,890,816
Lower respiratory symptoms $121,155
Children 20% Chronic Cough $220,506
Adults 80% RAD $4,882,379
Chronic Bronchitis $7,365,441
Entire population Chronic Mortality $33,622,943
respiratory hospital admissions $128,464
Acute $1,985,752
Total $51,836,170
CCSD 2003
Economic Impact of the HV energy Chain
• The economic impact of electricity generation is obvious, however there will be different benefits associated with different technologies. Coal has externalised costs as well as externalised security benefits, it also supports industries important to the Hunter economy which require a base load supply such aluminum refining.
• 89.5% of coal exported by NSW comes from Hunter Valleys mines generating approximately $4.2 billion dollars in turnover in 2002 (HVRF). A Price Waterhouse Coopers study showed government revenue at approximately $10/t. 11.8 of coal Mt were used by Bayswater and Liddell in 2001-2.(Coal Industry Profile 2003)
• The turnover of the Hunter Aluminum Industry in 2002 was $M1132 (HVRF)
• Macquarie Generation turned over $M757 in 2002 (MacGen 2003)
Future Work• Build on the GIS database of information available, Validate pollution modeling against
monitoring data, (including peer review). Widen the number of externalities considered (e.g Water externalities ) and make uncertainties and assumptions more explicit.
• Continue Work with the Hunter Valley Research Foundation to determine the economic multiplier effects of the coal/electricity generation industry
• Review methodologies for Multi Criteria Decision Analysis and participatory processes. Develop a methodology appropriate to Australia’s environment and society for integrating the indicators generated by the externality and economic modeling with participatory process. Use these processes to guide scenario development.
• Develop criteria for testing the ability of an existing and alternative development option to perform in a robust manner under a range of future scenarios. E.g Carryout sensitivity analysis of options at different damage costs for global warming
• Mapping existing resource and demographic conditions within the geographical region, so that key alternative regional spatial organisations of industries and community can be explored
• Apply IA framework to a number of energy scenarios for the Hunter Valley
Conclusions
• Building up regional technological, environmental, economic and social databases are essential for region based IAs.
• Currently at the stage of being able to extend LCA to an estimated economic indicator, providing SD information in regard to technology choices which require the positives and negatives to be traded off.
• The analysis needs to be extended to allow stakeholder participation in the formulation development scenarios which reflect desired regional futures.