Helping People and the Planet

Practitioners Guides, Toolkits, and

Training Manuals for Integrated

Conservation and Development Projects:

An Annotated Bibliography of Linked Resources

Lauren Tarr, Althea Skinner, and Colleen Farrell

June 2019

© Gary Van Wyk / The Ginkgo Agency / Whiskas / WWF-UK

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The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development provides a shared blueprint for prosperity for people and the planet into the future. The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) recognize that ending poverty and food insecurity requires strategies that reduce inequality, spur economic growth, preserve oceans and forests, and tackle climate change.1 While today there is global consensus about the linked nature of these challenges, that wasn’t always the case. In 1985, World Wildlife Fund’s Wildlands and Human Needs program represented the first biodiversity conservation projects that strategically incorporated rural development components.2 Integrated Conservation and Development Projects (ICDPs) have since evolved to a more co-equal “approach that aims to meet the social development priorities and conservation goals.”3

In 2008, the CARE-WWF Alliance launched a unique global partnership to advance these linked objectives. After a decade of partnership, the Alliance is taking stock of approaches, lessons, and best practices for advancing poverty alleviation, sustainable livelihoods and natural resource management in the context of climate change. This document seeks to summarize the best approaches for designing, implementing, and monitoring contemporary ICDPs. The intended audience of this annotated bibliography is field practitioners and technical advisors whose projects utilize diverse interventions to achieve sustainable development goals.

This document first showcases the available and recommended resources in snapshot summary tables, organized by theme. The tables indicate key information to help compare and select the most appropriate document for a situation or context. The tables indicate whether the documents address cross-sector integration and/or up-scaling, institutional authors and audiences, and whether guidance is provided at the level of principle and/or practice (i.e., theory or implementation.)

Following the tables you will find additional annotation briefly explaining each of the guides and training manuals, organized by author’s last name within each of our guiding themes:

• Integrated project design, monitoring and sustainability

• Agriculture and fisheries

• Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM)

• Climate change adaptation, disaster risk reduction (DRR), and humanitarian relief

• Good governance, policy advocacy, and scaling up

Whenever possible, each resource is directly hyperlinked for ease of access.

These recommended resources do not constitute an exhaustive list. The CARE-WWF Alliance invites you to share the guidance documents you find most helpful for improving integrated conservation and development practice at info@care-wwf-alliance.org.

1United Nations (2015). https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/2 Hughes, R., & Flintan, F. (2001). Integrating conservation and development experience: a review and bibliography of the ICDP literature. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.3 Worah, S. (2000) International History of ICDPs. In: UNDP (2000) Proceedings of Integrated Conservation and Development Projects Lessons Learned Workshop, June 12- 13, 2000. Hanoi: UNDP/World Bank/WWF.

INTRODUCTION

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Guidance Document Summary Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Integrated Project Design, Monitoring, and Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Agriculture and Fisheries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Community-Based Natural Resource Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Climate Change Adaptation, Disaster Risk Reduction, and Humanitarian Relief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Good Governance, Policy Advocacy, and Scaling Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Annotated Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Integrated Project Design, Monitoring, and Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Agriculture and Fisheries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Community-Based Natural Resource Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Climate Change Adaptation, Disaster Risk Reduction, and Humanitarian Relief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Good Governance, Policy Advocacy, and Scaling Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

CONTENTS

© WWF / Simon Rawles

© WWF-US / James Morgan

Integrated Project Design, Monitoring, and Sustainability

Name Sector Institutional Author Audience Integration Scaling Notes Principle Practice

Freshwater Conservation and WASH Integration Guidelines: A Framework for Implementation in sub-Saharan Africa

Freshwater conservation, sanitation and hygiene

Africa Biodiversity Collaborative Group (WWF, Conservation International and the Nature Conservancy)

Conservation and development practitioners

M&E staff

Integration: freshwater conservation and public health

Scaling: improves health outcomes by working at the watershed scale

A Guide for Monitoring and Evaluating Population-Health-Environment Programs: Second Edition

Conservation, Population health environment

Measure Evaluation

Conservation and development practitioners

M&E staff

Integration: conservation, public health, family planning and gender

Scaling: clarifies how suggested indicators link to the SDGs

Healthy People, Healthy Ecosystems: A Manual on Integrating Health and Family Planning into Conservation Projects

Conservation, Population health environment

WWF

Conservation and development practitioners

Integration: conservation, health, family planning and gender

Bridge CollaborativePractitioner’s Guide: Principles and guidance for cross-sector action planning and evidence evaluation

Development, conservation and health

The Nature Conservancy

Conservation and development practitioners

Project planners

Integration: conservation, development and public health

Resources for Implementing the CMP Open Standards: Planning for Sustainability and Responsible Exits

Conservation WWF

Conservation project planners and managers

Integration: social, economic, and ecological pillars of sustainability after project end

Scaling: addresses replication and scaling as potential exit strategies

WWF Standards of Conservation Project and Programme Management (PPMS)

Conservation WWF

Conservation project planners and managers

M&E staff

Integration: conservation, stakeholder analysis, climate change

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GUIDANCE DOCUMENT SUMMARY TABLES

© Karine Aigner / WWF-US

Agriculture and Fisheries

Name Sector Author Audience Integration Scaling Notes Principle Practice

Facilitation Tools Agriculture CARE-USA Development practitioners

Integration: Agriculture and gender equity

Agriculture Tools Agriculture

CARE-USADevelopment practitioners

Communities

Marketing Tools Agriculture Integration: Agriculture and markets

Gender Tools Agriculture Integration: Agriculture and gender equity

Nutrition Tools Agriculture Integration: Agriculture, gender equity, and nutrition

Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning Tools

Agriculture Integration: Agriculture, gender equity, and good governance

Resource Paper for Practitioners and Fundraisers: Sustainable, Productive, Equitable, and Resilient (SuPER) Small-scale Agriculture in a Changing Climate

AgricultureDevelopment practitioners

Fundraisers

Integration: Agriculture, gender equity, inclusive governance, and increasing resilience

Scaling: resource mobilization

Advancing Gender in the Environment: Gender in Fisheries – A Sea of Opportunities

Fisheries

International Union of Concerned Scientists and US Agency for International Development

Conservation and development practitioners

USAID

Integration: Fisheries management, gender, women’s economic empowerment, and gender-based violence

Scaling: Markets and entrepreneurship

Community-Based Natural Resource Management

Name Sector Institutional Author Audience Integration Scaling Notes Principle Practice

Community-Based Natural Resource Management Manual

Community-Based Natural Resource Management

WWF Southern African Regional Office

CBNRM, conservation, or development practitioners

Integration: Natural resource management, economic development, and community empowerment

Scaling: National-level policy and regional financial markets

Understanding and Influencing Behaviors: A Guide

Biodiversity Conservation

Biodiversity Support Program (WWF, The Nature Conservancy and World Resources Institute)

CBNRM practitioners

Government representatives

Community leaders

Integration: Stakeholder analysis, behavior change communications, and biodiversity conservation

The Visioning Approach – In Community Watershed Management Planning

Watershed Management

CARE International in Vietnam

CBNRM practitioners

Community leaders and members

Scaling: Rights-based approach, participatory planning, and freshwater conservation

Best Practices for CBNRM: A practitioner’s guide and analytical tool

Community-Based Natural Resource Management

WWF-US CBNRM practitioners

Integration: Natural resource management and community empowerment

Scaling: Market incentives and policy reform for enabling conditions

Scaling and sustaining local marine conservation: A Resource Kit

Community-Based Marine Area Management

Blue VenturesCBNRM practitioners

Communities

Integration: Community empowerment, maternal and reproductive health, and marine conservation

Scaling: Communications for replication, sustainable financing, and networks of locally managed marine areas

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Guidance Document Summary Tables

© Martin Harvey / WWF

Climate Change Adaptation, Disaster Risk Reduction, and Humanitarian Relief

Name Sector Institutional Author Audience Integration Scaling Notes Principle Practice

Framework of Milestones and Indicators for Community Based Adaptation

Climate change adaptation

CAREDevelopment practitioners and actors

Integration: Climate resilient livelihoods, DRR, and community empowerment

Scaling: Enabling environment and national policy advocacy

Planning for Resilience: A Practitioner’s Manual to Support Community Based Adaptation to Climate Change

Climate change adaptation

CARE International in Vietnam

CBA, CBDRM, livelihood and other development practitioners

Local authorities

Integration: Community-based adaptation and disaster risk management approaches

Making It Count – Integrating Gender into Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction

Climate change and Disaster risk reduction

CARE International in Vietnam, Un Women in Vietnam and GIZ

Conservation or development practitioners

Government and non-Government partners

Integration: Gender, climate change adaptation and DRR

Scaling: Enabling national policy environment

A Landscape Approach for Disaster Risk Reduction in 7 Steps

Disaster risk reduction

CARE Nederland and Wetlands International

Conservation or development practitioners

Integration: Climate change adaptation, community resilience, and DRR

Scaling: Landscape approach

Climate Adaptation Plan Health Check-Up Tool

Climate change adaptation

CARE Nepal

Conservation or development practitioners

Communities

Integration: Participatory monitoring of social and ecological aspects of climate change adaptation

Climate Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis Handbook

Climate change adaptation

CARE

Project planners and managers

Field advisors

Local partners

Communities

Integration: Sustainable livelihoods, climate change adaptation, gender and rights-based approaches

Scaling: National and international level policy and advocacy

Bio-Engineering for River Training and Slope Protection Work: A Training Manual for Field Technicians Working in Disaster Risk Reduction

Disaster risk reduction

Mercy Corps, WWF and CARE

DRR practitioners

Integration: Freshwater conservation and DRR

Scaling: Complementing bioengineering with more traditional solutions for disaster-resilient infrastructure at scale

Climate Change Adaptation, Disaster Risk Reduction, and Humanitarian Relief (cont)

Name Sector Institutional Author Audience Integration Scaling Notes Principle Practice

Adaptation Good Practice Checklist

Climate change adaptation

CARE

Program implementers

Proposal development teams

Regional and national implements entities

Donors

Integration: Climate change adaptation and social and environmental safeguards

Scaling: Nationally determined contributions, national adaptation plans, and adaptation finance

Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Planning: Training of Trainers Manual

Climate change adaptation

CARE NepalDevelopment practitioners

Project planners

Integration: Climate change adaptation, gender and social inclusion, livelihoods, and good governance

Scaling: Scales out lessons to reach other regions and scales up climate change adaptation to the national policy level

Post-Disaster Shelter and Housing: Sound Environmental Practices for Long-term Safety and Well-being

Disaster relief and humanitarian assistance

WWF–Nepal

Humanitarian development workers

Government

Communities

Construction companies

Integration: Reconstruction, environmental planning, sustainable use and management of ecosystems, and DRR

Scaling: Good practices for longer-term reconstruction of post-disaster shelter and housing

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH): Environmental Considerations

Water, sanitation, hygiene and disaster relief

WWF–Nepal

Humanitarian development workers

Government

Communities

Construction companies

Integration: WASH and disaster relief

Green Recovery and Reconstruction: Training Toolkit for Humanitarian Aid

Environmental sustainability and disaster reconstruction and disaster risk reduction

WWF and Red Cross

Humanitarian aid workers

Conservation or development practitioners

Government planners and policy makers

Private sector

Integration: Humanitarian relief, environmental sustainability, WASH, and livelihoods

Scaling: Greening organizational operations, including supply chains and construction planning

8 9

Guidance Document Summary Tables

Good Governance, Policy Advocacy, and Scaling Up

Name Sector Institutional Author Audience Integration Scaling Notes Principle Practice

CARE International Advocacy Handbook

Development CARE International

Development practitioners / NGO staff

Scaling: Advocacy practices to create policy change in public or private sectors

The Community Score Card: A generic guide for implementing CARE’s CSC process to improve quality of services

Good governance CARE Malawi

Service users and providers

Decision- makers (government, NGO and community leaders)

M&E staff

Integration: Participatory governance of any organization or sector, rights-based approaches and gender

Scaling up – from vision to large-scale change: a management framework for practitioners

Development Management Systems International

Conservation or development practitioners

Government

Companies and donors

Scaling: Framework for scaling up and out

EcoAg Tools for Implementing Integrated Landscape Management

Biodiversity conservation and agriculture

EcoAgriculture Partners

Landscape initiative conveners

Conservation or development practitioners

Government planners and policy makers

Private sector

Integration: Biodiversity conservation, agricultural production, livelihoods, and food security

Scaling: Spatial planning and landscape finance

Voluntary Guidelines on Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security

Agriculture, fisheries, and forestry

Food and Agricultural Organization

Conservation or development practitioners

Government

Companies and donors

Integration: Food and nutrition security and natural resource governance

Scaling: National policies and regulations on tenure rights

Good Governance, Policy Advocacy, and Scaling Up (continued)

Name Sector Institutional Author Audience Integration Scaling Notes Principle Practice

Policy and Advocacy Toolkit: Planning and Monitoring

Policy advocacy and conservation

WWF–UK

Conservation practitioners

Policy advocacy campaigners

M&E staff

Integration: Stakeholder power and influence analysis

Scaling: Monitor impacts and evaluate success of scaling up through advocacy

Monitoring and Evaluation for Advocacy and Influencing

Policy advocacy and development

CAREDevelopment practitioners

M&E staff

Scaling: Monitor impacts and evaluate success of scaling up through advocacy

Public Hearing and Public Auditing

Good governance

WWF–Nepal

Conservation or development practitioners

Natural resource managers

Community organizations

Integration: Forest management and good governance

Participatory Well-Being Ranking

Poverty alleviation

Integration: Forest management, social inclusion, and sustainable livelihoods

Scaling: household to resource user group level

Participatory Governance Assessmen

Good governance

Integration: Forest management and participatory governance

Livelihood Improvement Plan

Poverty alleviation

Integration: Forest management and participatory well-being

Inte

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Gov

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Tool

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1110

Guidance Document Summary Tables

© James W. Thorsell / WWF

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Recognizing the need to better link freshwater conservation and Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) initiatives, ABCG’s member organizations, development NGOs, academics, USAID, and other donors produced these guidelines for integrated programming in sub-Saharan Africa. Their purpose is to provide guidance to health, development, and conservation professionals in sub-Saharan Africa on how to plan, coordinate, develop and achieve mutually supported WASH and freshwater conservation outcomes. A set of core guiding principles

Integrated Project Design, Monitoring, and Sustainability Edmond, J., Sorto, C., Davidson, S., Sauer, J., Warner, D., Dettman, M., & Platt, J. (2013). Freshwater Conservation and WASH Integration Guidelines: A Framework for Implementation in sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: Africa Biodiversity Collaborative Group (ABCG).

are included as critical elements to consider before developing and implementing integrated projects. Using the core principles as their foundation, the guidelines include the five steps needed to effectively design, implement, and monitor integrated WASH and freshwater conservation interventions. For each step, the document includes additional recommended resources and practical information for implementers, such as the ABCG Freshwater Conservation and WASH Monitoring and Evaluation Framework and Indicators.

Advancing conservation requires improvements in the health and nutrition of people that depend on the environment for their livelihoods. Some conservation projects thus evolved into what are now called Population, Health, and Environment (PHE) projects that deliver family planning, basic health services, environmental management or conservation information, and service interventions to rural communities in a coordinated or integrated fashion. This comprehensive reference for PHE practitioners provides advice on setting up M&E systems that will provide the information necessary to measure success. Part 1 provides an overview of the guide, including its organization, development, and purpose.

This manual provides guidance on PHE projects that integrate health and/or family planning with conservation activities, thereby seeking synergistic successes and greater conservation and human welfare outcomes than if they were implemented in single-sector approaches. It is intended for field-based conservation practitioners in developing countries integrating health and family planning into community conservation projects. It is appropriate for those who are launching an integrated project in a new area as well as those who might be adding on a health or population component to an existing conservation project. Some sections are likely to be of

Moreland, S. & Curran, J. (2018). A Guide for Monitoring and Evaluating Population-Health-Environment Programs: Second Edition. Chapel Hill, NC: MEASURE Evaluation.

Oglethorpe, J., Honzak, C., & Margoluis, C. (2008). Healthy People, Healthy Ecosystems: A Manual on Integrating Health and Family Planning into Conservation Projects. Washington, DC: WWF.

Part 2 includes information on monitoring and evaluating programs, including information on several types of data used for M&E of PHE programs. Part 3 consists of the key components of an M&E system and how to implement the system, including a brief process by which integrated PHE program managers can develop an M&E plan and framework. Part 4 discusses several types of evaluations that can be employed for understanding complex programs. Part 5 shares go-to indicators for monitoring and evaluating population, health, environment, livelihood, and integrated aspects of programming cross-referenced with the SDGs.

interest to health partners, development organizations and donors. Chapters 1 and 2 introduce the manual and provides background on PHE in the conservation sector. Chapter 3 is designed to give a general overview of the types of health and family planning activities in PHE projects. Chapter 4 poses questions designed to help project managers decide whether a PHE approach is right for them, before they carry out a full needs assessment. Chapter 5 uses the conservation project cycle to explain how to design, plan, implement, monitor, and learn from PHE projects in practice.

This document is written for practitioners (NGO, government, or private) interested in creating cross-sector results-chains. The Bridge Collaborative nurtures collaboration across the health, development, and environmental sectors, but these guidelines can be used by other sectors as well. This document describes the key

Tallis, H., Kreis, K., Olander, L., Ringler, C., Zhang, W., et al. (2017). Bridge Collaborative practitioner’s guide: Principles and guidance for cross-sector action planning and evidence evaluation. Washington, DC: The Nature Conservancy.

principles of the Collaborative and the guidance tools used in their projects. Specifically, it provides actionable guidance in creating results chains and establishing evidence-based action planning that crosses and aligns different sectors. The document includes principles, recommendations for practice, and case studies.

This guidance is focused on how conservation organizations can become more intentional about building sustainability into projects and programs. It is meant to be used in tandem with the Conservation Measures Partnership Open Standards, or with the WWF PPMS (2017 version) which integrates sustainability considerations throughout the project cycle. It covers: what is planning for sustainability and responsible exits; why that is

WWF (2017). Resources for Implementing the Conservation Measures Partnership Open Standards: Planning for Sustainability and Responsible Exits.

important; when and how to do to that sustainable exit planning during the conservation project cycle. It integrates social and economic pillars of sustainability, in addition to ecological; and addresses replication or scaling as a potential exit strategy. The guidance includes boxes summarizing brief examples, including from Tanzania and Nepal.

This document provides a detailed overview of the WWF Standards to conservation practitioners and program managers. These standards guide how to design, implement, monitor, and adaptively manage conservation projects and programs. The standards include five steps: 1) project definition, 2) action plan design (including monitoring and evaluation), 3) implementation, 4) analysis of results (alongside appropriate monitoring, evaluation, and adaptation), and 5) sharing lessons learned (including feedback and evaluation). This document also describes the three general practices that apply throughout the project: involving stakeholders, sharing knowledge,

WWF (2017). WWF Standards of Conservation Project and Programme Management (PPMS).

and considering climate change. In addition to the comprehensive overview of the standards, this manual provides examples of how the standards have been applied in specific cases. The document also links to other how-to guidance, such as mainstreaming Gender and Diversity or scaling up conservation impact through policy and advocacy. The standards are also available in Spanish, French, and Portuguese.

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

© James Suter / Black Bean Productions / WWF-US

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The Farmers Field Business School (FFBS) is a participatory extension program focused on empowering women in agriculture. The audience of this FFBS guidebook is program staff and farmer group facilitation leaders. Through facilitator-led activities, the FFBS integrates topics of marketing, gender, nutrition, and evaluation into agricultural activities. This guidebook describes each learning activity in a practical way, including in which season to perform the activity, the objectives of the activity, and the time and materials needed to complete the activity. Each chapter of the FFBS guidance book is described in more detail below.

Chapter 1: Facilitation ToolsThe Facilitation Tools chapter has five activities that build practical skills for FFBS facilitators and five warm-up activities for a facilitator to use with groups. The activities that build facilitator skills are broken into the following sections: 1) Facilitating Adult Learning, 2) Qualities and Tools of a Good Facilitators, 3) Unpacking the Exercises (helping a group learn from group exercises), and 4) Giving and Receiving Feedback (encouraging both self and peer evaluation). The second set of activities in this toolkit are warm-up activities for FFBS community groups. These activities demonstrate: the role of a facilitator, the impact of resource inequity (specifically with regard to gender), the value of building trust within the group, the importance of active listening, and the value of seeing from different perspectives. These facilitation tools are useful in leading the activities in all the subsequent chapters.

Chapter 2: Agricultural ToolsThis chapter explains the core FFBS activities during the agricultural season. It lays the foundation for chapters 3 to 6. The activities in this chapter are: 1) Overview of FFBS Activities, 2) Selecting the FFBS plots, 3) Setting up FFBS Demonstration Plots, 4) Compost Manure Preparation, 5) Germination Test, 6) Farming Calendar, 7) Integrated Soil and Water Management, 8) Evaluation of FFBS Plots, 9) Weeds and Weed Management, 10) Integrated Pest and Disease Management, 11) Farmer Field Days, and 12) Harvest and Post-Harvest Management.

sector-specific challenges in preventing gender-based violence. The tool offers guidance for practitioners in conducting a gender analysis, creating a gender action plan for fisheries programming, and developing results chains towards informing strategic interventions

Women play a substantial role in the fisheries sector, making up nearly half of the overall workforce; however, persistent gender inequalities prevent women from fully participating in economic opportunities and decision-making. Advancing Gender in the

Agriculture and FisheriesCARE USA (2017). Farmers Field and Business School Toolkit.

Agriculture and Fisheries (continued)

Siles, J., M. Prebble, J. Wen, C. Hart & H. Schuttenberg (2019). World Wildlife Fund, Inc. and American Red Cross (2010). Advancing Gender in the Environment: Gender in Fisheries – A Sea of Opportunities. IUCN and USAID. Washington, DC: USAID.

Chapter 3: Marketing ToolsThe Marketing Tools chapter introduces marketing concepts and practices through facilitator-led group activities. The activities in this chapter are: 1) Introducing Marketing Concepts, 2) Selecting a Market Research Committee, 3) Production Estimation, 4) Determining Value Chain Profitability, 5) Conducting a Market Survey, 6) Selecting Best Products an Market Outlets, 7) Designing the Business Plan, 8) Gendered Value-Chain Analysis, and 9) Marketing as a Group.

Chapter 4: Gender ToolsThis chapter provides 15 different activities to help farmers and their spouses identify and confront gender inequality. The objectives of these activities include building support for women’s participation, identifying forms of gender discrimination, building skills in listening, empathy, and communication, and demonstrating ways of changing gender roles and empowering women.

Chapter 5: Nutrition Tools The nutrition chapter provides activities to help farmers understand causes of undernutrition and ways to address them. The chapter includes activities on the following topics: understanding undernutrition, food groups and nutrition, planning a home garden, nutritious cooking, and breastfeeding.

Chapter 6: Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning ToolsThe final chapter in the FFBS Guidance book covers monitoring, evaluation, and learning tools. These tools can be used to assess project performance and indicate where improvements can be made. The four activities in this chapter are: 1) Participatory Performance Tracker (PPT) Tool: Self-Assessment, 2) Gender Dialogue Monitoring Tool, 3) End of Season Reflection, and 4) Focus Group Discussion.

can address gender in fisheries. It illustrates these approaches with case studies, and offers recommendations and resources for fisheries practitioners to improve gender integration in ways that improve the sustainability of fisheries management interventions and outcomes.

Environment offers a summary of research on the key linkages between gender and wild-caught fisheries, and unpacks how women can contribute towards sustainable management. It also addresses how women can benefit from fisheries and presents solutions for

This paper is designed for people who work on small-scale agriculture projects or programs. It is a source document, providing narrative to assist with program design, resource mobilization, and communication. It provides links to key resources and gives examples of specific practices and models of intervention, including M&E, research and advocacy in order to design programs that contribute to multiple objectives that include, but go beyond, productivity in small-scale agriculture. The paper is structured to provide a holistic approach but it is practice-oriented. It draws on CARE’s Vision for Just and Sustainable Food Systems and is grounded in the three elements of CARE’s approach: 1) promoting gender equality and women’s voice; 2) inclusive governance, and 3)

CARE USA (2018). Resource Paper for Practitioners and Fundraisers: Sustainable, Productive, Equitable, and Resilient (SuPER) Small-scale Agriculture in a Changing Climate.

increasing resilience. It builds upon many other technical papers and complements CARE’s wider Food and Nutrition Security Framework – She Feeds the World – with guidance specific to small-scale agriculture under increasing climate risk. The paper includes technical input from across CARE and draws on extensive learning from the 2018 review of Her Harvest, Our Future. This is not a step by step manual. It is a guide that helps build appropriate sustainable agriculture packages for the needs of farmers in specific locations and circumstances. It introduces elements of participatory design processes so that specific socio-cultural, agro-ecological, climate, and economic patterns, farming systems, and institutional and policy settings are considered.

This guide was developed for people who wish to learn more about what motivates behaviors that affect the environment. It is intended for natural resource managers trained in natural sciences, who necessarily work with communities and individuals to achieve their conservation goals. The document is not intended to be an all-encompassing guide for CBNRM project design. Rather, it seeks

This analytical guidance document seeks to support practitioners to establish or strengthen CBNRM programs. It focuses on the principles of CBNRM covering: key concepts and principles, enabling conditions, and approaches and best practices for CBNRM initiatives focusing on wildlife, forestry, fisheries and range lands. The best practices and approaches section are based on literature and experience in North America and sub-Saharan Africa. Within best

This tool was developed in Vietnam to help communities develop a shared vision of positive change, in relation to community-based adaptation (CBA) and watershed ecosystem management activities. The visioning approach for CBA supports coordinated, equitable and relevant planning for communities. In other words, it helps to identify what needs to be changed in a community or watershed

This manual focuses on Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) in Southern Africa, written for conservation and development practitioners, program designers, and development planners. The chapters cover CBNRM policies, implementation, organizational development, financial management, and monitoring and evaluation. Examples and lessons are provided throughout

This resource kit provides practical guidance to conservation and development practitioners in setting up and maintaining Locally Managed Marine Areas (LMMAs). The guidance document offers a set of practical steps to help set up and sustain successful LMMAs. Divided into five stand-alone chapters, the kit begins with a general introduction to LLMAs, including a flow chart outlining four stages: 1) Initial Assessment, 2) Planning and Design, 3) Implementation, and

Community-Based Natural Resource Management Bond, I., Davis, A., Nott, C., Nott, K., & Stuart-Hill,G. (2006). Community-based Natural Resource Management Manual: Wildlife Management Series. Harare, Zimbabwe: WWF-Southern African Regional Office.

Jones, B. T. B., & Rieder, E. (2017). Best practices for CBNRM: A practitioner’s guide and analytical tool. Washington, DC: WWF-US.

CARE International in Vietnam (2011). The Visioning Approach – In Community Watershed Management Planning.

Latham, J. E., Andriamahefazafy, M., Jones, B., Andriamalala, G., & Pichon, F. (2016). Scaling and sustaining local marine conservation: A Resource Kit for Madagascar. London, UK: Blue Ventures.

to help practitioners know how to go about understanding and influencing people’s behaviors. The suggested questions can be asked of community actors at any time throughout the project cycle. The document provides case studies from Senegal, Zimbabwe, Madagascar, Kenya, and Namibia and links to additional resources.

practices and approaches, the guide categorizes and describes diverse CBNRM approaches as bottom-up approaches for local empowerment and management, monitoring and evaluation for adaptive management, and finally programmatic approaches as well as markets, benefits and incentives for sustainability and scale. This document assists practitioners in reflecting on their work, identifying areas to improve and implementing approaches to scaling up.

ecosystem as well as supporting the creation of a vision and a plan of how to reach a desired future. The approach can be used for CBA watershed management planning, environmental planning for natural resource-dependent people and business development. These plans can in turn be integrated into the Socio-Economic Development Plans of communes, districts, and provinces.

the manual, as well as background information about how and why CBNRM practices have developed. The manual integrates resource management with economic development and community empowerment. Chapters on policy and financial structures illustrate how CBNRM can scale beyond the communities with whom conservation and/or development practitioners work directly.

4) Ongoing Management, including a section on Scaling and Replicating. Each chapter provides step-by-step guidance, practical exercises and Malagasy case studies, as well as links to useful resources and existing best practice guidance. For instance, the Planning and Design section explores how to identify and address development needs – such as reproductive and maternal health (see Blue Venture’s PHE Toolkit) – to accelerate delivery of community conservation outcomes.

Byers, B. (2000). Understanding and Influencing Behaviors: A Guide. Biodiversity Support Program. Washington, DC.

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This framework describes a range of enabling factors that need to be in place for effective community-based adaptation (CBA) to occur. The key enabling factors are: climate-resilient livelihoods, disaster risk reduction (DRR), local adaptive and organizational capacity development, an enabling national policy environment, a good knowledge of climate change, and addressing of underlying causes of vulnerability. These enabling factors are achieved through the use of four interrelated strategies: promotion of climate-resilient livelihoods strategies; DRR strategies to reduce the impact

This four-page document includes the assessment tool, in addition to an explanation of why it is important and how to implement it. This guide is written for community members, and conservation or development practitioners working at the community level. The tool is intended to facilitate a rapid evaluation of an adaptation plan in terms of effectiveness, relevance, sustainability, and efficiency. The assessment covers the plan’s role in reducing vulnerability and

Climate Change Adaptation, Disaster Risk Reduction, and Humanitarian Relief CARE (2015). Framework of Milestones and Indicators for Community-Based Adaptation.

CARE Nepal (2016). Climate Adaptation Plan Health Check-Up Tool. Lalitpur, Nepal.

of hazards on vulnerable households; capacity development for local civil society and government institutions; and advocacy and social mobilization to address the underlying causes of vulnerability. In addition, the CBA framework emphasizes the use of climate information, and the uncertain nature of climate risk, in guiding project/community decision-making as the critical distinguishing features of adaptation work. The framework includes a list of potential milestones and indicators for use in CBA projects.

looks as whether it has improved socio-ecological conditions and contributed to building resilience in the environment and human society. This tool also assesses the status of local adaptation action, uncovering areas that may be falling short of achieving their goals as well as identifying best practices that can be shared for broader use.

This CBA planning methodology and manual aims to bring together CARE’s CBA and Community-Based Disaster Risk Management approaches and methodologies to provide clear and detailed step-by-step guidance on how to undertake a participatory, gender-responsive CBA planning process using a range of up-to-date participatory tools. This manual does not intend to replace CARE resources – such as the Climate Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment (see p. 17), Community-Based Disaster Risk Assessment, Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation, or Climate

This handbook describes how to conduct a Climate Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis (CVCA), and is written for project managers, field advisors, local partners (both governmental and non-governmental organizations), and communities. The goals of CVCA are to 1) understand a community’s vulnerability to climate change and their capacity to adapt, and 2) combine community knowledge with scientific knowledge to understand local impacts of climate change. Overall, the CVCA methodology promotes collaborative learning and participatory processes for CBA. The handbook provides a concise and practical overview of CVCA analysis, with reference to other helpful resources and tools. This includes suggesting what materials

This guide offers practical questions, actions, tools and resources for integrating gender into climate change and DRR interventions. It is designed to be an easily accessible entry point for practitioners, and was created through several consultations with multiple stakeholders, including members of Vietnam’s Climate Change

This training manual provides a detailed technical overview of bioengineering in both theory and practice. Its audience is skilled and semi-skilled practitioners working to protect productive land, households, prevent destruction and save lives. The manual trains practitioners in the practical tools needed to assess, analyze, design, implement and evaluate sound bioengineering infrastructure in areas at high risk for landslides, riverbank cutting and, to an

The landscape approach is an interdisciplinary, cross-sectoral and holistic approach. For DRR purposes, the approach facilitates an inclusive and participatory learning process for shared risk understanding and risk intervention scenario planning. An inclusive and participatory process allows for more innovative and integrated, and therefore more impactful, solutions to risk (e.g., ecosystem-based or hybrid measures and optimized initiatives on water

The Adaptation Good Practice checklist was developed as an initial effort to provide guidance on what actually constitutes good adaptation practice and the relevant social and environmental safeguards required. The checklist is for use in the context of designing and deciding financial support to policy, projects, programs and all other types of initiatives that focus on adaptation specifically,

CARE International in Vietnam (2015). Planning for Resilience: A Practitioner’s Manual to Support Community Based Adaptation to Climate Change. Hanoi, Vietnam.

Dazé, A., Ambrose, K., & Ehrhart, C. (2009). Climate Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis Handbook. CARE.

CARE International in Vietnam, UN Women in Viet Nam, & GIZ (2015). Making it Count: Integrating Gender into Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction – A Practical How-To Guide. Hanoi, Vietnam.

Mercy Corps, WWF Nepal, CARE Nepal, FECOFUN, & NTNC (2016). Bio-Engineering for River Training and Slope Protection Work: A Training Manual for Field Technicians Working in Disaster Risk Reduction. Lalitpur, Nepal.

CARE Nederland & Wetlands International (2017). A Landscape Approach for Disaster Risk Reduction in 7 steps.Percy, F. & Oyoo, P. (2016). Adaptation Good Practice Checklist. CARE.

Change Adaptation Prioritization Framework — but rather to harmonize them in a consistent and easy-to-understand process for local authorities and practitioners to apply. The manual builds strongly on the Government of Vietnam policies and guidelines on community-based disaster risk assessment, climate change, and socio-economic development planning; with necessary adjustment, it is applicable to other country contexts.

to use in the field, what questions to ask, and which stakeholders to engage. This toolkit suggests ways to integrate CBA with development projects, livelihood frameworks, gender and diversity frameworks, and rights-based approaches. While each CVCA targets a specific community, the analysis process scales from the individual up to the national level. In addition to designing CBA strategies with communities, the results of the CVCA can be scaled up to define policy goals and design advocacy campaigns from national to international levels.

Working Group, and other experts with experience in climate change and gender. While it is Vietnam focused, most elements can also be useful for both government and non-government actors around the world.

extent, flooding. It integrates environmental sustainability and humanitarian relief principles into DRR practice. The manual discusses how bioengineering can be effectively complemented with larger scale solutions, like check dams, gabion walls and other disaster-resilient infrastructure. In addition to the training manual, there is also a Facilitator’s Guide for those training practitioners.

governance as part of disaster risk management strategies and investments). Applying the landscape approach helps to overcome barriers by sector and contributes to effective risk management by connecting all stakeholders involved, starting with the communities at risk in the landscape.

or in which climate resilience is mainstreamed. It presents nine practices that should feature in such initiatives in order to qualify as adaptation to climate change. The checklist and its use are described, including a practical scoring method for use in screening concepts, proposals and implementation plans for their incorporation of and compliance with adaptation good practices.

© sooksunsaksit / Getty Images

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This four-page guidance document is designed for humanitarian workers, nongovernmental organization staff, government officials, community groups and private sector operators involved in supporting affected populations for temporary recovery and longer-term reconstruction of buildings. This guide is most useful when planning, designing, and implementing shelter and housing

When working on WASH projects after disasters, it is important to consider the environment throughout the project cycle. Projects with good environmental planning and management help reduce short-term risks to those affected by the disaster, as well as supporting DRR and reducing exposure to natural hazards in the future, and hence decreasing household and community vulnerability. This four-page guide outlines how to do this by looking

The Green Recovery and Reconstruction Toolkit is a toolkit and training program designed to increase awareness and knowledge of environmentally responsible disaster response approaches. Although disasters wreak havoc, the rebuilding efforts that follow represent a significant and important opportunity to restore communities in a more environmentally and socially responsible way. Humanitarians, conservation practitioners, government officials, local communities, and donor organizations can take steps to ensure communities prepare for disasters and build back safer by actively addressing environmental sustainability,

WWF Nepal (2016). Post Disaster Shelter and Housing: Sound Environmental Practices for Long-term Safety and Well-being. Kathmandu, Nepal: WWF Nepal.

WWF Nepal (2017). Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH): Environmental Considerations. Kathmandu, Nepal: WWF Nepal

World Wildlife Fund, Inc. & American Red Cross (2010). Green Recovery and Reconstruction: Training Toolkit for Humanitarian Aid. San Francisco, CA, USA.

reconstruction programs. It helps shelter and construction agencies to consider the environment throughout the program cycle for relief, recovery, and reconstruction. The main topics include site selection, energy efficiency and waste management, seismic safety, environmentally responsible building materials, and training and participation.

at topics around emergency water and sanitation provisions, water supply planning and design, sanitation planning and design, construction, and operation and maintenance. This guidance is designed for humanitarian workers, government officials, non-government organization staff, community groups, and private sector operators involved in WASH relief and reconstruction.

reducing risk and vulnerability to future disasters, and adapting to the effects of our changing climate. This toolkit entails ten stand-alone chapters including an introduction and modules laying out integrated approaches to: project design, monitoring and evaluation; environmental impact assessment tools and techniques; strategic site selection and development; materials and the supply chain; construction; water and sanitation; livelihoods; disaster risk reduction; and organizational operations. The GRRT is available in English, Spanish, and Bahasa.

This manual is a practical guide for diverse actors involved in local development and climate change adaptation planning, especially those in facilitator roles — whether NGO staff, government officials or community members. It uses examples from Nepal, but is relevant beyond that context. The manual includes six training modules that help to identify climate change risks at the community level and how to respond to those risks. These modules are: 1) Understanding climate change, 2) climate change impacts, 3) integrated climate vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning, 4) understanding community visioning, 5) understanding

Climate Change Adaptation, Disaster Risk Reduction, and Humanitarian Relief (cont)

Regmi, S. K., & Rijal, D. (2014). Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Planning. Lalitpur, Nepal: CARE Nepal.

participatory scenario planning, and 6) understanding integrated adaption planning and local planning process. Each module includes learning objectives and step-by-step activities and tools for reaching those objectives. The training guide hopes to scale up and out adaptation planning by 1) training new facilitators to lead climate-adaptation planning in new areas, and 2) strengthening institutional capacity so that climate adaptation processes are part of national governance systems. In addition to climate change, this document integrates gender and social equity, good governance and livelihood development.

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The Advocacy Handbook is written for CARE staff, partners, and other NGOs. CARE defines advocacy as “the deliberate process of influencing those who make decisions about developing, changing and implementing policies [in CARE’s case: to reduce poverty and achieve social justice].” The manual describes the value of advocacy work and provides tools, resources, and examples of advocacy

The Community Score Card (CSC) is written for government, NGO, and community leaders to use as a participatory tool to assess, plan, monitor, and evaluate services in a community. This tool is intended to promote good governance at the local level, with the community as the unit of analysis. Focus groups develop a CSC by identifying disconnects between the expectations of service users and the actions of service providers, and proposing ways to address these tensions. The score cards can then be used to help monitor change and promote accountability for mutually agreed-upon actions. This guidebook describes a generic approach to CSC, involving five phases: 1) Planning and preparation, 2) conducting the score

This scaling framework explains steps for practitioners to effectively expand the scope of projects. It was developed for diverse sectors including but not limited to family planning, human rights, welfare reform, childhood education, and livelihoods. Scaling up/out can include bringing a project into new geographic areas or expanding the services of a project within existing areas. This framework

Landscape initiatives mobilize cross-sector stakeholders to collaborate towards shared objectives of landscape regeneration that meet multiple objectives, such as food security, economic growth, and ecosystem health. Explicit strategies and tools are needed to lead complex initiatives involving diverse institutions critical to agricultural production, biodiversity conservation, and community livelihoods. EcoAg Tools for Implementing Integrated Landscape Management provides a brief overview of several EcoAgriculture tools developed to help practitioners facilitate integrated landscape management (ILM) processes. What is

Good Governance, Policy Advocacy, and Scaling UpCARE (2014). The CARE International Advocacy Handbook. CARE International.

CARE Malawi (2013). The Community Score Card (CSC): A generic guide for implementing CARE’s CSC process to improve quality of services.

Cooley, L., & Ved, R. (2012). Scaling up – from vision to large-scale change: A management framework for practitioners. Second Edition. Washington, DC: Management Systems International.

EcoAgriculture Partners (2018). EcoAg Tools for Implementing Integrated Landscape Management. Washington, DC.

programs at national, regional, and global levels. The Advocacy Handbook is applicable across sectors, but focuses on case studies from CARE’s social justice and poverty work. This document is a valuable tool for scaling up programs to influence policy decisions both in the public and private spheres. It is is available in English, French, Spanish, and Arabic.

card with the community, 3) conducting the score card with service providers, 4) interface meeting and action planning, and 5) action plan implementation and monitoring and evaluation. Because the guidebook applies to diverse sectors, technical appendices for different audiences are included to provide more details on how to facilitate implementing a CSC in distinct contexts. The CSC guide integrates gender equity and social inclusion, and can be used as a participatory governance tool for many different sectors (e.g., agriculture, natural resource management, etc.).

describes ten different approaches to achieving scale. Broadly, it describes how to create a scaling plan, how to establish the pre-conditions for scaling up, and how to implement the scaling up process. This framework has an accompanying Scaling Up Toolkit, which provides more details and resources for completing each step.

common amongst the guidance documents described is that they seek to ease communication among stakeholders and accelerate synergistic action through the ILM cycle. The tools emphasize methods that enable non-experts participants to engage fully. Tools available for download include: guidance documents on convening and designing multi-stakeholder partnerships, landscape scenario modeling and public policies for ILM; assessment tools, like a governance scorecard and participatory monitoring and evaluation frameworks; and toolkits on biodiversity and agriculture production practices as well as landscape investment and finance.

These guidelines are the first comprehensive, global instrument on the administration of tenure rights prepared through intergovernmental negotiations. The guidelines set out internationally accepted principles and standards of responsible practices for the use and control of land, fisheries and forests in the context of national food security. They provide guidance for: improving the policy, legal and organizational frameworks that regulate tenure rights; enhancing the transparency and

Good Governance, Policy Advocacy, and Scaling Up (continued)

Food and Agricultural Organization (2012). Voluntary Guidelines on Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security. Rome, Italy.

administration of tenure systems; and strengthening the capacities and operations of public bodies, private sector enterprises, civil society organizations and people concerned with tenure and its governance. In addition to integrating food and nutrition security in national resource tenure policies, the guidance document includes a chapter on dealing with climate change and emergencies. It is also available in Nepali, Spanish, French, and several other languages.

This toolkit seeks to guide NGO policy and campaign staff, with varying levels of experience, in planning and monitoring advocacy strategies to influence policy change in ways that advance conservation at scale. The guide begins by offering four questions to consider when deciding if developing an advocacy strategy is necessary for the issue, program, or office. Because it has been

This document provides tools to perform Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning (MEL) for an organization’s advocacy and influencing work. The document is divided into four sections: 1) define what you want to change and how, 2) describe what happened, 3) explain what caused the observed outcomes and why/how they happened, and 4) reflect on what worked, what didn’t and why, and adapt.

This internal governance toolkit is comprised of four, easy-to-use two-page tools written for natural resource managers and community organizations. The goal of the toolkit is to strengthen internal governance of natural resource management, including increasing participation of women and minority groups. It was developed for the Hariyo Ban Program from guidelines used in community forestry development to promote equitable sharing of resources.

Internal Governance Tool 1: Public Hearing and Public Auditing. The Public Hearing and Public Audit (PHPA) is a way to encourage equitable participation, transparency, and accountability in Community Forest User Groups (CFUGs). In a PHPA, members come together to discuss the performances of user groups (rights holders) and executive committee members (duty bearers). This process integrates principles of good governance with sustainable forest management.

Internal Governance Tool 2: Participatory Well-Being Ranking. The Participatory Well-Being Ranking (PWBR) assists households in self-identifying their economic and social status, categorizing households as well-off, middle-income, or poor. This information is used by CFUGS in preparing both Forest Operation Plans and livelihood improvement plans. The livelihood improvement plans include allocating funds to poor households (as identified through the PWBR). This document integrates social inclusion with sustainable livelihoods and forest management. It scales from the household to the community resource user group level.

Gaskell, L. (2017). Policy and Advocacy: Tool Kit for Planning and Monitoring. Surrey, UK: WWF-UK.

Mathies, A., & Aston, T. (2017). Monitoring and Evaluation for Advocacy and Influencing.

WWF Nepal (2013). Internal Governance Toolkit. Kathmandu, Nepal.

developed as a companion guide to WWF’s Programme Standards (see p. 13), the document walks the practitioner through developing an advocacy strategy using the PPMS project cycle. However, the bulk of the kit is a set of 15 practical tools to assist in planning and monitoring that advocacy strategy.

Within each section there are several MEL tools to choose from. This document was written using CARE examples, but can be applied to other organizations. This document is a useful companion to CARE’s International Advocacy Handbook (see p. 20), helping to evaluate the success of scaling up through advocacy. The document is available in English and Spanish.

Internal Governance Tool 3: Participatory Governance Assessment. Participatory Governance Assessment is a way for CFUGs to assess internal governance. The four pillars assessed are transparency, participation, accountability, and predictability. These areas are broken down into sixteen indicators which participants rate on a scale from very good to poor. The responses are recorded, presented visually, and used to create a Governance Improvement Plan.

Internal Governance Tool 4: Livelihood Improvement Plan.The Livelihood Improvement Plan (LIP) is a tool for households and for CFUGs to assess their current livelihood status and desired future status. In this process, each household self-identifies their social, human, physical, natural, and financial assets. Then a LIP is created at the household level and at the CFUG level. This process helps participants identify opportunities and barriers they face. This process scales the LIP process from the household to the community level.

© Pattanaphong Khuankaew / Getty