Sasaki 1

An n a S a s a k i

D r. E i ju n S e n a ha

S c h o l a r a n d S c h o la r s h i p I I

Fe b r u a r y 2 0 1 9

An Annota t ed Bib l iograph y:

Marr ia ge, Love R ela t ionsh ip and Gend er in Wuther ing Heigh ts

I n t ro d u c t i on

T h i s a n n o t a t e d b i b l i o gr a p h y i s a c o l l ec t i o n o f r e f e re n ce s w h i c h

re f e r t o m a r r i a ge , ge n d e r a n d /o r se x u a l i t y i n Wu t h e r i n g H e i g h t s . T h e

a i m o f t h i s p r o j e c t i s t o c o n s i de r t h e re l a t i on s h i p am o n g C a t h e r i n e

Ea r n s h a w, He a t h c l i f f a n d E d ge r Li n t o n . Hi s t o r i c a l bo o k s o n ma r r i a ge

a nd w o m e n i n t he e i gh t e e n t h a n d n i ne t e e n th c e n tu r i e s a re i n c l ud e d i n

t h i s a n n o ta t e d b i b l i o gr a p h y f o r s o c i o -c u l t u r a l a p p r oa c h t o t h e n o ve l .

T h i s a n n o ta t e d b i b l i o gr a p h y a d o p t s c h r o n o l o g i c a l o r de r t o f o l l o w t he

c ha n ge o f t o n e o f a rgu m e nt a b o u t Wu t h e r i n g H e i g h t s . T h e c o l l ec t i on

c on t a i n s s t u d y f r o m 1 8 4 8 , w h e r e Wu t he r i n g H e i g h t s p u b l i s h e d .

Th e i nc i p i e n t r e v i e w s o f t e n s h o w p u zz l e m e nt a b o u t i t s v i o l e n ce

a nd ex t r ao r d i na r i ne s s . T h e r e h a ve b ee n l i t t l e r e v i e w an d c r i t i q u e w h ic h

re f e r ma r r i a ge , l o ve , o r ge n d e r i n t he n o ve l t o t he e a r l y t w e n t i e t h

ce n t u r y. P a r t i c u l a r l y, t h e r e w e re o f t e n l on g t i m e b l a n k p e r i o d i n t he

Sasaki 2

n in e t e e n t h ce n t u r y, f o r Wu t h e r i n g H e i g h t s w a s u n de r e s t i m a t e d a t t ha t

t i me d u e t o i t s c om p l i c a t e d s t ru c t u r e o f n a r ra t i ve a n d He a t h c l i f f ’s

r e b e l l i o u s c ha r ac t e r. Ho w e ve r , i n t he e a r l y t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y, s o m e

re s e a rc h e s f oc u s o n t he re l a t i o n s h i p b e t we e n Ca t he r i ne a n d H ea t hc l i f f

i n r e l a t i on t o t he i s s u e o f i n ce s t , c l a s s , a n d r ac e . T h r o u gh C a t h e r i ne a n d

He a t h c l i f f ’s a n t i s o c i a l na t u re , t h e y o f t e n a rgu e t h a t Wu t h e r i n g H e i g h t s

t h r o w s d o u b t o n t h e p r o b l em s i n n o r ma t i ve s o c i e t y i n Vi c t o r i a n E n g l a n d .

O n t he o th e r ha n d , t h e y w e r e a p t t o o ve r l o o k o r b e l i t t l e t h e s i gn i f i c a nc e

o f E d ge r. Fr o m t h e 1 9 6 0 s o n , w h i c h o ve r l a p pe d t h e s e c o n d w a ve

fe m i n i s m , s o me re s e a rc h e s a r gu e C a t h e r i n e ’s d e s i re o p p re s s e d b y s o c i a l

c od e . S o m e o f t h em p o i n t o u t t h a t C a t h e r in e w a n t s t o b o t h m ar r y E d ge r

a nd m a i n t a i n r e l a t i o n s h i p t o H ea t hc l i f f a n d Ca t h e r i n e ’s d e a t h r e s u l t s

f r om r ep r e s s i o n b y a s o c i a l c o de w h ic h n e ve r pe r mi t s Ca t h e r i n e ’s

i nc o m pa t i b l e de s i r e . C a t h e r i n e ’s r e b e l l i o u s n a t u re i s r e ga r d e d a s E mi l y

Br o n t ë ’s o b j ec t i o n a ga i n s t ge n de r r o l e s . Th e s t ud y o f Wu t he r i n g

H e i g h t s ha s p r o ve d t h a t t he l o v e t r i a n g l e a mo n g C a t he r i n e , H e a t h c l i f f ,

a nd E d ge r p r o p o s e s t h e p r ac t i c e o f l o ve f r e e f r o m t h e o b s e s s i o n w i t h

ge n d e r r o l e s a n d m o n o ga m o u s n o rm a t i v i t y.

Sasaki 3

L i s t o f a b bre v i a t i on s

WH = Wu t h e r i n g H e i g h t s ( t he t i t l e o f t h e no ve l )

E B = Em i l y Br o n t ë

M LA = M o d e r n La n gu a ge As s o c ia t i o n o f Am e r i c a

P M LA = Pu b l i c a t i o n s o f t he M o d e r n L a n g u a ge A s s o c i a t i o n o f A m e r ic a

ATE B WH = A p p ro a c he s t o Te a c h i ng E m i l y B ro n t ë ’s Wu t h e r i n g H e i g h t s

Sasaki 4

B i bl i og r a ph i e s

Hi s t or y

[ 1 ] D a vi d o f f , Le o n o r e a n d C a t h e r i n e Ha l l . Fa m i l y F o r t u ne s : Me n a n d

Wo m e n o f t h e E n g l i s h M i d d le C la s s 1 7 8 0 - 1 8 5 0 . Hu t c h i n s o n

E du c a t i o n , 19 8 7 .

T he a u t h o r s ma i n l y e x p l a i n f am i l y c u l t u re o f t h e m i d d l e c l a s s i n

E n g l a n d d u r i n g 1 7 8 0 t o 1 8 5 0 ; r o l e s i n f a mi l y, e d u c a t i o n b y ge n d e r ,

s e x ua l d i v i s i o n , e t c . Wo m e n p l a ye d a r o l e t o t ak e c a re o f t h e i r f a mi l y

t h r o u gh t h e l i ve s . M a r r i a ge w a s a n ec o n o mi c a l l y e s s e n t i a l e v e n t f o r

w o me n o f t h e mi d d le c l a s s b e c a u se t h e y h a d n ’ t i n h e r i t a nc e r i gh t s o r

p r o pe r t y r i gh t s . T h e re w e re s o me w o me n i n 1 8 3 0 s w h o d e s i re d / c h o s e

e n j o yi n g s i n g l e l i f e r a t h e r t h a n o b l i ge d m a r r i a ge f o r f i na n c i a l r e a s o n .

T he a u t h o r s r e fe r l oc a l e x am p le s a l t h o u gh t h e re w a s n o Yo r k s h i r e w he r e

E B w a s b o r n a n d WH h a s i t s s e t t i n g .

[ 2 ] S t o ne , La u r e n c e . R o a d t o D i v o rce : E n g l a n d 1 53 0 - 1 9 8 7 . O x f o r d U P,

1 9 9 0 .

S t o ne d e s c r i b e s t he h i s t o r y o f ma r r i a ge s ys t e m a n d ma r r i a ge a s a

s o c i a l c u s t o m . S t o n e e x p l a in s t h a t t h e re w er e o n l y l a x an d a m b i gu o u s

p re s c r i p t i o n s o f ma r r i a ge i n E n g l a n d u n t i l 1 75 3 w h i l e i t wa s h a r d t o

ac ce p t se p a ra t i o n a n d d i vo r c e b e f o r e 1 8 57 . O n e p l ac e s g r e a t i m p o r t a nc e

o n a f f ec t i ve b o u n d i n c ho o s i n g ma r r i a ge p a r t ne r d u r i n g 1 6 6 0 t o 1 8 0 0 .

Sasaki 5

[ 3 ] S t re t t on , Ti m a n d Kr i s t a J . Ke s s e l r i n g , e d i t o r s . M a r r i e d Wo m e n a n d

t he L a w : C o v e r t u re in E n g l a n d a n d t h e C o m m o n L a w Wo r l d .

M c Gi l l -Q u e e n ’s U P, 2 0 1 3 .

A c o l l ec t i o n o f h i s t o r i c a l r e s e a rc h a b o u t c o ve r t u r e a n d r e l e va n t

l a w s i n E n g l a n d i n t h e s e ve n te e n t h th r o u gh t h e n i ne t e e n t h ce n tu r i e s .

T hi s b o o k s t a t e s i n de t a i l s h o w ma r r i a ge a n d l a w l i m i t e d w o me n ’s

r i gh t s p h ys i c a l l y, m e n t a l l y a n d s o c i a l l y. M a r r i e d w o m e n w e r e r e qu i r ed

t o t h i nk t he m s e l ve s i n fe r i o r t o t h e i r h u s b a n d s w h o w e r e a l l o w e d t o

p o s s e s s w i ve s ’ p r o pe r t y a n d f re e d o m o f b o d y. Wi ve s h a d t o ob e y

h u s b a n d s a n d t a k e c a re o f c h i l d re n . Wo m e n w e re r e s t r i c t e d .

S t u dy of W H

1 8 4 7

N o t f o un d

1 8 4 8

[ 4 ] “ D o u gl a s J e r r o l d ’s We e k l y N e w s p a pe r .” 1 5 J a n . 1 8 4 8 . E m i l y

B ro n t ë : Wu t he r i n g H e i g h t s , ed i t e d b y M i r i a m Al l o t t ,

M ac m i l l a n , 1 9 7 0 , p p . 4 3 -4 4 .

T h i s r e v i e w c o m me n t s t h a t W H i s “ a s t r an ge s o r t o f b o o k ” b ec a u s e

o f i t s u n id e n t i f i a b l e p o w e r. T h i s r e v i e w c r i t i c i ze s c r u e l t y a n d

i nh u m a ni t y b u t a dm i re s t he de m o ni c p o w e r o f l o ve i n W H . I t gu a r a n te e s

t ha t WH i s a p ee r l e s s n o ve l .

Sasaki 6

[ 5 ] “ An U n i d e n t i f i e d R e v i e w o f 1 8 4 7 -8 . ” R e p r o du c e d , f r o m t h e cu t t i n g

p re s e r ve d a t Ha w o r t P a r s o n a ge M u s e u m b y C h a r l e s S i m p s o n i n

h i s E m i l y B ro n të , 1 92 9 . E m i l y B ro n t ë : Wu t h e r i n g H e i gh t s ,

e d i t e d b y M i r i a m Al l o t t , M ac mi l l a n , 19 7 0 , p p . 4 7 -4 8 .

T hi s r e v i e w a d mi r e s t he q u a l i t y o f WH a n d E B ’s u n c o m m o n t a l e n t .

I t i n t r o d u ce s WH a s a d o m e s t i c n o ve l w h ic h c o n t a i n s m ys te r i o u s

c ha r ac t e r s , t h e i r s t r a n ge r e l a t i o n s h i p s an d t h e i r l i f e e ve n t s s u c h a s

ma r r i a ge i n d e s o l a t e h o u s e .

1 8 4 9

N o t f o un d

1 8 5 0

[ 6 ] D o b e l l , S i d ne y. “ C u r r e r Be l l . ” P al l a d i u m , 1 8 5 0 . L i f e a n d L e t t e r s o f

S yd n e y D o be l l , e d i t e d b y E . J o l l y, 1 8 7 8 . E m i l y B ro n të :

Wu t h e r in g H e i g h t s , e d i t e d b y M i r i am Al l o t t , M a c mi l l a n , 1 9 7 0 ,

p p . 5 9 -6 2 .

D o b e l l p o i n t s o u t t h a t t w o s im u l t a ne o u s l o ve s c oe x i s t i n

C a t h e r i n e ’s m i n d . D o be l l a rgu e s t h a t C a t he r i ne ’s t w o pa s s i o n s a re

re s p e c t i ve l y d u e t o t h e t w o e l e me n t s i n he r m i n d , a l t h o u gh D o b e l l d oe s

n o t s t a t e c l ea r l y a n y m o r e .

[ 7 ] Le w e s , G. H. . “ S o m b re , R u de , Br u t a l , ye t Tr u e . ” Le a d e r , 28 D ec

1 8 5 0 . E m i l y B ro n të : Wu t he r i n g He i g h t s , e d i t ed b y M i r i a m

Al l o t t , Ma c mi l l a n , 1 9 7 0 , p p . 6 8 -6 9 .

Sasaki 7

Le w e s a n a l yze s C a t h e r i n e ’s l o ve f o r He a t hc l i f f . Le w e s a rgu e s t h a t

C a t h e r i n e l o ve s m o re He a t hc l i f f t h a n E d ge r , e ve n i f s h e i s a s h am e d o f

He a t h c l i f f w h e n s h e c o me s t o be c lo s e t o t h e Li n t o n . E d ge r l o ve s

C a t h e r i n e wi t h h i s c u l t u r e d go o d n e s s , b u t He a t hc l i f f ’s pa s s i o n

s u r p a s s e s a t E d ge r.

1 8 5 1 - 5 6

N o t f o un d

1 8 5 7

[ 8 ] M o n té gu t , É m i l e . “ A D a r k P o e t i c Im a gi n a t i o n . ” Tra n s l a t e d f r om

C h a r l o t t e B ro n t ë , IV: L e s Œ u v re s ’ , 1 8 5 7 . E m i ly B ro n t ë :

Wu t h e r in g H e i g h t s , e d i t e d b y M i r i am Al l o t t , M a c mi l l a n , 1 9 7 0 ,

p p . 7 9 -8 0 .

M o n té gu t a na l yze s C a t he r i n e ’s a f f ec t i on f o r He a t h c l i f f .

Ac c o r d i n g t o M o nt é gu t , C a t h e r i ne re ga r d s He a t hc l i f f a s t he s o u rc e o f

h e r e n e rg i e s . S h e w i l l o b t a i n t w o s e x e s , i de n t i t i e s , a n d s o u l s w i t h

He a t h c l i f f . C o m pa r e d w i t h He a t hc l i f f , Ed ge r h a s t o o w ea k s p i r i t f o r

C a t h e r i n e .

1 8 5 8 - 7 2

N o t f o un d

1 8 7 3

[ 9 ] “T h e Li f e a n d Wi r i n gs o f E m i l y Br o n t ë ” G a l ax y , vo l , 1 5 , 1 8 7 3 .

Sasaki 8

E mi l y B ro n t ë : Wu t h e r i n g H e i g h t s , e d i t ed b y M i r i a m Al l o t t ,

M ac m i l l a n , 1 9 7 0 , p p . 8 5 -8 6 .

T h i s r e v i e w e x p r e s s e s He a t hc l i f f ’s p a s s i o n f o r C a t he r i ne a s “ s o u l

f o r s o u l . ” I t i n d i c a t e s t ha t t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p i s n o t s e x ua l , f o r t he

re v i e w p o i n t s o u t t ha t E B ’s w o r k co n t a i n s “ c h i l d l i k e s im p l i c i t y a n d

i nn o c en c e . ”

1 8 7 4 - 1 92 3

N o t f o un d

1 9 2 4

[ 1 0 ] Ab e r c r o m bi e , La s c e l l e s . “T h e U n q ue s t i o na b l e S u p r e ma c y o f

Em i l y. ” B ro n të S oc ie t y Tr a n s a c t o n s , 1 9 24 . E mi l y B ro n t ë :

Wu t h e r in g H e i g h t s , e d i t e d b y M i r i am Al l o t t , M a c mi l l a n , 1 9 7 0 ,

p p . 11 8 -2 1 .

Ab e r c r o m bi e p r o p o s e s t ha t l o v e i s t h e c o he r e n t p u r p o s e o f W H .

Ab e r c r o m bi e s t a t e s t h a t E B ’s p oe m , “ T he P r e s o n e r , ” g i ve s a c l u e t o

u n de r s t a n d C a t he r i ne a n d He a t h c l i f f ’s e t e r n a l p a s s i o n o f l o ve , a l t h o u g h

Ab e r c r o m bi e d oe s n o t c l a r i f y t h e a n s w e r.

1 9 2 5 - 3 3

N o t f o un d

1 9 3 4

[ 1 1 ] C ec i l , D a v i d . “ E mi l y Br o n t ë a nd ‘ Wu t h e r i n g H e i g h t s . ’ ” E a r ly

Sasaki 9

Vic t o r i a n N o ve l i s t s : E s s a y s i n R ev a l u a t i o n , 1 9 3 4 . P e n gu i n

Bo o k s , 1 9 4 8 , p p . 11 5 -5 1 .

A c o l l ec t i o n o f e s s a y a b o u t Vic t o r i a n n o ve l s a n d n o ve l i s t s i n

E n gl a n d . C e c i l p r o p o se s “ s t o r m” a n d “ ca l m” c o nc e p t w h i c h E B’s

u ni ve r s e c o m p r i se s a n d e x p l a i n s t h a t C a t he r i ne l o ve s H ea t hc l i f f

b ec a u se t h e y h a ve s a m e n a t u re o f “ s t o r m ” . C ec i l c o n c l u d e s t ha t

C a t h e r i n e ’s l o ve f o r He a t hc l i f f i s , t he r e f o re , s e x l e s s . C e c i l a l s o re ga r d s

t ha t i t i s o n l y He a t h c l i f f , n o t E d ge r , w h o a cc o m pl i s h e s t o c om b i n e w i t h

C a t h e r i n e a f t e r h i s de a t h .

1 9 3 5 - 4 7

N o t f o un d

1 9 4 8

[ 1 2 ] C ha s e , R ic h a r d . “ T he Br o n t ë s , o r , M yt h D o m e s t i ca t e d . ” F o r m s o f

M o de r n F i c t i o n , e d i t e d b y Wi l l i am va n O ’ c on n o r, T he U of

M i n ne s o t a P, 1 9 4 8 , p p . 10 2 -1 9 .

C ha s e a rgu e s t h a t t h e Br o n t ë s i s t e r s b r o u gh t u p u n d e r p a t r i a rc h y

a nd t he i r n o ve l de s c r i be s w o m e n w h o a r e i l l w i t h n e u r o s e s d u e t o a

ma le -o r i e n t e d s o c i e t y. C h a s e s t a t e s t ha t Ca t he r i ne c an n o t en u n c i a t e t h e

re a s o n w h y s h e r e j e c t s He a t hc l i f f i n s p i t e o f he r m i s s i o n t o m a r r y h i m .

He a t h c l i f f a n d E d ge r s u f f e r f r o m Ca t he r i ne ’s im m o ra l i t y.

1 9 4 9 - 5 7

N o t f o un d

Sasaki 10

1 9 5 8

[ 1 3 ] Vi s i c k , M a r y. T h e G e n e s i s o f Wu t he r i n g H e i g h t s . O x f o r d U P, 1 9 5 8 .

In t h i s b o o k , Vi s i c k c om p a re d WH w i t h E B’s p o e t r i e s t o t r ac e t he

o r i g i n o f WH ’s i d e a . Vi s i c k p o i n t s o u t t ha t C a t h e r i n e ’s l o ve f o r E d ge r

w h ic h i s c o m pa r e d t o mo r t a l t r e e s i s a n o r d i na r y s e x u a l l o v e w h o le

C a t h e r i n e a n d He a t h c l i f f t r a n s c e n d ge n e r a l s e x ua l o r r om a nt i c l o ve . WH

i s a t r a ge d y o f a s oc i a l w o r ld w he r e Ca t he r i ne ’s t w o t yp e s o f l o ve s

ca n n o t c o e x i s t u n l i k e p o e t i c w o r ld .

1 9 5 9 - 6 1

N o t f o un d

1 9 6 2

[ 1 4 ] M o s e r, T h o m a s . “ Wh a t i s t h e M a t t e r w i t h E mi l y J a ne ? : C o n f l i c t i n g

Im p u l s e s i n Wu t h e r i n g H e i g h t s . ” Ni n e t ee n t h - Ce n t u r y F i c t i o n ,

vo l . 1 7 , no . 1 , J u n . 1 9 6 2 , p p . 1 -1 9 . J S TO R ,

w w w. j s t o r. o rg / s t a b l e /2 9 3 2 8 1 3 . Ac c e s s e d 4 Au g . 2 0 1 7 .

M o s e r a rgu e s t h a t i t i s He a t h c l i f f w h o h a s m a s c u l i n i t y m o s t i n W H .

M o s e r g i ve s a n i n s t a n c e t he f i g h t s ce n e o f He a t hc l i f f vs E d ge r i n t h e

p a r l o r i n T h r u s h c r o s s Gr a n ge , w h ic h p r o ve s t ha t He a t h c l i f f o ve r w h e l m s

E d ge r i n t e r m s o f h i s ma s c u l i n i t y. M o s e r p r o p o s e s t h a t He a t hc l i f f c a n

b e s a i d , a t l e a s t , a s ym b o l i ca l f a t h e r o f s e c o n d C a t h e r i n e , ac c o r d i n g t o

t he t i me o f h i s r e t u r n a f t e r t h e d i s a p pe a ra n ce a nd C a t h e r i n e ’s

p re gn a n c y.

Sasaki 11

1 9 6 3

[ 1 5 ] T ho m p s o n , Wa d e . “ In f a n t i c i de a n d S a d i s m in Wu t h e r i n g He i g h t s . ”

P M LA , vo l . 7 8 , 1 9 6 3 , p p . 6 9 -7 4 .

T ho m p s o n a rgu e s t h a t Ca t he r i ne l o ve s He a t h c l i f f a s a c h i l d w h i l e

s h e l o ve s E d ge r a s a n a d u l t l o v e r. Ac c o r d i n g t o T h o m p s o n , He a t h c l i f f

t a k e s r e ve n ge b y i m p o s i n g a d u l t se x u a l r e l a t i o n s h ip u p o n t he i r c h i l d r e n

a nd l e a d s h i s s o n t o d ea t h b e ca u s e b e i n g c h i ld h i n d e r s c o n s u mm at i o n o f

l o ve be t w e en C a th e r in e a nd He a t hc l i f f .

1 9 6 4 - 6 7

N o t f o un d

1 9 6 8

[ 1 6 ] Gu é r a r d , Al b e r t . “ P r e fa c e t o Wu t h e r i n g H e ig h t s . ” Tw en t i e t h

C en t u r y I n t e r p re t a t i o n s o f Wu t h e r i n g H e i g h t s : A C ol l e c t i o n o f

C r i t i c a l E s s a y s , e d i t e d b y T h o ma s A . Vo gl e r , P r e n t i ce Ha l l ,

1 9 6 8 , p p . 6 3 -6 8 .

Gu é r a r d e x p re s s e s t h e re l a t i on s h i p C a th e r in e d e s i re s f o r

He a t h c l i f f a n d E d ge r “ mé n a ge - à - t r o i s ” ; a c c or d i n g t o Gu é r a r d ,

C at h e r i n e w a n t s an d n ee d s b o t h E d ge r , w h o h a s s oc i a l c om p a ni o n s h i p ,

a nd He a t hc l i f f , w h o i s m o r e ma s c u l i ne a n d h a s m o re s e x u a l e n e rg y t h a n

E d ge r. Gu é r a r d a rgu e s t h a t Ca t h e r i n e o d d l y s e e m s t o t a k e i t f o r g r a n t ed

t ha t t he m é na ge à t r o i s c o u l d m a i n t a i n a n d s h e “e l e c t s t o d i e ” b ec a u se

n e i t he r me n ac ce p t i t .

Sasaki 12

1 9 6 9

[ 1 7 ] Le a v i s , Q . D . . “ A Fr e s h Ap p r o ac h t o Wu t he r i n g H e i g h t s . ” 1 9 6 9 .

Wu t h e r in g H e i g h t s : E m i l y B ro n të , e d i t e d b y P a t s y S t o n e ma n ,

M ac m i l l a n , 1 9 9 3 , p p . 2 4 -3 8 .

Le a v i s r e ga r d s He a t hc l i f f a s a n i l l e g i t i ma t e s o n o f M r. E a r n s ha w.

Le a v i s t h i nk s t h a t C a t h e r i n e l o v e s n o t He a t h c l i f f b u t E d ge r Li n t o n i n a

s e x ua l w a y b e c au s e s h e i s h a l f - b lo o d s i s t e r o f He a t hc l i f f . Le a v i s p o i n t s

o ut t h a t c h i l d ’s n a t i ve go o d n e s s i s c o r r u p te d b y s o c i e t y i n WH .

1 9 7 0 - 7 1

N o t f o un d

1 9 7 2

[ 1 8 ] Wil l i a m s , Go r d o n . “ T h e P r o b l e m o f P a s s i o n i n Wu t h e r i n g H e i g h t s . ”

Tr iv i u m , vo l . 7 , 1 9 7 2 , p p . 4 1 -5 3 .

Wi l l i a m s p o in t s o u t t h a t W H i s c on c e rn e d w i t h w o m e n pr o b l em o f

Vi c t o r i a n s o c i e t y a l t h o u gh t h e s e t t i n g o f t h e s t o r y i s p r e -Vi c t o r i a n e ra .

Ac c o r d i n g t o Wi l l i a m s , C a th e r i n e p r o p o se s m é n a ge à t r o i s b ec a u se s h e

n ee d s b o t h He a t h c l i f f a n d E d ge r. Ho w e ve r , Ca t he r i ne ’s n a t u re a n d

d e s i r e a r e t o o a b n o rm a l t o ha ve th e s a nc t i on o f t he s o c i e t y.

1 9 7 3

N o t f o un d

Sasaki 13

1 9 7 4

[ 1 9 ] S u c k s mi t h , Ha r ve y P. . “ T he T h em e o f Wu t h e r i n g He i g h t s

R ec o n s i de r e d .” T h e D a l h o u s i e Re v i e w , vo l . 5 4 , 1 9 7 4 , p p .

4 1 8 -2 8 .

S u c k s mi t h a n a l yze s C a t h e r i n e ’s r e s p ec t i ve re l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n

E d ge r a n d He a th c l i f f . S u c k s m i t h a gr e e s t ha t t he f o rm e r i s s im p l y se x u a l

re l a t i o n s h i p be c au s e t h e re i s a s u g ge s t i o n o f C a t he r i ne ’s a c t i v e s e x ua l

l i f e b y h e r p r e gn a n c y i n WH ; t h e l a t t e r i s m ys t i c a l r a t he r t ha n s e x ua l ,

f o r C a t h e r i n e a n d He a t h c l i f f c o m pa r e t he m s e l ve s t o i m p er s o n a l

e l em e nt s w h e n t h e y i d e n t i f y w i t h ea c h o t he r. S u c k s mi t h gu e s s e s t ha t E B

re b e l s a ga i n s t Vi c t o r i a n v i r t u e s b y w r i t i n g t h e p r i mi t i ve c o n n ec t i o n

b e t w e en C a th e r i ne a nd He a t h c l i f f .

1 9 7 5

N o t f o un d

1 9 7 6

[ 2 0 ] Ea gl e t o n , Te r r y. “ M yt h s o f t h e P o w e r.” 1 9 7 6 . Wu t h e r i ng H e i g h t s :

E mi l y B ro n të , e d i t e d b y P a t s y S t on e ma n , M ac mi l l a n , 1 9 9 3 , p p .

11 8 -3 0 .

Ea g l e t o n d i s c u s s e s t he n o ve l f r om M a r x i a n v i e w. E a g l e t o n

e xp l a i n s t ha t na t u re o f t h e re l a t i on s h i p be t w ee n C a t h e r i ne a n d

He a t h c l i f f i s “ p r e - s o c i a l ” o r “ no n - s o c i a l ” ; t he y c a n p re s e r v e i t b y

re f u s i n g a n y s o c i a l t h i n g an d re ma i n i n g t h em s e l ve s s a va ge . T h u s t h e i r

l o ve ac c om p l i s h i n t he o t he r w o r ld , e x t r e me l y o u t o f s o c i e t y.

Sasaki 14

[ 2 1 ] Hi n z , E ve l yn J . . “ Hi e r o ga m y v e r s u s We d l o c k : Typ e s o f M a r r i a ge

P l o t s a n d T he i r Re la t i o n s h ip t o Ge n r e s o f P r o s e

Fi c t i o n .” P M LA , vo l . 9 1 , n o . 5 . 1 9 7 6 , p p . 9 0 0 -1 3 .

Hi n z d i s c u s s e s p a t t e r n s o f m a r r i a ge p l o t i n l i t e r a t u r e . Ac c o rd i n g

t o Hi n z , b y i l l u s t r a t i n g “ w e d l oc k ” ma r r i a ge , w h i c h h a s p e j o r a t i ve

c on n o ta t i o n , E B m oc k s u n r ea l i s t i c c om i c ma r r i a ge p l o t s o f t en f o u n d i n

o th e r n o ve l s . Ta k i n g WH a s a n a p p r op r i a t e e x a m pl e , Hi n z s t a t e s t h a t

t yp i ca l we d l oc k n o ve l o f t e n e n d ed i n “ h i e r o ga m o u s ” u n i o n a s a r e l i e f ,

o p p o s i t e t o s e c u l a r a n d l e ga l m ar r i a ge . Hi n z a l s o s u g ge s t s t ha t s ac r e d

ma r r i a ge i s n o t j u s t u n io n o f m a n a n d w o m a n b u t a l s o c o n j u n c t i o n o f

t he e l em e n t s .

1 9 7 7 - 7 8

N o t f o un d

1 9 7 9

[ 2 2 ] Gi l b e r t , S a n d r a a n d S u s a n Gu b e r. “ Lo o k i n g O p p o s i t e l y : E m i l y

Br o n t ë ’s Bi b l e o f He l l . ” T he M a d w o m a n i n t he A t t i c : T h e

Wo m a n Wr i t e r a n d t h e N i ne t e e n t h - C e n t u r y L i t e r a r y

I m a g i n a t i o n , Ya le U P, 1 9 7 9 , p p . 2 4 8 -3 0 8 .

I t i s r e f e r re d t h a t t he n um b e r o f t h r ee i s o b s e r ve d i n f a i r yt a l e s .

Gi l b e r t a n d Gu b e r a rgu e t h a t ( 1 ) He a t hc l i f f i s s u b s t i t u t e o f a w h i p

C a t h e r i n e wa n t s , an d C a t h e r i n e b ec o m e s a n d r o g yn o u s b y u n i t i n g

He a t h c l i f f , a n d b ec o me s r e b e l l i o u s a ga i n s t p a t r i a rc h y. ( 2 ) T he

Sasaki 15

re l a t i o n s h i p be t w ee n C a t he r i ne a n d He a t h c l i f f i s “ de vo i d o f s e x ua l”

l i k e Ad a m a nd E ve b e f o re t he y l o se t he p a ra d i s e . ( 3 ) In t he n o ve l , s e x

b r i n g s d e a t h t o w o m e n . ( Fr a n c e s a n d C a t h e r i n e ) ( 4 ) T he s c e n e t h a t

C a t h e r i n e i s b i t t e n b y a d o g o f t h e Li n t o n s i n d i c a t e s s e x ua l m e a n in g s .

1 9 8 0 - 8 1

N o t f o un d

1 9 8 2

[ 2 3 ] Go e t z , Wi l l i am R . “ Ge n e a l o g y a n d In c e s t i n Wu t h e r i n g

H e i g h t s . ” St u d ie s i n t h e N o ve l , vo l . 1 4 , n o . 4 , 1 9 8 2 , p p . 3 5 9 -7 6 .

Go e t z a rgu e s t h e c o r re s p o n d e n c e be t w ee n t w o ge n e r a t i o n s i n W H

f r om a n a l o g y o f n am e s a n d s ym me t r i ca l f a mi l y t r e e s . Go e t z f o c u s e s on

ma r r i a ge a n d i n ce s t i n t h e n o ve l . In c e s t a p p l i e s t o t h e re l a t i o n s h i p

b e t w e en He a t h c l i f f an d C a th e r i n e , b a s e d o n C . Lé v i -S t r a u s s ’ i d ea t ha t

He a t h c l i f f i s a n i l l e g i t i m a t e c h i l d o f M r. E a r n s h a w. Go e t z i n s i s t s t h a t

C a t h e r i n e i s f o n d He a t hc l i f f d u e t o t h e i r l i ke n e s s a s s i b l i n gs a n d E d ge r

Li n t o n i s a n o n l y p e r s o n C a th e r i ne s h o u l d m a r r y i n e x o ga m o u s s ys t em .

In W H , e n d o ga m o u s m a r r i a ge i s c o nc l u s i ve l y a cc e p t e d b y s ec o n d

C at h e r i n e ’s c o u s in ma r r i a ge w h i c h i s m o re re c o nc i l i a t o r y t h an

C at h e r i n e a n d He a t h c l i f f ’s s i b l i n g i n ce s t .

1 9 8 3

[ 2 4 ] C h i t h am , E d w a r d . B ro n t ë f a c t s a n d B ro n t ë p ro b le m s . M a c m i l l a n ,

1 9 8 3 .

Sasaki 16

A c o l l e c t i o n o f e s s a ys o n t h e Br o n t ë s b y C h i t h a m a n d To m

Wi n ni f r i t h . T he y p e r u s e t he va l ue o f t h e Br o n t ë s ’ w o r k s i n l i gh t o f

e x i s t i n g b i o gr a p h i ca l i n f o r ma t i o n . Th i s b o o k i s h e l p f u l t o s tu d y E B’s

c hr o n o l o g y a n d a n a l ys i s o f E B’s t h o u gh t . T h e y e s p e c i a l l y a r gu e WH i n

c h . 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 8 a n d 1 0 .

[ 2 5 ] C h i t h am , E d w a r d . “E mi l y Br o n të a n d S h e l l e y. ” B ro n t ë f a c t s a n d

B ro n t ë p ro b l e m s , M a cm i l l an , 1 9 8 3 .

C h i t h am p o i n t s o u t a p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t E B h a d b ee n i n f l u e nc e d b y

S h e l l e y’s r e j ec t i o n o f mo n o ga m y. Ac c o r d i n g t o C h i t h a m , t he r e a re s o m e

c om m o n fe a tu r e s t o S h e l l e y’s l o ve f o r E mi l i a i n E pi p s y c h i d i o n a n d

C at h e r i n e ’s l o ve f o r He a t h c l i f f i n WH . C h i t ha m a l s o e x p la i n s t h a t

C a t h e r i n e l o ve s b o t h E d ge r a n d He a t h c l i f f a n d , t he r e fo r e , C a t h e r i n e

w o u l d n o t b e s a t i s f i e d i f e ve r s h e c h o s e He a t hc l i f f o n l y.

[ 2 6 ] D a vi e s , S t e v i e . E m i ly B ro n t ë : T h e A r t i s t a s a F re e Wo m a n .

C a r c a ne t P, 1 9 8 3 .

An a n a l ys i s o f E B f r o m b i o gr a p h y, p o e t r y a n d t he n o ve l . In c h . 6 ,

D a vi e s a n a l yze s C a th e r i ne ’s “ ba b y -w o r k ” t o d e s t ro y h e r p i l l o w.

C a t h e r i n e ’s s o u l a s a f e ma l e s ee k s a l o s t ma l e c o u n te r p a r t a f t e r s h e ha s

b e t r a ye d He a t h c l i f f . Bu t s e x u a l u n i o n i s n o t t h e s u b je c t o f t he n o ve l . I t

i s r a t h e r m e t a p h ys i c a l a n d ‘ h um a n’ s ea r c h . In c h . 8 , D a v i e s f o c u s e s o n

t h r e e fo l d r e l a t i o n s h i p – E d ge r , C a t h e r i n e , He a t h c l i f f . D a i ve s a n a l yze s

t he Li n t o n s i s f em i n i ne a n d t h e Ea r n s h a w s i n c l ud i n g He a t h c l i f f i s

ma s c u l i n e . T h u s E d ge r a n d He a t h c l i f f a r e “ t w o h a l ve s o f a s i n g l e mi n d . ”

Sasaki 17

D a vi e s s t a t e s E B h a s i d e a i t i s n o t n ec e s s a r y t o b e b o u n d t r a d i t i o na l

ge n d e r r o l e .

1 9 8 4

N o t f o un d

1 9 8 5

[ 2 7 ] Go l d , Li n d a . “ C a t h e r i n e Ea r n s h a w : M o t h e r & D a u gh t e r. ” E n g l i s h

J ou r n a l , vo l . 7 4 , n o . 3 , 1 9 8 5 , p p . 6 8 -7 3 .

Go l d c o n s i d e r s t h e b o u n d a m o n g C a t h e r i n e , He a t h c l i f f an d E d g e r

Li n t o n a p p l yi n g t o Fr e u d t h e o r y. Fo r C a t he r i ne ( e go ) , n a t u re o f

He a t h c l i f f ( i d ) i s ba s i s f o r t h e p e r s o n a l i t y b u t s h e n ee d s b o t h t w o me n

( Ed ge r c o r r e s p o n d s t o s u p e r e g o ) b ec a u s e t he s e t h re e c o nc e p t i on s a r e

o ne n e s s . Go l d a l s o r e f e r s t h a t e go w h i c h f a ce s t o w o r l d m u s t b e ma l e ,

s o Ca t h e r i n e ( e go ) c o n f r o n t s “ h e r l a c k o f p o w e r a n d f re e d om i n t h i s

ma le w o r l d ” , t o o .

[ 2 8 ] M at t h e w, J o h n T. . “ Fr a m i n g i n ‘ Wu t he i n g He i gh t s . ’ ” 1 9 8 5 .

Wu t h e r in g H e i g h t s : E m i l y B ro n të , e d i t e d b y P a t s y S t o n e ma n ,

M ac m i l l a n , 1 9 9 3 , p p . 5 4 -7 3

M a t t h e w p o i n t s o u t t h a t f r a me o f t he n a r r a t i ve l i mi t s t h e s t o r y o f

C at h e r i n e an d He a t hc l i f f ’s l o v e w i t h i n t he i r u n de r s t a n d i n g . M a t t h e w

a gr e e s Q . D . Le a ve s ’ i d ea t ha t He a t h c l i f f a n d Ca t he r i ne a re b r o th e r a n d

s i s t e r. T h e i r r e l a t i o n s h ip c o n ta i n s “ u n s p e ak a b le na t u ra l p a s s i o n”

i nc l u d i n g i n c e s t a n d d e s i re t o e s ca p e f r om “ t yr a n n o u s c o n v e n t i o n” ,

Sasaki 18

w h ic h ca n n o t be a p p r o ve d i n l a w, s o c i e t y, o r m o r a l i t y.

1 9 8 6

[ 2 9 ] J ac o b s , N . M . . “ Ge n d e r a n d La ye r e d N a r ra t i ve i n Wu t h e r i n g

H e i g h t s . ” 1 9 8 6 . Wu t h e r in g H e i g h t s : E m i l y B ro n t ë , e d i t e d b y

P a t s y S t o n e ma n , M ac m i l l a n , 1 9 9 3 , p p . 7 4 -8 5 .

J ac o b s f o c u s e s o n s t r u c t u r e o f n a r r a t i ve i n WH . J a c o b s d e s c r i b e s

p a t r e s fa m i l i a s ’ d o mi n a t i o n o v e r b o t h me n a n d w o m e n l e g i t im i ze s

vi o l e nc e i n t he n o ve l . J a co b s p o in t s o u t Ca t he r i ne ’s “ ma l e” t r a i t s s u c h

a s a n ge r a n d d e s i re s u r fa c e s wi t h He a t hc l i f f , a n d He a t hc l i f f t u r n s d o w n

a n y “ f e m i n i n e” o r s o f t e m ot i o n a f t e r C a t he r i ne ’s d ea t h .

1 9 8 7

[ 3 0 ] Ar m s t r o n g , N a n c y. D e s i re a n d D o m e s t i c F ic t i o n . O x f o r d U P, 1 9 8 7 .

T h i s b o o k a rgu e s t he n o ve l s b y w o m e n i n t h e e i gh t e e n t h a n d

n in e t e e n t h ce n t u r i e s i n E n g l a n d . Ar m s t r o n g t a k e s t h e f o l l o w i n gs a s a n

e xa m pl e o f f e ma le a u th o r i t y a f f ec t i n g m a l e ; He a t h c l i f f i s l e d t o de a t h

b y C a t h e r i n e ; N e l l y D e a n h a s k n o w le d ge w o r t h y o f a n a r r a t o r m o re t h a n

Lo c k w o o d . Ar m s t r o n g f o c u s e s o n t w o C a t h e r i n e ’s n a me s s h i f t i n g a n d

fe m a l e d e s i re s u p p r e s s e d i n s e x u a l r e l a t i on s h i p , a n d c o n c l u d e s t ha t W H

i s n o t o n l y a f i c t i o n b u t a l s o a h i s t o r y o f s e x u a l i t y.

[ 3 1 ] Bl o o m , Ha r o l d , e d i t o r. T h e B ro n t ë s . C he l s ea Ho u s e P u b l i s he r s ,

1 9 8 7 .

A c o l l e c t i o n o f n i ne e s s a ys a b o u t C h a r l o t t e , E mi l y a n d An n e

Sasaki 19

Br o n t ë s a n d t h e i r w o r k s . In i n t r o d uc t io n , B l o o m s t a t e s t ha t C a t h e r i n e

a nd He a t h c l i f f c a n c o n s u mm a te th e i r l o ve o n l y b y d e a t h b ec a u se

s e x ua l i t y i s mi n g l e d w i t h de a t h f o r E B. Bl o o m a l s o s a ys t ha t “ l o ve ” i s

i na d e qu a te t o e x p r e s s t he c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n C a t h e r i n e a n d He a t h c l i f f .

[ 3 2 ] Bo o n e , J o s e p h Al l e n . Tr a d i t i o n Co u n t e r Tr a d i t i o n : L o ve a n d t h e

F o r m o f F ic t i o n . U o f C h ic a go P, 1 9 8 7 .

Bo o n e o rga n i ze s h o w t h e i d e o l o g i e s o f l o ve , m a r r i a ge a n d s e x u a l

r e l a t i o n s h i p h a ve b e e n de c i p h e r e d i n An gl o Am e r i ca n f i c t i o n . In

In t r o d u c t i o n , t h e re a re d e sc r i p t i on s o f l i t e ra r y a n d c r i t i c a l h i s t o r y o f

l o ve -p l o t . Bo o n e s t a t e s t ha t w r i t e r s g r a d u a l l y c a m e t o b re a k t h r o u gh t h e

t r a d i t i o na l m ar r i a ge p l o t i n t he n o ve l f r o m 1 8 4 0 s t o 1 9 3 0 s . Bo o n e s p a re s

o ne c ha p t e r t o WH .

[ 3 3 ] Bo o n e , J o se p h Al l en . “ Wu t h e r i n g H e i g h t s : U n e a s y We d l o c k a n d

U n q u ie t S l um b e r s . ” Tr a d i t i o n C o u nt e r Tr a d i t i o n : L o v e a nd t h e

F o r m o f F ic t i o n , U o f C h ic a go P, 1 9 8 7 , p p . 1 5 1 -7 2 .

Bo o n e de s i gn a t e s WH a c o u n te r t r a d i t i o n n o ve l w h ic h o ve r t h r o w s

t r a d i t i o na l m a r r i a ge p l o t b y d e sc r i p t i o n o f ne ga t i ve r e s u l t s o f m a le

t yr a n n y a n d t he o p e n e n d o f C a t h e r i n e a n d He a t h c l i f f ’s r e l a t i o n s h i p .

Bo o n e a rgu e s t h a t C a t h e r i n e a n d He a th c l i f f a r e , i n a s ym b o l i c a l w a y,

t wi n s w h o a r e f r e e f r o m b o u n d a r y o f c o n ve n t i on a l s e x ua l i d en t i t y.

T he r e fo r e , W H im p l i e s n o t i n ce s t b u t a r om a n t i c a t t r ac t i o n re d e f i ne d b y

E B.

Sasaki 20

[ 3 4 ] C h i t h am , E d w a r d . A L i f e o f E m i l y B ro n të . Ba s h i l B l a c k w e l l , 1 9 8 7 .

A b i o gr a p h y o f E B. T he b i o g ra p h y f o c u s e s o n W H i n c h . 1 3

t h r o u gh 1 5 . C h i t ha m s t a t e s t h a t Ca t h e r i n e i n WH r e p r e se n t s E B’s

p a r t i c u l a r r e l i g i o u s t h o u gh t a n d t ha n a t op s i s w e c a n r ea d f r om he r

p oe m s t o o . C h i t h a m p o i n t s o u t E B m i gh t ha ve a d ua l i s t i c i d ea o f se x e s ;

i n G o n d a l p oe m , t h e re a pp e a r a n i d ea t ha t a b o y a n d a g i r l a re t he o ne

s u c h a s C a t he r i ne a n d He a th c l i f f . C h i t ha m gu e s s e s t h e c h i l d re n i n

G o n d a l po e m r e p re s e n t t w o s i d e s o f E B’s n a tu r e .

1 9 8 8

[ 3 5 ] M c Gu i r e , Ka t h r yn B . “ T h e In c e s t Ta b o o i n Wu t h e r i n g He i g h t s : A

M o d e r n Ap p r a i s a l . ” A m e r ic a n I m a g o , vo l . 4 5 , n o . 2 , 1 9 8 8 , p p .

2 1 7 -2 4 .

M c Gu i r e a rgu e s t he p o s s i b i l i t y o f i n c e s t be t w e en He a t hc l i f f a n d

C a t h e r i n e . Ac c o r d i n g t o M c G u i r e , t he c i rc u m s ta n c e o f c h i l d r e n a t

Wu t he r i n g He i gh t s i s a p p l i ca b l e t o ca u s e i n ce s t . In c e s t i s a w a y t o u n i t e .

O n e s c a n w a nt s p i r i t ua l u n i t y w h e n t h e y f o rc e d t o b e s e pa r a t e d

p h ys i c a l l y. M a n w h o c o m mi t s i n ce s t t en d t o c o n f l i c t w i t h f a t he r, w h i c h

i s a p p l i e d t o He a t hc l i f f ’s r e l a t i o n t o Hi n d l e y w h o i s n e w o w n e r o f

Wu t he r i n g He i gh t s a n d s u b s t i t u t e o f C a t h e r i n ’s f a t h e r.

[ 3 6 ] S te ve n s o n , J o h n Al l e n . “ ‘ He a t h c l i f f i s M e ! ’ : Wu t h e r i n g H e i g h t s

a nd t h e Q u e s t i o n o f Li k e n e s s . ” N i ne te e n t h - C e n t u r y L i t e r a t u re ,

vo l . 4 3 n o . 1 , U o f C a l i f o rn i a P, 1 9 8 8 , p p . 60 -8 1 . J S TO R ,

w w w. j s t o r. o rg / s t a b l e / 3 0 4 4 9 8 1 . Ac c e s s e d 2 4 M a y 2 0 1 7 .

Sasaki 21

S te ve n s o n a r gu e s m a r r i a ge a n d a f f i n i t y. S t e ve n s o n a s s e r t s t h a t

C a t h e r i n e a n d He a t h c l i f f c a n n o t e x p la i n h o w th e y a r e l i k e w i t h o u t

t r i a n gu l a r r e l a t i o n a m on g C a t h e r i n e , He a t hc l i f f a nd E d ge r , c o m pa r i n g

h o w d i ff e r en t t he i r na t u re i s f r om Li n t o n . Ac c o r d i n g t o S t e ve n s o n ,

E d ge r i s s u i t a b l e a s a m a r r i a ge p a r t ne r d ue t o h i s s t a t e e q ua l t o

C a t h e r i n e w h i l e He a t hc l i f f c a n b e b o t h i l l e g i t i m a t e c h i l d a n d c o mp l e t e

o u t s i d e r o f t he E a r n s ha w s . Ho w e ve r , C a t h e r i n e l o ve s He a t h c l i f f

b ec a u se t he i r b o n d i s b a s e d o n i n t e r n a l l i k e ne s s .

[ 3 7 ] Yae ge r , P a t r i c i a . H o ne y - m a d Wo m e n : E m a n c i p a t o r y S t r a t e g ie s i n

Wo m e n ’s Wr i t i n g . C o lu m b ia U P, 1 9 8 8 .

Yae ga r a rgu e s w o m e n’s r e l a t i o n t o l a n gu a ge a n d s p ee c h .

Ac c o r d i n g t o Ya e ge r , w om e n h a ve be e n r e s t r i c t e d t h e i r e l o q u e nc e b y

ma s c u l i n e c u l tu r e . In c h . 6 , t h e Ya e ge r p o i n t s o u t t h a t E B e xp o s e s

ge n d e r a n d c l a s s a s ym m e t r i e s . In t h e n o ve l , b o t h Ca t h e r i n e a n d

He a t h c l i f f t r y t o a d j u s t t he m s e l ve s i n t o t he i r ge n d e r r o l e ( yo u n g l a d y

a nd ge n t l e ma n ) i n o r d e r t o f i l l t he c l a s s a n d ge n d e r ga p s t h a t s e pa r a t e

t he m .

1 9 8 9

[ 3 8 ] Fl i e ge r , J e r r y Al i ce . “ E n t e r t a i n i n g t h e M é n a ge à Tr o i s :

P s yc h o a n a l ys i s , Fe m i n i s m , a n d Li t e ra t u re . ” Fe m i n i s m a n d

P sy c h o a n al y s i s , e d i t e d b y R i c h a r d Fe l d s t e i n a n d J u d i t h R o o f ,

C o r ne l l U P, 1 9 8 9 , p p . 1 8 5 -2 0 8 .

Fl i e ge r s t a t e s t ha t “ t he n um b e r t h r e e i s a n a w k w a r d n um b e r a s w e

Sasaki 22

s t r u g g l e t o ‘ e n t e r t a i n ’ t h re e c o m pl e x t r a d i t i on s a n d m o de s o f t h o u gh t . ”

F l i e ge r i n t r o d u ce s Fr e u d ’s p s yc ho a n a l ys i s a n d i t s r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h

fe m i n i s t l i t e r a r y c r i t i c i s m . Fl i e ge r d i s c u s s e s o e d i p a l t r i a n g l e

re l a t i o n s h i p . T he r e i s n o me n t i o n o f WH b u t t h i s i s i n f o r m a t i v e s o u r ce

t o t h i n k o f l o ve t r i a n g l e re l a t i o n s h i p s w h ic h a p pe a r i n WH .

[ 3 9 ] Le v y, An i t a . “ Bl o o d , Ki n s h i p , a n d Ge n d e r. ” Ge n d e r s , vo l . 5 , 1 9 8 9 ,

p p . 7 0 -8 5 .

Le v y a r gu e s k i n s h i p , ge n d e r , a n d ma r r i a ge t h r o u gh f i c t i o n n o ve l s .

Le v y a n a l yze s C a t he r i ne ’s r e l a t i o n s h i p t o He a t hc l i f f a n d E d ge r

re s p e c t i ve l y. T h e f o rm e r i s e x o ga m o u s ( d i f f e re n t r a ce a n d c l a s s ) , an d

t he l a t t e r i s e n d o ga m o u s . Le v y p o i n t s o u t t ha t m a r r i a ge s h o u l d b r i n g

w i t h b o t h k i n s h i p ne t w o r k a n d s e xu a l de s i r e a s ma te r i a l s a n d s t a t e s t h a t

C at h e r i n e ’s a s o c i a l de s i re c a n r e s u l t i n m a ki n g t h e n uc l ea r f am i l y.

[ 4 0 ] P yk e t t , Lyn . E m i l y B ro n të . M ac mi l l a n , 1 9 8 9 .

A b i o gr a p h y o n E B. T h i s b o o k i s o n e o f w om e n w r i t e r s s e r i o u s .

T he r e fo r e , P yk e t t e s p e c i a l l y d i s c u s s E B a s a w om a n w r i t e r. C h . 5 , 6 a n d

8 p i ck s u p WH . P yk e t t i n d i c a t e s t h a t R om a nt i c i s m w a s a ma l e -c e n t e re d

t r e n d a t a l l . E B w a s m a n l y w o ma n f o r h e r ge n d e r , a n d s h e w r o te

t r a n s ce n d e nc e o f l i mi t a t i o n s o r b o u n d a r i e s i n WH . P yk e t t a rg u e s t ha t

WH i s a go t h i c no ve l i n w h ic h e x p r e s s w o m en ’s t e r r o r u n d e r l e ga l

c on t r o l b y m e n . C a t he r i ne i s r e s t r i c t e d s o c i a l l y d u e t o h e r g e nd e r i n

t h i s w o r l d , h o w e ve r , he r p o we r o ve r w h e l m s m a le c h a ra c t e r s s u c h a s

He a t h c l i f f a n d E d ge r , e s p ec i a l l y a f t e r h e r de a t h .

Sasaki 23

1 9 9 0

[ 4 1 ] Ba r r e ca , Re g i n a . “T h e P o w e r o f E x c om m u ni c a t i o n : S e x an d t he

Fe m i n i ne Te x t i n Wu t he r i n g H e i g h t s . ” S e x a n d D e at h i n

Vic t o r i a n Li t e r a t u re , M ac m i l l a n P r e s s , 1 9 9 0 , p p . 22 7 -4 0 .

Ba r r e ca a rgu e s t h a t w o m e n l a n g u a ge m o re e l oq u e n t o f t h e i r d e s i re

t ha n t ha t o f m e n i n t h e n o ve l . Ba r r e ca i n t r o d u ce s Al b e r t G u e r a r d ’s

r e a c t i o n t o wa r d C a t he r i ne ’s mé n a ge -à - t r o i s d e s i re , a n d N a n c y

Ar m s t r o n g’s v i e w t h a t E B t r i e d t o r e p re s e n t w o me n ’s u n s ee n d e s i re s .

[ 4 2 ] Ta yl e r , I r e n e . H ol y G h o s t : T h e M al e M u se o f E m i l y a n d C h a r l o t t e

B ro n t ë . Co l u m bi a U P, 1 9 9 0 .

A s t u d y o f C h a r lo t t e a n d E mi l y Br o n t ë s . In c h . 2 , Ta yl e r f o c u s e s

o n WH . Ta yl e r c om me n t s t h a t E B w a s s u r e t o h a ve s o me m a le e l e me n t s

o w i n g t o h e r f a t he r a n d s h e e m bo d i e s h e r ma n l i n e s s i n He a t h c l i f f ’s

f i e r ce n a t u r e s i n W H . Ta yl e r a n a l yze s t h e re l a t i o n s h ip b e t w e en

C a t h e r i n e a n d He a t hc l i f f ; i t i s n o t j u s t f r i en d s h i p n o r r o ma n ce ;

ac c o r d i n g t o Ta yl e r , f o r Ca t h e r i ne , He a t hc l i f f i s a s ym b o l o f me m o r y,

h e r i n ne r s e l f a n d o r i g i n w h i l e E d ge r i s o f a m bi t i o n f o r t he f u t u re .

1 9 9 1 - 9 2

N o t f o un d

1 9 9 3

[ 4 3 ] S t o ne m an , P a t s y, e d i t o r. Wu t h e r i n g H e i g h t s : N e w C a s e b o o k s .

Sasaki 24

M ac m i l l a n , 1 9 9 3 .

A c o l l e c t i o n o f t en e s s a ys a b o u t WH . In i n t r o d u c t i o n , S t o ne ma n

c om me n t s u p o n b e n e f i c i a l e s s a ys b e s i de s w h a t a r e p r i n t e d i n t h e b o o k

a nd e x p la i n s h o w t h e s e a r e re l a t e d t o e ac h o t h e r o n t he h i s t o r y o f

l i t e r a r y c r i t i c i s m .

1 9 9 4

[ 4 4 ] Vi n e , S t e ve n . “ T h e Wu t he r o f t h e O t h e r i n Wu t h e r i n g H e i g h t s . ”

N i ne te e n t h - C e n t u r y F i c t i o n , vo l . 49 , n o . 3 , U o f Ca l i f o r n i a P,

1 9 9 4 , p p . 3 3 9 -5 9 . J S TO R , w w w. j s t o r. o rg / s t a b l e /2 9 3 3 8 2 0 .

Ac c e s s e d 2 4 M a y 2 0 1 7 .

Vi n e a rgu e s C a t h e r i n e ’s r e l a t i o n s h i p to He a t hc l i f f a s s o c i a t e d w i t h

ge n d e r i de o l o g y. Ac c o r d i n g t o Vi n e , Ca t he r i ne re f l e c t s h e r s e l f i n

He a t h c l i f f w h o i s a n i n d e t e rm i n a t e d i s p o s i t i o n i n He i gh t s b e c a u se s h e

i s he l p l e s s i n Mr. Ea r n s h a w ’s pa t e r n a l i s m a s a w o ma n . Ca t h e r i n e ’s

c ha n ge t o a l a d y a f t e r f i ve - w e e k s t a y a t T h r u s h c r o s s Gr a n ge m e a n s l o s s

o f He a t h c l i f f a s h e r r e be l l i o u s s e l f i n c h i l d h o o d f o r h e r. T h e

f i r s t - ge n e r a t i o n t a l e i s r e ga r d e d a s t r a ge d y r e s u l t e d f r o m pa t r i a rc h y.

1 9 9 5

N o t f o un d

1 9 9 6

[ 4 5 ] Go o d l e t t , D e b r a . “ Lo ve a n d Ad d ic t i o n i n Wu t h e r i n g H e i g h t s . ” T h e

M id w e s t Q u a r t e r l y . vo l . 3 7 , n o , 3 , 1 9 9 6 , p p . 3 1 6 -3 2 7 .

Sasaki 25

Go o d l e t t f o c u s e s o n t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n C a t h e r i n e a n d

He a t h c l i f f . Go o d l e t t e x p la i n s t h a t t he r e i s a n a d d i c t i ve r e l a t i on s h i p

b e t w e en t he m; C a t h e r i n e d e pe n d s o n t he g r a t i f yi n g e x p e r i e n ce w i t h

He a t h c l i f f . Go o d l e t t a n a l ys e s t h e a d d i c t i ve n a t u re s o f t h e m a n d a rgu e s

t ha t i t c a u s e s t r a ge d y i n t h e n o ve l . Go o d l e t t a l s o p o i n t s o u t t ha t

C a t h e r i n e i s r e l uc t a n t t o ma r r y E d ge r b ec a u s e o f he r a d d i c t i v e b o nd

w i t h He a t h c l i f f w h i l e s h e n e ed s n o t o n l y l o ve b u t ma te r i a l c om f o r t .

[ 4 6 ] S t o ne m an , P a s t y. “ C a t he r i ne E a r n s h a w ’s J o u r ne y t o He r Ho me

am o n g t h e D e a d : Fr e s h T h o u g h t o n Wu t h e r in g H e i g h t s a n d

‘ Ep i p s yc h i d i o n ’ . ” Re v i e w o f E ng l i s h S t u d ie s : A Q u a r t e r l y

J ou r n a l o f E n g l i s h L i t e r a t u re a n d th e E n g l i s h L a n g u a g e ,

vo l . 4 7 , n o . 1 8 8 , 1 99 6 , p p . 5 2 1 -3 3 .

S t o ne m an i n s p e c t s w h a t a r e Ca t h e r i n e ’s l o ve s f o r He a t h c l i f f a n d

E d ge r. S t on e ma n i n t r o d u ce s E d w a r d C hi t ha m ’s a s s u m pt i o n t h a t E B

o bt a i n s t he t r i a n gu l a r r e l a t i o n s h ip f r o m P. B . S h e l l e y. S t o n e ma n r e b u t s

ge n e r a l c o n s t r uc t i o n t h a t C a th e r i n e be t ra ys He a t hc l i f f ( a n d h e r o w n

l o ve ) , an d s u g ge s t s t h a t C a t h e r in e r a t h e r l o ve s b o t h He a t hc l i f f a n d

E d ge r s im u l t a n e o u s l y.

1 9 9 7 - 2 00 2

N o t f o un d

2 0 0 3

[ 4 7 ] La m o n i ca , D r e w. “ Wu t h e r i n g H e i g h t s : T he Bo u n d le s s P a s s i o n o f

Sasaki 26

C at h e r i n e E a r n s ha w. ” We A re T h ree S i s t e r s : S e l f a n d F a m i l y i n

t he Wr i t i n g o f t h e B ron t ë s , U n i v e r s i t y o f M i s s o u r i P r e s s , 2 0 0 3 ,

p p . 9 5 -11 7 .

La m o n i ca d i s cu s s e s WH f r o m t h e p o i n t o f f e ma le i de n t i t y i n t h e

e i gh t e e n t h a n d t he n i ne t e e n th ce n t u r i e s . Fe m a le i d en t i t y a t t h a t t i m e

d ep e n d s o n t h e r o l e s o f f am i l y ( d au gh t e r , s i s t e r , a n d wi f e ) . Ca t h e r i n e ’s

i de n t i f i c a t i o n w i th He a th c l i f f , w h ic h i s i nc o m pa t i b l e i n t e r m s o f c l a s s

a nd ge n d e r , i s he r d e s i r e t o t r a n sc e n d c o n ve n t i o na l f e ma le s e l f h o o d .

Be c a u se h e i s a m a le , He a t h c l i f f s u r m o u nt s r e s t r a i n t t h a t C a t h e r i n e i s

f o rc e d a s a f e ma l e . La m o n ic a a rgu e s t h a t C a t h e r i n e d e s i r e s t o b e

C a t h e r i n e Ea r n s h a w - He a t h c l i f f - Li n t o n a l l a t o n ce a n d he r t r a ge d y i s

ca u s e d b y i n c om p le t i on o f i t .

[ 4 8 ] T ha d e n , Ba r b a ra Z . . “ P r o c r u s t ea n Be d : Ge n d e r R o le s i n E m i l y

Br o n t ë ’s Wu t h e r i n g H e i gh t s ( 1 8 4 7 ) .” Wo m e n i n L i t e r a t u re :

Re a d i n g th ro u g h t h e L e n s o f G e nd e r , e d i t e d b y J e r i l yn F i s h e r

a nd E l l e n S . S i l b e r , Gr e e n w o o d P, 2 0 0 3 , p p . 3 0 6 -0 8 .

T ha d e n s u p p o s e s t h a t Ca t he r i ne d i e s t o b e f re e f r om “ re s t r i c t i ve

s o c i a l b o n d s ” . C a t he r i ne h o pe s t o k ee p t h e “ mé n a ge à t r o i s ” wi t h

He a t h c l i f f a nd E d ge r Li n t o n , bu t s o c i a l e x pe c t a t i o n i m p o s e s h e r t o be a

c on ve n t i o n a l w i fe a n d m o t h e r. T h a n de n ca l l s Ca t he r i n e a s

“a n d r o g yn o u s c h i l d ” a n d s t a t e s t h a t s h e “ re f u s e d t o be o w n e d b y o n e

ma n ” .

2 0 0 4

Sasaki 27

[ 4 9 ] C o r y, Ab b i e L. “ ‘ O u t o f M y Br o th e r ’s P o w e r ’ : Ge n d e r, C la s s a nd

R eb e l l i o n i n Wu t h e r i n g H e i g h t s . ” Wo m e n ’s S t u d i e s , vo l . 3 4 ,

2 0 0 4 , p p . 1 -2 6 . Ta y l o r & F r a n c i s ,

d o i :1 0 . 1 0 8 0 /0 0 4 9 7 8 7 0 5 9 0 9 0 3 4 6 9 . Ac ce s s e d 2 7 J un e 2 0 1 7 .

C o r y f o c u s e s o n Yo u n g I r e l a n d a n d t h e C h a r t i s t , a n d d e sc r i b e s

h i s t o r i c a l f a c t s a b o u t w o me n ’s s o c i a l s t a tu s a n d w o m e n’s m o ve me n t s i n

t he n i n e t ee n t h ce n t u r y. C o r y d e ve l o p s t h e a rgu m e nt i n t o E B’s i n t e re s t

i n a s o c i a l a c t i v i t y, f o r E B’s f a t h e r w a s f r o m I r e l a n d a n d s h e m i gh t

k ne w s u c h a s oc i a l m o ve m e nt s b y n e w s p a pe r. Co r y c o n c l u d e s t h a t W H

c on t a i n s a n t i t h e s i s o f t r a d i t i o na l ge n d e r r o l e a n d m o n o ga m o u s

ma r r i a ge .

2 0 0 5

N o t f o un d

2 0 0 6

[ 5 0 ] He l l e r , Tam a r. “ Ha u n t e d Bo d i e s : T h e Fe m a l e Go t h ic o f Wu t he r i n g

H e i g h t s . ” AT EB W H , e d i t e d b y S u e Lo n o f f a n d Te r r i A. Ha s s e l e r ,

M LA , 2 0 0 6 , p p . 6 7 -7 4 .

He l l e r t r ea t s ge n d e r i s s u e i n WH ’s m a r r i a ge a n d s ex u a l i t y.

Ac c o r d i n g t o He l l e r , WH i s t he fe m a l e go t h i c w hi c h c o nc e r n s w o me n ’s

c on f l i c t b e t w e e n d o me s t i c i d e o l o g y a n d t r a n s gr e s s i ve d e s i re l i k e

C at h e r i n e ’s a f f ec t i o n f o r He a t h c l i f f . C a t he r i n e ’s gh o s t i s a s s o c i a t e d

w i t h go t h i c he r o i ne w h o i s i m p r i s o ne d i n h ou s e a n d m a r i t a l p o s i t i o n .

Sasaki 28

He l l e r f o c u s e s o n C a t h e r i n e ’s “ l im i n a l p o s i t i o n” a n d s t a t e s t h a t

C a t h e r i n e ’s m a r r i a ge j u s t c o n t a i n s h e r pa s s i o n a te n a t u re i n t o

s o p h i s t i ca t ed w o r l d . C a t he r i ne , b y h e r o w n d e a t h , f i na l l y r u n s a w a y

f r om b o t h he r m a r i t a l p o s i t i o n a nd m ot h e r ho o d , w h ic h a r e a s s o c i a t e d

w i t h f e ma l e ge n d e r i de o l o g y i n t he n i n e t ee n t h ce n t u r y. He l l e r a l s o

s t a t e s t h a t Wu t h e r i n g He i gh t s i s t h e s ym b o l i c a l p l a c e o f ma r i t a l t r a um a

f o r I s a b e l l a a n d s ec o n d C a t h e r i n e . E B d e s c r i be s w o m e n’s vu l n e ra b i l i t y

t o d o m e st i c v i o l e n ce t h r o u gh t h e se m ar r i a ge a nd i m pr i s o n me n t .

[ 5 1 ] M a r d o r o s s i a n , C a r i n e M . . “ Ge o me t r i e s o f R a ce , C l a s s , a n d Ge n d e r :

Id e n t i t y C r o s s i n g i n Wu t he r i n g H e i g h t s . ” AT EB WH , e d i t e d b y

S u e Lo n o f f a n d Te r r i A. Ha s s e l e r, M LA, 2 0 0 6 , p p . 4 4 -5 0 .

M a r d o r o s s i a n a rgu e s t h a t W H s u g ge s t s c r o s s i n g b o u n d a r i e s o f

e x i s t i n g c a t e go r i e s s u c h a s r ac e , c l a s s a n d ge n d e r. M a r d or o s s i a n ’s m a i n

s u b je c t i s d i f fe r e nc e i n r ac e be t we e n C a t he r i ne ( w hi t e ) an d He a t h c l i f f

( p re s u m a bl y n o n w h i t e ) a n d h o w i t e x e r t s t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p .

M a r d o r o s s i a n r e fe r s t h a t a l e ve r a ge o f c a t e go r y s u c h a s r a c e i s

e n t a n g l e d o t h e r s s u c h c l a s s a n d ge n d e r.

[ 5 2 ] Q u a l l s , Ba r r y V. . “ Vi c t o r i a n Bo r d e r C r o s s i n g s : T h i n ki n g a b o u t

Ge n d e r i n Wu t h e r i n g H e i g h t s . ” ATE B WH , e d i t e d b y S u e Lo n o f f

a nd Te r r i A. Ha s s e l e r , M LA , 2 0 0 6 , p p . 5 1 -5 9 .

Q u a l l s a s s e r t s t ha t n o n o ve l i s t s i n t h e n i ne t e e n th c e n t u r y

c ha l l e n ge d ge n d e r i s s u e s a s m u c h a s E B. Q u a l l s a rgu e s t ha t “ g e nd e r ed

Sasaki 29

d om e s t i c r e a l i s m” s u f f e r s C a t h e r i n e a n d He a t h c l i f f , a n d ge n d e r a nd

c l a s s i s s u e s “ k i l l ” t h em f i na l l y. C a th e r in e i s d e s c r i b e d a s “ a n o t

c ha r ac t e r t o c o nc e i ve d t o s u r v i ve t he r e q u i re me n t [ … ] o f Vi c t o r i a n

d om e s t i c r ea l i sm . ” Q u a l l s a l s o r e fe r s a s ge n d e r i s s u e s ; t he b i a s a n d

d i f f e re n t r ec o gn i t i o n ca u s e d t w o m a l e a n d f em a l e n a r ra t o r s i n WH .

M a r r i a ge o f se c o n d C a t he r i ne a n d Ha r e t o n Ea r n s h a w i s a p r o p e r a n s w e r

o f E n g l i s h n e s s .

[ 5 3 ] R ee ve s , Am y C a r o l . “E mi l y Br o n t ë ’s P e d a go g y o f D e s i r e i n

Wu t h e r in g H e i gh t s . ” Vi c t o r i a n N ew s l e t t e r , vo l . 1 0 9 , 2 0 0 6 , pp .

1 6 -2 1 .

R ee ve s f o c u s e s o n w o me n a ge n c y f o r ma le i gn o r a nc e i n WH a n d

p i c k s u p He a t h c l i f f - C a t h e r i ne , Lo c k w o o d -N e l l y, Ha r e t o n -C a t h y

re l a t i o n s h i p . Ac c o r d i n g t o R e e v e s , t h a t w o m a n t ea c he s m a l e p u p i l ma y

im p l y b e c om e s e x u a l r e l a t i o n . T he r ea s o n w h y He a t h c l i f f a cc o mp l i s h

l o ve f o r C a t h e r i n e i s t h a t h e ce a s e s l e a r n i n g h e r w h e n h e ce a s e s re a d i n g .

R ee ve s a r gu e s t h a t ma r r i a ge o f C a t h y a n d Ha r e t o n r e f l e c t s E mi l y

Br o n t ë ’s ha s i de a l f o r m a r r i a ge ; w o m a n h a s i n f l u e nc e a n d l e a d s ma le

p a r t n e r w h i c h i s u n l i ke n i ne t e e n th -c e n t u r y s o c i e t y.

[ 5 4 ] S u r r i d ge , Li s a . “ Wu t h e r i ng H e i g h t s , Wo m e n , a nd t h e La w : A

Hi s t o r i ca l Ap p r o a c h . ” AT EB W H , e d i t ed b y S u e Lo n o f f a n d

Te r r i A. Ha s s e l e r , M LA , 2 0 0 6 , p p . 11 3 -1 7 .

S u r r i d ge i n t ro d u ce s a n n o t a t e d b i b l i o gr a p h ie s a b o u t c o n t em p o r a r y

ma r r i a ge s ys t e m a n d d i s c u s s e s h o w WH r e f l e c t s h i s t o r i ca l f a c t s .

Sasaki 30

S u r r i d ge ’s t o p i c i s ma i n l y m a r r i e d w o ma n ’s p r o pe r t y a n d i n h e r i t a n ce

f r om f a t h e r t o c h i l d , t a k i n g I s a b e l l a a n d s ec o n d Ca t h e r i n e a s e x am p le s .

S u r r i d ge i n d i ca t e s b o t h He i gh t s a n d Gr a n ge i n WH s ym b o l i ze w o me n ’s

c on f i ne m e nt t h o u gh t he l a t t e r i s l e s s o b v i o u s l y.

2 0 0 7

N o t f o un d

2 0 0 8

[ 5 5 ] Le u n g , Wi l l i am . “ Re -R e a d i n g E d ga r Li n t o n a n d Wu t h e r i n g

H e i g h t s . ” E n g l i s h , vo l . 5 7 , n o . 2 1 7 , 2 0 08 , p p . 4 -3 8 .

Le u n g c o n s t r ue s t ha t E d ge r Li n t o n i s “ t he p o s i t i ve a no t h e r

c ou n t e r p a r t o f He a t hc l i f f ” a n d o b j e c t s t o E d ge r ’s n e ga t i ve r e p u ta t i o n

o n w h ic h c o n ve n t i o n a l s tu d y h a s o f t e n i n s i s t e d . Ac c o r d i n g t o Le u n g ,

c r i t i c s ha ve o f t en i gn o r e d E d g e r ’s go o d s i d e w i t h b i a s a n d p r o ne t o

re ga r d h i m a s t o o pa t r i a r c ha l a nd t o o e f f em i na t e . Le u n g e n u me r a t e s

E d ge r ’s de s c r i p t i o n i n t h e a f f i r ma t i ve a n d p r o po s e s t o a p p l y Wi l l i a m

Bl a k e ’s i de a o f “ t w o c o n t ra r y s t a t e s o f t h e h u ma n s o u l” t o c r i t i c i ze WH ;

P o s i t i ve -n e ga t i ve d i c ho t o m y s h o u l d n o t be a p p l i ca b le t o He a t h c l i f f a n d

E d ge r. T h i s e s s a y’s p o i n t i s t ha t c r i t i c s h a d be t t e r t o r e ma i n i m pa r t i a l

t o e va l u a t e t h e m.

2 0 0 9 -11

N o t f o un d

Sasaki 31

2 0 1 2

[ 5 6 ] C al d w e l l , J a n i s M c La r r e n . “ M e nt a l He a l t h . ” T h e B ro n të s i n

C o nt e x t , e d i t e d b y M a r i a n ne T h o rm ä h le n , C am b r i d ge U P, 2 0 1 2 ,

p p . 3 4 4 -5 1 .

C al d w e l l f oc u s e s o n Br o n t ë s ’ m e nt a l i l l ne s s . T h i s i s a l s o u s e f u l t o

c on s i d e r Ca t he r i ne ’s ma d n e s s a nd d e l i r i um , f o r Ca l d we l l r e f e r s t h a t

s o me s c h o la r s a p p r o ac h p e o p l e a nd w o r k s i n Vi c t o r i a n e ra i n t h e l i gh t

o f m o d e r n p s yc h ia t r y.

[ 5 7 ] Ga r o f a l o , D an i e l a “ Im p o s s i b l e Lo ve a n d C om m o di t y C u l t u re i n

Em i l y Br o n t ë 's Wu t h e r i n g H e i g h t s . ” Wo m e n , L o v e , a n d

C o m m o d i t y C u l t u re i n B r i t i s h R o m a n t i c i s m , As h ga t e , 2 0 1 2 , p p .

1 3 9 -5 8 .

Ga r o f a l o c o n s i d e r s t he f u n c t i o n o f He a t hc l i f f i n a c a p i t a l i s t

c u l t u re a n d a rgu e s d e s i r e i n WH c o m pa r e d wi t h c o mm o d i t y c u l t u r e .

Ga r o f a l o i n t r o d uc e s S t o n e ma n ’s a r t i c l e w h ic h p o i n t s o u t t h a t C a t h e r i n e

o f fe r s t o ke e p m é na ge à t r o i s w i t h He a t h c l i f f a n d E d ge r , a n d s u g ge s t s

s h e de ma n d s f r ee l o ve a ga i n s t p a t r i a r c h y i n t he n i ne t e e n t h ce n t u r y.

[ 5 8 ] M at u s , J i l l L . . “ S e xu a l i t y. ” T h e B ro n t ë s i n C o nt e x t , e d i t e d b y

M a r i a n ne T h o rm ä hl e n , Ca m b r i d ge U P, 2 0 1 2 , p p . 3 2 8 -3 4 .

M at u s r e fe r s t ha t Br o n t ë s ’ w o r k s s u g ge s t s t h a t Br o n t ë s i s t e r s h a d

ac q u a i n t a n ce w i t h s e x u a l i t y d e s p i t e o f t he c u r r e n t o f t h e Vi c t o r i a n e ra

w h ic h re p r e s s e d w o m e n’s s e x u a l de s i r e a n d c o n s t r a i ne d t h e m t o b e

Sasaki 32

c ha s t e . M a t u s s t a t e s t h a t i t i s b ec a u s e P a t r i c k Br o n t ë , f a t h e r o f Br o n të

s i s t e r s , a l l o w e d t h e m t o r ea d b o o k s w i de l y a n d f r ee l y. M a t u s a rgu e s

t ha t t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p be t w ee n C a t h e r i n e an d He a t hc l i f f i s l i k e

q ua s i - i n c e s t u o u s , b u t i t i s u n c e r t a i n w h e th e r o r h o w m u c h t h e i r p a s s i o n

i s s e x ua l .

[ 5 9 ] T ho r m äh l e n , M ar i a nn e , e d i t o r. T h e B ron t ë s i n C on t ex t . Ca m b r i d g e

U P, 2 0 1 2 .

A c o l l ec t i on o f e s s a ys a b o u t t he Br o n të s . I t i s c o m p o s ed o f t h re e

p a r t s : b i o gr a p h i e s , h i s t o r y o f s c ho l a r s h i p a n d c r i t i c i s m , a n d h i s t o r i ca l

a nd cu l t u ra l b ac k gr o u n d s . T h e re a re c h a p t e r s a b o u t “ La w ” ( c h . 3 5 ) ,

“ Ma r r i a ge a n d Fa m i l y Li f e ” ( c h . 3 8 ) a n d “ Se x u a l i t y” ( c h . 4 0 ) i n t h e

n in e t e e n t h ce n t u r y. To u n de r s t a n d Ca t he r i ne ’s d e l i r i um i n WH , n o t e s o f

c h . 4 2 ( “ M e nt a l He a l t h” ) i s u s e f u l .

[ 6 0 ] T ho r m äh l e n , M a r i a n ne . “ M a r r i a ge a n d Fa m i l y Li f e . ” T h e B ro n t ë s

i n C o n te x t , Ca m b r i d ge U P, 2 0 1 2 , p p . 311 -1 7 .

T ho r m äh l e n s t a t e s t ha t i n t he e a r l y n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y, i t i s t a k e n

f o r g r a n te d t h a t f am i l y l o ve s t h e i r h o me a n d th a t c h i l d r e n a r e e d uc a te d

t he r e a s t he Br o n t ë s d i d t yp i c a l l y, w h i c h e x p o s e s h o w u n u s u a l h o me

e n v i r o nm e n t C a t h e r i n e a n d He a t h c l i f f a re w h e n t he y a r e c h i l d r e n i n WH .

T ho r m äh l e n a l s o r e f e r s m a r r i a ge a n d p o s i t i o n o f ma r r i e d w o me n .

Wo m e n h ad t o d e pe n d o n t h e i r h u s ba n d s a n d c o u l d n o t h a ve a n y

p r o pe r t y, a n d i t w a s i m p o s s i b l e t o d i vo r c e f o r w o m e n . T h o r mä h le n

p oi n t s o u t t ha t i n Br o n t ë s ’ w o r k s , u nm a r r i e d w o m e n a n d w i d o w s a re

Sasaki 33

t e n d t o b e ha p p y m o r e t ha n ma r r i e d w o me n .

[ 6 1 ] Wa r d , I a n . “ La w. ” T h e B ro n të s i n C o n te x t , e d i t e d b y M a r i a n n e

T ho r m äh l e n , C a m br i d ge U P, 2 0 1 2 , p p . 2 9 0 -9 5 .

Wa r d m a i n l y f o c u s e s o n r e s t r i c t i o n o f w o me n ’s r i gh t . M a r r i e d

w o me n a r e u n de r c o ve r t u r e , w h ic h m e an s t h e y h a d n o p r op e r t y ; a l l o f

t he i r p r o p e r t i e s e ve n i n c lu d i n g t h e i r b o d i e s be l o n g t o t h e i r h u s b a n d s .

Wa r d r e fe r s t ha t t h e r e i s d e s c r i p t i o n o n s e t t l e me n t i n WH .

2 0 1 3 - 1 4

N o t f o un d

2 0 1 5

[ 6 2 ] S c ha f f e r , Ta l i a . “ Re a d i n g o n t he C o n t ra r y : C o u s i n M a r r i a ge ,

M a n s f i e l d P a r k , a n d Wu t h e r i n g H e i g h t s . ” Q u e e r Vic t o r i a n

F a mi l i e s : C u r i o u s Re l a t i o n i n L i t e r a t u re , e d i t ed b y D u c D a u

a nd S h a le P r e s t o n , R o ut l e d ge , 2 0 1 5 , p p .1 5 7 -7 5 .

S c ha f f e r r e fe r s t o t h e h i s t o r y o f ma r r i a ge c o n s i d e r i n g t h e

re l a t i o n s t o M a n s f i e l d P a r k a n d WH . S c h a f fe r l i s t s u p t h re e t yp e s o f

ma r r i a ge : c o u s i n ma r r i a ge , c o mp a n i on a te m a r r i a ge a n d r o ma n t i c

ma r r i a ge . In t h e e i gh t ee n t h a n d n i n e t e e n t h ce n t u r i e s , ma r r i a ge w a s

re ga r d e d a s b o t h i n d i v i d u a l co n t ra c t a n d fa m i l y / s o c i a l e ve n t . Ac c or d i n g

t o S c ha f f e r , t w o c on t r a s t t yp e s o f f a mi l y w h i ch a r e d e p ic t e d i n W H w e re

c oe x i s t e d d u r in g t h e m o s t o f t h e n i n e t ee n t h ce n t u r y i n E n g l a n d ; t h e

Ea r n s h a w s i s a t r a d i t i o na l f a m i l y f o r m b e ca u s e d i f f e re n t pe o p le s u c h a s

Sasaki 34

f o s t e r c h i l d re n a n d s e r va n t s c oe x i s t a s m em b e r s o f t h e i r h ou s e w i t h o u t

p r i va t e s p ac e ; w h i l e t h e Li n t o n s i s a p r i va t i ze d n u c le a r f am i l y. S c ha f f e r

a pp l i e s C a t he r i ne a n d I s a b e l l a t o P e r r y’s a r gu m e nt t h a t t o l e a ve n a t a l

f a m i l y i s t r a u ma t i c fo r w o me n . S c h a f fe r a l s o d i s c u s s e s Ca t h e r i n e ’s

ma r r i a ge a n d r e l a t i o n s w i t h H ea t hc l i f f a n d E d ge r. S c ha f f e r d oe s n ’ t

c on c l ud e ho w C a t h e r i n e ’s d e s i r e s f o r t w o me n a r e r o ma n t i c , se x ua l , o r

e l s e f r i e n d l y b u t s t a t e s a t l e a s t C a t h e r i n e wa n t s b o t h .

2 0 1 6

N o t f o un d

2 0 1 7

[ 6 3 ] Tyt l e r , Gr a e m e . “T h e P re s e n ta t i on o f E d ga r Li n t o n i n Wu t he r i n g

H e i g h t s . ” B ro n të S t u d i e s , vo l . 4 2 , n o . 4 , 2 0 1 7 , p p . 3 1 2 -3 2 0 .

Tyt l e r en u m er a t e s d e s c r i p t i o n s o f E d ge r Li n t o n ’s na t u r e a n d

ge n e r a l im p r e s s i o n f o r r e a d e r s . Tyt l e r a l s o c on s i d e r s t h e re l a t i o n s h i p o f

C a t h e r i n e a n d E d ge r. C a t h e r i n e d ep e n d s o n E d ge r t o s h o w h e r l o ve b u t

s h e s t o p s l o v i n g h i m s i nc e He a t h c l i f f r e t u r n s . Tyt l e r h yp o t h e s i ze s t h a t

C a t h e r i n e p o s tp o n e s h e r m a r r i a ge t o E d ge r b ec a u s e o f w a i t f o r

He a t h c l i f f ’s b a c k a n d t ha t s h e c o nc e i ve s a t t he d a y o f He a t h c l i f f ’s

re t u r n .

2 0 1 8

N o t f o un d

Sasaki 35

A u t h or s a n d E di t or s I n de x

A

Ab e r c r o m bi e , La s c e l l e s [ 1 0 ]

Al l o t t , M i r i a m [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ]

[ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 1 0 ]

Ar m s t r o n g , N a n c y [ 3 0 ]

B

Ba r r e ca , Re g i n a [ 4 1 ]

Bl o o m , Ha r o l d [ 3 1 ]

Bo o n e , J o s e p h Al l e n [ 3 2] [ 3 3 ]

C

C al d w e l l , J a n i s M c La r r e n [ 5 6 ]

C ec i l , D a v i d [ 11 ]

C ha s e , R ic h a r d [1 2 ]

C h i t h am , E d w a r d [ 24 ] [ 2 5 ]

[ 3 4 ]

C o r y, Ab b i e L. [ 4 9 ]

D

D a v i d o f f , Le o n o r e [ 1 ]

D a v i e s , S t e v i e [ 26 ]

D a u , D uc [ 6 2 ]

D o b e l l , S i d ne y [ 6 ]

E

Ea gl e t o n , Te r r y [ 2 0 ]

F

Fe l d s t e i n , R ic h a r d [ 3 8]

F l i e ge r , J e r r y Al i c e [ 3 8 ]

F i s h e r , J e r i l yn [ 4 8 ]

G

Ga r o f a l o , Da n i e l a [ 57 ]

Gi l b e r t , S a n d r a [ 2 2 ]

Go e t , Wi l l i a m R [ 2 3 ]

Go l d , Li n d a [ 2 7 ]

Go o d l e t t , D e b r a [ 4 5 ]

Gu b e r , S u s a n [ 2 2 ]

Gu é r a r d , Al b e r t [ 1 6 ]

H

Ha l l , Ca t h e r i n e [ 1 ]

Ha s s e l e r , Te r r i A. [ 5 0 ] [ 5 1 ]

[ 5 2 ] [ 54 ]

He l l e r , Ta ma r [ 5 0 ]

Hi n z , E ve l yn J . [ 2 1 ]

I

J

J ac o b s , N . M . [ 2 9 ]

J o l l y, E . [ 6 ]

K

Sasaki 36

Ke s s e l r i n g , Kr i s t a J . [ 3 ]

L

La m o n i ca , D r e w [ 4 7 ]

Le a v i s , Q . D . [ 1 7 ]

Le u n g , Wi l l i a m [ 5 5 ]

Le v y, An i t a [3 9 ]

Le w e s , G. H . [ 7 ]

Lo n o f f , S u e [ 5 0 ] [ 5 1 ] [ 5 2 ]

[ 5 4 ]

M

M a r d o r o s s i a n , C a r i n e M . [ 5 1]

M a t t h e w, J o h n T. [ 2 8 ]

M a t u s , J i l l L. [ 5 8 ]

M c Gu i r e , Ka t h r yn B . [ 3 5 ]

M o n té gu t , É m i l e [8 ]

M o s e r , T h om a s [ 1 4 ]

N

O

O ’ c o n n or , Wi l l i a m va n [ 1 2 ]

P

P r e s t o n , S h a le [ 6 2 ]

P yk e t t , Lyn [ 4 0 ]

Q

Q u a l l s , Ba r r y V. [ 5 2 ]

R

R ee ve s , Am y C a r o l [ 5 3 ]

R o o f , J u d i t h [ 3 8 ]

S

S c ha f f e r , Ta l i a [ 6 2]

S i lb e r, E l l e n S . [ 4 8 ]

S i mp s o n , C h a r l e s [ 5 ]

S t e ve n s o n , J o h n Al l e n [3 6 ]

S t o ne , La u r e n c e [ 2 ]

S t o ne m an , P a t s y [ 1 7 ] [ 2 8 ]

[ 2 9 ] [ 43 ] [ 4 6 ]

S t re t t on , Ti m [ 3 ]

S u c k s mi t h , Ha r ve y P. [ 1 9 ]

S u r r i d ge , Li s a [ 5 4 ]

T

Ta yl e r , I r e n e [ 4 2 ]

T ha d e n , Ba r b a r a Z . [ 4 8 ]

T ho m p s o n , Wa d e [ 1 5]

T ho r m äh l e n , M a r i a n n e [ 5 6 ]

[ 5 8 ] [ 59 ] [ 6 0 ] [ 6 1 ]

Tyt l e r , Gr a em e [ 6 3 ]

U

V

Vi n e , S t e ve n [ 4 4 ]

Vi s i c k , Ma r y [ 1 3 ]

Vo gl e r , T h o m a s A. [ 1 6 ]

Sasaki 37

W

Wa r d , I a n [ 6 1 ]

Wi l l i a m s , Go r d o n [ 1 8 ]

X

Y

Yae ge r , P a t r i c i a [ 3 7 ]