an analysis of vinay and darbelnet’san analysis of vinay and darbelnet’s translation procedures...

AN ANALYSIS OF VINAY AND DARBELNET’S

TRANSLATION PROCEDURES USED

IN THE FAULT IN OUR STARS NOVEL

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By

Yacintha Septrianti Nago

Student Number: 131214084

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2018

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

i

AN ANALYSIS OF VINAY AND DARBELNET’S

TRANSLATION PROCEDURES USED

IN THE FAULT IN OUR STARS NOVEL

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By


Student Number: 131214084

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2018


ii


iii


iv

TO MY FAMILY

I dedicate this thesis to my family who always support me through my ups

and downs in writing my thesis. Below is my favourite qoute that always

motivates me silently and reminds me of the strengths and supports given by my

family.

“God sent you an angel to help you out

He gave you direction

Showed you how to read a map

With a long journey ahead

Said it ain't over

Oh, even in the midst of doubt

Life is worth living

Life is worth living, so live another day

I put my heart into Your hands

Here’s my soul to keep

I let You in with all that I can

Learn the lessons You teach

No matter when, wherever I am

You're not hard to reach

And You've blessed me with the best gift

That I've ever known

You give me purpose every day

You give me purpose in every way

Oh, You are my everything”

Justin Drew Bieber


v


vi


vii

ABSTRACT

Nago, Yacintha Septrianti. (2018). An Analysis of Translation Procedures Used in

The Fault In Our Stars Novel. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study

Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers

Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

Movies, musics, songs, poems, and stories are concrete examples of how a

language has a role to communicate ideas or feelings. These forms can be found in

one of many entities such as best-selling translated novels. By applying translation

procedures, the messages contained in these forms are transferred from one

language into another language. By taking this phenomenon into account, the

researcher chose The Fault in Our Stars novel to be examined.

In this research, the researcher addressed two research questions. The first

research question is 1) Which translation procedures are used to translate

utterances in The Fault in Our Stars novel? The second research question is 2) To

which extent is the message transferred successfully viewed from the

communicative and semantic method?

In conducting this research, the researcher employed a qualitative method,

specifically document analysis. The data were collected from the utterances on

The Fault in Our Stars novel. Then, the data were analyzed using the table of

comparison between the Source Text and the Target Text. The researcher found

23 utterances translated using a certain translation procedure. To answer the first

research question, the data were classified into which translation procedures were

used in translating process by Vinay and Darbelnet’s translation procedure. To

answer the second research question, the data were analyzed by using the

translation method theory proposed by Peter Newmark and the equivalence theory

proposed by Popovic.

The research results revealed that from seven types of translation

procedures, only six translation procedures were applied in the translating process.

The translation procedures were borrowing, calque, literal translation, modulation,

equivalence, and adaptation. The messages were transferred successfully in

semantic and communicative translation methods. The messages were transferred

semantically if the transferred message contained the context of source text or in

other words the translation is source-text oriented, while it is a sucessful

communicative method if the message transferred was adjusted to the culture of

the target text regardless the linguistic aspects of the languages.

Keywords: The Fault in Our Stars, translation procedures, semantic translation

method, communicative translation method.


viii

ABSTRAK

Nago, Yacintha Septrianti. (2018). An Analysis of Translation Procedures Used in

The Fault In Our Stars Novel.Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa

Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu

Pendidikan Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Film, musik, lagu, puisi, dan cerita adalah contoh konkrit tentang peran

sebuah bahasa untuk menyampaikan ide-ide atau perasaan. Bentuk-bentuk

tersebut bisa ditemui di dalam banyak hasil karya seperti sebuah novel terjemahan

terlaris. Untuk menerjemahkan makna yang terkandung dalam bentuk-bentuk

tersebut dari sebuah bahasa sumber ke bahasa sasaran, diperlukan sebuah metode

terjemahan yakni prosedure terjemahan. Dengan adanya fenomena bentuk-bentuk

penggunaan sebuah bahasa dalam novel terjemahan, peneliti meneliti novel The

Fault In Our Stars.

Dalam melakukan penelitian ini, terdapat dua permasalahan. Masalah

pertama adalah 1) Prosedur Terjemahan mana yang digunakan untuk

menerjemahkan ujaran-ujaran di novel The Fault in Our Stars? Masalah kedua

adalah 2) Sejauh mana ujaran-ujaran tersebut diterjemahkan dengan baik

dianalisis dari metode semantik dan komunikatif?

Dalam melakukan penelitian ini, peneliti menggunakan metode kualitatif,

khususnya analisis dokumen. Data penelitian dikumpulkan dari ucapan-ucapan di

dalam novel The Fault in Our Stars. Lalu, data tersebut dianalisis menggunakan

table perbandingan antara Teks Sumber dan Teks Sasaran. Peneliti menemukan 23

ujaran-ujaran yang diterjemahkan menggunakan sebuah prosedur terjemahan

tertentu. Untuk menjawab permasalahan pertama, data tersebut diklasifikasikan

berdasarkan teori Tipe-tipe Prosedur Terjemahan menurut Vinay dan Darbelnet.

Untuk menjawab permasalahan kedua, data tersebut dianalisis berdasarkan teori

Metode Terjemahan menurut Peter Newmark dan teori equivalence menurut

Popovic.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari tujuh tipe Prosedur Terjemahan,

terdapat enam tipe Prosedur Terjemahan yang digunakan. Tipe-tipe tersebut

adalah borrowing, calque, literal translation, modulation, equivalence, dan

adaptation. Makna yang terkandung di dalam ucapan-ucapan berhasil

diterjemahkan ke ruang lingkup Metode Semantik dan Komunikatif. Makna dari

Teks Sumber berhasil di terjemahkan dengan Metode Semantik apabila makna

yang terkandung dalam ujaran-ujaran tersebut diterjemahkan dengan

memperhatikan konteks di dalam bahasa Teks Sumber atau berpedoman pada

konteks linguistik Teks Sumber. Sementara itu, makna yang terkandung di dalam

ujaran-ujaran tersebut berhasil diterjemahkan secara komunikatif apabila makna

yang terkandung di dalam Teks Sumber disesuaikan dengan kondisi sosial budaya

Teks Sasaran terlepas dari aspek linguistik dari kedua bahasa.

Kata Kunci: The Fault in Our Stars, translation procedures, semantic translation

method, communicative translation method.


ix

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am very blessed and gratitude for Jesus Christ’s Blessings in my whole

life that stregthen me in writing this undergraduate thesis. Here I am at the final

journey of my college life.

I would like to express my gratitude to my family especially, my parents,

Yonas Bayubuwono and Martha Rodina, for their unconditional love, affection,

suppports, and prayers. I also want to thank to my older sister, Theresia Rosalina

Nago, for her support and advice, and my older brother, Ignatius Arnold Nago, for

his love and financial support during my college life.

I would also like to thank my advisor, Laurentia Sumarni S.Pd.,

M.Trans.St., for her guidance, counselling, time, patience to assist me in finishing

this undergraduate thesis. I would also like to send my gratitude to the English

Language Education Study Program (ELESP) lecturers. They have taught and

given me useful education during my study in Sanata Dharma University.

My next gratitude goes to my close-knit sisters as known as closest

classmates, Claudia, Dian Natalia Aryani, Emma Hadiana Cahyani, Tri Mulyani

Tampubolon, and Yosephin Diva Fabiola Nuralita. They have motivated, helped,

and coloured my college life by doing great things together.

Finally, my gratitude goes to my classmates, members of Class C batch

2013, I am so happy that I have many beautiful friends in this class to make my

college life unforgettable. Moreover, I would like to thank those whose names I

cannot mention one by one for their love and support to me.

With warmest love and gratitude.



x

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................... i

APPROVAL PAGES ....................................................................................... ii

DEDICATION PAGE ...................................................................................... iv

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ............................................... v

PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ................................................. vi

ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................... vii

ABSTRAK ......................................................................................................... viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................. ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................. x

LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................... xii

LIST OF APPENDICES .................................................................................. xiv

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................... 1

A. Research Background ......................................................... 1

B. Research Questions ............................................................. 4

C. Research Significance ......................................................... 4

D. Definition of Terms ............................................................ 5

1. Translation Procedures .................................................... 5

2. The Fault In Our Stars Novel .......................................... 5

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ............................... 6

A. Theoretical Description ...................................................... 6

1. Translation ...................................................................... 6

2. Translation Procedures ................................................... 7

3. Translation Methods ....................................................... 12

4. The Unit of Translation .................................................. 14

5. Translation Process ......................................................... 15

6. Translation Equivalence ................................................. 16

7. Pragmatic Dimension in Translating and Translation .... 17

8. Idiom ............................................................................... 19

B. Theoretical Framework ..................................................... 20

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................... 22

A. Research Method ............................................................... 22

B. Research Setting ................................................................ 23

C. Research Subjects .............................................................. 23

D. Research Instruments ....................................................... 24

1. Human .......................................................................... 24


xi

2. Document ...................................................................... 24

E. Data Gathering Technique ................................................. 25

F. Data Analysis Technique ................................................... 25

CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...................... 27

A. Translation Procedures in translation of

The Fault in Our Stars Novel ........................................... 27

1. Borrowing .................................................................... 27

2. Calque ........................................................................... 30

3. Literal translation .......................................................... 31

4. Transposition ................................................................ 33

5. Modulation .................................................................... 33

6. Equivalence................................................................... 35

7. Adaptation..................................................................... 43

CHAPTERV. CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND

RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................... 46

A. Conclusions .................................................................. 46

B. Implications .................................................................. 48

C. Recommendations ......................................................... 48

REFERENCES ................................................................................................ 50

APPENDICES ................................................................................................ 52


xii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

2.1 The Example of Borrowing Procedure ...................................................... 8

2.2 The Example of Calque Procedure ............................................................ 9

2.3 The Example of Literal Translation Procedure ......................................... 9

2.4 The Example of Transposition Procedure .................................................. 10

2.5 The Example of Modulation Procedure ..................................................... 10

2.6 The Example of Equivalence Procedure .................................................... 11

2.7 The Example of Adaptation Procedure ...................................................... 12

2.8 The Example of Communicative Translation Method ............................... 13

2.9 The Example of Semantic Translation Method ......................................... 14

2.10 The Example of Unit of Translation in Grammatical Meaning ............... 14

2.11 The Example of Unit of Translation in Lexical Meaning ........................ 15

3.1 The Example of Data Table ....................................................................... 26

4.1 The Data Table of Borrowing Procedure .................................................. 27

4.2 The Data Table of Borrowing Procedure ................................................... 29

4.3 The Data Table of Calque Procedure ......................................................... 30

4.4 The Data Table of Literal Translation Procedure ..................................... 32

4.5 The Data Table of Transposition Procedure .............................................. 33

4.6 The Data Table of Modulation Procedure .................................................. 33

4.7 The Data Table of Equivalence Procedure ................................................ 35

4.8 The Explanation of ‘that cheesy’ phrase .................................................... 40


xiii

4.9 The Example of Adaptation Procedure ...................................................... 43

4.10 The Explanation of the word ‘you’ .......................................................... 43


xiv

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Page

1. The Biography of John Green .................................................................. 53

2. The Summary of The Fault In Our Stars ................................................. 54

3. Data Collection of Translation ................................................................. 55


1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter consists of four subdivided sections, namely (a) research

background, (b) research questions, (c) research significance, and (d) definition of

terms. Each will be discussed in details.

A. Research Background

People have many ways to enjoy entertainment such as movies, music,

songs, poems and stories, etc. Movies, music, songs, poems and stories are

concrete examples of how a language has a role to communicate ideas or feelings.

From these works, it can be found how a language is used in the lyrics of songs,

stanzas of poems, sentences or dialogues in movies and stories. A language can be

used to express ideas or feelings implicitly and explicitly. The way ideas and

feeling are expressed through a language implicitly and explicitly is supported by

the aesthetic aspects of a language itself such as, idioms, slangs, senses, situations,

contexts, structure of the sentences, structure of the words, etc. All these aspects

can be found in one of many media such as a novel.

Best-selling novels are often translated into many languages. People enjoy

reading the work of authors with different language backgrounds because people

are basically interested in learning and understanding different languages and

cultures. People can learn many new things about other languages and cultures

from translated novels. Language is the expression of a culture, for example in

1


2

English, it is tolerable to call someone who is older than someone else by her/his

name or simply by using the word „you‟. While, in Indonesian, it is not tolerable

or it is impolite to call someone who is older than someone else by her/his name

or by using the word „you‟ instead by using the word „Ibu, Bapak, Kakak, Abang‟.

“Many of the words in a language are inextricably bound up with that culture”

(Lefevere, 1992, p. 17). One single word in a language can have many senses. A

word may have many senses which are used in different ways and situations, for

example the word „rice‟ in English which has several meanings in Indonesian

such as „beras‟ and „nasi‟. How a single word is used affects its sense in how the

language is used. The words in a sentence, phrase, or idiom have function to

convey meaning in explicit or implicit way. The words that construct a sentence

also affect the message of the sentence. The phenomology as aforementioned can

be found in the translated-novel.

Translated-novel is one of the examples of translation activity. Translation

activity does not only focus on the linguistics aspect but it also focuses on the

cultural aspect of a language. Linguistic and cultural aspects work hand in hand in

the translating process because the language system is affected by the society, for

example in translating the „you‟ from English into Indonesian into „Anda‟ instead

of „kamu‟. Language is a guide to social reality and that human beings are at the

mercy of the language that has become the medium of expression for their society

(Sapir as cited in Bassnett, 2002, p. 21). Therefore, translation is a process of

transferring messages from a source language into a target language by making

the closest adjustment of equivalence from the linguistic and cultural aspects.


3

Translating activity can be divided into two types of text: literary and non-literary

texts. Literary text can be in form of poems, novel, short-stories, while the literary

the non-literary texts can be in form of news, brochure, magazine, etc.

In this study, the researcher decided to study translation phenomena of a

literary text namely The Fault in Our Stars written by John Green. The Fault in

Our Stars novel is about a love story between two teenagers who suffer from

cancer and who struggle to conquer cancers. The researcher chose the novel

because the researcher found interesting translating phenomena in the novel. The

novel contains aesthetic devices such as phrases, idioms, cultural aspects, etc.

These aesthetic devices contains meaning that transfer the messages of the stories

in the Source Text into the Target Text. In order to know how the aesthetic

aspects were translated, the researcher analyzed translation procedures that

applied in the translating process. Peter Newmark (1988b) defines translation

procedures as “the procedures that are used to translate a source language text in

to a target language especially for sentences and the smaller units of language” (p.

81). Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to analyze the translation procedures that

were used by the translator to translate utterances and to discover the message

which is transferred effectively from the source text into the target text by using

the translation procedures proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet.


4

B. Research Questions

Based on the background above, the researcher has two problems to

discuss:

1. Which translation procedures are used to translate utterances in The Fault in

Our Stars novel?

2. To which extent is the message transferred successfully viewed from the

communicative and semantic method?

C. Research Significance

The advantages of this research on translation procedures used in The

Fault in Our Stars novel are:

1. For English Language Lecturers

This research is expected to be able to assist English Language Learners in

teaching translating. Translation procedures is one of translation aspects that can

be an interesting topic to be taught in the class. This research can helps the student

to have more insight about translation procedures especially in translating literary

text.

2. For English Language Learners

English Language Learners will enrich their knowledge about translating,

especially translation procedures in literary text. The students will be able to

comprehend the causes factor why a certain translation procedures is applied in

the translating process. This research is expected to assist the students in

conducting reseacrh related to the translation procedures.


5

3. For Future Researchers

The researcher expects that this researh will be beneficial and provide

information for translation, especially translation procedures. The researcher

expects that from the thoery of translation procedures, a new research can be

conducted and broaden the area of research from different point of view.

D. Definition of Terms

The researcher provides the definition of terms used in this study in order to

clarify concepts and avoid misinterpretation.

1. Translation Procedures

Peter Newmark (1988b) defines translation procedures as “the procedures

that are used to translate a source language text into a target language especially

for sentences and smaller units of language” (p. 81). Translation procedures

focuses on the semantic and syntax realm of words or sentence structure.

Procedures means ways of translating Source Language text into Target Language

text.

2. The Fault in Our Stars novel

The Fault in Our Stars is written by John Green. The story of the novel

was written by using slangs, idioms, and phrases, and etc in the plot story. The

Fault in Our Stars novel is about a love story between two teenagers who suffer

from cancer and who struggle to conquer cancers. The Fault in Our Stars novel in

Indonesian version is translated by Ingrid Dwijani Nimpoeno.


6

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In this chapter, the researcher has provided some theories related to the

subject matter. The chapter consists of two parts, namely: (1) Theoretical

Description, which presents theories which are directly relevant to the research,

(2) Theoretical Framework, which discusses theories used to answer the research

questions.

A. Theoritical Description

Several relevant theories to the research are used as the basis theories in

the research as mentioned below. The first theory is theory of Translation

which is proposed by several experts such as Catford, Peter Newmark, and

Wills as explained below.

1. Translation

There are many translation theories. Each theorist has hers/his own

definition and focus of translation definition. Translation is an operation

performed on languages: a process of substituting a text in one language for a text

in another (Catford, 1965, p. 1). Catford‟s theory is supported by Peter

Newmark‟s theory. Peter Newmark (1981) defines translation as a craft consisting

in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by

the same message and/or statement in another language (p. 7). Translation is the

6


7

replacement of textual material in one language (Source Language) by equivalent

textual material in another language (Target Language) (Catford, 1965, p. 20).

Translation is a transfer process which aims at the transformation of a

written source language text into an optimally equivalent target language text and

which requires the syntactic, the semantic and the pragmatic understanding and

analytical processing of the source language (Wills, 1982, p. 3).

From these theories, the researcher concluded that translation is a process

of substituting or replacing messages in a text in one language to another language

by optimizing the equivalent between source text/language and target text/target

language.

2. Translation Procedures

In this research, the researcher used the definition theory of translation

procedures proposed by Peter Newmark which is collaborated with the seven

translation procedures proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet.

Peter Newmark (1988b) defines translation procedures as “the procedures

that are used to translate a source language text in to a target language especially

for sentences and the smaller units of language” (p. 81). Translation procedures

focuses on the semantic and syntax realm of words or sentence structure.

Procedures means ways of translating Source Language text into Target Language

text. Newmark also states that the literature which applies linguistics to translation

procedures perfectly was composed by Vinay and Darbelenet. There are seven


8

translation procedures proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (2000: 84-93) (as cited in

Munday, 2001, p. 56-59):

Borrowing

Borrowing is a translation procedure that involves using the same word,

phrase or expression in the source language into the target language without

translation. The words, phrases, or expressions borrowed are usually written in

italics. For example:

Table 2.1 The Example of Borrowing Procedure

Source Text Target Text

Page.51 “No monster.” Page.126 “Tidak ada monster.”

Table 2.1 shows the example of borrowing procedure which is taken from

the English Version and Indonesian Version of The Kite Runner novel. This

example is taken from the result of translation procedure analysis written by

Muhammad Hanif. According to the writer, the borrowed word is transferred

without any modification in the Target Text as well as the meaning of the word is

maintained in the Target Text.

Calque

Calque is a translation procedure in which an expression in the source

language is translated word-by-word into the target language literally. The

translator adopted the structure of the source language in the target language.


9

Table 2.2 The Example of Calque Procedure


Page.22 “Imbecile.” Page.40 “Imbesil.”

Table 2.2 shows the example of calque procedure which is taken from the

English Version and Indonesian Version of The Kite Runner novel. This example

is taken from the result of translation procedure analysis written by Muhammad

Hanif. According to the writer, the word is transferred differently in written way

in the Target Text, but the pronunciation in the Target Text is the same as

„Imbecile‟ in the Source Text.

Literal Translation

Literal translation is a procedure of translating directly source language

word-by-word grammatically and idiomatically suitable and appropriate in the

target language. Literal translation is acceptable if the translated language contains

the same word, phrase, or sentence structure, meaning, and style as the source

language.

Table 2.3 The Example of Literal Translation Procedure


Page.5 “Hey, you!” he said. “I

know you.”

Page.15 “Hey,kamu!” katanya.

“Aku kenal kamu.”

Table 2.3 shows the example of literal translation procedure which is taken

from the English version and Indonesian version of The Kite Runner novel. This


Muhammad Hanif. According to the writer, the word is transferred perfectly

without any borrowed words.


10

Transposition

Transposition procedure is a procedure of changing the word class of a

word or certain word combination without changing the message in the translation

process. It introduces a change in grammatical structure.

Table 2.4 The Example of Transposition Procedure


Page.1 “That ought to count for

something.”

Page.13 “Mestinya itu berarti

sesuatu.”

Table 2.4 shows the example of transposition procedure which is taken

from the English version and Indonesian version of Twilight novel. This example

is taken from the result of translatin procedure analysis written by Ulfa Warhamni.

According to the writer, the transposition occur to the position of adverb mestinya

in front of subject itu. The subject is replaced by adverb in front of the sentence.

The position of adverb in front of the subject does not exist in the Source

Language.

Modulation

Modulation is a translation procedure that occurs in the translation process

which involves changing the point of view of the source language in the target

language in the semantic realm.

Table 2.5 The Example of Modulation Procedure


Page.13 “I mean to speak to you man

to man. Do you think you

can handle that for once?”

Page.30 “Kita berbicara antara

pria dengan pria. Kau

bisa kupercaya, kan?.”

Table 2.5 shows the example of modulation procedure which is taken from

the English version and Indonesian version of The Kite Runner novel. This



11

Muhammad Hanif. According to the writer, this procedure is neeeded to achieve

naturalness.

Equivalence

Equivalence procedure is used to transfer the message of an expression in

the source language by transferring the expression into the closest equivalence of

an expression in the target language in totally different way of stylistic and

structural method. The expression in both source language and target language

describe the same situation.

Table 2.6 The Example of Equivalence Procedure


Page.68 “Just a cold. So are we

going Friday, Baba?”

Page.156 “Cuma masuk angin.

Jadi, kita akan pergi hari

jumat nanti, Baba?”

Table 2.6 shows the example of equivalence procedure which is taken from

the English version and Indonesian version of The Kite Runner novel. This


Muhammad Hanif. According to the writer, the word is translated by paying

attention to the Target Text culture. Target Text culture has term Masuk angin to

describe stomach.

Adaptation

Adaptation procedure is used when certain word, phrase or expression in

the source language is not suitable or appropriate culturally in the target language.

The translator must replace the word, phrase, or expression in the source language

by adapting the suitable or appropriate word, phrase, or expression of the target

language.


12

Table 2.7 the example of adaptation procedure


Foie gras Hati bebek

Table 2.7 shows the example of adapatation procedure which is taken from

a journal entitle translating English-Indonesia Authentic Text Entitled Osaka

written by Fransiska Sanur. According to the writer of the journal, the word foie

gras is translated to hati bebek in the Target Text because the word foie grass,

root from French, means fat liver. Fat liver itself is a food made of the fattened

liver of a duck or goose.

3. Translation Methods

The reseacher used Newmark‟s theory of translation methods. Newmark

defined translation methods into two ways namely communicative translation and

semantic translation. This theory is used as references in analyzing how utterances

in the Fault of Our Stars novel were translated whether semantically or

communicatively. Translation method is a method to translate the sentences by

focusing to the whole message in a sentence by taking account of the source

language text and target text point of view.

Newmark proposed two types of translation methods that are appropriate to

any text (Newmark, 1981, p. 22):

Communicative translation

The translation product produces the same effect on the target language

readers as on the source language readers or in another word communicative

translation is target reader-oriented. Communicative translation focuses on the


13

culture between two languages regardless on the linguistic aspects in languages.

Culture affects how a language is used in the society, and a language is the

expression of a culture. The cultural messages in another language might very

hard being transferred to another language in order to be acceptable and

comprehensible in the Target Language.

Table 2.8 The Example of Communicative Translation Method


Page.68 “Just a cold. So are we

going Friday, Baba?”

Page.156 “Cuma masuk

angin. Jadi, kita

akan pergi hari jumat

nanti, Baba?”

Table 2.8 shows the example of communicative translation method which

is taken from the English version and Indonesian version of The Kite Runner

novel.

Semantic translation

The translator attempts, within the bare syntactic and semantic constraints

of the target language, to produce the precise contextual meaning of the author by

looking at how the grammatical structure of language in a sentence affects its

meaning. The meaning of a sentence itself is also affected by the realm of the

equivalence of words semantically with concentration on the meaning of the

source text.


14

Table 2.9 The Example of The Semantic Translation Method


Page.5 “Hey, you!” he said. “I

know you.”

Page.15 “Hey,kamu!” katanya.

“Aku kenal kamu.”

Table 2.9 shows the example of the semantic translation method which is

taken from English version and Indonesian version of The Kite Runner novel.

4. The Unit of Translation

Units of translation normally refer to the source language unit which can

be recreated in the target language without addition of other meaning elements

from the source language (Newmark, 1981, p. 140). The unit of translation is

always as small as possible and as large as is necessary it can be classified as

grammatical meaning and lexical meaning. Units of translation consist of

sentences and units of language, such as a, the, this, that, he, she, it, many,

some,etc,

Table 2.10 The Example of Unit of Translation in Grammatical Meaning

Unit of Translation Grammatical Meaning

Source Text (page. 67) :

“He has an assistant.”

Target Text (page. 94) :

“Van Houten punya asisten.”

Table. 2.10 shows the example of unit of translation in grammatical

meaning cited from The Fault in Our Stars novel. In table 2.10, the example of

grammatical meaning lies in the pronoun “He” which is an anaphoric to Van

Houten. “He” is translated into “van Houten” instead “Dia” in order to make the

readership understand the word “he” itself.


15

Table 2.11 The Example of The Unit of Translation in Lexical Meaning

Utterance Lexical meaning

Source text (page. 7):

“I refuse to attend Support Group.”

Target text (page. 14):

“Aku tidak mau menghadiri

pertemuan Kelompok Pendukung.”

Table 2.11 shows the example of the unit of translation in lexical meaning

cited from The Fault in Our Stars novel. Lexical meaning means that the words

above are translated literally by finding its closest equivalence such as I is

translated as Aku, refuse is translated as tidak mau, to attend is translated as

menghadiri and Support Group as Kelompok Pendukung.

5. Translation Process

The stage of translation process aimed to initiate exactly what should be

analyzed to each utterances in the Source Language so as to select the appropriate

equivalence in the Target Language. Each stage helps the researcher to pay

attention from grammatical or lexical realms, semantic and pragmatic, the

messages in the utterances are transferred effectively into the target language by

constructing a new certain form of equivalence. The researcher uses Nida‟s stage

of translation process as a guideline to discover the translation procedure that is

applied to translate a certain utterance as the researcher also has to analyze the

utterances with the role as a translator.

Nida (1974) defines translation process as a process of decoding and

encoding (p.35). The translation process stages involve:


16

Source Language Receptor Language

text translation

analysis restructuring

transfer

The translation process involved the following stages:

a) Analysis

The surface structure (i.e the message as given in source language) is

analyzed in terms of (a) the grammatical relationships and (b) the meanings of the

words and combinations of words.

b) Transfer

The analyzed material is transferred in the mind of the translator from

source language to target language.

c) Restructuring

The transferred material is restructured in order to make the final message

fully acceptable in the target language.

6. Translation Equivalence

Popovic‟s theory of translation equivalence types is used in this research to

classify which types of equivalence utterances in the source language are

transferred into the target language. Furthermore, Popovic‟s theory helps the

researcher to discover which translation procedure is applied in the translating

process after classifying the types of equivalence. Translation equivalence is


17

important in the translation process since translation is not only about the transfer

of meaning of words or sentence from one language to another but also about how

the meaning is transferred in a different form of closest equivalence in another

language words.

Popovic distinguishes four types of translation equivalence (as cited in

Bassnett, 2002, p.32):

Linguistic equivalence, where there is homogeneity on the linguistic level

of both Source Language and Target Language texts, i.e word for word

translation.

Paradigmatic equivalence, where there is equivalence of „the elements of

a paradigmatic expressive axis‟, i.e elements of grammar.

Stylistic (translational) equivalence, where there is „functional

equivalence of elements in both original and translation aiming at an

expressive identity with an invariant of identical meaning.

Textual (syntagmatic) equivalence, where there is equivalence of the

syntagmatic structuring of a text, i.e equivalence of form and shape.

7. Pragmatic Dimension in Translating and Translation

Pragmatic is the study of the relations between language and its context of

utterance. The language and utterance are performed in action which is called

speech act. The researcher used six types of speech act proposed by Traugott and

Pratt (1980), following Searle (1976) (as cited in Hatim & Mason, 1990, p.60) in

order to know the purposed for which utterances are used in the novel :


18

Representative: acts which seek to represent a state of affairs (such as

stating, telling, insisting, etc).

Expressive: acts which give expression to the speaker‟s mental and

emotional attitude towards a state of affairs (e.g deploring, admiring, etc).

Verdictives: acts which evaluate and relay judgement (e.g assessing,

estimating, etc).

Directives: acts which seek to influence text receivers‟ behavior (e.g.

ordering, requesting, daring, etc).

Commissives: acts which commit the speaker to a course of action (e.g

promising, vowing, pledging, etc).

Declarations: acts whose utterance performs the action involved (e.g.

blessing, baptising, dismissing, etc).

Pragmatic translation is “the kind of translation which focus not only to the

denotative meaning of a word or combination of word but also to the way a word

or combination of word is uttered in communicative situations and the way how it

is interpreted or translated in context” (Shuttleworth-Cowie, 2007:128 ).

The researcher uses pragmatic in the research because pragmatic aspects

cannot be separated from the translation process. Pragmatic theory gives insight

for certain utterances which translated in the pragmatic realm, besides what

aspects that is contained in the utterances.


19

8. Idiom

Peter Newmark (1981) defined idioms as phrases or word-groups whose

meaning cannot be elicited from the separate meanings of each word of which

they are formed. (p.125). The researcher used Peter Newmark and Fernando‟s

theory of idioms in order to provide insight in classifying utterances in the novel

that contain idiom and analyzing how the idiom is transferred from the Source text

into the Target Text.

Based on Fernando‟s (1995:35-36) theory, there are three types of idiom:

1. Pure idioms

Pure idiom is a type of idiom in which the denotative meaning of the words

in the phrase does not adding up the meaning of the phrase. For example: the

idiom „break a leg‟ means ‘semoga beruntung. The idiom has nothing to do with

breaking a leg literally.

2. Semi idioms

Semi idiom is a type of idioms in which at least one word has denotative

meaning. For example: the idiom „my foot has gone to sleep‟ means „Kakiku

kesemutan’. In the idiom, the word „my foot‟ has a denotative meaning, while „has

gone to sleep‟ has non-denotative or non-literal meaning.

3. Literal idioms

Literal idiom are idioms that less complex semantically and easier to

understand. For example: the idiom „ give and take‟means „saling memberi dan

menerima’.


20

Theory of idioms helps the researcher to identify which types of idiom in

the source text that is translated into the target language. The theory also give

insight to the researcher in analyzing whether an idiom in the Source Text is

transferred into its closest equivalence of idioms in the Target Language. Idioms

can be translated into its closest equivalence in the Target Text if the idioms can

be translated literally and can be translated into an idiom which contained the

same message as in the Source Text.

B. Theoretical Framework

In the theoretical framework, several relevant fundamental theories to

answer the research problems in analyzing translation procedures in The Fault in

Our Stars novel are presented in the following paragraphs.

The researcher employed Vinay and Darbelnet‟s theory of translation

procedures to discuss and answer the first research problem, i.e „Which translation

procedures are used to translate utterances in The Fault in Our Stars novel?‟. In

order to answer the research problem, the researcher used Vinay and Darbelnet‟s

translation procedures, namely borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposition,

modulation, equivalence or reformulation, and adaptation. The first three

procedures, i.e borrowing, calque, literal translation, deal with delivering the

message in the source language or source text from the semantic translation realm

into the target language or target text, while the other four translation procedures

deal with delivering the message in the source language or source text from the

communicative translation realm.


21

The researcher also employed several relevant theories to answer the

second research problem, i.e „To which extent is the message transferred

successfully?‟. In order to answer the second research problem, the researchers

used two theories that are proposed by Newmark and Popovic.

The first relevant theory to the second research problem is proposed by

Newmark. Newmark proposed two types of translation methods, namely

communicative translation and semantic translation. The theory works as

guideline to the researcher‟s point of view of linguistics and cultural aspects to

utterances in the source text and in the target text.

The second theory to discuss the second research problem is Popovic‟s

theory of equivalence which consists of linguistic equivalence, paradigmatic

equivalence, stylistic (translational) equivalence, and textual (syntagmatic)

equivalence. Theory of equivalence helps the researcher to discover how the

translator overcomes the gap of language between the source text and the target

text.

From these theories, the researcher will discuss the translation procedures

that the translator used to translate utterances in the Fault in Our Stars novel. The

researcher analyzed from the linguistic aspects, i.e the grammatical meaning and

the lexical meaning, and the pragmatic aspect without ignoring the cultural

aspects contained in the source text in order to know how effective the applied

translation procedures.


22

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In this chapter, the researcher discussed the method of the research and

method of the data analysis to solve the research problem. This chapter consists of

five subdivided sections, namely (a) research method, (b) research setting, (c)

research participants/subjects, (d) instruments and data gathering, (e) data analysis

technique.

A. Research Method

This research is a translation research by using document analysis method.

According to Smith (1966), document analysis is a research method to discover

certain information from a specified material which is objectively and

systematically analyzed” (p. 314). The document can be of written or text-based

records (novels, journals, newspaper, etc) or can be of non-written records

(videotapes, audiotapes, photographs, etc). As Merriam (1988) pointed out,

„Documents of all types can help the researcher uncover meaning, develop

understanding, and discover insights relevant to the research problem‟ (p. 118).

Document analysis focuses on analyzing and interpreting recorded material to

learn human behavior.

In this research, the researcher analyzed The Fault in Our Stars in which

the researcher found interesting problems. This research is a qualitative document

analysis which focus on the content and contextual meaning of the text. Document

22


23

analysis is the most applicable method to analyze the translation procedures that

were used by the translator to translate The Fault in Our Stars novel.

B. Research Setting

In a qualitative research with document analysis method, the research

setting of time and place in the process of making and finishing this research

occurs in several months, starting from March 2017 to October 2017, for the

researcher to gather and analyze the research data from the document, i.e a novel

entitled The Fault in our Stars written by John Green and translated by Inggrid

Dwijani Nimpoeno without any manipulation or changing to the research subject

since the main purpose of a qualitative study is to study the real social phenomena

experienced by mankind.

C. Research Subjects

The subjects of this research were utterances spoken by the characters in

The Fault in Our Stars novel. The research subjects were taken both from the

English version and Indonesian version of The Fault in Our Stars novel written by

John Green and translated by Ingrid Dwijani Nimpoeno.


24

D. Research Instruments

In this research, there are two research instruments namely human and

document.

1. Human

In this research, the researcher herself is the instrument. The researcher

read the Fault in Our Stars novel in the English version, which is the source text

and in the Indonesia version, which is the target text. The researcher read the

novel to gather the data and analyze the data found to answer the research

problems. In a qualitative study, the human investigator is the primary instrument

for gathering and analyzing the data, as Creswell (2009) stated that “qualitative

researchers are the one who collect the data through examining documents,

observing behavior, or interviewing participants.” (p.164).

2. Document

The instrument of this research is a novel by John Green entitled The Fault

in Our Stars both in English version which is the source text and in Indonesia

version which is the target text. The target text was translated by Ingrid Dwijani

Nimpoeno and was published by Penerbit Qanita in 2014. The story of the novel

is about a seventeen-years-old girl, named Hazel, who suffers from cancer. Her

life changed when she met a boy named Augustus Waters and her story is

completely rewritten.


25

E. Data Gathering Technique

In order to gather the data, the researcher uses document analysis method

to gather the research data. The researcher made table comparison of the Source

Text and the Target Text.

1. Making a table of comparison of utterances from the Source Text and the

Target Text to gather the raw data.

2. Collecting all the utterances in the The Fault in Our Stars novel from both

versions.

3. Reducing the utterances by selecting utterances which might contain

translation procedures in the translation process.

F. Data Analysis Technique

As stated by William and Chesterman (2002), “The analysis of the

translated texts involves the textual comparison of a translation with its original”

(p. 6). Therefore, the researcher provided the selected data in a table of

comparison between the Source Text and the Target Text.

The researcher created several steps of data analysis techniques as follows:

1. Making a table of comparison between the Source Text and the Target

Text for the selected utterances which might be translated using certain

translation procedures.

2. Classifying the selected data into several categories such as sentences,

idioms, exclamations, and slangs.


26

3. Classifying tables for the selected data into more specific categories based

on the translation procedures proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet.

In a qualitative research, the researcher must organize and categorize or

code the large mass of data so that they can be described and interpreted (Ary,

Cheser, and Soresen, 2006: 32). Therefore, the researcher provided the selected

data in tables as shown below. For example:

Table 3.1 The Example of Data Collection Table

Source Text Target Text Type of Procedure

Page.11 I‟m on a roller

coaster that only

goes up, my

friend.

Page. 20 Serasa berada

di atas roller

coaster yang

hanya melesat

ke atas,

Sobatku.

Borrowing


27

CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Translation Procedures in translation of The Fault in Our Stars Novel

In this chapter, the researcher analyzes selected sentences, idioms,

exclamations, and slangs of utterances in the Source Text to be compared with

selected sentences, idioms, exclamations, and slangs of utterances in the Target

Text in two steps. The researcher discusses the research problems by presenting

the selected utterances in tables with a brief comprehensible analysis below the

tables.

The researcher identifies the translation procedures which are used “to

translate a source language text in to a target language especially for sentences

and the smaller units of language” (Newmark, 1988:88b), that are applied in the

translation as mentioned below.

1. Borrowing

Vinay and Darbelnet (1958) define borrowing as a translation procedure

that involves using the same word, phrase, or expression in the original text into

the target text without translation.

Table 4.1 The Data Table of Borrowing Procedure


Page.11 I‟m on a roller

coaster that only

goes up, my

friend.

Page. 20 Serasa berada

di atas roller

coaster yang

hanya melesat

ke atas,

Sobatku.

Borrowing

27


28

Table 4.1 shows that the Source Text “roller coaster” is transferred into

rollercoaster in the Target text. The word roller coaster is Augustus Waters‟

answer to Hazel Grace‟s question about his condition. As a response to the

question, the word roller coaster has a figurative sense that Augustus Water‟s life

condition is like the sensation of riding a roller coaster.

The word roller coaster is an example of a figurative cultural word in

context. The word roller coaster in Farlex Online Dictionary means a period of

drastic changes that occur without warning. Moreover, in the Oxford Dictionary,

roller coaster means a situation that keeps changing very quickly. On the other

hand of the Target Text culture, the word roller coaster is familiar to an entity of a

vehicle that rides fast on railway track which has many tight turns and steep

slopes. From the definitions of roller coaster aforementioned, the researcher

concluded that Augustus Waters uses the word rollercoaster to tell that he

experienced certain ups and downs changes in his life.

However, the word roller coaster lost its meaning in the Target Text

because the word roller coaster is not familiar in the sense of figurative meaning

in the Target Text cultural realm. Furthermore, the word roller coaster in the

Source Text and in the Target Text is not communicatively equivalent in terms of

style which aims at expressing the message of the sentence. In conclusion, the

borrowing procedure does not transfer the message in the sentence from Source

Text into the Target Text effectively.


29

Table 4.2 The Example of Borrowing Procedure

Source Text Target Text Type of

Procedure

Page.34 Does it feature

zombies?

Page. 50 Ada zombie-

nya?

Borrowing

Page.82 Is that a Rik smits

jersey?

Page.114 Itu jersey-nya

Rik Smits?

Borrowing

Table 4.2 shows that the word zombie and jersey in the Source Text is

transferred precisely as zombie and jersey in the Target Text. According to Oxford

dictionary, the word zombie has two meanings that are a person who seems to be

only partly alive, without any feeling or interest in what is happening; and a dead

body that has been made alive again by magic. The word jersey according to the

Oxford dictionary means a shirt worn by somebody playing a sport game.

The word zombie and jersey in the Source Text semantically can be

defined as mayat hidup for zombie and baju olahraga for jersey, but the function

of the words in referring to an entity in the Source Language and in the Target

Language is not equivalent culturally. The words zombie and jersey would not

lose its meaning if it was translated as mayat hidup and baju olahraga in the

Target Text, but the entity might not be represented effectively in the Target Text.

As Larson (1984) stated, “the translator will have difficulty in translating a

source language word which represents a concept which is unfamiliar to the

receptor language speakers. Therefore, translator needs to borrow a word from the

source language” (p. 70). By the fact that the words zombie and jersey are widely

known and familiar in the society, these words are borrowed from the source-text

and are viewed from author-centred point of view in order to avoid misleading

translation and losing the cultural aspect of the words.


30

By applying borrowing procedure, the target readers will comprehend the

message and the plot of the story in the novel. The function of borrowing is to

introduce the culture of source language in the translation to create specific

stylistic effect as Vinay and Darbelnet stated.

2. Calque

Calque is a translation procedure in which an expression in the Source

Language is translated word-by-word into the target language literally. The

Source Language structure is adopted to translate the Source Text into the Target

Text.

Table 4.3 The Example of Calque Procedure


Procedure

Page.16 Counterinsurgence tomorrow?

Page. 26 Main

Kontrak-

Pemberontak

besok?

Calque

Page.34 My favorite book is

probably An

Imperial Affliction.

Page.50 Mungkin buku

favoritku

adalah

Kemalangan

Luar Biasa

Calque

Page.51 I will withhold

judgement until I

finish. However, I

will say that I‟m

feeling a bit

embarrased to have

given you The

Price of Dawn.

Page.73 Aku akan

menahan

penilaianku

sampai aku

selesai. Tapi,

bisa ku

katakan aku

merasa sedikit

malu

memberimu

Ganjaran

Fajar.

Calque


31

Table 4.3 shows that the translator applied the calque procedure to translate

three phrases or expressions in the Source Text, namely Counterinsurgence, An

Imperial Affliction, and The Price of Dawn. Counterinsugence in the Source Text

is translated as Kontrak Pemberontak in the Target Text. In the novel,

Counterinsurgence is a type of video game with a rescue mission for civilians. An

Imperial Affliction in the Source Text is translated as Kemalangan Luar Biasa in

the Target Text. An Imperial Affliction is a book that Hazel Grace and Augustus

Waters read in the story of the novel. The Price of Dawn is translated as Ganjaran

Fajar in the Target Text. The Price of Dawn is a novel based on Augustus

Waters‟ favorite video game.

The phrases are translated in the source language-oriented meaning, word-

by-word by maintaining the linguistic unit of the phrase into the target language.

By applying calque translation procedure, the readers will comprehend the

meaning beneath each word of the expressions which also make the readers

achieve the whole message of the new expression from the novel.

3. Literal Translation

Vinay and Darbelnet stated literal translation is a procedure of translating

the Source Language directly word-by-word grammatically and idiomatically.

Literal translation is acceptable if the translated language contains the same word,

phrase, or sentence structure, the same meaning, and the same style as in the

Source Language.


32

Table 4.4 The Example of Literal Translation Procedure


Page.7 I refuse to attend

Support Group.

Page. 14 Aku tidak mau

menghadiri

pertemuan

Kelompok

Pendukung.

Literal Translation

Table 4.4 shows that “I refuse to attend Support Group” (page.7) is

translated into “Aku tidak mau menghadiri pertemuan Kelompok Pendukung”

(page. 14). The phrase “Support Group” is translated into Kelompok Pendukung in

order to have a precise meaning in the Target Text. In this case, the phrase

“Support Group” is grammatically negotiable with the grammatical structure of

Indonesian which is Kelompok Pendukung. “Support Group” is a noun phrase

consisting of a noun and a noun in which the word “Group” as the head noun is

modified by the word “Support” as the premodifier. Kelompok Pendukung is a

noun phrase consisting of a noun and a noun in which the word Kelompok as the

head noun is modified by the word Pendukung as the postmodifier. It can be

concluded that Support Group and Kelompok Pendukung is textually equivalent.

According to the Oxford Dictionary, the phrase “Support Group” as a noun

has meaning „a group of people who meet to help each other with a particular

problem‟ which is translated as Kelompok Pendukung´ in Indonesian.

Semantically, the word “Support” is equivalent to Pendukung in Indonesian and

the word “Group” is equivalent to Kelompok in Indonesian. The phrase “Support

Group” is grammatically and semantically equivalent to Kelompok Pendukung. It

can be concluded that the translator used literal translation procedure in the

process of translating the phrase “Support Group”.


33

4. Transposition

Transposition is a translation procedure that introduces a change in

grammatical structure. The procedure involves changing the word class of a word

or certain word combination without changing the message in the translation

process.

Table 4.5 The Example of Transposition Procedure


Page.

98

“Just thinking,

I guess.”

Page. 135 “Kurasa aku

hanya

sedang

berpikir.”

Transposition

Table 4.5 shows that the transposition procedure is applied to transfer the message

contained the selected sentence by changing the position subclause in the Source Text “I

guess” at the end of the sentence changed position at the begininng of sentence in the

Target Text “Kurasa aku‟ without changing the message in the sentence. The procedure is

tolerable since in both language have similarity in sentence structure regarding the

position of main clause and sub-clause.

5. Modulation

Modulation is a translation procedure that occurs in the translation process

which involves changing the point of view of the Source Language in the Target

Language in the semantic realm.

Table 4.6 The Example of Modulation Procedure


Page.18 They‟re big

believers in PDA.

Page. 30 Mereka suka

sekali

menarik

perhatian

orang.

Modulation

Page.33 No, I don‟t write. Page.49 Tidak. Aku

bukan penulis.

Modulation


34

Table 4.5 shows that modulation translation procedure is applied to

transfer the message contained in „in PDA‟. PDA stands for Public Displays of

Affection. PDA is actions demonstrate by a couple to show affection in the public

such as kissing on the cheeks, kissing on the lips, kissing on the hugging, etc. „In

PDA‟ means that the characters in the novel have belief in PDA action to the

partner in the source text which is translated as „menarik perhatian orang‟ in the

target text. The researcher analyzed the utterance in two steps, analyzing the

utterance from its grammatical realm in order to discover whether there is

changing in the sentence structure, such as word of class changing, and analyzing

from its semantic realm. The two steps were conducted in order to know how the

message is transferred into the target text.

‟In PDA‟ is a prepositional phrase which changed into a verb in the target

text as „menarik’. „In PDA‟ is a prepositional phrase work as object complement

of noun, „big believers‟, in the uttterance „They‟re big believers in PDA‟. The

function word „In‟ in „in PDA‟ prepositional phrase is a preposition of a noun

„PDA‟. PDA is a culture in the source language society that is showed by the „big

believers in PDA‟ utterance. From the utterance, it can be deduced that the

characters believe PDA to their partner. However, PDA is not a common culture

in the target language society.

The „in PDA‟ is translated by paying attention to the non-linguistic aspects

in the sentence. Therefore, the meaning of PDA in the source text is lost. In the

Source Text, the „in PDA‟ means believe in PDA to be demonstrate to their

partner, whereas „in PDA‟ means having intention to attract people‟s attention in


35

the Target text. By changing the point of view, it will make the story in the novel

comprehensible and adjusted to the Target Text readers cultural realm.

Table 4.5 shows that the sentence “No, I don‟t write” is transferred as

„Tidak. Aku bukan penulis.” In the sentence „No. I don‟t write‟, the word „write‟

work as a verb. Therefore, the literal translation of “No, I don‟t write” would be

“Tidak, aku tidak menulis”. But, the word „write‟ is translated as „penulis‟ in the

target text which is a noun. The meaning of the sentence in the source text and in

target text is slightly different, but the message of this sentence is transferred

obviously that the readers can understand the utterance of the character in the

story.

6. Equivalence

Equivalence procedure is used to transfer the expression in the Source

Language by transferring the expression into the closest equivalence of Target

Language.

Table 4.7 The Example of Equivalence Procedure


Procedure

Page.7 See, that‟s the

kind of thing I‟d

know if you got

me a fake ID.

Page. 15 Nah, hal

macam itulah

yang akan ku

ketahui kalau

Mom

memberiku

KTP palsu.

Equivalence

Page.13 Goddamn. Page.23 Astaga. Equivalence

Page.13 Aren‟t you

something else.

Page.23 Kau hebat. Equivalence

Page.27 You‟re such a

Debbie Downer.

Page.41 Kau benar-

benar

merusak

Equivalence


36

suasana.

Page.33 There! Page.49 Nah! Equivalence

page.43 What in heaven is

that?

Page. 62 Astaga, apa

itu?

Equivalence

Page.57 Oh, goddamn it,

Isaac.

Page.81 Oh, sialan,

Isaac.

Equivalence

Page.66 That‟s cheesy. Page.93 Norak sekali. Equivalence

Page.84 You nearly

charmed the

pants off my

mom.

Page.116 Kau benar-

benar

memukau

ibuku.

Equivalence

Page.94 Delicious. Page.129 Asyik. Equivalence

Page.98 Twitterpated. Page.135 Mabuk

kepayang.

Equivalence

Page.98 I am not a bunny, and I am

not in love with

Gus Waters or

anyone.

Page.135 Aku tidak mabuk, dan

aku tidak

sedang jatuh

cinta dengan

Augustus

Waters atau

siapapun.

Equivalence

Page.149 Dang! Page.202 Sialan! Equivalence

Page.204 God, you are

sexy.

Page.277 Astaga, kau

seksi.

Equivalence

Table 4.6 shows words, phrases, and sentences which are translated from

the Source Text into the Target Text by applying equivalence translation

procedure. There are words such as exclamations in the Source Text that are

translated into the Target Text by using the same words to convey the meaning of

the Source Text in. The exclamation words such as ‘see’ (page. 7) and ‘there!‟

(page. 33) in the Source Text are transferred as ‘nah’(page. 15 and page. 49) in

the Target Text. The word „nah‟ in the Target Text functions as a tool to convey

the emotion or response to one situation and condition such as „see‟ into „nah‟ to

express the emotion for one situation over another situation and „there‟ into „nah‟

to express the emotion for one situation only.


37

Furthermore, there are also some exclamations such as „Goddamn‟ (page.

13); „what in heaven is that?‟ (page. 43); „God, you are sexy‟ (page. 204) in the

Source Text which are transferred into „Astaga‟ (page. 23; page. 43; page. 277) in

the Target Text. The word „astaga‟ in the Target Text is used to express the

emotion of certain situation such as to compliment and to show the feeling of

surprised. It is followed by a complementary sentence, word, or phrase in the

Source Text, for example, „Goddamn’ (page.13) is followed by a sentence which

says „Aren‟t you something else‟ (page. 13) and „God, you are sexy‟ (page. 204)

is also followed by a complimentary sentence. The word „astaga‟ in the Target

Text is also used to express the emotion of being surprised or curiosity in the

Source Text. For example in „what in heaven is that?‟ sentence.

Another function of equivalence translation procedure lies on the meaning

of „Oh, goddamn it, Isaac.‟ (page. 57) and „Dang!‟ (page.149) in the Source Text

is translated into „sialan‟ in the Target Text. “Oh, goddamn it, Isaac.‟ is Augustus

Water‟s utterance that when he and Isaac played a video game and the character in

a video game got attacked by enemies. On the contrary, “Dang” was uttered by

Augutus Waters when he watched a movie and the characters in the movie got

killed. By paying attention to the context, the researcher concluded that in the

Source Text both phrases are used to tell, show, or response to an unfortunate

situation and condition. The word „sialan‟ is meant to tell an unfortunate condition

or situation in the Target Text. In Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (An Official

Indonesian Dictionary), the word ‘sialan’ has three senses in which the second

sense is “(yg) mendatangkan sial”. Therefore the meaning of „Oh, goddamn it,


38

Isaac.‟ (page.57) and „Dang!‟ (page. 149) in the Source Text is conveyable in the

Target Text by using the word ‘sialan’ (page. 81 and page. 202).

Table 4.6 shows that “Aren‟t you something else” (page.13) is translated

into “Kau hebat.” (page.23). „Aren‟t you something else‟ grammatically is not an

interrogative sentence in English. The sentence „Aren‟t you something else” was

Augustus Waters‟ response to Hazel Grace shared idea in the Support Group

meeting. The sentence „aren‟t you something else” is used to response to or

describe something unusual in which the character‟s intention was to compliment

another character‟s idea.

Pragmatically “aren‟t you something else” is an expressive sentence

towards a statement of idea. The translator translated the sentence

communicatively into Indonesian as “Kau hebat” because the meaning of the

sentence does not lie in the meaning of each word, but the meaning of sentence

lies in the speaker‟s intention which tells the character‟s state of feeling. It is

related to the use of language pragmatically as a representative speech act, acts

which seek to represent a state of affairs as well as expressive speech act, acts

which give expression to the speaker‟s mental and emotional states towards a state

of affairs that is proposed by Traugott and Pratt (1980), following Searle (1976)

(as cited in Hatim & Mason, 1990, p.60). The translator pays attention to the

pragmatic context, linguistic context, of the sentence which affects the meaning of

the sentence and how the translator translates the sentence.

Linguistic context deals with word, phrase, expression or sentence that are

written earlier. As Shuttleworth and Cowie stated that the focus of “pragmatic


39

translation not only to literal meaning but also to the way a word or combination

of words are used in communicative situations and the way the translator interpret

them in context” (as cited in Nagy, 2016, p.2). The Source Text and Target Text

has equivalence in the stylistic equivalence level in both texts aimed to express a

feeling with the same meaning by different word and style. “Aren‟t you something

else” is translated as “Kau hebat” in the Target Text by applying the equivalence

procedure.

The next example of equivalence translation procedure is in the translated

phrase of Debbie Downer phrase in „You‟re such a Debbie Downer‟ sentence

(page.27) as merusak suasana in „Kau benar-benar merusak suasana‟(page.41).

The phrase Debbie Downer is originally rooted from a character of a television

show in the Source Text culture. Debbie Downer is an annoying character who

most of the time ruins one situation. The phrase Debbie Downer is uttered by

Augustus Water‟s mother when Augustus answered his mother question to Hazel

Grace. The phrase Debbie Downer is the example of allusion translation from the

Source Text to the Target Text. In order to deliver the meaning of the Debbie

Downer, the phrase is translated into a positive verb phrase as „merusak suasana’

to show that Augustus has ruined the atmosphere of one situation and his action is

annoying. The allusion is translated into a positive verb phrase since the allusion

of Debbie Downer is not exist in the target text besides to achieve the closest

equivalence.

Table 4.6 also shows another example of the application of equivalence

translation procedure; the meaning of „that‟s cheesy‟ (page. 66) in the Source Text


40

is conveyed as „norak sekali‟ (page. 93) in the Target Text. The sentence „that‟s

cheesy‟ (page.66) in the Source Text is uttered by Augustus Waters to tell that his

prior utterance, “Like it was a gift? Like you‟d given me something important.”

(page.66), is an exaggeration of emotion towards Hazel Grace‟s book

recommendation, An Imperial Affliction.

Table 4.8 the explanation of ‘that’s cheesy’ phrase


Textually “that‟s chessy” (page. 66) “norak sekali” (page.93)

Pragmatically To tell someone‟s feeling

about something that

have been given to that

person or in other word to

respond to how someone

says thank you about

something that have been

given.

To tell someone‟s

feeling about something

that have been given to

that person or in other

word to respond to how

someone says thank you

about something that

have been given.

According to the Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, the phrase ‘norak sekali’

means ‘sangat berlebih-lebihan‟ in Indonesian. Therefore, the meaning of „norak

sekali’ refers to someone‟s exaggerated actions. It is showed that the intended

meaning of the Source Text is achievable in the Target Text.

„You nearly charmed the pants off my mom‟ (page. 84) in the Source

Text is delivered as „kau benar-benar memukau ibuku‟ (page. 116) in the Target

Text. Hazel Grace uttered the utterance after watching at Augustus‟ leaned over

and whispered to Hazel‟s mother where Augustus and Hazel were going to.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, the idiom of „charmed

the pants off‟ means to make somebody extremely charmed. The idiom „charmed

the pants off‟ has the closest equivalence to „benar-benar memukau‟ in the Target


41

Text. It successfully delivered the meaning of the idiom in the Source Text into

the Target Text. The word is translated communicatively by adjusting the terms of

the Source Text culture into the Target text culture so that the target readers will

be able to understand of one situation in the story.

Another example of equivalence is the word „delicious‟ (page. 94) in the

Source Text. The word „delicious‟ (page.94) is equivalent to „asyik‟ (page. 129) in

the Target Text. According to the Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary that the

word „Delicious‟ means in the literary context to tell that something is extremely

pleasant or enjoyable. According to the Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, the word

„Asyik‟ means „senang‟. The sense of „senang‟ is to tell about pleasure or the

feeling of pleasant. The word „Asyik‟ and „Senang‟ both have different degree of

formality sense in language. „Asyik‟ is used in an informal context, while

„senang‟ is used in a formal context. By looking at the sense degree, the word

„delicious‟ in the Target Text is equivalent to „Asyik‟ in the Target Text. By

applying the equivalence translation procedure, the intention of the word

„delicious‟ in the Source Text is delivered successfully in the Target Text.

Another example of the Equivalence translation procedure that is used in

order to have the closest equivalence is in „twitterpated‟ (page.98) word and „I am

not a bunny, and I am not in love with Gus Waters or anyone.‟ (page.98).

„Twitterpated‟ was uttered by Hazel‟s father reaction to her silent behaviour

during dinner which Hazel‟s father assumed that Hazel was thinking about

Agustus while the fact Hazel was thinking about those condolence posts on the

internet about Augustus‟ former girlfriend. „I am not a bunny, and I am not in


42

love with Gus Waters or anyone‟ was uttered by Hazel Grace as a response to

Hazel‟s father‟s previous utterance. „twitterpated‟ (page.98) in the Source Text is

equivalenct to „mabuk kepayang‟ (page.135). The word „twitterpated‟ in the

Source Text is related to the following word which is „I am not a bunny, and I am

not in love with Gus waters or anyone‟ (page. 98) that was uttered in the

following moment. By connecting the two sentences, the word „twitterpated‟ can

be interpreted as a state of feeling contented by a romantic feeling. Furthermore,

according to the Online Oxford dictionary „twitterpated‟ means infatuated or

obsessed. „mabuk kepayang‟ refer to a feeling contented by romantic love in the

Target Text culture. Therefore, by having „mabuk kepayang‟ as the closest

equivalent for „twitterpated‟, the readers of the novel can understand the situation

and feeling that is felt by the character in the story.

The next example is „I am not a bunny, and I am not in love with Gus

Waters or anyone.‟ (page.98) in the Source Text is translated into „Aku tidak

mabuk, dan aku tidak sedang jatuh cinta dengan Augutus Waters atau siapapun.‟

(page.135) in the Target Text. According to the Online Oxford Dictionary the

word „Bunny‟ means a person of a specified type or in a specified mood. The

word „bunny‟ in the Source Text contains a sense of feeling of a situation which is

further explained in the following sentence. By translating „I am not a bunny‟ into

„aku tidak mabuk‟ as closest equivalence in Target Text, the idiom which

culturally does not exist in the Target Text can be delivered successfully.


43

7. Adaptation

Adaptation procedure is used when certain word, phrase or expression i