an analysis of debitage at kosapsom park site (dcru 4)

7/28/2019 AN ANALYSIS OF DEBITAGE AT KOSAPSOM PARK SITE (DCRU 4)

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AN ANALYSIS OF DEBITAGE AT KOSAPSOM PARK

SITE (DCRU 4)

DAVID FARGO

ABSTRACT

In this paper, lithic debitage rom the Kosapsom Park site (DcRu-4) in Victoria, British Columbia is analyzed in order to investigatethe use o local raw materials and stone tool manuacturing methodsover the past 3000 years in the area around the Gorge waterway. Ananalysis o broken akes and shatter produced strong evidence orlate stages o tool manuacture and retouch. An analysis o cortexcover and dorsal ake scars revealed the presence o early, middle,and late stages o lithic reduction. Tereore, the debitage romKosapsom reveals an entire sequence o tool manuacture, romcore reduction to eventual retouch.

Introduction

KOSAPSOM PARK SITE (DcRu 4)

In 1994 and 1995, excavations at Kosapsom Park (DcRu 4)uncovered the material remains o an ancestral village o the Songheesand Esquimalt First Nations (Mitchell 1995:2). Tese excavations

were undertaken over two eld seasons by Archaeological Societyo British Columbia (ASBC) volunteers as well as a number o eldschool participants rom the University o Victoria. Te site is locatedalong the Gorge waterway in Saanich, on the heritage grounds othe old Craigower Schoolhouse (Mitchell 1995:2). While the upper


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layers o the site were disturbed by historical events relating to theactivities at the nearby schoolhouse and the more recent GorgeWaterway Beautication Project, the site represents around 3000

years o continuous occupation (Mitchell 1994:3). While historicmaterials relating to the schoolhouse were also excavated anddocumented, the material remains o pre-contact occupation at theSonghees and Esquimalt First Nations ancestral village are the ocuso this study.

Among the roughly 3500 artiacts uncovered, 1300 were ound

in pre-contact contexts. Many o these artiacts were lithic toolsassociated with both Gul o Georgia (1800-250 BP) and LocarnoBeach Culture ype phases (4000-2200 BP). In addition to tools, alarge amount o lithic debitage (stone akes that are the by-producto stone tool-making) was also collected across many dierent partso the site. Since this debitage represents a signicant portion o theexcavated material, it provides a suitable sample size or analysis.Tis project will attempt to use certain diagnostic characteristicso debitage akes in order to identiy dierent stages o stone toolproduction, also known as the lithic reduction process.

EXCAVATION HISTORY

In 1994, during the rst o two eld seasons at Kosapsom, a total

o 23 units were excavated along the site o a proposed walkway(Mitchell 1994:4). In 1995, during the second season o excavations,nine o these units were reopened and 15 additional units wereexcavated. Due to time constraints, excavations did not expose theull extent o cultural deposits within these units (Mitchell 1994:3).Initial excavation units were 1x1 m in size and excavated in 5 cmarbitrary levels, although several larger amalgamated units were

created during the 1995 eld season (Mitchell 1995:4). All artiactsound in situ were recorded through the use o three dimensionalpoint records. Faunal material was also recorded and collected bylevel (Mitchell 1995:4). All excavated cultural material was water-


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screened through aluminum y-screen and brought back to theUniversity o Victoria or urther analysis (Mitchell 1995:4).

DEBITAGE ANALYSIS

Broadly speaking, retouched stone tools (tools that have been re-sharpened or altered along the working edge through aking) onlymake up around 3-5% o an entire lithic assemblage at a prehistorichabitation site, although this percentage uctuates depending on

the type o screening that is undertaken during excavation (Odell2003:118). Te vast majority o an assemblage alls into the categoryo lithic debitage. Tis term reers to any ake or ake ragment thathas not been retouched or ormed into a tool (Odell 2003:118). Sincedebitage constitutes such a large portion o the lithic assemblageat many archaeological sites, including Kosapsom, it representsa critical source o inormation relating to the activities o a sites

inhabitants. Te process o creating a aked stone tool can be brokenup into several stages that are associated with various activitiesincluding core reduction (primary reduction stage) and tool retouch(tertiary reduction stage). It can thereore be used to reconstructthe process o creating and maintaining a lithic tool (Kooyman2000:51). Lithic material goes through a series o reduction stagesthat produce debitage with particular characteristics (Kooyman2000:51). Te way in which these stages are dened and identied isdiscussed below. By analyzing the characteristics o debitage, bothon an individual and mass scale, researchers can gain insight intothe stages o production that occurred at a site or an area within asite.

In order to conduct an eective analysis, akes are brokendown into several diagnostic eatures that can be examined on

an individual basis. Inormation about each o these diagnosticeatures can be taken together and used to classiy a pieceo debitage as being the result o a particular activity or set oactivities. Pokotylo (1978) and Magne and Pokotylo (1981)identiy that an examination o the width o striking platorms


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(the area where a ake is struck in order to remove it rom theoriginal core) provides important inormation or identiyingthe stage o reduction that is represented by a ake. Tis is an

example o one o the many examinable diagnostic eatures oa ake (Figure 1). Andresky (1998:20) identies a number odiagnostic characteristics relating to the distal end o a detachedake. Tis type o analysis is concerned with identiyingeathered terminations, step ractures, hinge ractures, andplunging terminations, all o which are used to determine specicmanuacturing techniques. For example, while a eatheredtermination means that the distal end o a ake tapers o intoa sharp edge, a step racture happens when breakage occursperpendicular to the original direction o orce, leaving a squaredbottom edge, rather than a tapered one. Lithic debitage has beenan important source or analysis at a variety o sites in BritishColumbia. Magne (1985) as well as Sullivan and Rozen (1985)each devise systems by which debitage can be classied into early,middle and late stages o reduction. As elements o both o thesesystems are incorporated into my research, it is necessary toprovide a brie overview o each method.

Figure 1. Schematic o a ake showing eatures discussed in the study.Illustration by Jenny Cohen.


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Magnes (1985) system accounts or the amount o cortex (theunworked raw outer surace o lithic material, produced by chemicaland mechanical weathering), and the number o ake scars on the

dorsal surace o a ake. Magne (1985) also outlines a number oother characteristics, such as weight, platorm scar count, andplatorm width, although none o these diagnostic eatures wereused within the connes o this study. Previous studies have utilizeda quantitative analysis o dorsal cortex cover in order to shed lighton lithic reduction stages (Morrow 1984; Sanders 1992). Tesestages are commonly conceptualized through the categories o

primary, secondary, and tertiary lithic reduction. Te idea behindthis method is that akes that are the result o core reduction orother primary stages o lithic reduction are more likely to havecortex cover on the dorsal surace (Andresky 1998: 115). Secondaryakes will have less cortex than primary akes, and tertiary akeswill have less cortex than secondary akes (Andresky 1998:115).Flakes with a greater number o scars on the dorsal surace are

also associated with later stages o lithic reduction, including toolmanuacture (Magne 1985:113). Since the completeness o a akeis such a contributing actor in terms o how many ake scarswill be present on the dorsal surace, only complete akes may beused or this sort o analysis. Although the use o these categoriesor debitage analysis is widespread, there are some issues with thisapproach. Some researchers have pointed out that cortex may be

removed at any stage o reduction, not just earlier ones (Jelinek etal. 1971:199). Tereore, there is no denitive package o traits that isrepresentative o a particular stage o reduction. Rather, identiyinga particular set o ake characteristics simply suggests that a certainstage o reduction is more likely.

Sullivan and Rozens (1985) analysis o debitage rom an ArchaicPeriod site in east-central Arizona ocuses on examining debitage on

a more macro scale. Rather than looking at the various diagnosticcharacteristics o individual akes, they instead categorize the akes

very broadly as either complete or broken (Sullivan and Rozen1985:759). In this case, all debitage is taken into account, as are coresand core ragments. Te idea that Sullivan and Rozen (1985:759)


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present is that complete akes and cores are more associated withearlier stages o reduction, while broken akes and non-orientablelithic debris (shatter) is more likely the by-product o later stages

o reduction, including tool manuacture. Tis is because the largerprimary akes produced by primary stage core reduction are lesslikely to break or be classied as shatter. As the manuacturingsequence continues, and more precise shaping o lithic material isrequired, smaller and thinner akes are produced (Sullivan andRozen 1985:764).

Research Question

Tis project is aimed at providing a comprehensive analysis othe debitage at the Kosapsom Park site (DcRu-4) in order to shed lighton the use o local raw materials and the subsequent manuacture ostone tools in the area around the Gorge waterway over the course

o the past 3000 years. An analysis o this material will determinewhether the inhabitants o the Kosapsom site were bringing largeamounts o raw material to the site to engage in core reduction, orwhether large cores were more ofen reduced elsewhere and broughtto the site. More generally, this research is aimed at determiningwhether the debitage assemblage at Kosapsom represents the by-products o earlier stages o core reduction, or the later stages o toolmanuacture and retouch (tool repair or resharpening). I the lithicassemblage at Kosapsom reects earlier stages o manuacture, onewould expect to nd a large number o cores and complete akes withsignicant cortex cover on the dorsal surace. Alternatively, i theassemblage was dominated by smaller broken akes with complexpatterns o ake scars on the dorsal suraces, this would indicatemore secondary and tertiary stages o stone tool manuacture.


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Methodology

THE SAMPLE

In order to conduct this analysis, eorts were taken to make thesample o debitage as inclusive as possible. For this reason, I examinedakes with and without remnant platorms. Following Sullivan andRozens (1985) quantitative analysis o lithic material, cores were alsoexamined within the connes o this study. Any retouched material

that was ound during the course o cataloguing and recording wasremoved rom the sample. Evidence o bipolar reduction was alsoound during the cataloguing process. Tese akes are markedby two points o percussion. Bipolar akes and cores have certaindiagnostic characteristics that dier in comparison with the bulk oakes at the site, which were marked by a single point o percussion.It is thereore problematic to combine multiple methods o reduction

within the same quantitative analysis. Due to time constraints, I wasunable to conduct a separate analysis or akes that were reducedusing bipolar technology. For this reason, best eorts were made toremove the products o bipolar reduction rom the sample. However,since these characteristics have varying degrees o expression withindebitage assemblages, it is likely that some less obvious examples obipolar reduction remain in the sample. In order to limit error dueto small sample size, material rom various excavation units, levels,and layers were combined and analyzed together. As a result, thisstudy represents a general analysis o lithic debitage and cores atthe Kosapsom site as a whole, rather than a comparison o dierentareas o the site or dierent time periods.

Te sample consisted mainly o basalt akes. Dacite was alsopresent in signicant numbers. Chert, andesite, and quartzite were

present within the sample in very limited quantities. Te abundanceo basalt suggests that there was a nearby source. Tere were anumber o akes that showed evidence o having been burned,which suggests that they may have been ound in association witha hearth eature. While length and width measurements were not


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taken, the akes were qualitatively noted as being quite variable insize.

CLASSIFICATION OF DEBITAGE

In order to acilitate the quantitative analysis o lithic materialat Kosapsom, debitage was classied and recorded using thehierarchical scheme outlined in Figure 2. Sullivan and Rozen(1985:769) and Jelinek (1976:19) suggest that lithic assemblages with

higher proportions o complete akes represent the by-products ocore reduction and earlier stages o lithic reduction. In contrast,they suggest that assemblages with a higher proportion o brokenakes and shatter signiy later stages o lithic reduction and toolmanuacture. Te classication scheme illustrated in Figure 1identies akes as complete or broken, while urther dierentiatingincomplete akes into the more specic categories o: proximal, split

platorm, crushed platorm, medial, medial/distal, ake ragment,and shatter.


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Debitage

Flake

Platform

Remnant

Bearing

Intact

Complete Proximal

Not

Intact

Split Crushed

Non -

Platform

RemnantBearing

Medial Medial/Distal

Non -Orientable

FlakeFragment Shatter

Figure 2. Debitage Classication Scheme.

While non-orientable akes are ofen classied as shatter (Shott1994:70), they have been split into two categories or the purposeso this study. Te shatter category reers to lithic material thatis not orientable and lacks diagnostic ake characteristics like a

visible conchoidal racture or bulb o percussion. Te categoryo ake ragments reers to material that I was unable to orient,but appears to have diagnostic characteristics that someone withmore experience may be able to use to identiy the portion o theake. Any broken ake that could be oriented was categorized asproximal, medial, medial/distal, or split. While the categories inFigure 2 are much more specic than the ones used in the actual


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analysis, the sorting and recording o debitage in this way createsa more comprehensive pool o data that makes uture inter-sitecomparisons more viable. It also acilitates uture analyses o the

Kosapsom material that are beyond the scope o this research project.For the purposes o analyzing the proportions o complete akes andcores in comparison with broken akes and shatter, the categorieso split, proximal, medial, and medial/distal were combined into asingle broken ake category. Flakes with crushed platorms couldall into the complete ake or broken ake category, depending ontheir completeness. Cores were also counted and classied, but no

urther analysis was undertaken on them.

ANALYSIS OF COMPLETE FLAKES

During the classication stage o analysis, complete akes wereset aside or urther analysis based on Magnes (1985) diagnostic

criteria or analyzing debitage. Here, a number o quantitativesecondary ake characteristics can be used to identiy the stageo reduction that a particular ake represents. Tese categoriesinclude: weight, dorsal scar count, dorsal scar complexity, platormscar count, platorm angle and cortex cover (Magne 1985). Due toproject constraints, only the weight, dorsal scar count, and cortexcover categories were recorded or each ake, with a dorsal scarcount and cortex cover analysis being the ocus o this second stageo analysis. Te thickness o each complete ake was also measured,but as with the weight category, this inormation was not used orthe purposes o this study. Te amount o inormation collectedduring the cataloguing stage o analysis went beyond that necessaryor the purpose o this study; this was done, however, in the interesto acilitating urther research on this material.

Tere are a number o dierent methods or recording theamount o dorsal cortex within a debitage assemblage. Andreskys(1998:115) method o recording the presence or absence o cortex doesnot account or the varying degrees o cortex that tend to be presentat dierent stages o lithic reduction. For example, an assemblage o


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ten spalls (akes with 100% cortex cover on the dorsal surace) wouldbe statistically indistinguishable rom an assemblage o ten akeswith less than 10% cortex cover on each. For this reason, Magnes

(1985) method o creating our categories that represent incrementso 25% as well as two independent categories or 0 and 100 percentcortex cover was utilized. Tis system employs categories that arespecic enough to allow or a reasonable estimation o cortex coverin the assemblage while not being so specic as to create a largeamount o error relating to the estimation o cortex cover on anindividual ake.

A dorsal scar count was also undertaken with the view thatakes that are the by-product o later stages o tool manuacture(including retouch) would have a greater number o dorsal akescars when compared to earlier stages o core reduction (Magne1985:114). In many ways, this measurement is an extension othe idea behind measuring cortex cover. Flakes rom early stageso reduction are much more likely to have some degree o cortexcover on the dorsal surace. As the sequence o tool manuacturecontinues into advanced stage o reduction, more cortex is removedas material is aked away, creating a complex pattern o ake scarson the dorsal surace o each new ake that is removed. Within theconnes o Magnes (1985) study, data rom a series o experimentaldebitage assemblages was used to determine the number o akescars that best t the categories o primary, secondary, and tertiaryreduction. Using this data, akes with zero or one dorsal scar werecategorized as representing early stages o reduction; akes withtwo dorsal scars were categorized as representing a middle stageo reduction; and any akes with three or more ake scars on thedorsal surace were categorized as the by-products o late stagereduction. As mentioned in the introduction, there is no inherentlink between a specic number o dorsal ake scars and a specic

stage o reduction. Rather, these categories simply represent themost likely stage o reduction, as illustrated by experimental int-knapping studies (Magne 1985).


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Results and Discussion

MASS ANALYSIS OF DEBITAGE

I utilized Sullivan and Rozens (1985) ramework or thecategorization and subsequent analysis o debitage and cores or therst part o the analysis. Te results o the rst stage o analysis arepresented in able 1. Te entire sample o lithic material is includedin this table, and the percentage o material that alls into the

categories o complete akes, cores, broken akes, and shatter/debrisare listed. Te shatter category is the largest o the our, representingapproximately 40% o the entire sample. It should be noted thatalthough best eorts were made to ensure the correct categorizationo akes and ake ragments, a conservative approach was takenin order to minimize error. Tereore, since the shatter categoryencompasses any non-orientable material, it is likely that the shatter

category is overrepresented. However, the eects o this possibleoverrepresentation o shatter is minimal within the connes o thisstudy because the rst stage o analysis ocuses on the combinednumbers o complete akes and cores versus the combined numberso broken akes and shatter/debris. It is much more likely thatbroken akes as opposed to complete akes would be incorrectlyclassied as shatter due to the possible absence o a platorm or bulbo percussion.

able 1. Classication o lithic material by general category

Lithic Category %Number of

Flakes

Complete Flakes 22.04 95

Cores 9.51 41

Broken Flakes 28.54 123

Shatter/Debris 39.91 172

Total 431


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ogether, broken akes and shatter represent over 68% o theentire sample o 431 akes. Tis is compared to just over 30% thatis represented by complete akes and cores. Viewed separately,

shatter makes up almost 40% o the sample, while broken akesaccount or 28.54%. Complete akes represent 22.04% o thesample, while cores make up the smallest portion o the sampleat less than 10%. A smaller number o cores are expected, as theyare generally used to produce multiple akes. Tesepercentagesare urther illustrated in Figure 3. Following Sullivan and Rozens(1985) debitage analysis, the large amount o material attributedto the broken ake and shatter categories suggests that thedebitage material at Kosapsom, as a whole, is more indicative oadvanced stages o tool manuacture and retouch, as opposed toearly core reduction. However, the amounts o complete akesand cores are still quantitatively signicant, suggesting that in atleast some cases, raw material was brought directly to the site,where the entire sequence o manuacture took place.

Complete Flakes

Cores

Broken Flakes

Shatter/Debris40%

38.5%

9.5%

22%

Figure 3. Percentages (%) o diagnostic categories within the sample.


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DORSAL SCAR COUNT

Te second part o the analysis more closely examined the

complete akes, which were identied during the rst stage oanalysis. Te results o the dorsal scar count are displayed in able2. Out o the total 94 akes, I identied 37 complete akes with zeroto one dorsal scars, 20 akes with two dorsal scars, and 37 akeswith three or more dorsal scars.

able 2. Dorsal scar count by category.

Stages of Lithic Reduction

Early

(0-1 dorsal scars)Middle

(2 dorsal scars)Late

(3+ dorsal scars)Total

Number of Flakes 37 20 37 94

It should be noted that the second category is the leastinclusive in terms o the number o ake scars that are attributed

to a particular stage o reduction. Tereore, the smaller number oakes attributed to the second category may be partially explainedby these categorical inequalities. Each category is represented bya signicant amount o akes, while the early and late reductioncategories are especially evenly distributed. Te results o the dorsalscar count, thereore, do not provide any strong indications that aspecic stage o reduction dominated the manuacturing activities at

Kosapsom. However, the relatively signicant number o akes withlittle or no evidence o dorsal scarring suggests that raw materialwas brought to the site and that core reduction did occur there. Aswith the results o the rst stage o analysis, these results suggestthat the entire sequence o stone tool manuacture is representedwithin the debitage assemblage at Kosapsom.

ANALYSIS OF DORSAL SURFACE CORTEX

Te third part o the study involved the quantitative analysiso cortex on the dorsal surace o complete akes. As stated earlier,


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the presence o cortex is generally associated with earlier stages olithic reduction (Magne 1985:114). Te results o this analysis aredisplayed in able 3.

able 3. Amount o cortex cover by category

Percentage (%) of Cortex Cover on Dorsal Surface

0 1-24.9 25-49.9 50-74.9 75-99.9 100 Total

Numberof Flakes

50 19 10 3 6 6 94

Te majority o complete akes did not have any cortex cover onthe distal surace. It is important to remember, however, that thereare a number o other possible variables that can aect the amounto cortex in a lithic assemblage. Quarried rock, or example, may nothave as much cortex as a piece o river cobble. Te size o the cobblecan also aect cortex amounts. Nevertheless, the number o akeswith signicant dorsal cortex cover is airly low in comparison

to akes that have either very little or no cortex cover, suggestingthat the assemblage is more representative o later stages o toolmanuacture as opposed to core reduction. Tis is in line with theanalysis o broken versus complete akes, which also pointed tomore advanced stages o manuacture. However, the presence o asignicant amount o cortex on a number o akes, including sixspalls, suggests that all stages o lithic reduction occurred at the site.

Tis evidence thereore also supports the conclusions drawn romthe dorsal scar count portion o the study.

Summary and Conclusion

Te results o this study highlight the complex nature o debitage

analysis. While there are certain diagnostic ake characteristicsthat can be quantitatively analyzed, such as the amount o cortexor the number o ake scars on the dorsal surace, it is dicult todenitively characterize an assemblage as representing a particularstage o reduction. It is also important to consider that this project


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did not address the spatial or temporal aspects o lithic distributionat the Kosapsom Site. Further analysis o site material may resultin the identication o dierent site activity areas, representing

dierent stages o manuacture. In addition, the ongoing processo lithic reduction can ofen obscure evidence or the early stageso tool production, such as primary core reduction. In the uture,a more complete debitage analysis that incorporates ormed toolsand bipolar technology would be a valuable source o data or theanalysis o lithic technologies as well as manuacturing techniquesat the site.

An analysis o the numbers o complete akes and cores inrelation to broken akes and shatter produced strong evidence or latestages o tool manuacture and retouch. An analysis o cortex coveron complete akes also produced evidence or late stages o lithicreduction. Alternatively, the analysis o dorsal ake scars revealedthe presence o early, middle, and late stages o lithic reduction.Te relatively large number o cores ound at the site also points toearlier stages o reduction. Tereore, the analysis o debitage romKosapsom reveals an entire sequence o tool manuacture, romcore reduction to eventual retouch. It is likely that large amounts olocal basalt were brought to the site in raw orm and reduced on site.Due to the larger amount o material within the assemblage that isattributed to later stages o reduction, it is possible that only someo the raw material was reduced at the site, and the rest was reducedelsewhere and brought to the site or nal shaping and eventualretouch.

Future Research

A large amount o data was collected that could not be analyzed

within the scope o this research project, including weight andthickness measurements as well as inormation about the portionso broken akes that remained (i.e. proximal, medial, distal).Inormation about the specic excavation units that material camerom also was not utilized, and thereore uture research could ocus


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on whether or not specic areas o the site are linked to specicstages o tool manuacture.

References Cited

Andresky, William

2005 Lithics: Macroscopic Approaches to Analysis. Cambridge,UK: Cambridge University Press.

Jelinek, Arthur J., Bruce Bradley, and Bruce Huckell1971 Te Production o Multiple Secondary Flakes. AmericanAntiquity 36 (2):198.

Jelinek, Arthur J.1976 Form, Function and Style in Lithic Analysis. In CulturalChange and Continuity: Essays in Honour o James Bennett

Grin. Charles E. Cleland, ed. Pp. 19-33. New York: AcademicPress.

Kooyman, Brian P.2000 Understanding Stone ools and Archaeological Sites.Calgary: University o Calgary Press.

Magne, Martin P. R.1985 Lithics and Livelihood: Stone ool echnologies o Centraland Southern Interior British Columbia. Ottawa: NationalMuseums o Canada, No. 133.

Magne, Martin P. R. and David Pokotylo1981 A Pilot Study in Biacial Lithic Reduction Sequences.

Lithic echnology 10:34-47.


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Mitchell, Donald1994 Excavations at Kosapsom Park (DcRu 4) Saanich, 1994.Report submitted to the Ministry o Small Business, ourism

and Culture. Victoria: University o Victoria.1995 Excavations at Kosapsom Park (DcRu 4) Saanich, 1995.Report submitted to the Ministry o Small Business, ourismand Culture. Victoria: University o Victoria.

Morrow, C. A.1984 A Biace Production Model or Gravel-Based Chipped

Stone Industries. Lithic echnology 13:20-28.

Odell, George H. and O. Donald1989 Alternative Approaches to Lithic Analysis. Archaeologicalpapers o the American Anthropological Association, No. 1.Washington, DC.

Pokotylo, David1978 Lithic echnology and Settlement Patterns in UpperHat Creek Valley, BC. PhD dissertation, University o BritishColumbia.

Sanders, P. H.1992 Archaeological Investigations along the Pend Oreille

River: Site 45PO149. Center or Northwest Anthropology,Project Report No. 18 Washington State University, Pullman.

Shott, Michael J.1994 Size and Form in the Analysis o Flake Debris: Reviewand Recent Approaches. Journal o Archaeological Method andTeory 1 (1):69-110.

Sullivan, Alan P. and K. C. Rozen1985 Debitage Analysis and Archaeological Interpretation.American Antiquity 50 (4):755-779.

an analysis of debitage at kosapsom park site (dcru 4)

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