an alternative energy technology to nigeria’s energy problem
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An Alternative Energy Technology to Nigeria’s Energy ProblemTRANSCRIPT
FRESNEL LENS: AN ALTERNATIVE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY TO NIGERIA’S ENERGY PROBLEM
*ABDUKKARIM HAMZA EL-LADAN1,2, &
SALEEM HUSSAIN ZAIDI2
1Physics Department/Center for Renewable Energy Research (CeRER)
Umaru Musa Yar`adua University Katsina, Nigeria
2Solar Energy Research Institute (Seri) Universiti Kebangsaan (National University) Malaysia
Nigeria Alternative Energy Expo 2014
Outline
(a)Motivation
(b)Background
(c)Methodology
(d)Experimental Results
(e)Summary and Future Work
Motivation
Availability of huge renewable energy resources in Nigeria/land mass
Existing model of centralized electricity distribution is wasteful and expensive
Large-scale carbon-based energy generation is environmentally unsustainable
Nigerian Population/Economic inequality is energy related (energy availability/consumption is linked to economic prosperity)
Micro-grid systems are sustainable (can survive man made and natural disasters
These are clear and compelling evidences that necessitate for the urgent need of transition from carbon-based fuels to renewable resources by developing small scale (CSP) system.
Electricity usage by sector in Nigeria 2009
Chart Title
Industry23%
Transport
0%
Residential37%
Commercial and Public Services
36%
Agriculture / Forestry
0%Other
4%
Chart Title
Background
CSP Systems: Thermal and electrical energy generation from Sun
Sunlight Heat
Heat Mechanical
Mechanical Electricity
Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)
Heat-to-electricity generation system
Characteristics of Existing (CSP) Technology Systems
CSP
Reflective
Refractive
Parabolic TroughTower Linear Fresnel ReflectorParabolic DishFresnel lens
Occupy vast land~600m, Expensivemirrors, Temp ~400⁰C
Large heliostat~100-600, occupy Vast land ~150 hectares, temp~570⁰C At 3400psi Pressure and 25% eff
Temp ~1000⁰C,Conc ratio ~1000x,It has the highest Eff of 30% among CSP systems
Almost same properties with parabolic trough
Fresnel LensFresnel lens is a flat optical component mostly made from (PMMA) Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) with its surface made up of many small concentric grooves with each groove behaving like an individual prism, it`s material properties include; low weight, mechanical strength, temperature resistance, n = 1.4914 and inexpensive manufacturing. It will play great role in photo
thermal and photovoltaic direct energy generation with very little or no CO2
emissions.
Fresnel Schematic Fresnel Picture
Methodology
Pictures of the reflectors
Pictures for Concentrators under investigation with Data Collection System
Data Acquisition System Combine Reflective and Refractive Concentrator line up
for Data Collection
Fresnel Lens set up for Solar Cooker
Conical Frustum
Parabolic Trough Hexagonal Frustum
Experimental setupBoth reflective and refractive concentrators were lined up for an outdoor experiment, all connected to a data acquisition system to measure their respective stagnation temperature at no load, ambient temperature and solar irradiation.
1= Conical Frustum 2 = Hexagonal Frustum 3 = Parabolic Trough4 = 100cm Lens5 = 50cm Lens6 = Linear Lens7 = 25cm Lens 8 = Pyranometer9 = Thermocouple10 = Data Acquisition11 = Computer System
9
1 2
8
1011
7
4 5
6
3
Experimental Result
Stagnation Temperature Bar Graphs for Concentrators Under Investigation in Malaysia at 945W/M2
Optical Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Tem
perature °C
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Conical FrustumHexagonal FrustumParabolic Trough100cm Fresnel Lens50cm Fresnel LensLinear Fresnel Lens25cm Fresnel Lens
Optical
Elements
Stagnation
Temperature ⁰C
at 945 W/m2
1: Conical
Frustum
228.8
2: Hexagonal
Frustum
163.5
3: Parabolic
Trough
85.3
4: 100cm
Spherical Lens
1300.2
5: 50cm Spherical
Lens
725.5
6: Linear Lens 517
7: 25cm Spherical
Lens
236.2
Thermal Efficiency Bar Graphs for Concentrators Under Investigation
Thermal efficiency of a collector is a better indicator of its thermal performance.Optical Elements Average Thermal
Efficiency
1: Conical Frustum 0.823
2: Hexagonal Frustum 0.711
3: Parabolic Trough 0.559
4: 100cm Spherical
Lens
0.958
5: 50CM Spherical
Lens
0.923
6: Linear Lens 0.871
7: 25cm Spherical
Lens
0.711
Optical Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Th
erm
al E
fficie
nc
y0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2 Conical FrustumHexagonal FrustumParabolic Trough100cm Fresnel Lens50cm Fresnel LensLinear Fresnel Lens25cm Fresnel Lens
Figure of Merit Contour Graph for Concentrators Under Investigation
F.M characterize the performance of devices to determine their relative utility for an application
Concentrator Average figure of
Merit
1: Conical Frustum 0.197
2: Hexagonal
Frustum
0.110
3: Parabolic
Trough
0.066
4: 100cm
Spherical Lens
1.153
5: 50cm Spherical
Lens
0.644
6: Linear Lens 0.365
7: 25cm Spherical
Lens
0.189
Optical Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7F
igu
re o
f Me
rit0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4 Conical Frustum Hexagonal FrustumParabolic Trough100cm Fresnel Lens50cm Fresnel LensLinear Fresnel Lens25cm Fresnel Lens
3D graph showing Irradiation distribution below 50cm Fresnel Lens
in Malaysia
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
-20
-15-10
-50
510
1520
-20-15
-10-5
05
1015
20cm from lens
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
850
900
950
1000
1050
1100
1150
1200
-20
-15-10
-50
510
1520
-20-15
-10-5
05
1015
10cm from lens
850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
-20
-15-10
-50
510
1520
-20-15
-10-5
05
1015
Z Data
30cm from lens
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
-20
-15-10
-50
510
1520
-20-15
-10-5
05
1015
Z Data
40cm from lens
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Thus these properties and performance in previous experiments makes Fresnel lens a prospective candidate for future photo thermal and photovoltaic direct energy generation with very little or no CO2 emissions, this concept was adapted by NASA in which they use 20x concentrator lens on their CPV crystalline silicon panels to produce electricity for deployment in spacecrafts. However in 2014 ford has unveil it`s new c-max car which has rooftop concentrating solar lenses expected to raise the harvest over five-fold.
Schematic diagram of charging solar panels attached to the new C-max car under the Fresnel lens canopy
Pictorial display of C-max Fresnel lens solar powered car
Measured stagnation temperature of 50cm Fresnel Lens in Malaysia and Nigeria
Time (min)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Stag
natio
n T
emp
erature (°C
)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Irradiance(W/m2)Ambient Temperature (°C)Stagnation Temperature(°C)
Time (min)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Stag
natio
n T
emp
erature (°C
)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Irradiance W/m2Ambient Temperature °CStagnation Temperature °C
Summary
Summary
• Reflective systems ~200-300 °C.
• Fresnel-lens refractive systems ~ 250 -1300 °C .
• Concentration ratios and temperature has a direct bearing on system efficiency,
• Spherical lenses temperature increase followed logarithmic dependence on diameter.
• Sunlight to thermal energy conversion for refractive are significantly superior to reflective systems.
• Fresnel lenses were determined to be the most desirable candidates for future thermal and electricity generation in tropics most especially Nigeria.
Future work (thermal and P.V energy harvesting with Fresnel Lens)
REFERENCES
[1] IEA 2013 Key world energy statistics
[2] Abdulkarim H E 2014 Comparative assessment of reflective and refractive optical concentration system in tropical climate unpublished thesis (University Kebangsaan Malaysia.
[3] Juliana S, Constantin N 2012 Thermal analysis of a linear fresnel lens solar collector with black body cavity receiver (U.P.B. Sci. Bull) Series D vol 74: p 4 ISSN 1454-2358
[4] http://www.thevoltreport.com/solar-powered-car-concept-c-max-made-by-ford-anticipated/
[5] Abdulkarim H E 2014 Performance Analysis of Fresnel Lens in Tropical Climatic Regimes: A case study of Malaysia and Nigeria p 5
Thank You and God Bless