Journal of Ethnopharmacology 119 (2008) 185–190

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

journa l homepage: www.e lsev ier .com/ locate / je thpharm

An account of the botanical anthelmintics used in traditional veterinarypractices in Sahiwal district of Punjab, Pakistan

Altaf Hussain ∗, Muhammad Nisar Khan, Zafar Iqbal, Muhammad Sohail SajidDepartment of Veterinary Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan

ent stticesrapidstudyaire.od ofitionatmenMall

eae, Eorded baan onf 41. Furtcand

a r t i c l e i n f o

Article history:Received 14 April 2008Received in revised form 25 June 2008Accepted 27 June 2008Available online 9 July 2008

Keywords:EthnoveterinaryEthnobotanicalAnthelminticsSahiwalPakistan

a b s t r a c t

Aim of the study: The prestraditional veterinary pracMaterials and methods: Inas key respondents in thewell-structured questionnand field visits over a periResults: A total of 49 tradwere recorded for the treaBrassica campestris L. and(≥5 times) were Brassicacleaves (n = 10) followed infruit (n = 3), bulb (n = 2) an(10.2%) contained more thConclusions: Twenty out oanthelmintics in Pakistanthese plants as promising

1. Introduction

Helminthosis is one of the major issues in small-holder dairyfarming systems of developing countries like Pakistan (Iqbal etal., 1993; Qayyum, 1996; Iqbal et al., 2007). Chemical control ofhelminths is the most widely practiced option among the farm-ers/veterinarians (Ancheta et al., 2004). However, anthelminticresistance (Jabbar et al., 2006a) and residues and toxicity problems(Gasbarre et al., 2001) associated with the synthetic drugs settingoff with inadequate state-sponsored animal health cover and/oreconomic compulsions of the resource poor farmers have led torevival of interest in the validation of traditional veterinary prac-tices (Schillhorn van Veen, 1997; Ketzis et al., 2002). Consequently,there are frequent surveys and scientific studies on the documenta-tion and validation of plants used as anthelmintics in different partsof the world (McGaw et al., 2000; Alawa et al., 2003; Diehla et al.,2004; Gathuma et al., 2004; Bizimenyera et al., 2006; McGaw et al.,2007). The soil and climatic conditions of Pakistan are fortunately

∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +92 333 6617202.E-mail address: draltafu@yahoo.com (A. Hussain).

0378-8741/$ – see front matter © 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.jep.2008.06.034

udy was aimed at documentation of botanical anthelmintics used in thein Sahiwal district of Punjab, Pakistan.rural appraisal, 331 traditional veterinary healers (TVH) were identifiedarea followed by participatory rural appraisal for data collection using a

Information was collected through interviews, focused group discussions2 years.l recipes, with 41 plant species representing 39 genera and 27 families,t of helminthosis in animals. Most frequently used plants (≥5 times) wereotus philippinensis (Lam.) Muell.-Arg. and most frequently used familiesuphorbiaceae and Solanaceae. Most frequently used part of the plant wasr by seeds (n = 9), whole fruit (n = 5), aerial parts and whole plant (n = 4),rk, rhizome, stem, stem plus root and twigs (n = 1). Five recipes out of 49e plant species and rest 44 (89.8%) contained single plant species.

plants (48.78%) are reported for the first time for their traditional use asher studies on pharmacokinetics using scientific procedures may proveidates for their future use as anthelmintics.

© 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

extremely diverse having all the four seasons in the country and a

variety of topography. This makes Pakistan rich not only in botani-cal diversity but also in inherited traditional knowledge and animalhusbandry system. People use plants to cure themselves and theiranimals from times immemorial (Muhammad et al., 2005; Jabbar etal., 2006b). This survey is a continuation of previous studies (Akhtaret al., 2000; Iqbal et al., 2004; Iqbal et al., 2006a) for development ofa database on the ethnoveterinary medicine of Pakistan. This paperdocuments the botanical anthelmintics used by the traditional vet-erinary healers of Sahiwal district of Punjab, Pakistan.

2. Methodology

2.1. Study area

Sahiwal received its name with respect to the name of localtribesmen “Sahu”. It has the distinction of being an important seatof one of the oldest urban civilizations in the history of mankind,the Indus Valley Civilization, which flourished around 3000–5000b.c. Its population is 1,843,194 (Population Census Organization,1998). Sahiwal district (3201 km2) lies between 29–59◦ and 30–57◦

north latitude and 72–25◦ and 73–21◦ east longitudes. It roughly

nopha

186 A. Hussain et al. / Journal of Eth

forms a parallelogram lying generally NE–SW along the Ravi river(http://www.sahiwal.gov.pk/, accessed on 2 April 2008). The tem-perature rises to as high as 52 ◦C in summer and falls to −5 ◦C inwinter and average rainfall is 2000 mm. It comprises two tehsilsnamely, Sahiwal and Chichawatni, comprising of 531 villages. Sahi-wal is an agro-based district with a very fertile soil and wheat,cotton, sugarcane, maize and rice are major cash crops in the dis-trict (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahiwal District, accessed on 2April 2008). According to the Economic Survey of Pakistan (2006),total number of livestock population in the district is 2,086,174 with238,437 cattle, 670,554 buffalos, 50,488 sheep, 477,782 goats, 1574camels, 4624 horses, 1301 mules, 66,339 asses and 575,075 poultry.Sahiwal is well known for its famous Sahiwal breed of cattle andNili Ravi buffalos.

2.2. Selection of respondents

Initially, an exploratory phase, small-scale rural rapid appraisal(RRA; Chambers, 1992; Dunn, 1994) was conducted in two tehsilsnamely, Sahiwal and Chichawatni. The exploratory phase of thestudy was intended to provide primary data on traditional veteri-nary healers (TVHs) having the knowledge of species of animalsand ethnoveterinary practices used for the treatment and controlof helminths as a basis for selecting respondents for the secondphase of the study. A total of 331 TVHs having good knowledge ofEVM practices were selected for the second phase of survey.

2.3. Surveillance and data collection

A 2-year field survey was conducted from August 2004to September 2006. To this end, a well-structured question-naire (open-ended interviews and guided dialogue technique)(Thrusfield, 1995) was used to collect the relevant information from331 selected respondents as described previously (Iqbal et al., 2007)which falls under the category of participatory rural appraisal (PRA)(Chambers, 1992; Waters-Bayer and Bayer, 1994). In addition, thedirect observation approach as described by Etkin (1993) was alsoused. Interviews were also complemented by participant observa-tions and field visits to identify plants and collect ethnobotanicalspecimens as described by Cunningham (2000). The informant con-sensus (Heinrich, 2000) on the documented plants was developedthrough focused group discussions. Information was recorded onthe plants used as anthelmintics and mode of preparation andadministration. The survey team comprised of a veterinarian who

doubled as the translator, a laboratory technologist, trained fieldassistant recruited from the local community and a communityleader. Local language of the interviewees was “Punjabi and Saraiki”in which the interviews were conducted. The documented plantswere collected and identified by the Botany Department, Universityof Agriculture, Faisalabad (Pakistan) and the voucher specimenspreserved in Ethnoveterinary Research and Development Centre,Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad,Pakistan.

3. Results

The survey resulted in documentation of 41 plant species usedin 49 different traditional recipes representing 39 genera and 27families (Table 1) for treatment of helminthosis. Most frequentlyused plants (≥5 times) were Brassica campestris L. and Mallotusphilippinensis (Lam.) Muell.-Arg. which represented the familiesBrassicaceae and Euphorbiaceae respectively. Most frequently usedpart of the plant was leaves (n = 10) followed in order by seeds(n = 9), whole fruit (n = 5), aerial parts and whole plant (n = 4), fruit(n = 3), bulb (n = 2) and bark, rhizome, stem, stem plus root and

rmacology 119 (2008) 185–190

twigs (n = 1). Five recipes out of 49 (10.2%) contained more than oneplant species and rest 44 (89.8%) contained single plant species. Themethods of preparation of these botanical anthelmintics comprisedcrushing, grinding, soaking in water, boiling and mixing to obtainsolutions and mixtures. All the recipes were administered per os.

4. Discussion

The data of the present survey shows that despite availabilityof veterinarians, farmers usually rely on their personal knowledgefor prevention and treatment of helminthosis as reported else-where (Walzer et al., 1991). They acquired the knowledge of EVMpractices against helminths from their parents and grandparents(ancestors), neighbours, contemporaneous practitioners or prac-tical experience. They were paid high regard in the society andthey provided their expertise as do the family doctors in westernmedicine and this process is going on generations after genera-tions. The plants have been evaluated by generations of indigenouspeople (Cox, 2000). This traditional knowledge (TK) is passed onorally from one generation to the next and some times within thefamily constitutes the basis for traditional bio-prospecting. Tradi-tional bio-prospecting forms the foundation for the ethnomedicine(Sindiga et al., 1993) and ethnoveterinary medicine (Ole-Miaron,1997).

A progressive decrease in the percentage of farmers usingmedicinal was reported from majority of informants. The proba-ble causes may include a continued deforestation, acculturizationand generation gap due to modernization that took place in thearea over several years causing loss of transfer of knowledge tonext generations (Giday et al., 2003). For example, the plants atrisk of high deforestation for human interest in expansion of agri-culture and change in socio-cultural activities include Ziziphusmauritiana Lam., Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth., Mangifera indica L.,Tamarix aphylla (L.) H. Karst., Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew.,Ricinus communis L., Solanum xanthocarpum L., Azadirachta indicaA. Juss., Musa paradisiaca L., Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, Bambusaarundinacea (Retz.) Willd., Herpestis monniera L., Citrullus colocyn-this (L.) Schrader and Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. The plants likeTribulus terrestris L., Digera muricata L., Trianthema portulacastrumL. and Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. grown spontaneously as weeds of dif-ferent crops are going to parish because of well organized andefficient weed control programs (Chauhan et al., 1995; Aneja et al.,2000). All the plants except Cocos nucifera L., Ferula assafoetida L. and

Mallotus philippinensis (Lam.) Muell.-Arg. were native to the studyarea.

Variation in the doses of traditional recipes as well as vehicles(carrier) were found from one TH to the other as well as from oneanimal to the other which may be a possible determinant of thevariable efficacy of traditional medicine. However, the variabilityof carrier dose is not as outstanding in allopathic medicine as inEVM. In most of these recipes, the principle of the use of a carriermechanism for the medicine to be administered is quite common.The principle of using a carrier mechanism in Western veterinarymedicine is well recognized. Most of the traditional healers usecapricious quantities of the carrier in most of the recipes whichmay alter the efficacy of the drug or reduce its relative potency.Variation in the quantity of the carrier material is much promi-nent in ethnoveterinary medicine while in allopathic medicinethe case is otherwise (Jabbar et al., 2006b). A number of plantshave so far been reported for the anthelmintic activity round theglobe (Lans and Brown, 1998; Guarrera, 1999; Lans et al., 2000;Nfi et al., 2001; Abbas et al., 2002; Alawa et al., 2002; Ole-Miaron,2003). This survey contributes in the formation of database on theethno-anthelmintics of Pakistan in continuation with the previous

A. Hussain et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 119 (2008) 185–190 187

Table 1Frequency of use of medicinal plants for the treatment and/or management of helminthes of animals in Sahiwal district, Pakistan

Sr. no. Plant family Plant speciesa (voucher specimen number) English name Vernacular name Frequency (n = 331), n (%)

1 Aizoaceae Trianthema portulacastrum L. (# 0110) Desert horse-purslane It Sit 29 (8.76)2 Alliaceae Allium cepa L. (# 0111) Onion Piyaz 25 (7.55)3 Amaranthaceae Digera muricata L. (# 0112) False amaranth Tandla 11 (3.32)4 Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica L. (# 0113) Mango Aam 7 (2.11)5 Apiaceae Coriandrum sativum L. (# 0114) Coriander Dhania 28 (8.45)6 Apiaceae Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (# 0115) Fennel Sounf 4 (1.2)7 Apiaceae Ferula assafoetida L. (# 0116) Stinking gum Hing 6 (1.81)8 Apiaceae Cuminum cyminum L. (# 0117) Cumin Zeera 1 (0.3)9 Arecaceae Cocos nucifera L. (# 0118) Coconut Garee/Khopa 3 (0.9)

10 Asteraceae Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd. (# 0119) Ironweed Kali zeeri 47 (14.19)11 Brassicaceae Brassica campestris L. (# 0120) Mustard Saron 67 (20.24)12 Brassicaceae Eruca sativa Miller (# 0121) Garden Rocket Tarameera/Kusson 9 (2.71)13 Capparaceae Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew. (# 0122) Caper Kari 21 (6.34)14 Convolvulaceae Convolvulus arvensis L. (# 0123) Field bindweed Laily 65 (19.63)15 Cucurbitaceae Cucumis melo L. var. flexuosus (L.) Naud. (# 0124) Snake melon Chibbarr 7 (2.11)16 Cucurbitaceae Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. (# 0125) Calabash Kaddoo 42 (12.68)17 Cucurbitaceae Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrader (# 0126) Bitter apple Korr tumma 38 (11.48)18 Cuscutaceae Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. (# 0127) Giant dodder Aakash bail 35 (10.57)19 Euphorbiaceae Ricinus communis L. (# 0128) Castor bean Arind 79 (23.86)20 Euphorbiaceae Mallotus philippinensis (Lam.) Muell.-Arg. (# 0129) Kamala tree Kameela 142 (42.9)

ChAlfWGaNeBaJamBaWChBePeThToIndYeChPoTaGiPu

70–1icultu

21 Fabaceae Cicer arietinum L. (# 0130)22 Fabaceae Medicago sativa L. (# 0131)23 Fabaceae Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. (# 0132)24 Liliaceae Allium sativum L. (# 0133)25 Meliaceae Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (# 0134)26 Musaceae Musa paradisiaca L. (# 0135)27 Myrtaceae Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (# 0136)28 Poaceae Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Willd. (# 0137)29 Poaceae Triticum aestivum L. (# 0138)30 Ranunculaceae Helleborus niger L. (# 0139)31 Rhamnaceae Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. (# 0140)32 Rosaceae Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. (# 0141)33 Scrophulariaceae Herpestis monniera L. (# 0142)34 Solanaceae Nicotiana tabacum L. (# 0143)35 Solanaceae Withania coagulans Dunal. (# 0144)36 Solanaceae Solanum xanthocarpum L. (# 0145)37 Solanaceae Capsicum annuum L. (# 0146)38 Solanaceae Solanum tuberosum L. (# 0147)39 Tamaricaceae Tamarix aphylla (L.) H.Karst. (# 0148)40 Zingiberaceae Zingiber officinale Roscoe (# 0149)41 Zygophyllaceae Tribulus terrestris L. (# 0150)

a Scientific names of plants are according to the flora of Pakistan (Nasir and Ali, 19the plants are kept in the Herbarium, Department of Parasitology, University of Agr

research (Akhtar et al., 2000; Iqbal et al., 2004; Iqbal et al., 2006a;Jabbar et al., 2006b).

In the present study, the most frequently used parts of the plants

were leaves followed in order by seeds, whole fruit (fruit plusseeds), aerial parts, whole plant, fruit, bulb, stem tuber, bark, rhi-zome and twigs which justifies the previous research (Alawa et al.,2003; Iqbal et al., 2006a,b,c; Jabbar et al., 2007)

Fourteen out of 41 plants (34.15%) reported in the present sur-vey have already been scientifically validated for their anthelminticactivity through in vitro and in vivo tests. These plants includeAlbizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. (El Garhy and Mahmoud, 2002), Alliumsativum L. (Iqbal et al., 2001), Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Hordegenet al., 2003), Helleborus niger L. (Kalesaraj, 1974), Lagenaria siceraria(Molina) Standl. (Akhtar and Riffat, 1987), Mallotus philippinensis(Lam.) Muell.-Arg. (Akhtar and Ahmad, 1992), Mangifera indica L.(Kalesaraj, 1974), Musa paradisiaca L. (Sharma et al., 1971), Nico-tiana tabacum L. (Iqbal et al., 2006b), Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.(Akhtar, 1988) Tribulus terrestris L. (Deepak et al., 2002), Vernoniaanthelmintica (L.) Willd. (Iqbal et al., 2006c) Withania coagulansDunal. (Gaind and Budhiraja, 1967) and Zingiber officinale Roscoe.(Iqbal et al., 2006a) Seven plants (of total 41; 17.07%) namely,Brassica campestris L., Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrader, Convolvu-lus arvensis L., Cuscuta reflexa Roxb., Eruca sativa Miller, Ferulaassafoetida L. and Foeniculum vulgare Mill. of our survey have

ick pea Chana 1 (0.3)alfa Loosan 3 (0.9)

oman’s tongue Shareen 2 (0.6)rlic Lassan 10 (3.02)em Nim 30 (9.06)nana Kaila 13 (3.92)

bolan plum Jaman 2 (0.6)mboo Bans 20 (6.04)heat Kanak 30 (9.06)ristmas Rose Karroo 26 (7.85)r, Indian Jujube Bairy 9 (2.71)ach Aarroo 14 (4.22)yme leaved gratiola Jall booti 3 (0.9)bacco Tamakoo 87 (26.28)ian rennet Paneer doda 26 (7.85)

llow-Berried Nightshade Chamak namoly 2 (0.6)ili Mirch 12 (3.62)tato Aaloo 1 (0.3)marisk Okan di maieen/Maieen 16 (4.83)nger Adrak 10 (3.02)ncturevine Bhakhrra 13 (3.92)

988; Ali and Nasir, 1989–1991; Ali and Qaiser, 1992–to date); voucher specimens ofre, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.

previously been reported in another study conducted by Jabbaret al. (2006b) but not yet scientifically validated. The remain-ing 20 (of total 41; 48.78%) are being reported for the first time

and need to be screened through standard scientific proceduresfor their anthelmintic activity (if any). These include Allium cepaL., Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Willd., Capparis decidua (Forssk.)Edgew., Capsicum annuum L., Cicer arietinum L., Cocos nucifera L.,Coriandrum sativum L., Cucumis melo L. var. flexuosus (L.) Naud.,Cuminum cyminum L., Digera muricata L., Herpestis monniera L., Med-icago sativa L., Ricinus communis L., Solanum tuberosum L., Solanumxanthocarpum L., Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, Tamarix aphylla (L.)H.Karst., Trianthema portulacastrum L., Triticum aestivum L. and Zizi-phus mauritiana Lam.

The variability in efficacy of ethnoveterinary practices plants(Table 2) in contrast to the farmer’s claims (Mkangare Minja, 1989;Costa et al., 2006), therefore, necessitates the researchers to stan-dardize the procedures with respect to the methodology of theplant collection, extract preparation, dilution making, dosage andmode of administration. Ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacologi-cal survey shows that the plants are still in use in ethnoveterinarymedicine in Sahiwal district which is helpful in improving theanimal health care. The survey contributes towards the develop-ment of an inventory of ethnobotanicals used as anthelmintics andhence ensuring a thorough documentation which would conserve

188A

.Hussain

etal./JournalofEthnopharm

acology119

(2008)185–190

Table 2Ethnoveterinary practices for the treatment and/or management of helminthosis in animals Sahiwal district, Pakistan

Sr. no. Name of plants/remediesb Parts used Dosage/administration Respondents(n = 331), n (%)

1 Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. L Crush 0.25–0.5 kg leaves and administer per os. or put leaves in front of animal and allow the animal toeat ad libitum

2 (0.6)

2 Allium cepa L. Bulb Administer 0.5 kg jaggery per os; after half an hour administer 0.5 kg crushed bulb per os. 15 (4.53)3 Allium sativum L. + Allium cepa L. + Capsicum

annuum L. + Zingiber officinale RoscoeBulb + Bulb + WF (Green,raw fruit) + Rhizomes

Grind 50, 100, 250 and 50 g respectively, along with 25 g sodium bicarbonate, mix them all andadminister per os.

10 (3.02)

4 Azadirachta indica A. Juss. L Grind the leaves with pestle and mortar and sieve with muslin cloth until 0.5 L of extract is obtained;administer this extract per os

25 (7.55)

5 Azadirachta indica A. Juss. L Boil 1 kg leaves in 3 L of water; when water remains 1 L administer it per os. 5 (1.51)6 Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Willd. L Boil 0.5 kg leaves in 2 L of water; when water remains 1 L, administer it per os. 20 (6.04)7 Brassica campestris L. S Mix 0.5 L seed oil with 0.25 kg curd and administer per os. 50 (15.1)8 Brassica campestris L. S Mix 0.5 L seed oil with 0.5 L of lukewarm water and administer per os. 8 (2.41)9 Brassica campestris L. S Boil 0.5 L of oil, mix with 0.5 kg jaggery and administer per os. 4 (1.2)

10 Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew. Twigs Crush the twigs well, mix sufficient quantity of jaggery in it to make the bolus and administer per os. 9 (2.71)11 Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew. Aerial parts Mix 50 g of coal (koila) of plant with butter 250 g (Q.S. to make the bolus) 12 (3.62)12 Capsicum annuum L. WF Make the syrup of jaggery and chilies by dissolving 0.25 kg of them each in ground form in water,

drench the animal with syrup of jaggery first then after 10 min drench the animal with syrup of chilies1 (0.3)

13 Capsicum annuum L. + Cicer arietinum L. + Cuminumcyminum L. + Coriandrum sativum L. + Solanumtuberosum L. (Pakoray + Chilies)

WF + S + S + S + St tuber Mix 150–200 g of pkoray (the local recipe containing the plants/plant material) with 60 g of ground redchilies and administer per os.

1 (0.3)

14 Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrader WF Grind and give per os. for 4 days 17 (5.13)15 Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrader + Veronica

anthelmintica L. Willd.WF + S Grind 50 g of both parts and administer per os. 21 (6.34)

16 Cocos nucifera L. F Grind 125 g of fruit and administer per os. 3 (0.9)17 Convolvulus arvensis L. Aerial parts Crush aerial parts, sieve with muslin cloth to give 0.5–1 L of extract and administer per os. 33 (9.96)18 Convolvulus arvensis L. Aerial parts Boil 0.5–1 kg of aerial parts in 1.5–2 L of water, when water remains only 1 L administer it per os. 32 (9.66)19 Coriandrum sativum L. S Grind 50 g seeds along with jaggery Q.S. to make bolus and administer per os. 27 (8.15)20 Cucumis melo L. var. flexuosus (L.) Naud. WF Boil 1 kg of fruit in 2 L of water for 1–2 h then administer the decoction per os. 7 (2.11)21 Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. WP Boil 1 kg the plant with 2 L of water for 1–2 h then administer the decoction per os. 35 (10.57)22 Digera muricata L. WP Crush the plant and administer per os. or animal is allowed to eat it ad libitum 11 (3.32)23 Eruca sativa Miller S Administer the oil per os. 9 (2.71)24 Ferula assafoetida L. St and R Grind 10 g extracted gum (from stem and roots) along with jaggery (Q.S. to make bolus) and

administer per os.6 (1.81)

25 Foeniculum vulgare Mill. S Grind 100 g of seeds along with 0.25 kg of jaggery and administer per os. 4 (1.2)26 Incantation – Some from Holy Quran are recited and air from mouth blown on the animal or incantation done on a

lump of doughed flour (ground wheat seeds) and lump is administered per os. or incantation is doneon water which is sprinkled on animal’s body (used usually for lumpy jaw, typical symptom offascioliasis)

30 (9.06)

27 Herpestis monniera L. Aerial parts Crush the aerial parts and administer per os. 3 (0.9)28 Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. L Crush leaves and administer per os. or animal is allowed to eat the leaves ad libitum 42 (12.68)29 Mallotus philippinensis (Lam.) Muell.-Arg. F Mix the 10 g fruit powder with 0.5 L of milk and administer per os. 56 (16.91)30 Mallotus philippinensis (Lam.) Muell.-Arg. F Mix the 4 drama fruit powder with 0.5 kg of curd and administer per os. 41 (12.38)31 Mallotus philippinensis (Lam.) Muell.-Arg. F Mix the 4 dram fruit powder with 0.5 L of milk whey and administer per os. 17 (5.13)32 Mallotus philippinensis (Lam.) Muell.-Arg. F Mix the 4 dram fruit powder with 0.5 L of mustard oil and administer per os. 12 (3.92)33 Mallotus philippinensis (Lam.) Muell.-Arg. F Grind the 10 g fruit powder jaggery (Q.S. to make the bolus) and administer per os. 3 (0.9)34 Mallotus philippinensis (Lam.) Muell.-Arg. F Mix the 50 g fruit powder with 0.5 L of water and administer per os. 8 (2.41)35 Mallotus philippinensis (Lam.) Muell.-Arg. + Tamarix

aphylla (L.) H.Karst. + Brassica campestris L.F + F + S Mix ground fruit (10 g each), 0.5 L of mustard oil, 0.5 kg of curd and administer per os. 5 (1.51)

36 Mangifera indica L. L Crush 0.5 kg of leaves and administer per os. or animal is allowed to eat ad libitum 7 (2.11)37 Medicago sativa L. Aerial part Crush 0.5 kg of leaves and administer per os. or animal is allowed to eat ad libitum 3 (0.9)38 Musa paradisiaca L. L Crush leaves, sieve with muslin cloth to give 0.5–1 L of extract and administer per os. 13 (3.92)39 Nicotiana tabacum L. L Administer 0.5–1 L of decoction type of water left (as a by product) after smoking the Huqqa, per os. 61 (18.42)

A. Hussain et al. / Journal of Ethnopha

40N

icot

iana

taba

cum

L.+

Wit

hani

aco

agul

ans

Du

nal

.+Ve

roni

caan

thel

min

tica

L.W

illd

.+H

elle

boru

sni

ger

L.

L+

WF

+S

+B

ark

Gri

nd

100

gea

chof

fru

it,s

eed

,bar

k,m

ixw

ith

wat

erof

toba

cco

leav

esle

ftaf

ter

smok

ing

hu

qqa,

div

ide

into

3d

oses

and

adm

inis

ter

1d

ose

per

os.d

aily

26(7

.85)

41Pr

unus

pers

ica

(L.)

Bat

sch

.L

Cru

shle

aves

,sie

vew

ith

mu

slin

clot

hto

give

0.5–

1L

ofex

trac

tan

dad

min

iste

rp

eros

.14

(4.2

2)42

Ric

inus

com

mun

isL.

SA

dm

inis

ter

125

mL

ofse

edoi

lper

os.

6(1

.81)

43R

icin

usco

mm

unis

L.S

Ad

min

iste

r12

5m

Lof

seed

oilp

eros

.in

0.5

Llu

kew

arm

mil

k73

(22.

04)

44

Sola

num

xant

hoca

rpum

L.W

FC

rush

250

gfr

uit

and

adm

inis

ter

per

os.a

lon

gw

ith

jagg

ery

(Q.S

.to

mak

ebo

lus)

2(0

.6)

45Sy

zygi

umcu

min

i(L.

)Sk

eels

LC

rush

0.5

kgle

aves

and

adm

inis

ter

per

os.o

ran

imal

isal

low

edto

eat

adli

bitu

m2

(0.6

)46

Tam

arix

aphy

lla(L

.)H

.Kar

st.

FG

rin

d50

gfr

uit

and

adm

inis

ter

per

os.

11(3

.32)

47Tr

iant

hem

apo

rtul

acas

trum

L.W

PC

rush

0.5

kgle

aves

and

adm

inis

ter

per

os.o

ran

imal

isal

low

edto

eat

adli

bitu

m29

(8.7

6)4

8Tr

ibul

uste

rres

tris

L.W

PC

rush

0.5

kgle

aves

and

adm

inis

ter

per

os.o

ran

imal

isal

low

edto

eat

adli

bitu

m13

(3.9

2)4

9Zi

ziph

usm

auri

tian

aLa

m.

LC

rush

0.5

kgle

aves

and

adm

inis

ter

per

os.o

ran

imal

isal

low

edto

eat

adli

bitu

m9

(2.7

1)

a1

dra

m=

1.77

1845

g,F

=fr

uit

,L=

leav

es,R

=ro

ots,

S=

seed

s,St

=st

em,W

F=

wh

ole

fru

it(f

ruit

plu

sse

eds)

,WP

=w

hol

ep

lan

t.b

Scie

ntfi

cn

ames

ofp

lan

tsar

eac

cord

ing

toth

efl

ora

ofPa

kist

an(N

asir

and

Ali

,197

0–19

88;

Ali

and

Nas

ir,1

989–

1991

;A

lian

dQ

aise

r,19

92–t

od

ate)

;vo

uch

ersp

ecim

ens

ofth

ep

lan

tsar

eke

ptin

the

Her

bari

um

,Dep

artm

ent

ofPa

rasi

tolo

gy,U

niv

ersi

tyof

Agr

icu

ltu

re,F

aisa

laba

d38

040,

Paki

stan

.

rmacology 119 (2008) 185–190 189

the ethnoveterinary practices against helminthosis in the area. Anexclusive variation of documented plants and non-plant materi-als indicated scarcity of knowledge in this arena and needs to beexplored (Dilshad et al., 2008). The reported plants may be promis-ing candidates for their future use as anthelmintics. To this end, invitro and in vivo ethnoanthemintic trials of some of the reportedplants from the survey area are underway for their scientific vali-dation. In addition, an extension service to the small-holder dairyfarmers about the traditional knowledge of plants and non-plantmaterials around themselves specifically used for a wide variety ofdiseases will not only be beneficial for the developing world (Gesler,1991) but also for the other advanced countries with modern farm-ing systems.

5. Conclusion

These types of surveys provide a baseline data of ethno-anthelmintics which may contribute to further investigations inrelation to a professional ethnoveterinary medicinal approach(Muhammad et al., 2005). Future vision on this line may include (i)the wide-scaled survey for documentation of EVP and (ii) scientificvalidation of reported EVPs for their pharmacokinetics and phar-macodynamics leading to the development of some new relativelycost effective and potentially safer medicines for the treatment ofanimals (Dilshad et al., 2008).

Acknowledgement

This research was funded by the University of Agriculture, Faisal-abad (Pakistan) under Promotion of Research Scheme.

References

Abbas, B., Al-Qarawi, A.A., Al-Hawas, A., 2002. The ethnoveterinary knowledge andpractice of traditional healers in Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia. Journal of AridEnvironments 50, 367–379.

Akhtar, M.S., 1988. Anthelmintic evaluation of indigenous medicinal plants for vet-erinary usage—final research report (1983–1988). Department of Physiology andPharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

Akhtar, M.S., Ahmad, I., 1992. Comparative efficacy of Mallotus philippinensis fruit(Kamala) or Nilzan drug against gastrointestinal cestodes in Beetle goats. SmallRuminant Research 8, 121–128.

Akhtar, M.S., Riffat, S., 1987. Evaluation of anticestodal activity of Lagenaria siceraria(Kaddoo) seeds in sheep. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 7, 139–141.

Akhtar, M.S., Iqbal, Z., Khan, M.N., Lateef, M., 2000. Anthelmintic activity of medic-

inal plants with particular reference to their use in animals in Indo-Pakistansubcontinent. Small Ruminant Research 38, 99–107.

Alawa, J.P., Jokthan, G.E., Akut, K., 2002. Ethnoveterinary medical practice for rumi-nants in the subhumid zone of northern Nigeria. Preventive Veterinary Medicine54, 79–90.

Alawa, C.B.I., Adamu, A.M., Gefu, J.O., Ajanusi, O.J., Abdu, P.A., Chiezey, N.P., Alawa, J.N.,Bowman, D.D., 2003. In vitro screening of two Nigerian medicinal plants (Ver-nonia amygdalina and Annona senegalensis) for anthelmintic activity. VeterinaryParasitology 113, 73–81.

Ali, S.I., Nasir, Y.J., 1989–1991. Flora of Pakistan. Nos. 191–193. National Herbarium.Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad, and Department of Botany,Karachi University, Karachi.

Ali, S.I., Qaiser, M., 1992–to date. Flora of Pakistan. National Herbarium. Pak-istan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad, and Karachi University Press,Karachi.

Ancheta, P.B., Duilon, R.A., Venturina, V.M., Cerbito, W.A., Dobson, R.J., Le Jambre,L.F., Viollar, E.C., Gray, G.D., 2004. Efficacy of benizmidazole anthelmintics ingoats and sheep in the Philippines using a larval development assay. VeterinaryParasitology 102, 107–121.

Aneja, K.R., Khan, S.A., Kaushal, S., 2000. Management of Horse purslane (Trianthemaportulacastrum L.) with Gibbago trianthemae Simmons in India. In: Spencer, N.R.(Ed.), Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Biological Control ofWeeds. 4–14 July 1999, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA, pp.27–33, vol. 27.

Bizimenyera, E.S., Githiori, J.B., Eloff, J.N., Swan, G.E., 2006. In vitro activity of Pel-tophorum africanum Sond. (Fabaceae) extracts on the egg hatching and larvaldevelopment of the parasitic nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Veteri-nary Parasitology 142, 336–343.

nopha

190 A. Hussain et al. / Journal of Eth

Chambers, R., 1992. Rural appraisal: rapid, relaxed and participatory. Institute ofDevelopment Studies, Sussex, UK, discussion paper 311.

Chauhan, D.R., Balyan, R.S., Kataria, O.P., Dhankar, R.S., 1995. Weed managementstudies in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan). Indian Journal of Weed Science 27, 80–82.

Costa, C.T.C., Bevilaqua, C.M.L., Maciel, M.V., Camurca-Vasconcelos, A.L.F., Morais,S.M., Monteiro, M.V.B., Farias, V.M., da Silva, M.V., Souza, M.M.C., 2006.Anthelmintic activity of Azadirachta indica A. Juss against sheep gastrointestinalnematodes. Veterinary Parasitology 137, 306–310.

Cox, P.A., 2000. Will tribal knowledge survive the millennium? Science 287, 44–45.Cunningham, A., 2000. Applied Ethnobotany. Earthscan, London.Deepak, M., Dipankar, G., Prashanth, D., Asha, M.K., Amit, A., Venkataraman, B.V.,

2002. Tribulosin and b-sitosterol-d-glucoside, the anthelmintic principles ofTribulus terrestris. Phytomedicine 9, 753–756.

Diehla, M.S., Atindehoub, K.K., Te’re’b, H., Betschart, B., 2004. Prospect foranthelminthic plants in the Ivory Coast using ethnobotanical criteria. Journalof Ethnopharmacology 95, 277–284.

Dilshad, S.M.R., ur-Rehman, N., Iqbal, Z., Muhammad, G., Iqbal, A., Ahmed, N., 2008.An inventory of the ethnoveterinary practices for reproductive disorders in cattleand buffaloes, Sargodha district of Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 117,393–402.

Dunn, T., 1994. Rapid rural appraisal: a description of the methodology and itsapplication in teaching and research at Charles Stuart University, Wagga WaggaAustralia. Rural Society, December 1992.

Economic Survey of Pakistan, 2006. Ministry of Economic Affairs and Statistics, 498Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan.

El Garhy, M.F., Mahmoud, L.H., 2002. Anthelmintic efficacy of traditional herbs onAscaris lumbricoides. Journal of Egyptian Society of Parasitology 32, 893–900.

Etkin, N.L., 1993. Anthropological methods in ethnopharmacology. Journal ofEthnopharmacology 38, 93–104.

Gaind, K.N., Budhiraja, R.D., 1967. Antibacterial and anthelmintic activity of Withaniacoagulans Dunal. Indian Journal of Pharmacy 29, 185–186.

Gasbarre, C.L., Stout, L.W., Leighton, A.E., 2001. Gastrointestinal nematodes of cattlein the northeastern US: results of a producer survey. Veterinary Parasitology 101,29–44.

Gathuma, J.M., Mbaria, J.M., Wanyama, J., Kaburia, H.F.A., Mpoke, L., Mwangi, J.N.,2004. Efficacy of Myrsine africana, Albizia anthelmintica and Hildebrandtia sepa-losa herbal remedies against mixed natural sheep helminthosis in Samburudistrict, Kenya. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 91, 7–12.

Gesler, W.M., 1991. The Cultural Geography of Health Care. University of PittsburghPress, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, USA.

Giday, M., Asfawb, Z., Elmqvist, T., Woldu, Z., 2003. An ethnobotanical study of medic-inal plants used by the Zay people in Ethiopia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology85, 43–52.

Guarrera, P.M., 1999. Traditional antihelmintic, antiparasitic and repellent uses ofplants in Central Italy. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 68, 183–192.

Heinrich, M., 2000. Ethnobotany and its role in drug development. PhytotherapyResearch 14, 479–488.

Hordegen, P., Hertzberg, H., Heilmann, J., Langhans, W., Maurer, V., 2003. Theanthelmintic efficacy of five plant products against gastrointestinal tri-chostrongylids in artificially infected lambs. Veterinary Parasitology 117, 51–60.

Iqbal, Z., Akhtar, M., Khan, M.N., Riaz, M., 1993. Prevalence and economic significanceof haemonchosis in sheep and goats slaughtered at Faisalabad abattoir. PakistanJournal of Agricultural Sciences 30, 51–53.

Iqbal, Z., Nadeem, Q.K., Khan, M.N., Akhtar, M.S., Waraich, F.N., 2001. In vitroanthelmintic activity of Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale, Curcurbita mexicanaand Ficus religiosa. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 3, 454–457.

Iqbal, Z., Lateef, M., Ashraf, M., Jabbar, A., 2004. Anthelmintic activity of Artemisiabrevifolia in sheep. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 93, 265–268.

Iqbal, Z., Lateef, M., Akhtar, M.S., Ghayur, M.N., Gilani, A.H., 2006a. In vivoanthelmintic activity of ginger against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep.Journal of Ethnopharmacology 106, 285–287.

Iqbal, Z., Lateef, M., Jabbar, A., Ghayur, M.N., Gilani, A.H., 2006b. In vitro and Invivo anthelmintic activity of Nicotiana tabacum L. leaves against gastrointestinalnematodes of Sheep. Phytotherapy Research 20, 46–48.

Iqbal, Z., Lateef, M., Jabbar, A., Akhtar, M.S., Khan, M.N., 2006. Anthelmintic activityof Vernonia anthelmintica seeds against trichostrongylid nematodes of sheep.Pharmaceutical Biology 44, 563–567.

rmacology 119 (2008) 185–190

Iqbal, M.U., Sajid, M.S., Hussain, A., Khan, M.K., 2007. Prevalence of helminth infec-tions in dairy animals of Nestle milk collection areas of Punjab (Pakistan). ItalianJournal of Animal Science 6, 935–938.

Jabbar, A., Iqbal, Z., Kerboeuf, D., Muhammad, G., Khan, M.N., Afaq, M., 2006a.Anthelmintic resistance: the state of play revisited. Life Sciences 79, 2413–2431.

Jabbar, A., Raza, M.A., Iqbal, Z., Khan, M.N., 2006b. An inventory of the ethnob-otanicals used as anthelmintics in the southern Punjab (Pakistan). Journal ofEthnopharmacology 108, 152–154.

Jabbar, A., Zaman, M.A., Iqbal, Z., Yaseen, M., Shamim, A., 2007. Anthelmintic activityof Chenopodium album (L.) and Caesalpinia crista (L.) against trichostrongylidnematodes of sheep. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 114, 86–91.

Kalesaraj, R., 1974. Screening of some indigenous plants for anthelmintic actionagainst human Ascaris lumbricoides. Indian Journal of Physiology Pharmacology18, 129–131.

Ketzis, J.K., Taylor, A., Bowman, D.D., Brown, D.L., Warnick, L.D., Erb, H.N., 2002.Chenopodium ambrosioides and its essential oil as treatments for Haemonchuscontortus and mixed adult-nematode infections in goats. Small RuminantResearch 44, 193–200.

Lans, C., Brown, G., 1998. Ethnoveterinary medicines used for ruminants in Trinidadand Tobago. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 35, 149–163.

Lans, C., Harperb, T., Georgesb, K., Bridgewaterb, E., 2000. Medicinal plants used fordogs in Trinidad and Tobago. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 45, 201–220.

McGaw, L.J., Jager, A.K., van Staden, J., 2000. Antibacterial, anthelmintic andantiamoebic activity in South African medicinal plants. Journal of Ethnophar-macology 72, 247–263.

McGaw, L.J., Van der Merwe, D., Eloff, J.N., 2007. In vitro anthelmintic, antibacterialand cytotoxic effects of extracts from plants used in South African ethnoveteri-nary medicine. The Veterinary Journal 173, 366–372.

Mkangare Minja, M.J., 1989. Collection of Tanzanian medicinal plants for bio-logical activity studies. In: Proceedings of the 7th Tanzanian VeterinaryAssociation, Scientific Conference, vol. 7. Tanzanian Veterinary Association,pp. 67–78.

Muhammad, G., Khan, M.Z., Hussain, M.H., Iqbal, Z., Iqbal, M., Athar, M., 2005. Eth-noveterinary practices of owners of pneumatic-cart pulling camels in FaisalabadCity (Pakistan). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 97, 241–246.

Nasir, E., Ali, S.I., 1970–1988. Flora of Pakistan. Families nos. 1–210. National Herbar-ium. Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad, and Department ofBotany, Karachi University Press, Karachi.

Nfi, A.N., Mbanya, J.N., Ndi, C., Kameni, A., Vabi, M., Pingpoh, D., Yonkeu, S., Moussa,C., 2001. Ethnoveterinary medicine in the northern provinces of Cameroon. Vet-

erinary Research Communications 25, 71–76.

Ole-Miaron, J.O., 1997. Ethoveterinary practice of the Loitokitok Maasai: impact onthe environment. Turkish Veterinary Journal 17, 159–167.

Ole-Miaron, J.O., 2003. The Maasai ethnodiagnostic skill of livestock diseases: a leadto traditional bioprospecting. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 84, 79–83.

Population Census Organization, 1998. District Census Reports. Statistics Division,Ministry of Economic Affairs and Statistics, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad,612 Pakistan.

Qayyum, M., 1996. Some epidemiological aspects of gastrointestinal strongyles(Nematodes:Strongyloidea) of sheep in the subtropical zone of Pakistan. Ph.D.Thesis. Department of Biological Science, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad,Pakistan.

Schillhorn van Veen, T.W., 1997. Sense or nonsense? Traditional methods of animalparasitic disease control. Veterinary Parasitology 71, 177–194.

Sharma, L.D., Bhaga, H.S., Srivastava, P.S., 1971. In vitro anthelmintic screening ofindigenous medicinal plants against Haemonchus contortus (Rudolphi, 1803)Cobbold, 1898 of sheep and goats. Indian Journal of Animal Research 5, 33–38.

Sindiga, I., Nyaigotti-Chacha, C., Kanunah, M.P., 1993. Traditional Medicine in Africa.East African Educational Publisher, Nairobi, Kenya.

Thrusfield, M., 1995. Veterinary Epidemiology. Blackwell Science Limited, USA, pp.180–181.

Walzer, E., Mopoi, N., Chip, S., Toyang, J., 1991. An ethnoveterinary study of Fulani andindigenous livestock farmers in the N.W. Province, Cameroon. Tuft’s UniversitySchool of Veterinary Medicine Bulletin, pp. 15–22.

Waters-Bayer, A., Bayer, W., 1994. Planning with pastoralists: PRA and more. A reviewof methods focussed on Africa. German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ),Eschborn, Germany, p. 153.