amrutlal nagar all file - saurashtra university etheses...

Saurashtra University Re Accredited Grade B by NAAC (CGPA 2.93)

Patel, B. J., 2008, : , thesis PhD, Saurashtra University

http://etheses.saurashtrauniversity.edu/id/eprint/694 Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given.

Saurashtra University Theses Service http://etheses.saurashtrauniversity.edu

[email protected]

The Author

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A_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg : EH$ g_rjm_H$ A``Z

"" "" "" "" A_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg :A_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg :A_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg :A_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg :

EH$ g_rjm_H$ A``Z EH$ g_rjm_H$ A``Z EH$ g_rjm_H$ A``Z EH$ g_rjm_H$ A``Z ''''''''

[ gmam {dd{dmb` H$s nrEM.S>r. ( {hXr ) H$sgmam {dd{dmb` H$s nrEM.S>r. ( {hXr ) H$sgmam {dd{dmb` H$s nrEM.S>r. ( {hXr ) H$sgmam {dd{dmb` H$s nrEM.S>r. ( {hXr ) H$s

Cnm{Y hoVw VwV emoYCnm{Y hoVw VwV emoYCnm{Y hoVw VwV emoYCnm{Y hoVw VwV emoY----~Y~Y~Y~Y ]

* VwVH$Vm * m . ~r.Oo.nQ>ob

`m`mVm,`m`mVm,`m`mVm,`m`mVm,

{hXr {d^mJ, {hXr {d^mJ, {hXr {d^mJ, {hXr {d^mJ,

lr_Vr Oo.gr.YmUH$ AmQ>g d H$m_g H$mboO,lr_Vr Oo.gr.YmUH$ AmQ>g d H$m_g H$mboO,lr_Vr Oo.gr.YmUH$ AmQ>g d H$m_g H$mboO,lr_Vr Oo.gr.YmUH$ AmQ>g d H$m_g H$mboO,

~Jgam ; 365 44~Jgam ; 365 44~Jgam ; 365 44~Jgam ; 365 440000

* {ZX}eH$ *

S>m . eb oe Ho$._ohV m arS>a,arS>a,arS>a,arS>a,

{hXr ^dZ, {hXr ^dZ, {hXr ^dZ, {hXr ^dZ,

gmam {dd{dmb`, gmam {dd{dmb`, gmam {dd{dmb`, gmam {dd{dmb`,

amOH$moQ> ; 360 005 amOH$moQ> ; 360 005 amOH$moQ> ; 360 005 amOH$moQ> ; 360 005

df ; 2008df ; 2008df ; 2008df ; 2008

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_mUn_mUn_mUn_mUn

_m{UV {H$`m OmVm h {H$ m. ~r. Oo. nQ>obm. ~r. Oo. nQ>obm. ~r. Oo. nQ>obm. ~r. Oo. nQ>ob Zo gmam

{dd{dmb`, amOH$moQ> H$s nrEM. S>r. nXdr hoVw _oao {ZXeZ Ed

{ZarjU _| "" A_Vbmb"" A_Vbmb"" A_Vbmb"" A_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg : EH$ g_rjm_H$ ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg : EH$ g_rjm_H$ ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg : EH$ g_rjm_H$ ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg : EH$ g_rjm_H$

A``Z ''A``Z ''A``Z ''A``Z '' erfH$ na emoY-~Y V`ma {H$`m h& Bg emoY-~Y _|

Bhm|Zo C$ {df` H$m `Wme{$ A``Z, AZwerbZ Ed emoYnaH$

{dbofU VWm {ddoMZ H$a dkm{ZH$ T>J go _m{bH$ {Z$nU {H$`m

h&

gmW hr, `h emoY-~Y AWdm BgH$m H$moB Ae A~ VH$ Z

Vmo H$m{eV hAm h Ama Z hr BgH$m H$ht H$moB Cn`moJ hAm h&

{XZmH$ : {XZmH$ : {XZmH$ : {XZmH$ : {ZXoeH${ZXoeH${ZXoeH${ZXoeH$ WmZ : amOH$moQ> WmZ : amOH$moQ> WmZ : amOH$moQ> WmZ : amOH$moQ>

S>m. eboe Ho$.S>m. eboe Ho$.S>m. eboe Ho$.S>m. eboe Ho$._ohVm_ohVm_ohVm_ohVm arS>a,

{hXr ^dZ,

gmam {dd{dmb`,

amOH$moQ> ; 390005

--------------------------------------------------------- 3


{hXr gm{h` Ho$ dQ>dj : lr A_Vbmb ZmJa{hXr gm{h` Ho$ dQ>dj : lr A_Vbmb ZmJa{hXr gm{h` Ho$ dQ>dj : lr A_Vbmb ZmJa{hXr gm{h` Ho$ dQ>dj : lr A_Vbmb ZmJa

"" ^maVr` h na ^maVr` dmVmdaU, kmZ nwVH$s` Zht& dh Yamoha,

{damgV _oao nmg h, bo{H$Z _ Ho$db ^maV H$m Zht h& {dm Ho$ jo _| {H$gr ^r Xoe

H$m Zht, Ho$db _Zw` h& XX XX XX _ Z {hXwVmZ H$m h, Z A_arH$m H$m, Z

OmnmZ H$m, _ Ho$db A_Vbmb ZmJa h, EH$ BgmZ h& ''

;;;; A_Vbmb ZmJa A_Vbmb ZmJa A_Vbmb ZmJa A_Vbmb ZmJa

--------------------------------------------------------- 4


H$_H$_H$_H$_ {df`{df`{df`{df` n Z~an Z~an Z~an Z~a

1 mH$WZ i - xii

2 W_ A`m` : A_Vbmb ZmJa : EH$ gm{hp`H$ `{$d

1;54

3 {Vr` A`m` : {hXr Cn`mg : Vm{dH$ d$n,

CX>^d Ed {dH$mg

55;115

4 VVr` A`m` : A_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg : dVwnj 116;249

5 MVwW A`m` : A_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg : M[a-

{MU

250;350

6 nM_ A`m` : A_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg :

H$WmonH$WZ

351;388

7 f A`m` : A_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg : Xoe-H$mb

Ama n[adoe

389;440

8 gV_ A`m` : A_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg : ^mfm

Ama ebr

441;501

9 A_ A`m` : A_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg : {Vnm 502;569

10 Cnghma Ed Xo` 570;583

11 n[a{e ; 1 A_Vbmb ZmJa : _oar {ZJmhm| _| 584

12 n[a{e ; 2 AmYmaJW/ A` gX^ JW gyMr/ghm`H$

JW gyMr

585;597

AZwH$_{UH$mAZwH$_{UH$mAZwH$_{UH$mAZwH$_{UH$m

--------------------------------------------------------- 5


mH$ WZ

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* * * * y{_H$m : y{_H$m : y{_H$m : y{_H$m : gm{h` H$mo g_mO H$m XnU H$hm J`m h& gm{h`H$ma g_mO Ed g_mO _|

K{Q>V KQ>ZmAm| go ^m{dV hmoH$a CgH$m eXmH$Z gm{h` _| H$aVm h& dgo Vmo m`:

g^r {dYmE g_mO go ^m{dV hmoVr h, naVw CZ_| go EH$ {dYm g_mO Ho$ AH$Z go

g{deof g~{YV h Ama dh h Cn`mg !Cn`mg !Cn`mg !Cn`mg ! Bg_| g_mO Ed `{$ H$m H$ar~Z nyam

{Vq~~ PbH$Vm h& {hXr Cn`mg gm{h` BVZm nwamVZ Vmo Zht h, naVw AmO

{Og D$MmB H$mo dh Ny> ahm h; dh H$B aMZmH$mam| Ho$ gmPm `Zm| H$m n[aUm_ h&

~oeH$ AmYw{ZH$ wJ H$s bmoH${` {dYm Cn`mg h& V^r S>r.EM.bmaog H$hVo h ;

"" Cn`mg OrdZ H$s EH$ COdb nwVH$ h& nwVH|$ OrdZ Zht h do {g\$ hdm _|

WaWamhQ> nXm H$aVr h, bo{H$Z Cn`mg EH$ Eogr WaWamhQ> h Omo g_yMo Or{dV

_Zw` H$mo H$nm gH$Vr h& H${dVm, XeZ, {dkmZ `m {H$gr ^r nwVH$ H$s WaWamhQ>

go H$ht `mXm O~XV Cn`mg H$s WaWamhQ> h& '' Cn`mg _| _Zw` H$s

OrdZH$hmZr g_JVm go d{UV H$s Om gH$Vr h& _mZd OrdZ Ama g_mO H$m

gdmJrU AmbmoMZm_H$ Vw{VH$aU Cn`mg go hr hmo gH$Vm h& {hXr Cn`mg

gm{h` J{V Ho$ gmonmZm| H$mo nma H$aVm hAm dV_mZ g_` _| _hdnyU YamVb na

nhM J`m h& Cn`mg _| nyU dVVm Ho$ gmW-gmW OrdZ Ho$ {d{^Z nhbwAm| na

{nmV H$aZo H$s gh{b`V hmoVr h& Bg_| OrdZXeZ H$mo ^r n`mV _mm _|

Ambo{IV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h& {hXr Cn`mg Zo _mZdr` g~Ym| Ed gm_m{OH$ _y`m|

H$m {dVma go {ddoMZ {H$`m h& ~oeH$ AmO Cn`mg {dYm Zo {df`-d{d`, H$bm

Ed CnbpY`m| H$s { go n[andVm A{OV H$a br h&

{hXr Cn`mg nanam bmbm lr {ZdmgXmg go ew$ hB VWm o_MX Bg_|

gdm}n[a {g hE& BZHo$ ~mX ^r `h nanam H$s Zht h& AZdaV $n _| AmJo ~T>

ahr Bg {dYm H$mo H$B Cn`mgH$mam| Zo AnZr boIZr go gOmo`m-gdmam h& Cn`mg

H$s Bg gwXrK nanam _| h_| EH$ aMZmH$ma H$mo Ad` `mX H$aZm nS>Vm h Ama do h,

lr A_Vbmb ZmJalr A_Vbmb ZmJalr A_Vbmb ZmJalr A_Vbmb ZmJa !!!! AmnZo Z Ho$db Cn`mg {bI|, naVw CZHo$ gmW hr H$hm{Z`m,

H mH$WZ H

--------------------------------------------------------- 7


B{Vhmg, {Z~Y, OrdZM[a, g_aU, ~mb gm{h` Am{X {dYmAm| na boIZr

Mbm`r h& AmnH$m Cn`mgH$ma H$m `{$d _wPo A`{YH$ AmH$ H$aVm ahm& `hr

H$maU h {H$ _ Aago go AmnHo$ Cn`mgm| H$m H$m`b ahm h ! {hXr H$m Amn`m{gH$

gm{h` A{V g_ h& Cn`mg$nr moVpdZr Ho$ AZoH$ dmh {d_mZ h& `mV`

h, {d{^Z {df`m| go g~{YV {hXr Cn`mgm| H$s EH$ gwXrK nanam {_bVr h& Eogr

_Z^mdZ {dYm na Hw$N> {bIZo H$m {dMma _m amo_m{MV H$a XoVm h&

* * * * emoYemoYemoYemoY----{df` H$s oaH$ ^md y{_ Ed {df`M`Z :{df` H$s oaH$ ^md y{_ Ed {df`M`Z :{df` H$s oaH$ ^md y{_ Ed {df`M`Z :{df` H$s oaH$ ^md y{_ Ed {df`M`Z : _Zw` _m _| {Okmgmd{m hmoVr h& ggma H$s oH$ MrO-dVwAm| Ho$ {V

AOr~-gr {Okmgm {Z{hV h& gm{h` _| emoY-H$m Ho$ nrN>o `hr {Okmgm, Hw$N> Z`m

XoZo H$s gmoM {O_oXma h& kmZ-{nnmgw Ho$ {bE kmZ H$s H$moB gr_m Zht h & dh

{OVZm Mmho, Ogm Mmho, {Og $n _| Mmho kmZ A{OV H$a gH$Vm h; ~eV} Cg_|

{gIZo H$s bbH$, g_mO go CGU hmoZo H$s VrdV_ BN>m hmo ! AOZ-{dgOZ H$s `h

{H$`m Aago Mbr Am ahr h, Cg_| Z OmZo {H$VZo hr amhr AnZr _{Ob VbmeZo _|

bJo h& _oao AZwg{Ygw $n H$s y{_H$m Ho$ nrN>o `hr {Okmgmd{m H$maU$n h&

_ ~mahdt H$jm VH$ dm{U` H$m N>m ahm, na am^mfm Ho$ {V _oam AX`

AmH$fU _wPo {dZ`Z H$s Ama ItM bm`m& N>mmdWm Ho$ XmamZ n Ed J XmoZm| H$s

nT>mB hmoVr ahr, bo{H$Z H$hZm nS>oJm {H$ A``Z Ho$ XmamZ _oar {deof {M H$Wm-

gm{h` _| ahVr Wr& _oar _ohZV Ama bJZ H$m gw\$b ^r {_bm; _ VVr` df {dZ`Z

_| X{jU JwOamV {dd{dmb` _| Adb ahm ! A`mnZ H$m Ho$ XmamZ _ Cn`mg

{dYm Ho$ Ama H$ar~ Am`m& _Zo nrN>bo nh dfm] _| H${Vn` Cn`mg nT>o-nT>m o h&

_Z H$s Mmh Wr {H$ emoY-H$m H$$Jm Vmo Cn`mg {dYm na hr ! Am{Ia _oao _Z H$s

_wamX nyar hmoZo Ho$ Amgma {XImB XoZo bJo& h_mao H$mboO _| "{hXr {Xdg' Ho$ Cnb`

_| S>m.{Jare^mB {doXrS>m.{Jare^mB {doXrS>m.{Jare^mB {doXrS>m.{Jare^mB {doXr (nyd arS>a, {hXr ^dZ, gmam {dd{dmb`, amOH$moQ>)

~Jgam nYmao hE Wo& _oar Hw${Q>`m _| Amn EH$ {XZ Ho$ _oh_mZ ~Zo& emoY-H$m H$mo

boH$a Amn go {dMma-{d_e hAm& Amn Zo O$ar gwPmd {X o& _mJXeH$ Ho$ {bE

WmoS>r-gr MMm hB& VnMmV "EHo$S>o{_H$ Q>m\$ H$mboO' amOH$moQ> Am`mo{OV "{hXr

nwZM`m nmR>`H$_' _| _oao g_d`H$ AmXaUr` ~Yw S>m.eboe Ho$._ohVmS>m.eboe Ho$._ohVmS>m.eboe Ho$._ohVmS>m.eboe Ho$._ohVm (arS>a, {hXr

^dZ, gmam {dd{dmb`, amOH$moQ>) gh^mJr Ho$ $n _| nYmao Wo& CZHo$ gmW VWm

CZHo$ nam_e go S>m.Eg.nr.e_mS>m.Eg.nr.e_mS>m.Eg.nr.e_mS>m.Eg.nr.e_m (nyd mo\o$ga, {hXr ^dZ, gmam {dd{dmb`,

--------------------------------------------------------- 8


amOH$moQ>) Ho$ gmW {dVV MMm hB& S>m.~r.Ho$.S>m.~r.Ho$.S>m.~r.Ho$.S>m.~r.Ho$.H$bmgdmH$bmgdmH$bmgdmH$bmgdm (A`j, {hXr ^dZ,

gmam {dd{dmb`, amOH$moQ>) Zo ^r g~b {X`m&

H$Wm-gm{h` Ho$ {V _oar Jhar {M XoIH$a BZ {dOZm| Zo Cn`mg {dYm

H$mo boH$a emoY-H$m H$aZo H$m gwPmd {X`m& dgo Vmo Cn`mg gm{h` _| AZoH$mZoH$

Cn`mH$ma AnZr H$mbO`r aMZmAm| Ho$ H$maU H$m\$s MMm _| aho h, CZ Zm_m| _| EH$

AbJ hr nhMmZ ~ZmZo dmbo A\$gmZmZdrg Ho$ {V _oam {deof bJmd ahm h, dh

Zm_ h lr A_Vbmb ZmJalr A_Vbmb ZmJalr A_Vbmb ZmJalr A_Vbmb ZmJa ! ! ! ! _Zo `h ~mV BZ JwOZm| Ho$ gm_Zo aIr& {df` Ho$ MwZmd

g~Yr Amn {dmZm| Zo {OZ ~mVm| H$m {OH$ {H$`m, CZ na Jhar gmoM {H$`m Ho$ ~mX

emoY-H$m H$m erfH$ V` hAm ; """""""" A_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mgA_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mgA_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mgA_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg : EH$ g_rjm_H$: EH$ g_rjm_H$: EH$ g_rjm_H$: EH$ g_rjm_H$

A``Z& A``Z& A``Z& A``Z& '''''''' S>m.eboe Ho$._ohVmS>m.eboe Ho$._ohVmS>m.eboe Ho$._ohVmS>m.eboe Ho$._ohVm Zo _wPo emoY-N>m Ho$ $n _| drH$ma H$a ~S>m CnH$V

{H$`m& Eogo {ZX}eH$ H$s N>N>m`m _| Bg emoY-{H$`m go JwOaVo hE emoYmWu Zo Omo

AZw^d mV {H$E h, dh OrdZ H$s A_y` {Z{Y h&

* * * * emoY emoY emoY emoY----H$m` H$s CnmXo`Vm Ed mg{JH$Vm :H$m` H$s CnmXo`Vm Ed mg{JH$Vm :H$m` H$s CnmXo`Vm Ed mg{JH$Vm :H$m` H$s CnmXo`Vm Ed mg{JH$Vm : lr A_Vbmb ZmJalr A_Vbmb ZmJalr A_Vbmb ZmJalr A_Vbmb ZmJa {hXr Ho$ EH$ OmJ$H$ aMZmH$ma aho h& AmnZo Cn`mg

gm{h` H$mo A{V g_ {H$`m h& AmnZo "_hmH$mb' (gZ 1947 B.) ~mX _| `hr

Cn`mg gZ 1970 B._| " yI' Zm_ go H$m{eV, "goR> ~mHo$_b' (gZ 1955 B.),

"~yX Ama g_w' (gZ 1956 B.), "eVaO Ho$ _mohao' (gZ 1959 B.), "gwhmJ Ho$

Zynwa ' (gZ 1960 B.), "A_V Ama {df' (gZ 1966 B.), "gmV KyKQ>dmbm _wIS>m'

(gZ 1968 B.), "EH$Xm Z{_fma o ' (gZ 1972 B.), "_mZg H$m hg' (gZ

1973 B.), "Zm`m ~hV Jmonmb' (gZ 1978 B.), "IOZ Z`Z' (gZ 1981 B.),

"{~Iao {VZHo$' (gZ 1982 B.), "A{ZJ^m' (gZ 1983 B.), "H$adQ>' (gZ 1985

B.), "nr{T>`m' (gZ 1990 B.) ; Ogo gdm XOZ Cn`mgm| Ho$ _m`_ go {hXr

gm{h` H$mo g_ {H$`m h& ZmJa Or Eogo H$WmH$ma h, {OZH$mo {OVZr ~ma nT>m Om o

EH$ AbJ hr Z`r VmOJr H$m AZw^d hmoVm h&

ZmJa Or Zo AnZo Cn`mgm| H$s mg{JH$Vm d` {g H$s h& Bg emoY-~Y

_| _Zo ZmJa Or Ho$ AmYmaJWmo Ho$ A{V[a$ A` {dmZm| Ho$ gX JWm| H$m ^r g_w{MV

Cn`moJ H$a emoYnaH$ V` VwV H$aZo H$m Z_ `mg {H$`m h& gmW-gmW `Wmg^d

_m{bH$Vm H$m AmJh aIm J`m h& EH$ {Okmgw emoYmWu AnZo {` aMZmH$ma H$s

aMZmAm| _| ha H$ma H$s CnmXo`Vm Ed mg{JH$Vm H$mo XoIH$a hr Cgo M`{ZV H$aVm

h& ZmJa Or EH$ Eogo H$WmH$ma h, {Ohm|Zo AnZr aMZmAm| _| _mZdY_ H$mo {deof

--------------------------------------------------------- 9


_hd {X`m h& Bg emoY-~Y _| _Zo ZmJa Or Ho$ ~hmZo Eogo H$B g` CX>Km{Q>V

{H$ o h, {OZH$s AmO Ho$ g_` _| gV O$aV h& lr A_Vbmb ZmJalr A_Vbmb ZmJalr A_Vbmb ZmJalr A_Vbmb ZmJa na A~ VH$

{H$VZm hr emoY-H$m H$mo MwH$m h, dV_mZ _| hmo ahm h Ama ^{d` _| ^r Z o-Z o

{H$moUm| go `h {H$`m MbVr ahoJr ! _oam `h H$m A{V_ Zht h& `hm EH$ ~mV H$m

OrH$ Ad` H$aZm MmhVm h& A~ VH$ ZmJa Or na {OVZo ^r emoY-H$m hE h,

CZ_| CZHo$ g^r (nh) Cn`mgm| H$mo Vm{dH$ $n _| {dbo{fV H$aZo H$m `mg

Zht hAm h& AV: _oam `h emoY-H$m _oao gh`mo{J`m| Ed ^{d` Ho$ A` emoY

H$VmAm| Ho$ {bE oaUmX Ad` ~ZoJm& hm, EH$ ~mV Ad` h, Hw$N> {dOZm| Zo

CZHo$ Hw$N> Cn`mgm| na Vm{dH$ {nmV {H$`m h, naVw gnyU Amn`m{gH$ g{ na

em`X `h _oam _m{bH$ `mg h& Ohm VH$ aMZmH$ma Ho$ ApVd H$m gdmb h, H$moB

^r wJm boIH$ AnZo _m{bH$ Xo` Ho$ H$maU H$^r nwamZm Zht hmoVm& Bg AmYma na

^r Bg emoY-H$m H$s CnmXo`Vm Ama mg{JH$Vm {g hmoVr h&

* * * * gm_Jrgm_Jrgm_Jrgm_Jr----gH$bZ Ho$ gy :gH$bZ Ho$ gy :gH$bZ Ho$ gy :gH$bZ Ho$ gy : {ddgZr` gm_Jr hr emoY H$s AmYmaerbm h& CnbY gm_Jr {OVZr nyU,

m_m{UH$ Ed dkm{ZH$ hmo; emoY-H$m CVZm hr R>mog Ed Var` ~ZVm h& emoY-

H$m ew$ H$aVo g_` _Z _| EH$ AkmV ^` Wm {H$ O$ar AmYmaJW Ama gX^ JW

{H$g Vah go mV hm|Jo ? naVw Iwer Bg ~mV H$s h {H$ _Zo Ohm H$ht Pmobr \$bm`r

CZHo$ gm_Zo Am^made {dZV hmoZm nS>m h& `hm CZ g~ H$mo `mX H$aZm _oam na_

H$V` g_PVm h, {Ohm|Zo _oao Bg gH$m _| `Wmo{MV gh`moJ {X`m h& _oao {ZX}eH$

S>m.eboS>m.eboS>m.eboS>m.eboe Ho$._ohVme Ho$._ohVme Ho$._ohVme Ho$._ohVm Zo AnZo nmg CnbY JWm| H$m Cn`moJ H$aZo H$s AZw_{V XmZ H$a

_wPo nyam g~b Ed gh`moJ {X`m h& lr A_Vbmb ZmJalr A_Vbmb ZmJalr A_Vbmb ZmJalr A_Vbmb ZmJa H$m gnyU gm{h` aMZmdbr

Ho$ $n _| hr ghr, Cgo IarXZo hoVw _Zo amOnmb ES> gO _| {g\$ EH$ Q>o{b\$moZ {H$`m

Ama gVmh Ho$ ^rVa-^rVa A_Vbmb ZmJa aMZmdbr H$m nmgb _oao Ka Am J`m

Wm& `hm gJde {d{^Z H$meZ Ho$ H$meH$m| H$m X` go Am^mar h, `m|{H$

Chm|Zo _oao emoY-H$m _| ghm`H$ Eogr {H$Vm~| g_` na _wPo CnbY H$am`r h&

Bg Co`nyU H$m _| AZoH$ JWmb`m| H$m ^r _wPo _hdnyU gh`moJ {_bm h&

_Zo AnZo Bg emoY-~Y _| {OZ moVm| H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m h, dh Hw$N> Bg H$ma h ;

1. A_Vbmb ZmJa aMZmdbr (IS> 1 go 12) gnmXH$ ; eaX ZmJa

2. EH$ {Xb hOma A\$gmZo boIH$ ; A_Vbmb ZmJa

3. gnmXH$m| mam gnm{XV d H$m{eV A` JW

--------------------------------------------------------- 10


3. nyd H$m{eV emoY-~Y, AH$m{eV emoY-~Y d {d{dY {hXr gX^ JW

4. {d{dY gH$V VWm AJoOr gX^ JW

5. n-n{H$mE

6. {d{^Z eXH$moe

7. do~ gmBQ>

Cn w$ moVm| H$m Cn`moJ H$a _Zo AnZr _m{bH$Vm Ho$ ghmao AnZo emoY-~Y

H$mo Var` ~ZmZo H$m `mg {H$`m h& Bg H$m Ho$ {bE _wPo AnZo AmnH$mo MwV-XwV

aIZm nS>m h& _Zo AZoH$ {dmZm| go Amd`H$ n `dhma Ed `mXmVa Q>o{b\$mo{ZH$

~mVMrV H$s h& {_-_S>br go ^r g_`-g_` na O$ar gwPmd {_bVo aho h& CZ

g~ Ho$ {V _oam ew^me` haX_ ~Zm ahoJm& Am{Ia emar[aH$ d _mZ{gH$ n[al_ H$m

\$bmJ_ {dOZm| Ho$ H$a-H$_bm| _| gmXa g_{nV h&

* * * * emoYemoYemoYemoY----H$m` H$s n[agr_m :H$m` H$s n[agr_m :H$m` H$s n[agr_m :H$m` H$s n[agr_m : emoYmWu Zo {Og {df` H$mo AZwgYmZ Ho$ {bE MwZm h, Cg_| Hw$N> AZNw>E

{~XwAm| H$mo n H$aZo H$m Z_ `mg {H$`m h& {\$a ^r gm{h` g_rjm EH$ AWmh

g_Xa h, {Og_| Z OmZo {H$VZo hr _moVr {N>no ahVo h& `{X _Zo Hw$N> _mo{V`m| H$mo ne

_m {H$`m h, Vmo Cg_| _oar AnkVm hr hmoJr& dgo Bg {Xem _| AbJ-AbJ

{H$moUm| go nadVu emoYmWu AnZr boIZr go Z`o {dMma{~Xw VwV H$a gH$Vo h&

emoYmWu Zo Bg emoY-~Y _| lr A_Vbmb ZmJalr A_Vbmb ZmJalr A_Vbmb ZmJalr A_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ `{$d Ed gnyU gm{h` H$m

{dhJ_ { go AmH$bZ H$a CZHo$ gnyU Cn`mg gm{h` H$m `Wm_{V {dbofU H$aZo

H$m `mg {H$`m h& ZmJa Or Ho$ Cn`mgm| H$m Vm{dH$ {dbofU VwV H$aZo go nhbo

Cn`mg H$m CX>^d Ed {dH$mg H$m g{jV n[aM` XoH$a Cn`mg gm{h` _| CZH$m

WmZ {ZYm[aV {H$`m J`m h& gmW _| gmR>momar Cn`mg go boH$a CmaeVr VH$ Ho$

Cn`mg H$s {dH$mg `mm, dVwnj, M[a{MU, H$WmonH$WZ, XoeH$mb VWm

n[adoe, ^mfmebr Ed {Vnm na {ddgZr` emoY-{H$`m Ho$ mam V` VwV

{H$E JE h& Amd`H$VmZwgma {dmZ boIH$m| Ho$ JWm| go nyaH$ $n _| AmYma {bE JE

h& _oao Bg emoY-H$m _| Hw$N> ~mV| AYyar Ny>Q>r hmo dh nadVu emoYmWu nyar H$a|Jo,

`m|{H$ H$moB ^r _Zw` gnyUVm H$m Xmdm Zht H$a gH$Vm& _oao emoY-H$m` H$s ^r Hw$N>

n[agr_m hmo gH$Vr h, Bg ~mV H$m _ {dZ_Vm go drH$ma H$aVm h&

* * * * nyddVu emoYnyddVu emoYnyddVu emoYnyddVu emoY----H$m` : H$m` : H$m` : H$m` : gm_Jr-gH$bZ Ho$ g_` go hr lr A_Vbmb ZmJalr A_Vbmb ZmJalr A_Vbmb ZmJalr A_Vbmb ZmJa na Omo emoY-H$m hAm h,

--------------------------------------------------------- 11


CgHo$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar {_bVr JB& ZmJa Or na Omo emoY-~Y Ama dV JW

H$m{eV hE h, CZH$s g{jV gyMr Bg H$ma h ;

1. A_Vbmb ZmJa : `{$d, H${Vd Ed {gmV ; S>m.gwXoe ~m

2. A_Vbmb ZmJa : `{$d Ama aMZm-ggma ; S>m._Ywaoe

3. A_Vbmb ZmJa : OrdZ Ama gm{h` ; S>m._wabrYa Zm`H$

4. A_Vbmb ZmJa : ^maVr` Cn`mgH$ma ; S>m.nwnm ~gb

5. A_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mgm| _| AmYw{ZH$Vm ; S>m.A{ZVm amdV

6. A_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mgm| _| gm_m{OH$ MoVZm ; S>m.emo^m nmbrdmb

7. A_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ OrdZrnaH$ Cn`mg ; S>m.gwaoIm PmS>o

8. AmWm Ho$ har ; S>m.g`nmb MwK

9. dQ>dj H$s N>m`m _| ; Hw$_wX ZmJa

10. A_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ H$Wm gm{h` H$m {ddoMZ ; S>m.JUoe ndma

11. A_Vbmb ZmJa H$m Cn`mg gm{h` ; S>m.H$meM {_l

12. A_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg ; AmZX H$me {nmR>r

13. A_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg (Z o _y`m| H$s Vbme) ; S>m.ho_amO H$m{eH$

14. A_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg gm{h` _| nm `moOZm ; S>m.H$bmeM AJdmb

15. A_Vbmb ZmJa H$s H$Wm{ Ho$ g_mOemr` Am`m_ ; S>m.gamoOqgh

16. A_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mgm| _| `WmW~moY Ama JmYr-XeZ ; Ho$edHw$_ma e_m

17. A_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ gmR>momar Cn`mgm| _| B{Vhmg Ed H$nZm ; dmMn{V `mXd

18. A_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mgm| H$m g_mOemr` A``Z ; ZmJoeam_ {nmR>r

Cn w$ JWm| Ho$ Abmdm ZmJa Or Ho$ EH$-EH$ Cn`mg na emoY-~Y `m

dV JW H$m{eV hE h& nyddVu BZ _hdnyU JWm| Ho$ JhZ A``Z Ho$ nMmV,

_Zo AnZo emoY-H$m` H$mo nyd {b{IV gm{h` _| g_m{hV {df`-gm_Jr go Cgo

`Wmg^d AmJo bo OmZo H$m `mg {H$`m h& Ohm VH$ g^d hAm h, _Zo {ZaWH$

{nnofU go ~MZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s h&

* ~Y* ~Y* ~Y* ~Y----n[aM` n[aM` n[aM` n[aM`

* * * * ~Y~Y~Y~Y----erfH$ :erfH$ :erfH$ :erfH$ : """""""" A_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg : EH$ g_rjm_H$ A``ZA_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg : EH$ g_rjm_H$ A``ZA_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg : EH$ g_rjm_H$ A``ZA_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg : EH$ g_rjm_H$ A``Z ''''''''

* mH$WZ * mH$WZ * mH$WZ * mH$WZ

--------------------------------------------------------- 12


* * * * W_ A`m` : W_ A`m` : W_ A`m` : W_ A`m` :

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 A_Vbmb ZmJa : EH$ gm{h{`H$ `{$dA_Vbmb ZmJa : EH$ gm{h{`H$ `{$dA_Vbmb ZmJa : EH$ gm{h{`H$ `{$dA_Vbmb ZmJa : EH$ gm{h{`H$ `{$d : : : : emoY-~Y H$m W_ A`m` lr A_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ `{$d Ed H${Vd na

Ho$pV h& BgHo$ AVJV ZmJa Or H$m O_, n[adma, {ejm, wJrZ n[adoe, gm{h`

_| nXmnU, mV {d{^Z nwaH$ma d g_mZ Am{X H$s {dVma go MMm H$s JB h& dgo

^r {H$gr aMZmH$ma H$s aMZmAm| H$mo g_PZo Ho$ {bE CZHo$ `{$d H$mo nyar Vah go

OmZZm Amd`H$ hmo OmVm h& Bgr A`m` Ho$ AVJV ZmJa Or Ho$ gnyU gm{h` H$mo

g{jV {Q>nUr Ho$ gmW VwV H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s JB h& * * * * {Vr` A`m` : {Vr` A`m` : {Vr` A`m` : {Vr` A`m` :

2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 {hXr Cn`mg : Vm{dH$ d$n, CX^d Ed {dH$mg{hXr Cn`mg : Vm{dH$ d$n, CX^d Ed {dH$mg{hXr Cn`mg : Vm{dH$ d$n, CX^d Ed {dH$mg{hXr Cn`mg : Vm{dH$ d$n, CX^d Ed {dH$mg : : : : Xygao A`m` _| {hXr Ho$ Cn`mgm| H$m CX>^d Ama {dH$mg gjon _| XoIZo H$m

`mg {H$`m J`m h& {hXr Ho$ W_ Cn`mg na {d{^Z {dmZm| Ho$ _Vm| H$mo naI H$a

_Zo AnZm _V ^r em{_b {H$`m h& Bg_| nyd o_MX wJ, o_MX wJ Ama

o_MXmoma wJ Ho$ Cn`mgm| H$m {ddaU VwV {H$`m J`m h; gmW _| ZmJa Or H$m

WmZ {ZYm[aV H$aVo hE, EH$ {dhJmdbmoH$Z Ho$ $n _| gmR>momar Cn`mg go boH$a

CmaeVr VH$ Ho$ Cn`mgm| H$m g{jV {ddaU ^r {X`m J`m h&

* * * * VVr` A`m` :VVr` A`m` :VVr` A`m` :VVr` A`m` :

3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 A_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg : dVwnjA_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg : dVwnjA_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg : dVwnjA_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg : dVwnj : : : : Vrgao A`m` _| ZmJa Or Ho$ Cn`mgm| H$m {dbofUm_H$ n[aM` XoVo hE

dVwnj H$mo n {H$`m J`m h& ZmJa Or H$s H$b_ go ~hZo dmbo H$Wm Ho$ AO dmh

_| _Zo AnZo AmnH$mo ag gam~moa {H$`m h& Bg_| {g\$ H$Wm_m Z XoVo hE dVwnj H$s

{deofVmE d gr_mAm| Ho$ n[ao` _| H$` H$mo {dbo{fV H$aZo H$m `mg {H$`m J`m

h&

**** MVwW A`m` :MVwW A`m` :MVwW A`m` :MVwW A`m` :

4.0 A_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg : M[a4.0 A_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg : M[a4.0 A_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg : M[a4.0 A_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg : M[a----{MU :{MU :{MU :{MU : MVwW A`m` _| ZmJa Or Ho$ Cn`mgm| H$s {demb nm-g{ Ed M[a {MU H$s Umbr H$s g_rjm H$s JB h& Bg A`m` Ho$ AVJV _Zo ZmJa Or Ho$ nmm| H$m

_w` nwf nm, _w` r nm, JmU nwf nm Ama JmU r nm Ho$ $n _| _m{bH$

--------------------------------------------------------- 13


A``Z VwV {H$`m h& ZmJa Or H$s M[a {MU {d{Y H$mo _Zo CnbpY`m| d gr_m

Ho$ $n _| naIZo H$m `mg {H$`m h&

* * * * nM_ A`m` :nM_ A`m` :nM_ A`m` :nM_ A`m` :

5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 A_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg : H$WmonH$WZA_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg : H$WmonH$WZA_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg : H$WmonH$WZA_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg : H$WmonH$WZ : : : : nmMdo A`m` _| ZmJa Or H$s H$WmonH$WZ H$bm H$mo _y`m{H$V H$aZo H$m `mg {H$`m J`m h& BZ H$WmonH$WZm| H$mo H$WmZH$ Ho$ ghm`H$, M[a Ho$ CX>KmofH$, Co`

Ho$ {VnmXH$, dmVmdaU {Z$nU Ho$ ghm`H$, ^mdm_H$Vm Ho$ {VnmXH$, bmj{UH$

Ed `mW Ho$ CX>KmofH$, ^{d` H$s KQ>ZmAm| Ho$ {ZX}eH$, A` $n go g{g$ Am{X

{ go naIZo H$m `mg {H$`m J`m h&

* * * * fR> A`m` :fR> A`m` :fR> A`m` :fR> A`m` :

6.06.06.06.0 A_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg : Xoe A_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg : Xoe A_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg : Xoe A_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg : Xoe----H$mb Ama n[adoeH$mb Ama n[adoeH$mb Ama n[adoeH$mb Ama n[adoe : : : : N>R>o A`m` Ho$ AVJV ZmJa Or Ho$ Cn`mgm| Ho$ XoeH$mb Ed n[adoe na {deof {nmV {H$`m J`m h& Bg_| _w` $n go Xoe (WmZ) Ho$ gX^ _|, H$mb (g_`) Ho$

gX _| VWm na{doe Ho$ gX^ _| ZmJa Or H$s gnyU Amn`m{gH$ g{ H$mo `m`m{`V

H$aZo H$m `mg {H$`m J`m h& gmW _| XoeH$mb Ed n[adoe H$s CnbpY`m| Ama

gr_mAm| H$m ^r `Wm g^d AH$Z {H$`m J`m h&

* * * * gV>_ A`m` :gV>_ A`m` :gV>_ A`m` :gV>_ A`m` :

7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 A_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg : ^mfm Ama ebrA_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg : ^mfm Ama ebrA_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg : ^mfm Ama ebrA_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg : ^mfm Ama ebr : : : : gmVd| A`m` _| ZmJa Or Ho$ Cn`mgm| H$s ^mfm Ama ebr H$mo naIZo H$m

`mg {H$`m J`m h& Bg A`m` _| Ambmo` Cn`mg _| w$ ^mfm H$s gmWH$Vm,

Cn`mgm| H$s ^mfm H$m d$n, eX S>ma, H$hmdV|, _whmdao, OrdZ gy{$`m Ama

^mfm H$s Xw$hVm ; Am{X na g`H$ T>J go gmoMm J`m h& {d{^Z e{b`mo _| `$

ZmJaOr H$m nVw{VH$aU ^r {d{^Z {>H$moU go XoIZo H$m `mg {H$`m J`m h&

Cn`mgmo _oo Ambo{IV H$m`m_H$Vm H$mo ^r ^mfm Ed ebr Ho$ AVJV naIm J`m h&

Bg A`m` _| ZmJa Or H$s ^mfm Ama ebr H$s CnbpY`m d gr_mAm| na g_w{MV

H$me S>mbm J`m h&

--------------------------------------------------------- 14


* * * * A_ A`m` : A_ A`m` : A_ A`m` : A_ A`m` :

8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 A_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg : {VnmA_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg : {VnmA_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg : {VnmA_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ Cn`mg : {Vnm : : : : AmR>d| A`m` Ho$ AVJV ZmJa Or Ho$ Cn`mgm| Ho$ {Vnm na {dMma {H$`m J`m h& ZmJa Or H$s AnZo g_mO Ama AnZo Xoe Ho$ {V H$V`-^mdZm Cn`mgm| Ho$

~hmZo Omo Vw{V hB h, CgH$s {d{^Z {>H$moUm| go g_rjm H$s JB h& VwV

A`m` Ho$ AVJV ZmJa Or Ho$ _y`~moY H$mo gm_m{OH$, gmH${VH$, Am{WH$,

amOZr{VH$, Ym{_H$ Ama Z{VH$ Eogo {d{^Z {H$moUm| go naIZo H$m `mg {H$`m J`m

h& CZHo$ Cn`mgm| _| {JV AmM{bH$Vm H$mo Jm_mMb Ed ZJamMb Ho$ AmYma na

naIm J`m h& ZmJa Or H$s Amn`m{gH$ g{ _| OrdZM[am_H$ {Z$nU d{e` Ho$

gmW hAm h, Cgo ^r {Vnm Ho$ AVJV n {H$`m J`m h& BZHo$ A{V[a$ ZmardmXr

OrdZ{, OrdZ-gy{$`m, Xme{ZH$Vm, qMVZnj Ed n[adoeJV OrdZ{ H$mo

`m`m{`V H$aZo H$m `mg {H$`m J`m h&

* * * * Cnghma Ed Xo` :Cnghma Ed Xo` :Cnghma Ed Xo` :Cnghma Ed Xo` : g_yMo emoY-~Y H$s CnbpY`m| H$mo Cnghma Ed Xo` erfH$ Ho$ AVJV g_oQ>m J`m h& ~Y H$m gma-gjon Hw$N> WmnZmAm| Ed _m`VmAm| H$mo VwV H$aVm

h, Omo ZmJa Or Ho$ Cn`mgm| go {H$gr Z {H$gr $n _| OwS>Vm h& Cnghma {H$gr ^r

emoY-H$m H$m dh AJ h, Omo {V\$bZ Ho$ $n _| aMZmerbVm Ho$ Hw$N> nhbwAm| H$mo

aoIm{H$V H$aVm h& dm^m{dH$ $n _| aMZmH$ma AnZo {dMma, A{^_V, OrdZXeZ,

g_mOXeZ Ama MoVZm Am{X H$m g_mdoe ^r Bgr _| H$aVm h& lr A_Vbmb ZmJalr A_Vbmb ZmJalr A_Vbmb ZmJalr A_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$

`{$d Ed H${Vd, {hXr Ho$ Cn`mgm| H$m CX>^d Ama {dH$mg, VmpdH$ d$n Ho$

AVJV ZmJa Or Ho$ Cn`mgm| H$m dVwnj, M[a{MU, H$WmonH$WZ, Xoe-H$mb Ama

n[adoe, ^mfm Ama ebr Ed {Vnm Am{X H$m g_mH$bZ H$aVo hE; Bg {df` _|

Hw$N> _hdnyU V` VwV H$aZm Bg emoY-~Y H$m EH$ {hgm h& EH$ {dZ_ `mg

Ho$ $n _| Cnghma Ed Xo Ho$ AVJV emoY-~Y H$m {ZH$f {X`m J`m h&

* * * * H$VkVmH$VkVmH$VkVmH$VkVm----kmnZ :kmnZ :kmnZ :kmnZ : _Zw` d^md go hr H$Vk hmoVm h& hm..., n[apW{V`m Cgo H$VZ ~Zm

gH$Vr h& VwV emoY-H$m Ho$ ma^ go boH$a g_m{V VH$ emoYmWu H$mo Z OmZo

{H$VZo A{^^mdH$m| H$m gh`moJ Ed AmerdmX {_bVm ahm h& CZHo$ {V H$VkVm H$m

^md `$ H$aVo hE Y`Vm H$m AZw^d `m| Zht hmoJm ? _oao n[aOZm|, JwOZm|,

--------------------------------------------------------- 15


gh`mo{J`m| Ed ghH${_`m| Ho$ {V Bg _mHo$ na Am^ma H$Q> H$aVo hE emoYmWu Y`Vm

H$m AZw^d H$aVm h&

gdW_ Vmo na_ H$nmbw na_m_mna_ H$nmbw na_m_mna_ H$nmbw na_m_mna_ H$nmbw na_m_m H$s AZhX H$nm^mOZ H$m hH$Xma hmoZo Ho$

ZmVo CZHo$ {V _oar hm{XH$ H$VkVm H$Q> H$aVm h& CZH$m hr {X`m hAm g~ Hw$N> h,

Cht H$m Mmhm g~ hmoVm h ! Bg emoY-H$m Ho$ dVZ d g_m{V VH$ CZH$s H$nm{

haX_ AZdaV ~agVr ahr h& BgHo$ nMmV g^r JwOZm|JwOZm|JwOZm|JwOZm| Ed ~S>m|~S>m|~S>m|~S>m| Ho$ {V _ ZV

_VH$ h& w-H$nm d Jw-H$nm Ho$ AmerdmX go hr _oao g^r H$m`m] H$s Vah emoY-

H$m ^r gwI$n gnZ hmo nm`m h&

_oao O_XmVm _mVm_mVm_mVm_mVm----{nVm{nVm{nVm{nVm H$m Am^ma {H$Z eXm| _| A{^`$ H$$ ! Bg ggma

_| _oar nhMmZ Cht Ho$ H$maU h, Eogr ew^ ^mdZm Ho$ gmW CZHo$ MaU-H$_b _| gXd

lmnyU {dZV h ! _oar AYm{JZr, _oar ghH${_Ur Z`ZmZ`ZmZ`ZmZ`Zm nQ>ob nQ>ob nQ>ob nQ>ob Ed _oar ~{J`m Ho$ Xmo

\y$b {M.{`mer{M.{`mer{M.{`mer{M.{`mer VWm {M.h{fV{M.h{fV{M.h{fV{M.h{fV H$m ~ohX o_ d gh`moJ _wPo Iwer Ho$ Bg _mHo$ na

^mdm{^^yV H$a ahm h& _oao XmoZm| ~Mm| H$s EH$ hr ~mV ~ma-~ma gwZmB XoVr {H$ ;

"" nmnm Amn h_mao gmW IobVo `m| Zht ? Amn Vmo ~g {bIVo hr ahVo h, nT>Vo hr

$ahVo h& '' _oao VrZ dfu` {M.h{fV{M.h{fV{M.h{fV{M.h{fV Ed Zm dfu` {M.{`mer{M.{`mer{M.{`mer{M.{`mer H$s `h \$[a`mX

dm{O~ Wr& _oao n[adma Ho$ gX` ^mB H$noeH$noeH$noeH$noe, ~h arQ>marQ>marQ>marQ>m d ^VrOo {M.dgb{M.dgb{M.dgb{M.dgb H$mo _

Bg g_` {Xb go `mX H$a ahm h&

__oao na_lo` {_-Jw-_mJXeH$ S>m.eboe HoS>m.eboe HoS>m.eboe HoS>m.eboe Ho$._ohVm$._ohVm$._ohVm$._ohVm (arS>a, {hXr ^dZ,

gmam {dd{dmb`, amOH$moQ>) Ho$ {V _ AnZr hm{XH$ H$VkVm H$Q> H$aVm h&

{df` dVZ go boH$a emoY-H$m` H$s gnyUVm VH$ AmnZo {Og gabVm, gX`Vm

Ama Am_r`Vm H$m n[aM` {X`m h, Cggo _ CGU H$go hmo nmD$Jm ! AmnHo$ C{MV

_mJXeZ Ho$ H$maU hr _oam `h H$m` Var` ~Z nm`m h& AmnHo$ _mVm_mVm_mVm_mVm----{nVm{nVm{nVm{nVm Ho$ {V

^r _ nyU lmdmZ h& Jw-nZr BdarBdarBdarBdar~hZ~hZ~hZ~hZ, Jw-nwr {M.èmoYam{M.èmoYam{M.èmoYam{M.èmoYam Ed Jw-nw

{M.Hw$bXrn{M.Hw$bXrn{M.Hw$bXrn{M.Hw$bXrn Amn g~ H$m o_, gX>^md Ama _oh_mZZdmOr H$^r Zht yb nmD$Jm !

g_`-g_` na {OZgo haX_ ghm`Vm Ed AmerdmX {_bVo aho h, Eogo na_

AmXaUr` S>m.Eg.nr.e_mS>m.Eg.nr.e_mS>m.Eg.nr.e_mS>m.Eg.nr.e_m (nyd mo\o$ga, {hXr ^dZ, gmam {dd{dmb`,

amOH$moQ>), S>m.{Jare^mB {doXrS>m.{Jare^mB {doXrS>m.{Jare^mB {doXrS>m.{Jare^mB {doXr (nyd arS>a, {hXr ^dZ, gmam {dd{dmb`,

amOH$moQ>), S>m.~r.Ho$.H$bmgdmS>m.~r.Ho$.H$bmgdmS>m.~r.Ho$.H$bmgdmS>m.~r.Ho$.H$bmgdm (A`j, {hXr ^dZ, gmam {dd{dmb`,

amOH$moQ>) Ed S>m.EM.Ho$.Zm`H$S>m.EM.Ho$.Zm`H$S>m.EM.Ho$.Zm`H$S>m.EM.Ho$.Zm`H$ (nyd mMm , lr_Vr Oo.nr.lmo\$ AmQ>g d H$m_g

H$mboO, dbgmS>), S>m.{dUw {damQ> MVwd}XrS>m.{dUw {damQ> MVwd}XrS>m.{dUw {damQ> MVwd}XrS>m.{dUw {damQ> MVwd}Xr (nyd A`j {hXr {d^mJ, _hmamOm

--------------------------------------------------------- 16


g`mOramd {dd{dmb`, ~S>mXm ) Zo nyam-nyam g~b {X`m h& Amn g^r {dOZm|

Zo kmZmOZ _| _oar nyU ghm`Vm H$s h&

lr_Vr Oo.gr.YmUH$ AmQ>g d H$m_g H$mboO, ~Jgam kmZ n[aga Ho$ {enr

VWm lr {JaYabmb yam^mB YmUH$ bmoH$ H$`mU Q>Q> Ho$ _wI lr dOw^mB YmUlr dOw^mB YmUlr dOw^mB YmUlr dOw^mB YmUH$H$H$H$

H$m {ejm g~Yr dW {H$moU {deof oaUmX ahm h& _ CZHo$ {V AnZr hm{XH$

H$VkVm H$Q> H$aVm h& g^r Q>{Q>`m| H$m ^r {deof Am^mar h& H$mboO H$m g_J

`dWmnZ g mbZo dmbo na_ AmXaUr` mMm lr S>m.Eg.S>r._moarS>m.Eg.S>r._moarS>m.Eg.S>r._moarS>m.Eg.S>r._moar gmh~ H$m

~hV-~hV Am^mar h, {Ohm|Zo nJ-nJ na _oar ghm`Vm H$s h& {hXr {d^mJm`j

S>m.Ho$.E_.{doXr H$m _wPo emoY-H$m` g~Yr gamhZr` gh`moJ {_bm h& BZHo$

Abmdm H$mboO n[adma Ho$ g^r gX` ; m.S>r.E_.amR>moS>, S>m.Oo.Ama.OmXd> ({hXr

{d^mJ); m.EM.Eb.dmim>, m.EM.dr.MmYar (JwOamVr {d^mJ); m.Ama.gr.

{\$M{S>`m, m EZ.gr.nQ>ob>>(gH$V {d^mJ); m.~r.~r.Jmo{hb (g_mOem);

m.E_.Eg.\$S>Xw> (AWem); m.~r.Or.YmZmUr>, S>m.~>r.E_.S>mo{S>`m,

m.EZ.S>r.R>o{g`m (H$m_g {d^mJ); m.~r.Ho$.na_ma (nr.Q>r.AmB.) VWm lr

E.nr.gmogm (JWnmb) H$m _wPo emoY-H$m Ho$ XmamZ Vg~Yr g_w{MV gh`moJ

{_bVm ahm h& H$mboO H$m g_J H$_MmarJU lr OrVw^mB (godm {Zdm), lr

amOoe^mB ^>, lr ~X^mB, lr_Vr _moZm~hZ, lr ZmWw^mB, lr AOrO^mB,

adOr^mB VWm lr _hoe^mB Am{X H$m ^r _ Bg _mHo$ na Am^ma H$Q> H$aVm h&

{ejm g_mO go OwS>o A` godmaV A`mnH$ {_m| d mMm`m] H$m ^r gh`moJ

{_bVm ahm h& S>m.\w$b^mB S>mo{S>`m (gmo_ZmW), S>m.EM.E_.MXmamUm (dmH$mZoa),

S>m.Jwbm~^mB (~rbr_moam), m.{ZHw$O^mB yV (~admbm), m.A{dZ^mB {ZaOZ

({dgmdXa), mMm`m S>m.S>r.E. goZ (A_aobr), m.{Jare^mB do{b`V (A_aobr),

mMm` S>m.Ho$.Ama.na_ma (Ho$emoX), S>m.ZdZrV^mB Omoer (Jm|S>b), m.nwnm~hZ

m~{S>`m (OoVnwa), m.{~nrZ^mB na_ma (_mJamob), S>m._yHo$e^mB `mg

(Ymar), m.C{_bm~hZ nQ>ob (dmH$mZoa), m.{Jare^mB MmYar

(db^{dmZJa), m.Zaqgh^mB ^mo`m (Ah_Xm~mX), m.{~nrZ^mB nQ>ob

(OyZmJT>), m.OJZ^mB nQ>ob (gwaV) VWm `j Ed namoj $n _| gh`moJr g^r

{_m| H$mo Bg Adga na X` go `mX H$aVm h& AmnHo$ mam {_br hB oH$ gyMZm

_oao {bE A_y` {Z{Y h&

--------------------------------------------------------- 17


Bg Adga na JWmb`m| H$s y{_H$m H$mo ZOaAXmO Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm& _

`mX H$a ahm h, CZ JWmb`m| H$mo {OZHo$ H$maU _oam `h H$m` CrV hmo gH$m h&

lr_Vr Oo.gr.YmUH$ AmQ>g d H$m_g H$mboO, ~Jgam~Jgam~Jgam~Jgam JWmb`; lr_Vr Oo.nr.lmo\$

AmQ>g d H$m_g H$mboO, dbgmdbgmdbgmdbgmS>S>S>S> JWmb` Ama EM.EZ.Xmoer AmQ>g d Ama.EZ.H$m_g

H$mboO, dmH$mZoadmH$mZoadmH$mZoadmH$mZoa Am{X JWmb`m| H$m _wPo _hdnyU gh`moJ {_bm h& Bg H$m` _|

amOnmb ES> gO {Xbr, amYmH$U H$meZ, O`^maVr H$meZ, Odmha

nwVH$mb` Ed gmYZm H$meZ H$m ^r n`mV g_WZ {_bm h& Bg _hdnyU moVm|

Ho$ {V AnZr H$VkVm H$Q> H$aVm h&

_ lr A_Vbmb ZmJalr A_Vbmb ZmJalr A_Vbmb ZmJalr A_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ {V ^r AnZo lm gw_Z A{nV H$aVm h, {OZH$s

gOZ`mm Ho$ H$maU hr AnZr AZwgYmZm_H$ H$m` H$s _hoN>m nyU H$a gH$m h&

BZHo$ Abmdm CZ V_m_ boIH$m|, {dmZm|, AmbmoMH$m| Ho$ {V AnZr {dZ_ H$VkVm

km{nV H$aVm h; {OZH$s ghm`Vm _wPo emoY-H$m` _| `j `m namoj $n _| mV hB

Ama {OZH$s H${V`m| Ho$ CaU _Zo AnZo ~Y _| `Wm gJ VwV {H$ o h&

_ Iwer Ho$ Bg _mHo$ na aoIm{MH$ma lr gdOr^mB N>m`mlr gdOr^mB N>m`mlr gdOr^mB N>m`mlr gdOr^mB N>m`m (maH$m) H$m Am^ma

H$Q> H$a H$bm H$s gamhZm {H$ o ~Ja Zht ah gH$Vm ! AmnH$s H$bm H$s J[a_m lr

A_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ aoIm{M Ho$ O[aE gmH$m{aV hB h& AmnHo$ mam ~Zm o J o BZ

aoIm{Mm| H$m _Zo Bg emoY-~Y _| `Wmo{MV Cn`moJ {H$`m h&

emoY-H$m Ho$ ma{^H$ {H$`m go JwOaZo Ho$ nMmV g~ go _hdnyU H$m`

CgH$m Q>H$U H$m hmoVm h& _oam H$ yQ>a kmZ _wPo ~hV H$m_ Am`m h& _Zo AnZo

emoY-~Y H$m H$ yQ>arH$aU IwX {H$`m h& gmW _| _ AnZr H$ yQ>a kmVm ghY{_Ur

Z`Zm nQ>obZ`Zm nQ>obZ`Zm nQ>obZ`Zm nQ>ob VWm AnZr `mar {~{Q>`m {M.{`mer{M.{`mer{M.{`mer{M.{`mer H$m {Xb go ewH$JwOma h& XmoZm| Zo

emoY-~Y Ho$ H$`yQ>a Ho$ S>mQ>m boIZ _| _oar _XX H$s h&

AVV: `hr H$hZm MmhJm {H$ _ Vmo Bg emoY-H$m _| {Z{_m _m h& dmVd

_| na_Vd H$s H$nm, {ZX}eH$ H$m g_w{MV _mJXeZ Ed Amn g~ H$s gVV oaUm,

gh`moJ, AmerdmX VWm ew^H$m_ZmAm| Ho$ H$maU hr _oam `h ~Ym_H$ emoY-H$m`

gnZ hmo nm`m h&

{XZmH$ : {dZrV,

WmZ : ~Jgam

m.m.m.m. ~r.Oo.nQ>o~r.Oo.nQ>o~r.Oo.nQ>o~r.Oo.nQ>obbbb

--------------------------------------------------------- 18


W_ A`m`

--------------------------------------------------------- 19


* A_* A_* A_* A_Vbmb ZmJa {dmdVr {_l H$s ZOa go ; Vbmb ZmJa {dmdVr {_l H$s ZOa go ; Vbmb ZmJa {dmdVr {_l H$s ZOa go ; Vbmb ZmJa {dmdVr {_l H$s ZOa go ;

"" Vw_ ZmJa, gm{h` H$bm,

gH${V Ho$, Vw_ _| gmYZm&

g_Xeu g~ Ho$ {V,

_Z _| h A{YH$mar ^mdZm&

XmVm Vw_ Ama Zht {H$gr go

{H$gr ~mV H$s `mMZm&

ghO H$_ `moJr Vw_,

AmJo eof Z H$moB H$m_Zm&

_mZd _Z H$s gr_mE,

`{n Vw_Zo drH$ma H$s&

na CZ gr_mAm| _| ^r Vw_,

{H$VZo lo {demb hmo&

Ogm Zm_ Vwhmam dgo hr,

Vw_ A_V bmb hmo& ''

* ZmJa Or Ho$ A_V* ZmJa Or Ho$ A_V* ZmJa Or Ho$ A_V* ZmJa Or Ho$ A_V----{~Xw ;{~Xw ;{~Xw ;{~Xw ; "" `{$ AHo$bm Zht, g_mO _| ahZo dmbm Ord h Ama Bg{bE

CgHo$ Hw$N> Xm{`d ^r h& gMmB, `mJ, m_m{UH$Vm, ZmJ[aH$Vm

Am{X Bgr{bE CgHo$ Z{VH$ _mZXS> ^r h& ''

( ( ( ( " A_V Ama {df'" A_V Ama {df'" A_V Ama {df'" A_V Ama {df' ) ) ) )

--------------------------------------------------------- 20


H VmdZmVmdZmVmdZmVmdZm

H `{$d `{$d `{$d `{$d

H `{$d Ho$ A` Am`m_ `{$d Ho$ A` Am`m_ `{$d Ho$ A` Am`m_ `{$d Ho$ A` Am`m_

H ZmJa Or H$m aMZm ZmJa Or H$m aMZm ZmJa Or H$m aMZm ZmJa Or H$m aMZm----ggma ggma ggma ggma

H ZmJa Or Ho$ gm{h` H$m A` ^mfmAmo _o AZwdmXZmJa Or Ho$ gm{h` H$m A` ^mfmAmo _o AZwdmXZmJa Or Ho$ gm{h` H$m A` ^mfmAmo _o AZwdmXZmJa Or Ho$ gm{h` H$m A` ^mfmAmo _o AZwdmX

H {d{^Z nwaH ma Ed g_mZ {d{^Z nwaH ma Ed g_mZ {d{^Z nwaH ma Ed g_mZ {d{^Z nwaH ma Ed g_mZ

H dJdmg dJdmg dJdmg dJdmg

H {ZH$f {ZH$f {ZH$f {ZH$f

H gX^ gyMr gX^ gyMr gX^ gyMr gX^ gyMr

H W_ A`m` H

A_Vbmb ZmJa : EH$ gm{hp`H$ `{$dA_Vbmb ZmJa : EH$ gm{hp`H$ `{$dA_Vbmb ZmJa : EH$ gm{hp`H$ `{$dA_Vbmb ZmJa : EH$ gm{hp`H$ `{$d

--------------------------------------------------------- 21


1.1 VmdZm 1.1 VmdZm 1.1 VmdZm 1.1 VmdZm :::: lr A_Vbmb ZmJa EH$ OmJ$H$ Ed {ZmdmZ gm{h`H$ma h& o_MXmoma

wJ Ho$ ge$ aMZmH$ma Ho$ $n _o Ch| gwk nmR>H$ Ad` `mX H$aVo h& CZHo gm{h`

H$m {hXr gm{h` OJV _| AgmYmaU _hd h& o_MX Ho ~mX {hXr Cn`mg

gm{h` _| {df` d{d`, g`m, AmH$ma-H$ma VWm Vw{V Am{X g^r X{`m| go

AnZm {d{e WmZ ~ZmZo dmbo ZmJa Or `{$ Ho $n _| ^r gd_m` VWm AJ{UV

nmR>H$m| Ho {` aho& Chm|Zo AmYw{ZH$ g_` Ho$ ^maVr` gm_m{OH$ OZ-OrdZ H$m

~hw_wIr {MU {H$`m h& ZmJa Or H$m gm{h` n[a_mU _| Mwa Vmo h hr, gmW hr

d{d` H$s X{ go ^r gamhZr` h& CZH$s gm{h{`H$ _y`m| H$o {V AQyQ AmWm h;

BgH$m _mU d` CZH$m gm{h` h& lr ZmJa Or Zo AZoH$ {dYmAm| _| gm{h` aMm

h, naVw do _w`V: Cn`mgH$ma h Ama gmW hr _hmZ J {enr h&

"" A_Vbmb ZmJa Zo $H$hm{Z`m {bIr h, Cn`mg {bIo h, ZmQH$ {bIo h,

Ama ~hV Vah H$m J {bIm h na {hXr nmR>H$ Ch| _w`V: Cn`mgH$ma Ho$ $n _|

OmZVo h Ama AmJo dh Bgr $n _| `mX {H$ o Om |Jo& g~ go `mXm n{al_ Chm|Zo

Cn`mg {bIZo _| {H$`m Ama n g`m Ho$ {dMma go ^r aMZmdbr _| g~ go `mXm

OJh dhr KoaVo h& ''1 CZHo$ Cn`mgm| H$m H$` {H$gr CnXoe-[ZXoe Ho$ _m`_ go

Zht, A{nVw AZw^d Ama gdoXZm Ho$ YamVb na ~Sr _m{_H$Vm go A{^`{$ nmVm h&

\$b d$n CZHo$ nmR>H$m|$ H$m {demb dJ h ; Xoe _| Ama {dXoe _| ^r& Sm.AmZX

Zmam`U Ho$ eXmo _| ; ""...~{H$$$ `h H$hZm AZw{MV Z hmoJm {H$$ o_MX Ho$ ~mX do

Xygao ~So $H$WmH$ma Wo, {OhmoZo AnZm nmR>H$-dJ d V ma {H$`m Wm& ''2

H W_ A`m` H

AAAA_Vbmb ZmJa _Vbmb ZmJa _Vbmb ZmJa _Vbmb ZmJa :::: EH$ gm{hp`H$ `{$d EH$ gm{hp`H$ `{$d EH$ gm{hp`H$ `{$d EH$ gm{hp`H$ `{$d

--------------------------------------------------------- 22


1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 `{$d`{$d`{$d`{$d :::: ZmJa Or H$m `{$d oaH$$ Ed AX wV j_VmAmo H$m EH$sH$V $n h&

nmfo` {V^m Ama JhZ AmWm go {_bH$a CZH$m `{$d MoVZ hmo CRm h&

"" dVwV: AmoOdr d \y$V `{$d go `w$ H$WmH$ma A_Vbmb ZmJa {hXr gm{h`

OJV Ho$ EH$ _wI AmYma h& OrdZ Ho$ Agr_ AZw^dmo H$mo d OrVo hwE `mo H$m `mo

H$b_ _| ~mY boZm ZmJa Or H$s Cbo`; {H$Vw Zg{JH$$ {deofVm h& ~hwAm`m_r

OrdZ H$mo CZH$r ~hw_wIr {V^m Zo {d{dY H$ma go VwV {H$`m h& OrdZ H$s

AbJ-AbJ BH$mB`mo _o ~Q>o hmoZo na ^r CZH$m g_J `{$d gVaJr Am^m go w$

h& ''3 ZmJa Or AnZo AmnH$mo Xmo hr eXmo _o {d^m{OV H$aVo h, EH$ h `V Ama

Xygam _V ! Chm|Zo gm{h` _| gXd brH$$ go hQH$a Hw$N ZdrZ {bIm&

Sm. g`nmb MwK {bIVo h ; "" OrdZ-gJm_ Ho$ OrdV `mom, CXma-Ab_V

_mZd, ${T_w$ ed Am{VH$$, ~hw Kw_H$S, ~hwlwV, ~hwn{R>V, ~hw~mobr nmaIr,

~hw^mfm{dk, OmJ$H$$ B{Vhmg-nwamUo_r, nydmJh_w$, J{Verb {dMmaH$,

AZwg{Ygw, jor` emoYH$Vm, `mo` AZwdmXH$, gwYr gnmXH$$, drU hm`-

`H$ma, Hw$eb A{^ZoVm, g\$b aJ_M-{ZX}eH$, drU {gZo[a`mo boIH$, Anyd

ebrH$ma, ~mb-gm{h`-UoVm (H$hmZr gJh) Ama Ag` boIm|-{Z~Ym|, g_aUm|,

ao{S`mo-ZmQH$m| Ed H$hm{Z`m| Ho$ aM{`Vm ; g~ {_bmH$a Omo `{$d ~ZVm h, CgH$m

Zm_ h ; A_Vbmb ZmJa& ''4 AWmV gdJwU gnZ Omo EH$$ `{$d C^aVm h,

Ch| h_ A_Vbmb ZmJa H$hVo h& gM_wM ZmJa Or Cn w$ {deofVmAm| H$o gnyU

hH$Xma h&

1.2.1 1.2.1 1.2.1 1.2.1 O_O_O_O_ :::: {V{W Ed WmZ{V{W Ed WmZ{V{W Ed WmZ{V{W Ed WmZ : : : : lr A_Vbmb ZmJa H$m O_ 17, AJV, 1916 B. H$mo AmJam Ho$ JmoHw$bnwam

_whbo _| hwAm& _ybV: ZmJa Or H$m n[adma JwOamVr Wm, naVw bJ^J 250 dfm] go

BZHo$ nydOm| Ho$ CmaXoe _| AmH$a ~g OmZo Ho$ H$maU BZHo$ n[adma _| {_l ^mfm H$m

`moJ ~am~a hmoVm ahm h& CmaXoe _| ahH$a CZH$m n[adma {hXr ^mfr hmo J`m h,

naVw ZmJa Or Ho$ `hm JwOamVr ^r nyU ^wd Ho$ gmW ~mobr OmVr h& CZHo$$ `hm

~mobr OmZo dmbr JwOamVr ^mfm H$m `h CXmhaU Xo{IE ; "" " _a`mo, `mO ~oRmo heo,

g\$r Zr XwH$mZ na `m ZWy Zo `m& VoZo Eo ^r hmoe ZB hmo` {H$ AmO dH$sb gm~ Zo

`m Om~y No, H$mJO bB Zo ' (_am, dht ~Rm hmoJm g\$r H$r XwH$mZ na `m ZWy Ho$

`hm& Cgo Vmo `h ^r hmoe Zht hmoJm {H$ AmO dH$sb gmh~ Ho$ `hm OmZm h, H$mJO

--------------------------------------------------------- 23


bo Ho$&) ''5 ZmJa Or m`: H$hVo Wo, {hXr Ama JwOamVr XmoZm| hr _oar _mV^mfmE

h&

1.2.2 1.2.2 1.2.2 1.2.2 nm[adm[aH$ n[aM`nm[adm[aH$ n[aM`nm[adm[aH$ n[aM`nm[adm[aH$ n[aM` : : : : ZmJa Or Ho nydO AJoOm| H$s ZmH$ar _| {Z w$ hmoH$a CmaXoe Ho {d{^Z

ZJam| Ho$ {Zdmgr hwE& o JwOamVr ~mU n[adma emh Amb_ \$I{gà Ho$ O_mZo _|

JwOamV go `hm AmH$a ~gm Wm & gZ 1895 B. _| ZmJa Or Ho$ {nVm_h d.lr

{edam_ Or Bbmhm~mX ~H$$ Ho$$ EOoQ hmoH$a bIZD$ {Zdmgr hwE& Chm|Zo AnZr

H$m{~br`V na CZ{V H$a ~H$ H$m _ZoOa nX mV {H$`m& AnZo {nVm_h Ho$ g_` go

hr ZmJa Or H$m n[adma bIZD Ho$ MmH$ _whbo H$m Wm`r {Zdmgr hmo J`m& Hw$gw_

dmU}` Ho$ gmW hE g_mbmn _| ZmJa Or Zo ~Vm`m Wm ; "" h_mao nwaIo {dgZJa,

(ew $n BgH$m drgbZJa h, drgbXod amOm Ho$ Zm_ na nS>m h, Bg_| "b' bwV hmo

J`m h&) JwOamV go bJ^J T>mB gm df nhbo Cma ^maV _| Amò Wo& _wPo Omo

demdbr {_br Cg_| _ Voahdt nrT>r H$m h& ''6

A_Vbmb ZmJa Ho$ {nVm H$m Zm_ n.amOmam_ Or VWm _mVm H$m Zm_ {dmdVr

Wm& ZmJa Or Ho$ {nVm d.amOmam_ e_m Ed _moKr hr ZmJa Or Ho$ Or{dV gVmZm| _|

Wo& nw o_ Ho$ H$maU ZmJa Or Ho$ {nVm_h AnZo nw H$mo {ejm Ho$ {bE ~mha Z ôO

gHo$, \$bd$n SmH$Qa ~ZZo H$m CZH$m gnZm {Vamo{hV hmo J`m Ama BQa H$s narjm

nmg H$a do EH$$ nmoQ Am{\$g _| bH$ Ho$ $n _| H$m aV hmo J o& Hw${R>V jmo^ Zo

Ch| H$moYr ~Zm {X`m, {H$Vw CZH$s ~hw_wIr {V^m Zo d A` jom| Ho$ ma Imob

{b o& aJ_M Ho$ emH$sZ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU do A{^Z` Xj ^r Wo Ed Hw$eb V~bmdmXH$

^r Wo& "" ~m~yOr go _ hr Zht, gmam Ka WamVm Wm & Ch| `dWm Ama AZwemgZ

Bg hX VH$ {` Wm {H$ Ka _| {H$gr ^r `{$ Ho$ mam do Bg g~Y _| H$moB MwH$$ gh

hr Zht nmVo Wo& Ama Vmo Ama, CZHo$ na_ Amam`, _oao XmXm-XmXr VH$ EH$ OJh na

CZHo$ Bg AmVH$ go ^m{dV Wo& ~g `hr JZr_V Wr {H$ CZH$m `h {_eZ Ho$db

AnZo Ka VH$$ hr {g{_V Wm& Ka Ho$ ~mha AnZr {dZmoX{`Vm, H$bm_H$ {V^m

Ama _mZdr` JwUm| Ho$ H$maU do g~ H$m _Z ghO ^md go AnZr Amoa ItM boVo Wo& ''7

{nV d^md H$m n ^md ZmJa Or _| {XImB XoVm h& "" AnZr Hw$RmO{SV

_hdH$mjm Ho$ {b o ~MnZ _| ^bo hr {H$VZr _ma _wPo ImZr nSr, na {dMma dmV`

H$s gw{dYm XoZo Ho$ {bE AnZo {nVm H$m ~ohX H$Vk h & Chm|Zo AnZo {nVm H$s Vah

_mohJV hmoH$a _wPo {H$gr H$ma H$s _mZ{gH$ {W{V _| Zht Smbm, `h `m H$_

--------------------------------------------------------- 24


CnH$ma {H$`m ! ''8 `hm ZmJa Or H$s drH$mamo{$ _| {nV-o_ PbH$Vm h& EH$ ~ma

{H$gr MrO H$mo boH$a A_Vbmb ZmJa Ama aVZbmb Ho$ ~rM PJSm hmo J`m& aVZ amo

ahm Wm& "" Chm|Zo (~m~yOr Zo) nmg _| aIr hwB EH$ bH$Sr _wPo ItM _mar Ama

H$hm ; "" A~ go Voar-_oar ~mV Z gwZy '' _wPo Imgr MmoQ bJr Wr& ~mX _| Chm|Zo _wPo

`ma go g_Pm`m ^r Wm& nwadmB hdm MbVr h Vmo AmO ^r _oam Xm{hZm KwQZm Cg

~mV H$r `mX {Xbm XoVm h& _Ja Cg ~mV H$m `h Aga hwAm {H$ AnZo ^mB`m| H$o {bE

{\$a Voar-_oar H$r ~mV H$^r Z Am nm`r& ''9 ZmJa Or n[adma _| O o hmoZo Ho$ H$maU

AnZo XmoZm| ^mB`m| go Agr_ Zoh aIVo Wo& "" ~m~yOr H$mo AnZo ^mB`m| go ~ohX bJmd

Wm Ama Cg g_` CZH$s mW{_H$Vm ^mB`m| H$m ^{d` hr Wr& 18 df H$r hr C_ _|

aVZ H$mo nTmB NmoS H$a ~m~yJrar H$aZr nS ahr Wr, `h A_Vbmb H$mo AIa ahm Wm&

AnZo {nVm H$s Hw$Rm dh XoI hr MwHo$ Wo& gZ 40 _| hr _XZMmMm Or H$s PmZ XoI

H$a Ch| Vmo AmQ Hy$b _| âVr H$am {X`m Wm Ama CZH$mo AnZr ${M H$m amVm {_b

J`m Wm& ''10 {nVm Or Ho$ OrdZH$mb _| ZmJa Or Zo d AnZm hr Zht ~{H$$ AnZo

XmoZm| NmoQo ^mB`m| Ho$ H$[aà Ho$ g~Y _| AnZo Zeo ~mY {bò Wo&

ZmJa Or H$s nZr H$m Zm_ {V^m Wm& `h Xn{V {hXr gm{h` OJV _|

AmXe Xn{V Ho$ $n _| nhMmZm OmVm h& {V^m Or _| Zm_ Ho$ g_mZ hr JwU Wo&

ZmJa Or Ho$ VrZ AZwO Wo ; {^wdZ, aVZbmb VWm _XZbmb& (ZmJa Or Ho$ AZwO

{ wdZ H$m OrH$ H$B {dmZm| Zo Zht Ho$ ~am~a {H$`m h& {^wdZ H$s C_ {g\$ S>oT>

df Wr, V^r CZH$s _ w hmo JB Wr&) "" lr A_Vbmb ZmJa, lr aVZbmb ZmJa

Ama lr _XZbmb ZmJa Ogo VrZ gw`mo` nwm| H$mo nmH$a amOmam_ Or H$s gm_m{OH$

{Vm _| Mma MmX bJ J`m& VrZ ^mB`m| _| o lr A_Vbmb ZmJa JmYrdmXr

_m`VmAm| Ho$ {V g_{nV _mZdVmdmXr {dMmaH$ Ama {hXr Ho$ `m{VbY H$WmH$ma

Wo& _Pbo ^mB lr aVZbmb ZmJa S>mBaoQ>a Ho$ $n _| {\$_ OJV go g~ Wo, {H$Vw

Xw^m`de gZ 1966 _| CZH$s _`w hmo J`r Wr& AH$mX_r nwaH$ma go g_m{ZV

H${Z mVm lr _XZbmb Or EH$ {d`mV {MH$ma Ama bIZD$ {dd{dmb` _|

b{bV H$bm Ho$ AmMm Ed A`j h& ''11 ZmJa H$s Mma gVmZo Hw$_wX ZmJa, eaX

ZmJa, AMbm ZmJa Ed AmaVr ZmJa h& ZmJa Or H$m n[adma ~S>m hr hZa dmbm h&

n[adma Ho$ g^r gX` AnZr-AnZr `mo`Vm Ho$ ~b~yVo na H$B jom| _| AnZm Zm_

amoeZ H$a MwHo$ h& Sm.am_{dbmg e_m H$m H$hZm h ; "" CZHo$ Ka H$m dmVmdaU

nMm`Vr h, Ama lr_Vr ZmJa Vmo ZmJa Or Ho$ OrdZ _| EH$ A{S>J {ebm Ho$ g_mZ

--------------------------------------------------------- 25


h& ''12 CZH$m âmnyam n[adma AmXem] H$r {VN{d VwV H$aVm h& AMbm VWm

aVZ ZmJa Ho$ n[adma H$mo NmoS H$a eof Hw$Z~m bIZD _| hr ~gm hwAm h&

1.2.3 1.2.3 1.2.3 1.2.3 ~MnZ Ed {ejm~MnZ Ed {ejm~MnZ Ed {ejm~MnZ Ed {ejm----XrjmXrjmXrjmXrjm ::::

_mZd Bg Yam na AdV{aV hmoH$a AnZo AmnH$mo gm_O`Vm Ho$ gmW Wm{nV

H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee H$aVm h& O_ go _ wn V AZoH$mZoH$$ KQZmAm| _| go ~MnZ Ho$

{XZm| H$mo dh ybm Zht gH$Vm& ~MnZ H$s Kw_H$S d{m, eamaV| g~ \w$agV H$s

jUm| _| `mX AmVr h ; "" ~rVo hwE {XZ ^bo hr gwI-âo hmo `m Xw:I-âo, `mX ~So

gwI go hr AmVo h& _oao ~MnZ Ho$ {XZ Vmo gM_wM ~So gwI âo ~rVo Wo, Bg{bE CZ

{XZm| H$s `mX| AmO ^r _oao _Z H$mo EH$ Vah go VmOJr Xo OmVr h& ''13 ~mbghO

ZmXm{Z`m| H$mo ZmJa Or Jd Ho$ gmW gOmo o hwE h& CZHo$ Ka H$o nmg hr {XZ-â

H$~m{S`m| H$s Amngr bSmB, CZH$o gdmX, Jm{b`m gwZZo H$mo {_bVt& AnZo AHo$bonZ

H$mo ~hbmZo Ho$ {bE ZmJa Or AH$ga Cgo Xmoham`m H$aVo& CZH$r Jm{b`m ^r {Zb}n

^md go D$Mr AmdmO _| ~mobr OmVr& EH$ ~ma {nVmOr Zo gwZ {b`m& CZHo$ _O~yV

hmWm| go Mma-nmM V_mMo ZmJa Or Ho$ Jmbm| na nSo& "" {OVZm hr gV, goga âm

~MnZ _Zo {~Vm`m Wm, CVZr hr VoOr go AnZr VUmB H$s JwnMwn dVVm H$m bm^

^r boZo bJm& XX XX XX _oam AnZm g~ go ~Sm gm^m` `h Wm {H$ ~MnZ Vah-

Vah H$o ~m{H$$ AmXmobZm| go âm hwAm Wm& XX XX XX ~MnZ _| H$_mB ~hwV

gmar nyOr AmO _oao boIH$$ H$s {Z{Y ~Z JB h& ''14 Eogo Wo ~MnZ _| ZmJa Or !

ZmJa Or AnZo {dmWu OrdZ H$mo ~oeH$s_Vr g_PVo Wo& dh AnZo Am{XJw

n{SV Ed _mQa ^mobmZmW H$mo g_`-g_` na `mX H$aVo aho h& ZmJa Or H$mo nTmZo

dmbo n{SV Or H$m AmXoe Wm {H$ ; "" g~ bmoJ Omoa-Omoa go AnZm nmR `mX H$a|

{Oggo {H$ Ch| gwZmB nS>Vm aho& ZVrOm `h hmoVm Wm {H$ gadVr H$s _mZg_w$m

MwZZo dmbo hg {_bH$a H$mAm emoa _Mm XoVo Wo& `mo_oQr H$s `moa_ _| B{Vhmg H$s

H$WmE, yJmob H$s H$H$ _H$a Ama {dfwdV aoImE, {hXr _| M{a JR>Z Ho$ _hd Ho$

gmW {bnQ CbPH$a gOr-_Sr Ho$ H$~m{S`m| H$s Vah AX^wV da d{M` Cn{WV

{H$`m H$aVr Wt& Bg aQmB Ho$ H$m H$_ _| h_| Iam AmZX AmVm Wm& AX~ go ~R>Zo H$s

O$aV Z hmoVr Wr, `m|{H$ n{SVOr gm_Zo Z hmoVo Wo& CR-CR>H$a EH$ Xygao H$s Qrn|

bJmZm, _wh {MTmZm, Mm|M {XImZm Am{X _ZmoaOH$ H$m H$_ H$aVo hwE Mm~rgm| KQm|

_o Ho$db CVZm hr g_` AnZm _mZH$a gwI go {~Vm`m H$aVo Wo& ''15 n{SVOr " NSr

bmJo N_-N_ Ama {dm Amdo Y_-Y_ ' Ho$ gZmVZ {gmV _| AQyQ {ddmg aIVo Wo&

--------------------------------------------------------- 26


ZmJa Or nTmHy$ d^md Ho$ Wo& AnZo Ka _| gadVr, AmZX Ama r XnU Am{X n-

n{H$mE AmVr Wt& CZHo$ ~m~yOr AH$ga _hoeZmW e_m Ho$ `hm go n[adVZmW,

g_mbmoMZmW AZoH$ n-n{H$mE Ama nwVH|$ bm`m H$aVo Wo& ZmJa Or {bIVo h ;

"" {XZ _| _wP AHo$bo ~Mo H$mo Nmno Ho$ Toa gmao Ajam| Ama dm`m| go OyPZo H$m Mmd nS

J`m& H${dVmE Iy~ `mX hmo JB& _oao gm_Zo Cg g_` g_PZo H$m Z Zht Wm, `mX

H$aZo H$m Wm& Ama^ _| AnZr Bg nTmHy$ d{m Ho$ H$maU _ AnZo XmXm Ho$ mam amOm

~oQm _mZm J`m& AnZo {V{>V AmJVwH$ n[a{MVm|, {_m| Ho$ gm_Zo _wPo ~wbmH$a ~So

Cgmh go H${dVmE Ama bmoH$$ gwZmZo H$s Amkm do _wPo XoVo Wo& bo{H$Z ~ag Xmo ~ag

~mX hr O~ go Hy$b nTmB H$m Tam Mbm, V~ go _oar `h {ZH$_m nTZo H$s AmXV _oao

{nVm H$s ZOam| _| g~ go Iam~ AmXV _mZr OmZo bJr& ''16 {nVmOr H$s nTmB Ho$

{V Bg H$ma H$s X{Q ~mbH$ A_V Zhr g_P nm o Wo& _Z hr _Z {nVmOr H$mo KUm

^r H$aZo bJo Wo& {nVmOr `{X _ZMmhm nT gH$Vo h Vmo dh IwX `m| Zhr ? ~Sm hmoH$a

dh ^r dhr H$aoJm& "" Ia, ~Sm hmoZo na A~ Vmo _ _Z_mZm nT hr ahm h, na Cg

g_` _oam ~mbH$ _Z Aja{dah _| NQnQmVm Wm& ''17 {nVmOr Ho$ eXmW _| {ZH$_r

nTmB H$o H$maU ~mbH$ A_V hmo_dH$ Zht H$a nmVo Wo, `m|{H$$ hmo_dH$ Ho$ g_`

{ZH$_r nTmB _| hr _Z `mXm AmH${fV hmoVm ahVm& "" ZVrOm `h hmoVm Wm {H$

hmo_dH$ Z H$a nmZo Ho$ H$maU Xygao {XZ gdoao EH$ Amoa Vmo nTmZo dmbo n{SV Or _wPo

_maVo Wo Ama Xygar Amoa _oao ~m~yOr& O~ _oar {ZH$_r nTmB Ho$ gmao gmYZ Vmbo Hw$Or

_| ~X H$a {X`o J o Vmo _ Hw${R>V hmo J`m& ''18

ZmJa Or A` {df` Vmo AmgmZr go V`ma H$a boVo Wo, na J{UV _| H$Mo Wo&

CZH$s drH$mamo{$ ; "" J{UV H$m hmo_dH$ gXm {nNSm ahm `m ~ma-~ma JbV hwAm&

g~oao {nVmOr Ama n{SV Or VWm {XZ _|, Hy$b Ho$ J{UV Ho$ ~hao A`mnH$ _mQa

^mobmZmW H$s _ma ImZm _oao X{ZH$ OrdZ-H$_ _| hr em{_b hmo J`m Wm& ~hao hmoZo

Ho$ H$maU _mQa ^mobmZmW BVZr Omoa go V_mMo _maVo Wo {H$ Ch| do gwZmB nS Om o&

O~ N>R>o XO} _| Om nhwMm Vmo {d{YdV Mmoar go nTZo H$s H$bm _| drU hmo J`m

Wm& ''19 {dmWu OrdZ H$m ma{^H$ g_` Hw$N _Zmodkm{ZH$ V`m| H$mo nQ H$aVm

h& dgo Vmo `h ImoO gemoYZ H$m {df` h, ~Mo Hy$b OmZo go `m| H$VamVo h ? AZoH$

PyR H$m ghmam `m| boVo h ? Hy$b go Jm`~ hmo OmZo H$s AZoH$ VaH$s~| CZHo$ {X_mJ _|

H$hm go AmVr h ? _ IwX Bg ~mV H$m drH$ma H$aVm h {H$ _Zo ^r {dmWu OrdZ Ho$

ma{^H$ H$mb _| AZoH$ VaH$s~m| Ho$ ghmao Hy$b Z OmZo H$s, Hy$b go ^mJZo H$s

--------------------------------------------------------- 27


H$mo{ee H$r Wr& ZmJa Or gmVd| XO} H$s ~mV H$aVo h& Ch| bmB~oar H$s nwVH$ nTZo

H$m MH$m ~war Vah bJ J`m Wm& EH$ ANr-gr {H$Vm~ hmW bJr Wr& Hy$b OmZo

H$m g_` nmg Am J`m Wm& VaH$s~ AmO_mB JB& EH$ D$Mo XO} _| nTZo dmbo ^`m go

{nVmOr Ho$ Zm_ go AOu {bIdmB& ~hmZm ~Vm`m J`m _m H$s {~_mar H$m ! g`moJ go

Cg _mQa gmh~ go CZHo$ ~m~yOr H$s _wbmH$mV hwB& AOu H$s ~mV hwB& ZmJa Or

{bIVo h ; "" Ombr XVIV ~ZmZo na _oao {nVmOr Zo Cg {XZ _oar Ogr {nQmB H$s

dgr _oar Z nhbo H$^r hyB, Z ~mX _|& Vy Om{b`m ~ZoJm-H$hVo Om | Ama _maVo

Om |& Cg _ma go _oam AVa {hb CRm Wm, Ama {\$a `h AmXV gXm Ho$ {bE NyQ J`r&

A~ gmoMVm h dh _ma ~hwV ^br Wr& ''20 ZmJa Or Ho$ {nVmOr AnZo _mVm-{nVm Ho$

nw-o_ Ho$ H$maU SmH$Qa Zht ~Z nm o& "" AnZr Bgr Hw$Rm Ho$ H$maU hr do _oao {bE

H$amb hwE Wo& CZH$s ~Sr BNm Wr {H$ _ Iy~ nTy>, {dbm`V H$s {SJr bmD Ama ~Sm

Zm_ H$$& `hr Zht, Cg BNm _| EH$ Kw_md `h ^r Wm {H$ _ gmBg nTy& gmBg

{df` H$mo boH$a ^r AnZr Xmo A{^bmfmAm| _| go EH$ do _wPgo {V\${bV H$aZm MmhVo

Wo, CZH$s nhbr ngX SmH$Qar Ama Xygar BOr{Zàr& ''21

ZmJa Or hmBHy$b H$s narjmAm| _| CmrU hmoH$a gZ 1934 B. _| BQa_r{SEQ

H$s nTmB Ho$ {bE {H${M`Z H$mboO _| Xm{Ib hwE, {H$Vw CZH$m _Z H$mboO H$s nTmB

_| Zht bJ ahm Wm& \$bV: BQa _| AZwmrU hmo Jò& H$maU Wm, H$mboO H$s bmB~oar

go A` gm{h{`H$$ nwVH|$ nTVo ahZm& {nVmOr H$s AmH${_H$ _ w Ho$ H$maU ZmJa

Or H$s {ejm H$s H$moB g_w{MV `dWm Z hmo gH$r& do Ho$db BQa VH$ hr nT gHo$

n[adma Ho$ Oò nw hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Ch| ZmH$ar Ho$ {bE {dde hmoZm nSm& wdmdWm _|

hr ZmJa Or H$mo gKfm] go OyPZm nSm& AmbmoMH$ Sm.am_{dbmg e_m Zo Bg H$Vr

H$bmH$ma Ho$ {bE H$hm h ; "" hmBHy$b nmg n.A_Vbmb ZmJa H$mo {OXJr Ho$

{dd{dmb` go g~ {SJr`m {_b MwH$s h& qH$J [bà H$s Vah n[a{W{V`m| Zo

_a_V H$aHo$ CZH$m ZI-{eI gdma {X`m h& A~ Z EH$ AmM H$s H$ga h, Z Xmo

H$s, do Iy~ Vn MwHo$ h Ama {hXr H$s godm H$aZo Ho$ {bE nyU `mo`Vm mV h& ''22

ZmJa Or H$s {ejm ^bo hr BQa VH$ ahr hmo, na dh {H$gr nrEM.Sr. `m Sr.{bQ.

mV {ejm{dX go H$_ Zht Wo& ZmJa Or Ama Sm.am_{dbmg e_m Ho$ ~rM hwB

~mVMrV Xo{IE ; "" " A~ Vw_ nrEM.Sr. H$a Smbmo& ' n{SV Or Zo Odm~ {X`m,

" nhbo BQa H$aZm nSoJm, {\$a ~r.E., {\$a E_.E. ~Sr _ohZV H$aZr nSoJr& A~

nrEM.Sr., drEM.Sr.H$m _moh Zht h, nhbo Wm& Vw_Zo n{SV H$s Cnm{Y Xo Xr dh

--------------------------------------------------------- 28


~hwV h& ' {\$a ~mobo, " MmH$$ h_mar w{Zd{gQr, h_ CgHo$ dmBg Mmgba h& ''23

_Z go {OgZo g~ Hw$N mV H$a {b`m hmo Cgo H$mJO H$s {SJr `m bw^m oJr ? ZmJa

Or Omo h, dh Vmo gm{h` Ho$ O{aE {XImB XoVo h& h_| drH$ma H$aZm nSoJm {H$ J{UV

H$m H$Mm [dmWu, gmBg go {H$Zmam H$aZo dmbm {dmWu, {hXr Cn`mg gm{h` _|

AnZm Zm_ AJr_ n{$ _| XO H$adm nm`m h& `h g~ Bg{bE g^d hwAm, `m|{H$

ZmJa Or hma drH$ma H$aZo dmbm| _| go Zht Wo&

1111.2..2..2..2.4 4 4 4 AmVaAmVaAmVaAmVa----~m `{$d :~m `{$d :~m `{$d :~m `{$d : ZmJa Or Ho$ AmV[aH$$ Ama ~mhar `{$d H$m Omo {M VwV hmoVm h, Cgo

h_ ^ybm Zht gH$Vo& h{aeH$a nagmB {bIVo h ; "" do ~hwV ~oVH$bw\$$ h&

ASSo~mO h& _h{\$b O_mVo h& XX XX XX ...ZmJa Or Ho$ gm_Zo gH$moM QyQ OmVo

h& do EH$X_ Am_r`Vm Wm{nV H$a boVo h& Zohr h& ^mdwH$ h, ~hwV hX VH$ amJ-

of go nao h& do {ZXm Zht H$aVo& {H$gr H$s H$_Omoar H$m Cnhmg Zht H$aVo& eara

Ama _Z go ~hwV dW h ZmJa Or& _Ja AnZo {ddmgm| Ho$ {bE do ^r am_{dbmg Or

H$s Vah {H$Q-{H$QmH$a {^S OmVo h...ZmJa Or go {_bZm EH$ AmmXH$mar AZw^d h,

{Oggo {_bZo dmbm IwX jwXVmAm| go D$na CRVm h...'(h_ BH$ C_ go dm{H$\$ h,

n.111) ''24 nQ h, ZmJa Or {_bZo `mo` `{$ Wo&

lr ZmJa Or "QwH$So QwH$So XmVmZ' Ho$ O{aE " AmBZo Ho$ gm_Zo ' ISo hmoH$a

AnZm aoIm{M Hw$N Bg H$ma VwV H$aVo h ; "" H$nmb ~hwV MmSm Zht, ~hwV

gH$am ^r Zht& H$^r nyOm gJ _| amobr `m MXZ H$m QrH$m bJmVm hy Vmo \$~Vm h&

~hwV gH$ao H$nmb na `h {~Xr `m JOr MmX go {_bo MmSo H$nmobm| na QrH$m MwJbr

ImVm h, `h _mU h& Xm{hZr ^m Ho$ D$na dmbm ^mJ Hw$N Câm hwAm h, Cg na

H$mbm {Vb h& XX XX XX Ia, ^d| KZr Ama H$mbr h& AnZr AmI| _wPo

AnojmH$V NmoQr bJVr h& XX XX XX Jmbm| H$s h{`m Câr h& {dXmohr `{$

H$r gyMH$ h& ZmH$$ ZwH$sbr h, XoIH$a H$moB g_PXma `h _mZ Om oJm {H$ ZmH$ dmbm

h Ama ZmH$ Ho$ ~mbm| dmbm ^r h& hm|R Z nVbo, Z _moQo, _wh NmoQm, {ZMbo hm|R na EH$

{Vb ^r h& XX XX XX XmV nmZm| Ho$ Vmn go H$mbo Vmo hwE h, na {XZ _| Xmo ~ma

_OZ H$aZo H$s AmXV Zo Ch| {XIZmQ ^m Zht ~ZZo {X`m& H$mZ ~So h, CZH$s b`|

AmJo H$s Amoa PwH$s hwB h& XX XX XX RmoSr ZwH$sbr Ama AmJo H$s Amoa Câr hwB

h& _oao hRr d^md H$s n[aMm`H$ h& g~ {_bmH$a Moham ~wam Zht h, bmoJm| H$m `mZ

EH$ ~ma Vmo AnZr Amoa ItM boVm h& Hw$N AmaV| ^r Bg na arP MwH$s h& Vgbr h&

--------------------------------------------------------- 29


g~ go ~Sr Vgbr Vmo Bg ~mV H$s h {H$ _oao Mohao na BH$$ \$a_mVo ahZo H$m YYm `m

b\$JmnZ AnZm gmBZ~moS Zht QmJ nm`m& XoIVo hr {H$gr H$mo {ddmg hmo Om oJm {H$

AmX_r ^bm Ama ear\$$ h& bo{H$Z AmBZo Ho$ gm_Zo " Omo _wI XoIm AmnZm, _wP-gm

~wam Z H$mo` '& ''25 ZmJa Or H$s Bg drH$mamo{$ H$mo `mW _| b| `m gy{MVmW _| ?

naVw `hm Omo [M emar[aH$$ AmH$ma dmbm ~ZVm h, Cgo h_ A_Vbmb Ho$ $n _|

nhMmZVo h& ZmJa Or gmXJr Ama Am{Ôm` Ho$ {_bo-Owbo d$n Wo&

Sm.~wYm{b`m Or {bIVo h ; "" Jma$dU, {V^m_{S>V MmSm _mWm, Am_r`Vm

go âr hwB M_o| Ho$ AXa go PmH$Vr hwB ~Sr-~Sr AmI|, XmoZm| {gam| na EH$ {deof

dH$Vm {bE hwE VrIr ZmH$, âm Moham, YwYambo ~mb, Xmoham ~XZ, {_bZo na ^md

nSVm h& X{ go J^raVm PaVr h& ''26 gmXJr Ho$ YZr ZmJa Or H$mo Hw$_wX Or Hw$N

Bg $n _| XoIVo h ;"" EH$ Va\$ Vmo ~MnZ go nZnr ~SnZ H$s B_oO Ama Xygar

Amoa, boIH$s` OrdZ H$s {df_ dmV{dH$Vm |& ~m~yOr H$m\$s g_` VH$ BZ XmoZm|

Ywdm| H$mo {_bmZo H$m `mg H$aVo aho h& Nm OrdZ _| H$_rO Ama nQ nhZVo Wo,

bo{H$Z boIH$ ~Z OmZo Ho$ ~mX {\$a Hw$Vm-nmOm_m dmH$Q Ch| boIH$mo{MV bJZo

bJm& Bgr $n _| dh ~~B J o& \$eZ Ama H$nSm| _| {\$_r amOYmZr ~~B H$m Cg

g_` ^r H$moB _wH$m~bm Zht Wm, bo{H$Z dh g_` Ch| AmS~anyU bJVm Wm& EH$$

~ma AnZo EH$$ n _| Chm|Zo kmZMX MmMmOr H$mo gy{MV {H$`m-`hm Ho$ H$nSmS~a go

{MTH$a _Zo A~ ImXr nhZZr ew H$a Xr h-ew go Am{Ia VH$& _oam ng VH$ A~

ImXr H$m h& Ama _ Bgr AXm _| BZ {\$_H$mam| H$s g^m-gmogmB{Q`m| _| OmVm hy&

Ama ~m~yOr H$s `h AXm AV VH$ Ho$db Am w Ho$ nMmgd| df _| Chm|Zo nmÒm_m

NmoSH$a YmoVr AnZm br& ''27 Vmo ~m Or {bIVr h ; "" M_o _| go PmH$Vr CZH$r

AmI| Agr_ Zoh __d go AmoVmoV h& doV Ia H$m Hw$Vm nmÒm_m CZH$m {`

n[aYmZ h& Ka na g\$oX YmoVr H$mo bwJr H$r Vah bnoQ boVo h& nam| _| ISmD CZHo$

^` `{$d H$mo n{d Am^mg _| ~mY XoVr h& ahZ-ghZ _| gmXJr Ama gw{M

Ch| ngX h& VSH$-^SH$ H$nSm| Ama ^mar âH$_ Am^yfUm| go Ch| gV Z\$aV

h& ''28 Sm.~m Or `hm ZmJa Or Ho$ gabV_ `{$d H$m Am^mg XoVr h &

ZmJa Or H$mo Omo nhZmdm ANm bJm, nhZm h& {Oggo CZHo$ ~m `{$d

H$r EH$ AbJ nhMmZ ~Zr& _mZd _Z H$s JhamB`m| H$mo H$moB Zmn Zht nm`m h&

em`X ZmJa Or Bht AmV[aH$-~m {deofVmAm| Ho$ O[aE AnZm AbJ `{$d

{Z{_V H$a nm o h& Sm.Y_dra ^maVr {bIVo h ; "" A~ `y g_{Pò {H$ o_ H$m aJ

--------------------------------------------------------- 30


Vmo hwAm bmb, ^mJ H$m aJ hwAm ham Ama IwX nhZVo Wo h_oem g\$oX Hw$Vm-YmoVr &

hwAm Z {VaJm `{$d, {~bHw$b ~Zmag H$s _ehwa {VaJr ~\$u Ogm...Ama `H$rZ

_m{ZE, CVZm hr dm{XQ, CVZm hr _rRm& ''29 Eogo `{$d dmbo ZmJa Or H$mo

MmhZo dmbm| _| ~oeH$ h_ ^r em{_b h !

1.2.5 1.2.5 1.2.5 1.2.5 ddm{hH$ OrdZddm{hH$ OrdZddm{hH$ OrdZddm{hH$ OrdZ : : : : ZmJa Or Ho$ O_mZo _| Anm w _| hr gJmB Ama {ddmh hmo OmZm gm_m` ~mV

Wr& ZmJa Or AnZr gJmB na {Xb ImobH$a ghO ^md go H$hVo h ; "" VrZ-Mma df

H$s EH$ Jw{S`m-gr Jmoar gwXa bSH$r AHo$bo _| amo ahr Wr& _wPo X`m Am J`r& O~ H$B

~ma `ma go nyNm, V~ CgZo AnZr hWobr \$bm Xr& {H$dmSm| na bJo VmOo H$mobVma

H$s aJS go CgH$s hWobr _| H$mbm XmJ nS J`m Wm& _ H$ht go gm~wZ bmH$a Cg

Jw{S`m H$s hWobr _| bJr H$m{bI NwS>mZo bJm& h_ XmoZm| H$s Am w _| H$odb EH$ df

AmR _{hZm| H$m AVa Wm, "" amo _V, A^r gm\$ hmo Om`oJm& '' EH$ NmoQm bSH$m ~So

`ma go NmoQr-gr bSH$s H$mo g_Pm ahm h& {H$gr r Zo `h X` XoIm& dh A`

{`m| H$mo ^r ~wbm bm`r& _oar _m, EH$ ZmZr, _oar hmoZo dmbr gmg, X{X`m gmg g^r

Zo `h X` XoIm& Cg Jw{S`m-gr bJZo dmbr bSH$s H$s XmXr Eogr arPr {H$

AVVmoJdm h_ XmoZm| H$m gJmB-g~Y hmo hr J`m& ''30 ZmJa Or Ho$ {nVmOr MmhVo

Wo {H$ ZmJa Or Xgdm XOm nmg H$a b|, V^r {ddmh hmo, naVw {~mo ({V^m) Ho

Kadmbo MmhVo Wo {H$ {ddmh H$r a_ OXr {Z~Qm br Om`& "" _oar XmXr H$m AmJh

QmbZm _oao ~m~yOr Ho$ {bE g^d Zht Wm& Bg{bE Xgd| XO} _| nTVo g_` hr 31,

OZdar, gZ 31 H$mo h_mam {ddmh Yy_Ym_ go gnZ hmo J`m& ''31

{V^m Or Zo VZ, _Z, YZ AnZr ggwamb na `moNmda H$a {X`m& lr_Vr

ZmJa n[a{W{V`m| H$o AZw$n AnZo Amn H$mo TmbZo _| g_W Wt& V^r ZmJa Or {bIVo

h ; "" AmJao Ho$ JmoHw$bnwao `m bIZD$ H$o MmH$ H$s VJ Xw{Z`m go dh nhbr ~ma ~~B

Ogo ~So eha _| Am`t Wt, _Ja _ `h XoIH$a _wY hmo J`m {H$ AmZo Ho$ VrZ hr Mma

{XZm| _| Chm|Zo AnZo AmnH$mo Z`o dmVmdaU _| nyar Vah go XyY _| MrZr H$s Vah

Am_gmV H$a {b`m& ''32 {V^m Or _| AX` Am_{ddmg Wm& gH$n e{$ Ed

BNm e{$ _mOyX Wr& ZmJa Or H$r Vah {V^m Or ^r ~b BNme{$ Ama

Am_{ddmg dmbr _{hbm Wt& JmoHw$bnwam Ama MmH$ Ho$ _mohbm| _| nbr-~Tr, XOm

N: VH$ H$s hr nTmB H$a nmZo dmbr gm_m` r _|, AnZo Am_-g_mZ go g_PmVm

{H$ o {~Zm, d H$mo n{adoe Ho$ AZwHy$b Tmb boZo H$s Anyd j_Vm aIVr Wr& {V^m

--------------------------------------------------------- 31


Or Zo H$hm Wm ; "" ew$ _| Bh| XoIH$a _wPo ^r {bIZo H$m emH$ hAm Wm, na `h

gmoMH$a _Zo dh N>moS> {X`m {H$ _oam bo{IH$m ~ZZm CVZm O$ar Zhr h {OVZm BZHo$

boIZ _| _oam gh`moJ& YZ-d d go _wPo H$^r _moh Zht ahm& _oar Vmo h_oem `hr

A{^bmfm ahr {H$ o AVamr` `m{V Ho$ boIH$ ~Z| Bg{bE AZoH$ ~ma Am{WH$

gKfm] H$mo _Zo ghf Pobm h& ''33 Bg Vah Ho$ d^md gm` Ho$ H$maU ZJa Or Xn{V

Iwehmb Wm&

ZmJa Or Ho$ OrdZ _| {V^m Or H$m _hdnyU `moJXmZ ahm h & "" AJa ~m

H$s OJh h_mar _m H$moB gm_m` H$ma H$s _`_dJu` r hmoVt Vmo ~m~yOr `m Vmo

dh D$MmB Z nmVo Omo Ch| {_br `m dh Ka NmoSH$a ^mJ boVo& ~m Zo Ch| ZmoZ-Vob

bH$Sr H$s {MVm _| H$^r nS>Zo Zht {X`m& XX XX XX Ka-IM H$gm Mb ahm h,

IM {H$VZm hmo ahm h, Bggo ~m~yOr ~oI~a ahVo Wo& ''34 ZmJa Or AnZr aMZm

"QwH$So QwH$So XmVmZ' {V^m H$mo g_{nV H$aVo h, {Og_| CZH$m nZr-o_ PbH$Vm

h ; "" {OgZo ha {Zamem go ~Mm`o aIH$a _wPo boIH$ ~Zm o aIm, Omo ~hwV Xya hmoH$a

^r _oao ~hwV nmg h& ''35 n[adma _| o_^mdZm gwIr Xmn` H$r {ZemZr h& _Ywaoe

ZmJa Xn{V H$mo Bg $n _| XoIVo h ; "" ZmJa Or Jhao n{adma-^md dmbo boIH$ Wo&

CZH$r `hr nm[adm[aH$Vm Ch| ASSo~mOr go boH$a {ZXm-ag go ~MmVr Wr& Ka Ama

~mha do n[adma H$s _`mXm _| ~Yo `{$ Wo& XX XX XX Ka go ew$ H$aHo$ g_yMo

{hXr jo Ama CgHo$ ~mha ^r, ZmJa Or Bgr n[adma-^md go OwSo boIH$ H$m

CXmhaU Wo& n[adma H$s YaVr _| Ygr Jhar OSm| H$o H$maU hr do Xmn` g~Ym|

Ama _whboXmar H$s Z{VH$Vm go ~Yo Wo& ''36 nZr Ho$ `mJ Zo hr dVwV: Ch| boIH$

~ZmH$a gm_m{OH$ gwajm Ama h{g`V Xr&

Hw$_wX ZmJa {bIVo h ;"" O~ ~m~yOr Zo gmdO{ZH$ Vma na H$hZm ew$ {H$`m

{H$ 75 {VeV A_Vbmb ZmJa Vmo {V^m ZmJa hr h Vmo Cg_| H$moB A{Ve`mo{$

Zht Wr, Ama Z nZr H$mo BVZm _hd XoH$a dh AnZr B_oO H$mo CRm aho Wo& dh EH$

~Sr hr B_mZXma drH$mamo{$ Wr& ~m Ho$ ~Ja CZH$m H$m_ hr Zht Mb gH$Vm

Wm& ''37 ZmJa Or {V^m Or Ho$ {V nyar Vah go g_{nV Wo& "" ~g, EH$ hr OJh

h_ XmoZm| H$s nQar Zht ~R>Vr Wr& dh _wP na eH$ H$aVr Wt Ama _ {MTVm Wm& `h

gM h {H$ _oao {_OmO _| aJrZr Wr, _Ja `h ^r gM h {H$ _oar ~ohmoer _| dh aJrZr

{~mo ({V^m) _| go hmoH$a hmoe Ho$ {XZ AmVo-AmVo VH$ EH$ ZB e{$ ~Z JB Wr& _oao

gm^m` go gJmB H$s Vah hr dh e{$ Nmno Ho$ Ajam| go XmoVr _| ~XbH$a EH$ Z`m

--------------------------------------------------------- 32


$n YmaU H$aZo bJr Wr&''38 ZmJa Or H$m BVZr ghOVm go drH$ma H$aZm _wPo

bJVm h, `h CZH$o _Ywa Xmn` OrdZ H$m n[aMm`H$ h& {V^m Or H$s _ w Ho$

nMmV A_Vbmb ey`_ZH$ go hmo Jò Wo& "" ~m Ho$ XohmV Ho$ ~mX ~m~yOr Ho$ OrdZ

_| Ogo EH$ dHw$A_ nXm hmo J`m Wm& Cg XmamZ bJ^J EH$ gmb VH$ Vmo ~m~yOr BVZo

AV_wIr, BNma{hV Ama Agn$ hmo Jò Wo {H$ XoI H$a ^` bJVm Wm& ''39

dm^m{dH$ h {H$ {Og AYm{JZr Zo Ch| BVZm g~ Hw$N> {X`m, CgHo$ Mbo OmZo na

ImbrnZ Ad` Am Om oJm& AMbm ZmJa Or Zo ^r Bg g` H$mo drH$ma H$aVo hwE

{bIm h ; "" _oao ~m~yOr Z hmoVo AJa _oar ~m Z hmoVr..., V^r Vmo do _w$ H$R go

H$hVo Wo {H$ VrZ MmWmB A_Vbmb ZmJa {V^m h& _B gZ 1985 _| ~m Ho$ OmZo Ho$

~mX gmW NyQm Vmo ~m~yOr MmWmB hr ah J o& ''40 AnZo o` Ho$ [V Omo BVZo AgaXma

Ama gVH$ ah nmò h, CgH$m lo` ZmJa Or AnZr {~mo ({V^m) H$mo hr XoVo h & `h

CZHo$ ddm{hH$ OrdZ H$s Ma_ Cnb{Y _mZr OmòJr&

1.2.6 1.2.6 1.2.6 1.2.6 A{^{M`m, d{m`m Ed d^mdA{^{M`m, d{m`m Ed d^mdA{^{M`m, d{m`m Ed d^mdA{^{M`m, d{m`m Ed d^md : : : : oH$ _Zw` H$s AnZr-AnZr A{^{M`m Ed d{m`m hmoVr h& RrH$ dgo hr

d^md df` ^r nm`m OmVm h& ZmJa Or _| J^raVm gmYZm d l_ h, CVZo hr do

Iwe {_OmO VWm _OmH$ ngX ^r h& dmVd _| CZH$m X` nj CZHo$ ~m{H$ nj go

H$ht A{YH$ ~Sm h& "" ZmJa Or D$Mo, JmadUu, VoOdr _Ja gab `{$ h& Mohao

_| Ho$db AmIo hr AmIo h& EH$X_ KZr H$mbr nwV{b`m BZ AmIm| _| Ho$db EH$ hr ^md

NbH$Vm h; " TmB AmIa o_ H$m ' ^md& KUm, H$moY, CXmgr Am{X Ho$ ^md CZHo$

AmoRm| na h, AmI| VQW ahVr h& O~ AmoRm| na BZ AWm`r ^mdm| H$s {H$Sm g_mV

hmo OmVr h& V~ AmI| {\$a _wIa hmo CRVr h& ''41 CZH$s AmIm| _| Agr_ Zoh Ed

__d h& ahZ-ghZ _| gmXJr Ama gw{M Ch| ~ohX ngX h& VSH$- SH$ H$nSm|

Ama ^mar âH$_ Am^yfUm| go Ch| gV Z\$aV h&

Hw$_wX Or {bIVo h ; "" ~m~yOr bSH$nZ go hr {MVm_w$, Kw_Vy Ama XmoV

V{~`V Ho$ aho, BgH$o gmW hr, Nmno Ho$ Ajam| _| Hw$N ^r gm_Zo Am Om o, Cgo MmQZo

H$s hX VH$ nTZo H$s AmXV ^r nS JB Wr& ''42 ZmJa Or AnZo d^md Ed

A{^{M`m| H$mo h_mao gm_Zo ~o{hMH$ aI XoVo h& do {NnZo-{NnmZo dmbm| _| ha{JO

em{_b Zht hmoZm MmhVo ; "" g~ {_bmH$a `m| Vmo _ Iwe aJ hy na AnZo ~XaJ ^r

ZOa AmVo h& _ nWa na CHo$ar J`r Eogr _y{V hy, Omo H$ht-H$ht AZJT NyQ JB hmo

Eogr {H$ ~wam bJo& `m| `h gwXa _y{V AYyar ah J`r, `m| nyar Zht hwB ? BgH$s

--------------------------------------------------------- 33


PwPbmhQ _oao {ZH$Q AmZodmbm ha `{$ AZw^d H$aVm h& _oao ~So o{_`m| Ama

AVaJmo H$mo ^r AH$ga PQH$m bJ OmVm h& _wP_| H$ht EH$ AmM H$s H$ga ah J`r

h& AnZo ^rVa dmbr dh "H$ht' _ A~ OmZZo bJm hy Ama dht OyP ^r ahm h&

BgH$s Vdra Vmo OrdZ nyam hmoZo na hr nyar hmo gH$Vr h& {bhmOm hma-OrV Ho$

n{aUm_ H$s ~mV Zht OmZVm& A~ nMmVmn dmbm ma{^H$ dfm] H$m d^md ^r

~Xb MwH$m h& dh hma H$s {ZemZr Wr& _ Cg MtQr H$s Vah hy, Omo ~ma-~ma {JaZo

Ho$ ~mdOyX MTVr h& hma-OrV H$s ~mOr mUm| H$mo C_J XoH$a bSmVr Vmo h, na hma

A~ CVZm {Zame Zht H$aVr& " XX H$m hX go JwOaZm h Xdm hmo OmZm ' `h C{$

gMr h& \$b H$s Amem go \y${V _| â-âH$a OmZ bSm-bSmH$a H$m_ {H$`m,

{Xdm-dZ XoI|& O~ _oar Amem \$bdVr Z hwB Vmo Hw${R>V hmoVm Wm& ~agm| `h amJ

ahm& BgHo$ C\$mZ Ho$ ~mX {\$a O~ {H$ o hwE H$m_ na ZOa OmVr, Vmo gVmof {_bVm

Wm& A~ Vmo `h OmZVm hy {H$ Am_h`m H$a Zht gH$Vm Bg{bE {Z`V Am w VH$

OrZm h& H$m_ Z H$ Vmo {O y H$go& Bg{bE emV hy , AnZr _mO _| \$b H$s Amoa go

bmnadmh hmo Mbm h& AnZr bJZ Ho$ {bE AnZr ~b C_J H$mo gmYo aIZm hr _oar

EH$ _hdH$mjm h& ''43

ZmJa Or H$mo ZOXrH$ go OmZZo nhMmZZo dmbm| H$s `hr am` h {H$ ZmJa Or

_V_mbm `{$ Wo& Hw$_wX ZmJa _mZVo h ; "" ~m~yOr NyQnZ go hr ~So OrdQ Ho$ Ama

So{eJ d^md Ho$ aho& ~b OwPm$ j_Vm Wr CZ_|& {h_V hmaZm Vmo Chm|Zo grIm

hr Zht Wm& BgHo$ ~hwV gmao _mU CZHo$ A{V_ dfm] VH$ XoIo h& ''44 ZmJa Or H$mo

h_ hm` H$s {V_y{V H$h| Vmo A{Ve`mo{$ Zht hmoJr& _mZmo Chm|Zo " hgVm Za gXm

gwIr, amoVm Za gXm Xw:Ir ' H$mo OrdZ_ ~Zm {b`m Wm& Sm.h{a_mohZ ~wYm{b`m

{bIVo h ; "" hm` H$m EH$ A V {Z_b moV CZHo$ AVa go ~hVm ahVm h, {Oggo

dh d` Vmo ZmV ahVo hr h, Xygam| H$mo ^r n{d H$a XoVo h& Amn CZHo$ nmg ~{R> o

Ama EH$-EH$ Xmo-Xmo {_ZQ Ho$ AVa go RhmHo$ na RhmHo$ gwZVo OmB o Ama AJa Vwhmao

mUm| _| ^r dgm hr e{$ moV h, Vmo {\$a Amn ^r bJmBE& CZH$s gdW_

{deofVm hr `h h {H$ do ~Vag _| hr ~mZX H$s m{V H$m AZw^d H$aVo h& ''45

hm` H$mo A{Vh{gV gr_m VH$ bo OmZo dmbo ZmJa Or gM_wM hm`-{dZmoX Ho$ ~oVmO

~mXemh Wo&

Ohm EH$ Amoa h_ ZmJa Or H$mo gabVm Ama Am{Ôm` H$m {_bmPwbm $n

g_PVo h, dhm Xygar Amoa CZHo$ H$mo{YV d^md Ho$ ~mao _| `m H$hZm ? "" ~m~yOr

--------------------------------------------------------- 34


H$m Jwgm Ka dmbm| Ho$ {b`o H$`m_V hmoVm Wm& ~m~yOr H$mo O~ H$moY AmVm Wm, Vmo

H$wN Xoa Ho$ {b o Zht, ~{H$ Hw$N {XZm| Ho$ {bE Ka _| AmVH$ H$s {W{V ~Z OmVr Wr

Ama AKmo{fV _meb bm bmJy hmo OmVm Wm& Xygao {XZ O~ gdoam hmoVm Wm, h_ gh_|

hwE BVOma H$aVo Wo {H$ A~ em`X Mm` Ho$ ~VZ \$|H$o Om |Jo, `m ~m~yOr Ho$ JOZ H$r

AmdmO _mohbo _| JyOoJr Ama _ Xmo-VrZ KQo H$o {b o Ka go ~mha {IgH$ OmD$Jm &

~m~yOr H$o H$moY H$m H$maU Hw$N ^r hmo, Mmho CZH$o boIZ _| J{VamoY Am J`m hmo, Mmho

Am{WH$ g_`m hmo, `m {H$gr amOZ{VH$ _wo na _yS CISm hmo, H$moY CVaZo H$m _m`_

h_mar ~m hr hmoVr Wr & bJ^J gZ 54 VH$ `h {gb{gbm AQyQ Mbm h& _oam _Z ~m

Ho$ Xw:I go Xw:Ir hmoVm Wm bo{H$Z _ Hw$N H$a nmZo _| d` H$mo Ag_W nmVm Wm & ''46

Hw$_wX ZmJa Cn`w$ n{$`m| _| ZmJa Or Ho$ Jwgb d^md H$m AH$Z H$aVo h& d

ZmJa Or ^r "QwH$So QwH$So XmVmZ' _| {bIVo h ; "" _oar Vdra H$mo ~XaJ ~ZmZo dmbm

Amb` H$m _Q_bm aJ h& Hw$RmAm| H$s H$m{b_m ^r _mOyX h, _Ja jrU& Bg{bE

of, KUm, B`m bmbM _oao nmg A{YH$ Xoa VH$ Zht {QH$ nmVo& H$moY-bmb-{gXyar-

YwE Ama bnQm| Ogm gdJmhr& ~hwV VoO AmVm h Ama ~hwV VoOr go OmVm h& Jwgm

Bg ~mV na ^r AmVm h {H$ H$moY `m| Am`m, Bg{bE MS hmoVm h& _ Cg g_`

nmJb hmoVm h, Hw$N ^r H$a gH$Vm h& H$moY V^r AmVm h O~ `{$JV `m

gm_m{OH$ A`m` Ho$ H$maU _oao dm{^_mZ H$mo H$amam AmKmV bJVm h& Cg {W{V _|

Ka, n{adma, ggma {H$gr go ^r _oam g_PmVm Zhr hmo gH$Vm& bo{H$Z `h gmao aJ

H$me H$r J{V go MbVo-{\$aVo A{Wa Vy{bH$m Ho$ h; Wm`r ^md emV h, brbm_`

h& ''47 `hm ZmJa Or H$s drH$mamo{$ h {H$ _mZd ghO g~bVmE-Xw~bVmE CZ_|

h, na Ohm H$moY CZHo$ `{$d _| dV A{Vd h, dhm Wm`r ^md Vmo emV hr

h& Hw$_wX Or CZHo$ H$mo{YV d^md H$m EH$ Ama CXmhaU XoVo h ; "" _XZ MmMmOr

Vmo H$hm H$aVo Wo, " ^mB H$mo Vmo Jwgm H$aZo H$s hm~r h& gmb _| O~ VH$ Xmo-VrZ

n\$m_|g Zht H$a boVo, V~ VH$ Bh| Vgbr Zht hmoVr ' ''48 ZmJa Or Ho$ Jwgb

d^md H$m AZw^d ZmJa n[adma H$mo Vmo h hr, gmW _| CZHo$ ZOXrH$s [aVoXma Ed

{_m| H$mo ^r g_`-g_` na hmoVm ahm h&

_oh_mZZdmOr H$m AZw^d ZmJa Or Ho$ `hm OmZodmbo g^r `{$`m| H$mo {Xb

ngX hwAm h& "" ZmJa Or ImZo Ama {IbmZo Ho$ ^r ~hwV emH$sZ Wo& ZmJa Or Ama

CZH$s nZr AnZo g~Yr, {`OZm| H$m Am{V` gH$ma X` go H$aVo Wo& ''49 O~

Y_dra ^maVr emoYNm Ho$ $n _| Wo, V^r ZmJa Or Ho$ `hm nhbr ~ma J o dhm

--------------------------------------------------------- 35


CZH$m dmJV hao MZo H$s ~\$u, {nVo H$m bSSy , bmb noSo Ama _bmB {Jbm[a`m| go

hwAm& do {bIVo h ; "" h_ bmQo Vmo h_mao gmW Wr ZmJa Or H$s {ZNb hgr,

bNoXma ~mV|, bmb noSm| H$m gm|Ym-gm|Ym dmX, Ama ^m^r Ho$ `{$d H$s XrV

COme-Ogo YwYbHo$ _| ZmH$ H$s bmJ H$m hram N{d _maVm h Z, Hw$N-Hw$N dgm& ''50

ZmJa Or Zo Ogo ^r `dWm H$s hmo na CZH$s gwnwr Ho$ {ddmh _| gZ 1958 B. _|

H$ar~Z 50,000/- Ho$ Amgnmg IMm {H$`m Wm Ama _oh_mZm| H$mo ~mam{V`m| H$mo Iwe

{H$`m Wm& "" Im{VaXmar H$aZo _| Vmo ~m~yOr H$m Odm~ Zht Wm& O~ \$mHo$_Vr Ho$

{XZm| _| ^r Am{V`-gH$ma _| H$moB H$_r Zht AmZo Xr Wr, Vmo, A~ Vmo g_Yr gmh~

H$m gdmb Wm& ''51 ZmJa Or gJrV gwZZo-gwZmZo Ama JmZo _| ~Sr {XbMnr aIVo

Wo& gJrV VZ-_Z H$mo {deof AmZX XoVm h& V^r do JwZJwZmVo ^r Wo& Hw$_wX Or

{bIVo h ; "" ~m~yOr, O~ H$^r hHo$-\w$Ho$ Imbr _yS _| hmoVo Wo Vmo y hr MbVo-

{\$aVo, {H$gr H${dm, JrV `m JOb H$s EH$-Xmo bmBZ| VaZw_ _| nTm H$aVo Wo&

O~XV ~ogwao Wo do& CZHo$ recitation na h_ bmoJ hgm H$aVo Wo& ~m ^r _wh _|

nbm bJm H$a hgVr Wt Ama H$hVr Wt, " AmO Vmo ~Sm amJSm VmUr ah`m N& bmJo

N MQa nyamo WB J`mo N& ' (AmO Vmo ~So amJ VmZ aho h& bJVm h MQa nyam hmo J`m

h& ) ''52 Iobm| _| H$^r ZmJa Or Zo BVZr {XbMnr Zht {XImB& "" hm, ~Mm| Ho$

gmW H$^r H$a_, bySmo `m ZoH$ ES bSg Iob boVo Wo `m H$^r-H$^r "MH$Z'& ''53

ZmJa Or Ogm ^J o_r em`X hr H$moB A` aMZmH$ma hmoJm& J Ho$ emH$sZ

hmoZo H$m ChmoZo ~Sr ghOVm go drH$ma {H$`m h ;"" `m| [ga na amoO hr em_ H$mo J

^dmZr ^r bhamVr h& bV h ; BbV hr ghr ; na A~ H$moB `m H$ao ? ''54

Sm.~wYm{b`m Or Zo CZgo `j _wbmH$mV H$s Wr, V~ ZmJa Or Ho$ eX Wo ;

"" ^JdmZ O~ _wPo CRm`o Vmo Bgr Zeo H$s {W{V _| Ed nmZ H$m ~rSm nm`o hwE& ''55

J Ho$ Zeo Ho$ gmW nmZ Ho$ ~rSo H$s aJrZr ^r CZHo$ gmW gXd OwSr ahr& nmZ H$m

{S~m gXm CZHo$ gmW ahVm h Ama J ImH$a Ch| {deof _yS AmVm h& $g `mm _|

^r J H$m nmdSa gmW bo J o Wo& "" H$h`mbmb ZXZ Zo AVaJ ~mVMrV Ho$ XmamZ

ZmJa Or go nyNm, "...~m~yOr Zem H$moB ^r hmo, AmX_r H$mo {ZH$_m hr ~ZmVm h& '

ZmJa Or H$m Cma Wm, " h_ AnZo Zeo _| em_ H$mo {ZH$_o h, bo{H$Z O~ O$ar hmoVm

h Vmo Zeo _| ^r h_ {gnmhr hmoVo h& _whbm| dmbm| go nyN bmo & h_mam Zmam h Mma ~Oo

VH$ `V, Mma ~Oo Ho$ ~mX _V&...h_ em_ H$mo {g\$ Omo JwZmh H$aVo h gmo H$aVo

h& ' XX XX XX " Vmo Omo Hw$N WmoSr ~hwV _Vr _| OrZo H$m Amb_ h dh em_ H$mo

--------------------------------------------------------- 36


hr h& h_ em_ H$mo {g\$ Bg{b o H$aVo h {H$ gmao ggma _|$h_ H$h gH$| {H$ Vwhmar

Eogr H$s Vgr, R>|Jo na h Amn&...g~oao Vmo {\$a H$m_ H$aZm h& ''56 Eogr drH$mamo{$

ZmJa Or Ogo {~abo `{$ hr H$a gH$Vo h&

ZmJa Or Ho$ {ZNb X` H$s N{d Sm.nwnm ~gb Zo Bg H$ma VwV H$s h ;

"" ZmJa Or H$m `h C_w$ d^md, ^mJo_ VWm ^mJ-godZ H$s Eogr Iwbr drH${V

CZHo$ X` H$s {eewdV {Z_bVm H$mo `$ H$aVo h& EH$ ANm H$bmH$ma EH$ gV Ho$

g_mZ hr AnZo ^rVa H$ht EH$ {eew-gm X` aIVm h& `hr {eew X` H$mn{ZH$

g{ H$aZo _| CgH$r ghm`Vm H$aVm h& `mdhm{aH$Vm-kmZ-MVwamB Am{X Ho$ nH$ go

n{H$b AVg AVOJV _| Sw~H$s bJmH$a dhm AdVma bo aho OJV H$mo XoIZo H$s e{$

XoVm h, dht Cg na {ddmg H$aZo H$s Ama CgH$s dmV{dH$Vm _| {ddmg {H$ o {~Zm

CgH$mo em{XH$ _m`_ _| H${V H$m $n Zht {X`m Om gH$Vm& ZmJa Or ^r {dd Ho$

g^r ~So H$WmH$mam| `Wm o_MX, eaVMX, QmbQm`, XmVmo`dH$r Ho$ g_mZ {ZMb

{MV, C_w$ X` Ho$ dm_r h& ''57 (A)

A_Vbmb ZmJa H$s A{^{M`m| H$m jo ~hwV `mnH$ h& nwamU, B{Vhmg,

nwamVd Ama gH${V Ho$ {V CZH$m Jham bJmd, EH$ aMZmH$ma H$s h{g`V go, CZHo$

H$m jo H$s gr_mAm| H$mo AmH$fH$ Ama r{VH$a {dVma XoVm h& JJmgmX {_l Zo

{bIm h ; "" gm{h`, gJrV, H$bm, B{Vhmg, nwamVd {H$gr ^r {df` na CZgo ~mV

hmoVr Vmo ~S>m AmZX AmVm& A``Z Vmo CZH$m ~S>m {dVV Wm hr, naVw CZHo$

{dMma nwVH$s` kmZ VH$ gr{_V Z ahVo Wo& oH$ {df` na J^ra qMVZ-_ZZ

H$aHo$ AnZr am` ~ZmVo Wo& ''57 (~)

B{Vhmg o_ Zo ZmJa Or H$mo ZB X{ Ama

aMZm_H$ d^d XmZ {H$`m& ZmJa Or B{Vhmg Ho$ AZXoIo nm| H$mo nbQmH$a XoIVo

h& CZH$s X{ Cg {~Xw na {deof $n go RhaVr h, Ohm _mZd H$s A{_Vm Ama Cg

A{_Vm H$mo gwa{jV aIZo Ho$ {bE {H$ o J o gKf Jw{OV hmo aho hm|& ^maVr` Am{X

g`Vm Zo Ch| AnZr Amoa AmH${fV {H$`m& `h AmH$fU BVZm ~T J`m {H$ Ch| ha

nwamZr dVw go o_ hmo J`m Ama Cg_| do AmO Ho$ `wJ Ho$ {bE gXoe VbmeZo bJo& ZmJa

Or H$mo ZImg Ky_Zo H$m ^r emH$ Wm& dhm ZImg _U Ho$ XmamZ Zm`m~ MrO| TyTVo

ahVo& Hw$_wX Or {bIVo h ; "" Bgr H$ma EH$ BVdma, ~m~yOr, _XZ MmMm Ama _

AnZo ${QZ ZImg ^_U na Wo {H$ EH$ ~Sm-gm, Amo{aOZb MrZr \y$bXmZ, {OgHo$

VrZ-Mma QwH$So hmo MwH$o Wo, ~m~yOr H$s ZOam| _| MT J`m, MmMmOr go _e{dam hwAm,

MmMmOr WmoSm Agh_V Wo bo{H$Z dh ~m~yOr H$s ZOa _| Vmo MT MwH$m Wm& H$~mSr go

--------------------------------------------------------- 37


_mob^md H$aHo$ nmM `m gmV $n`m _| Cgo IarX ^r {b`m Wm& "QwH$So QwH$So \y$bXmZ'

Ka Am J`m& ''58 ~mX _| Cg \y$bXmZ H$mo ~mah $n o _| OwSdmH$a Ka _| gOm`m

J`m, V^r ZmJa Or Zo MZ H$s gmg br&

"QwH$So QwH$So XmVmZ' _| gJ{hV "Hw$emJmanwa H$s ImoO', " B{Vhmg _oam

nSmogr ' Ama "H$mHy$nwa Ho$ {gaH$Qo ~w' _| CZH$s nwamVd H$s Jhar ${M Ed OmZH$mar

nV: PbH$Vr h& do {bIVo h ; "" ~Ywda ZaoX e_mOr Zo O_Hw$Sbr XoIH$a

O~go `h ~Vbm`m {H$ H$`m Ho$ e{Z _| _wPo IS>ham| Ho$ XeZ hm|Jo V~ go ha ISha

H$mo _Zo amo_m{Z`V H$s aJrZ ZOam| go XoIZm ew$ H$a {X`m& ''59 ZmJa Or b_U

Qrbo H$o ~mao _| ~VmVo h ; ""...b_U Qrbm gXm go _oao {bE EH$ Jhao H$mVwhb H$s

dVw ahr h& XX XX XX {H$dX{V`m| go OwSo hwE b_U Qrbo H$mo EH$ X~o Cbmg Ho$

gmW _ Ama ^r AmXa Ama H$mVwhb go XoIZo bJm Wm& XX XX XX gw~h I~a nTVo

hr amo_mM hmo Am`m& Im_moe H$hm{Z`m gwZmZo dmbm _oam nSmogr wJm| H$m {nVm_h

b_U Qrbm A~ AnZm _wh Imob ahm h& _oam ZJa Am`m] Ho$ Am{X_ B{Vhmg H$s H$Sr

go OwS>Zo Om ahm h ; `h gyMZm ^bm {H$g B{Vhmg Ama gH${V Ho$ o_r H$mo, AnZr

YaVr Ho$ A{^_mZr H$mo AmZX _Z Z H$a XoJr ? ''60 b_U Qrbo H$s IwXmB Ho$ ~mX

ZmJa Or H$mo "QrbmImoXy ZmJa' H$s {deof Cnm{Y {_br&

Sm.~mOr {bIVr h ; "" mMrZ gH${V Ho$ nwOmar hmoZo Ho$ H$maU hr BZHo$

nmg nwamVm{dH$ Adeofm| H$m Xwb^ gJh h& BZHo$ Ka H$m {demb H$j AZwn_ {Mm|,

nwVH$m|, nmfmU_y{V`m| Ho$ gH$bZ go g{OV h& ~mamXarZw_m Bg {demb H$j _|

doe H$aVo hr W_ X{ _| `h EH$ AZwn_ gJhmb` hr VrV hmoVm h& EH$ Amoa

_hmZ gm{h`H$m| Ho$ {M h Vmo A` {Xdmam| na Vb aJmo go {Z{_V nm[adm[aH$ ~So-~So

{M h& A{YH$me {M ZmJa Or Ho$ NmoQo ^mB lr _XZbmb ZmJa mam ~Zm`o hwE h&

Bg H$j _| AZwn_ JWm| Ho$ A{V[a$ EH$ Amoa aIo _mJ{bH$-H$be ^r ghO hr

AmH${fV H$aVo h& {ddmhm| Ho$ g_` ~Zm o J o o H$be JwOamVr gH${V H$m OrdV

$n h& ZmJa Or mam gJhrV nmfmU _y{V`m nwamVdm| H$m AZmoIm Z_yZm h & ''61

1.2.7 ZmH$ar Ho$ AZw^d : 1.2.7 ZmH$ar Ho$ AZw^d : 1.2.7 ZmH$ar Ho$ AZw^d : 1.2.7 ZmH$ar Ho$ AZw^d : {H$gr ^r `{$ Ho$ {bE nm[adm[aH$ {O_oXm{a`m ~Sr Ah{_`V aIVr h& d

Ed dOZm| Ho$ {bE ZmH$ar, YYm, amoOJma H$aZm O$ar hmoVm h& ZmJa Or Ho$ `hm

CZHo$ {nVmOr H$m XohmV hwAm& H$moB O_rZ Om`XmX Zht Wr& ~H$ EH$mCQ _|

A_Vbmb Ho$ XmXmOr H$s Omo aH$_ O_m Wr, dhr AmYma Wr& {nVmOr H$s VZdmh

--------------------------------------------------------- 38


n[adma MbmZo â H$s Wr, dh ahr Zht& Hw$N ngm BYa-CYa bJm hwAm Wm, {OgH$r

OmZH$mar Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU dh {nVmOr H$s AmH${_H$ _ w Ho$ H$maU Sy~ J`m&

"" AYr XmXr, {dYdm _m, ~r~r Ama Xmo NmoQo ^mB`m| H$m ^ma A_[aV na Am nSm&

XmoVm|, {aVoXmam| Zo ZmH$ar H$aZo H$s gbmh Xr, Hw$N bmoJm| Zo H$B ZmH${a`m ~VmB ^r&

Am{IaH$ma EH$ {_ H$s _m\$V yZmBQoS E`moa|g H$nZr _| {SnMa H$s ZmH$ar {_br&

dNX H${V Ho$ Ama d` H$mo boIH$ Kmo{fV H$a XoZo dmbo A_Vbmb Ho$ {b o ZmH$ar

Vmo Ogo Am_m H$m hZZ Wr, naVw _O~yar ^r Wr& ^wZ^wZmVo, IX~XmVo, H$boOo na

nWa aI Ho$ ZmH$ar H$a br& AQRmah {XZ Vmo Ogo-Vgo {ZH$b Jò& CZrgd| {XZ

~mg Ho$ Oam gm {PSH$ XoZo go ZmJa Or H$m ~VoO SH$m Ama B{V\$m CgHo$ _wh na

nQH$ H$a Ka Mbo Am o& AhX H$a {b`m {H$ A~ ZmH$ar Zht H$aZr& BgHo$ gmW hr

AQRmah {XZ H$m _hm^maV g_mV hmo J`m& ''62 nhbr ZmH$ar NmoSZo Ho$ nMmV

ZmJa Or Zo {ZU` H$a {b`m Wm {H$ Omo hmoZm hmo na ZmH$ar Vmo H$^r Zht H$a|Jo&

nm[adm[aH$ {O_oXm[a`m ^r ~T ahr Wt& gZ 1935 B. _| Hw$_wX, gZ 1937 B. _|

eaX Ed gZ 1939 B. _| AMbm H$m O_ hwAm& A~ boIH$ ~Zo ahZo H$m U Ama

ZmH$ar Z H$aZo H$s {OX Ho$ ~rM H$s {W{V`m| _| ^bm n[adma H$go MbVm ? Hw$_wX Or

{bIVo h ; "" H$_H$e _| Mma gmb H$B H$ma Ho$ `moJm| _| {ZH$b J o ~H$mb

kmZMX MmMmOr, dmo H$^r XmXmOr H$m, {H$gr H$mo {X`m hwAm ngm CJmhZo Ho$ MH$a _|

~H$a ~Zo, H$^r "{dm _{Xa ' Zm_ go H$meZ gWm Imobr, H$^r QoeZar H$m YYm

H$aZo Ho$ {b o "ZmJa ~Xg, BnmoQg-EgnmoQg ' \$_ ~ZmB (gX^: H$Wm eof)&

kmZMX MmMmOr, ~m~yOr Ho$ gnyU OrdZ Ho$, CZHo$ gKf Ho$ M_XrX Jdmh aho h&

dh H$Ym kmZMX MmMmOr H$m hr Wm {Og na {ga aI H$a ~m~yOr amo gH$Vo Wo& ''63

ZmJa Or ZmH$ar H$mo EH$ ~YZ Ho$ $n _| XoIVo Wo& AV: dV $n go OrZo Ho$ AmXr

ZmJa Or {~Zm ZmH$ar Ho$ hr OrdZ JwOmam H$aZo gj_ Wo&

1.2.8 {1.2.8 {1.2.8 {1.2.8 {\\\\$_ OJV, a$_ OJV, a$_ OJV, a$_ OJV, aJ_M Ed ao{S`mo Ho$ AZw^d : J_M Ed ao{S`mo Ho$ AZw^d : J_M Ed ao{S`mo Ho$ AZw^d : J_M Ed ao{S`mo Ho$ AZw^d : ZmJa Or H$m {\$_ OJV _| nXmnU EH$ _hdnyU KQZm _mZr OmòJr& {\$_

OJV H$m VH$mbrZ eX{M ZmJa Or Bg H$ma XoVo h ; "" gZ '40 _| _oao {\$_

jo _| doe H$aZo H$m g_` wJg{Y H$m Wm& nwamZr {Wò{QH$b H$n{Z`m| Ho$ A{^ZoVm,

~mOm JmZodm{b`m Ama boIH$ _wer Cg g_` ~hwVm`V _| Wo& Am_Vma na emohXmnZ

A{YH$ Wm, boIH$ _wer goRm| H$o _wgmh~ _m Wo& H$hm{Z`m Yy_-YSmH$o Ama _manrQ

H$s hr ~Zm H$aVr Wt& ^m|S>onZ Ama ^moJ{dbmg H$r hr Yy_ Wr& Hw$N Qw{S>`moO _| goRm|

--------------------------------------------------------- 39


Zo AnZo {dbmgH$j ^r ~Zm o aIo Wo& y [W oQg, ~m~o Qm{H$O Ama gmJa _ydrQmoZ

Ho$ dN dmVmdaU go gm_m{OH$ H$hm{Z`m Ama ~Jbm JwOamVr Ho$ H${Vn` lo

Cn`mgm| Ho$ AmYma na {\$_| ~Z MwH$r Wt& o_MX Or J o Ama {Zame bmQo, CJ Or

Og-Vg {Z^mH$a bmQ Am o Wo& gwXeZOr Ab~mm O_o hwE Wo Ama CZ {XZm| ~~B _|

hr Wo& H${dda XrnOr Zo ZB-ZB M_H$ nmB Wr& nTo-{bIo gwgH$V A{^ZoVmAm|,

QoZr{e`Zm| Ama boIH$m| H$s ~TVr ^rS Ho$ H$maU nwamZo bmoJm| _| ObZ Ama IwS>n|M H$m

_mm nXm hmo J`m Wm& ''64 ZmJa Or H$mo `mVZm_m {Z_mVm-{ZX}eH$ lr _hoe H$mb

Ama lr {H$emoa emhy H$m ma{^H$ g_` _| gnyU ghH$ma {_bm& H$w_wX Or {bIVo h ;

"" bo{H$Z ~m~yOr Ho$ Ab_V d^md CZH$r MwV Ama _whmdaoXma ^mfm Zo Ch| erK

{\$_r ggma _| CZH$s nR> ~Zm Xr& ''65 "AmJo H$X_' {\$_ Ho$ gdmX ZmJa Or Zo Bg

H$ma {bIo Wo {H$ ZH$MTo _moVrbmb H$mo ^r Iwe H$a {X`m Wm Ama CZH$o gmW ANr

{_Vm hmo JB & ZmJa Or {bIVo h ; "" Ohm VH$ _oam AZw_mZ h, {~Zm {H$gr H$ma

H$s Zeo~mOr {XIbm o hr _ `h H$h gH$Vm hy {H$ ^maVr` {\$_ boIH$m| _| "S{~J'

H$m H$m H$aZo dmbm _ nhbm hr `{$ Wm& ''66 dXmdZbmb d_m {bIVo h ; "" do

{hXr _| ~hwV {g Cn`mgH$ma Vmo h hr, Chm|Zo {\$_ OJV _| nQH$WmE {bIZo

H$m H$m_ ^r ~Sr Hw$ebVm Ho$ gmW {H$`m h& EH$ ~mV ~hwV H$_ bmoJ CZHo$ ~mao _|

OmZVo hm|Jo {H$ ^maVr` {\$_m| _| S{~J H$bm H$m ma^ Chm|Zo {H$`m h Ama Eogr

Hw$ebVm Ho$ gmW {H$`m h {H$ bmoJ AmM H$aVo h& ''67 ZmJa Or Zo Xmo $gr {\$_|

"Zm{grZ BZ ~wImam' Ama "Omo`m' VWm V{_b {\$_ "_ram' H$m {hXr _| S{~J

{H$`m& {Og_| ZmJa Or H$mo ANr Imgr g\$bVm {_br& "" Cg g_` kmZMX

MmMmOr H$mo AnZo EH$ n _| {bIm Wm ; AmO Xg-`mah _{hZo hmo Jò, {H$gr {XZ

âZtX gmoZo H$mo Zht {_bm& Hw$dmam ~mn gdmXm| Ho$ D$na hr BVZm VJSm J`m h&

CgH$s BVZr g\$bVm Ama gdmXmo| H$s ZdrZVm XoIH$a `h Xem hmo JB h {H$ ~~B Ho$

gmao moS yga _oar Amoa ~T aho h& Eogm _mby_ hmoVm h {H$ Xygao gdmX boIH$ bSmB na

oO {Xò J o h, H$odb _ hr ~Mm h& naVw ngo H$m {H$VZm ^r bmo Z `m| Z hmo, EH$

gr_m Ho$ ~mX Vmo _ ^r H$m_ Zht H$a gH$Vm (H$Wmeof)& ''68

ZmJa Or _| A{^Z`j_Vm ^r Wr& Chm|Zo "Hw$dmam ~mn', "amOm', "AmJo

H$X_', "dra Hw$Umb' Am{X {\$_m| _| A{^Z` {H$`m h& lr H$meMX {_l Ho$

AZwgma ; "" {\$_r OrdZ Ho$ BZ gmV dfm] _| bJ^J 20-21 {\$_| CZHo$ Zm_ go

AmB& H$B {\$_m| _| Chm|Zo H$hm{Z`m {bIt Ama {gZo{a`mo gdmX ^r {bIo& ''69

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{\$_ OJV BZ gmV dfm] Ho$ AZw^d {_l H$ma Ho$ aho& A` H$Wm-gdmX boIH$m| Ho$

gmW Omo A`m` hmoVm h, dh CZHo$ gmW ^r hwAm& {\$_r Xw{Z`m _| ZmJa Or H$m

_moh J hmo ahm Wm& Ch| _mZ{gH$ `mVZm hmo ahr Wr& Hw$_wX ZmJa Ho$ AZwgma ;

"" {gZo_m _| _wPo Mmho {H$VZr g\$bVm Ama ngm `m| Z {_bo, `h _oam jo Zht h&

mo\$oeZb _yS _| {H$am o H$m QQQy ~Z H$a AnZr H$b_ go do`md{m H$amZo _| _oar

Am_m H$mo ~Sm H$ hmoVm h& {nNbo dfm] _| ngo H$m ~hwV ~Sm JMm Im`m, `h _mH$m

Bg{bE hmW go Zht OmZo XoZm MmhVm& bo{H$Z Vw_ OmZVo Zht kmZ, Eogm H$aZo _|

_wPo {H$VZr _mZ{gH$ Um hmoVr h (H$Wmeof)& ''70 ZmJa Or H$mo bJZo bJm Wm

{H$ {\$_ jo Vmo CZHo$ {bE AWm`r nSmd h& CZH$m AVa_Z Hw$N Ama H$h ahm

Wm& do {bIVo h ; "" _oam _Z H$_e: {\$_ `dgm` go CMQ J`m& _ OX go OX

bIZD ^mJ AmZm MmhVm Wm& 14 AJV, gZ 1947 H$s dh amV _wPo H$^r Zht

yboJr dVVm g_mamoh _ZmZo Ho$ [bE Cg {XZ ~~B XyhZ H$s Vah gOr hwB Wr&

_ Ama Zao Or Cg {XZ amV ^a ~~B H$s gSH$m| na ^QH$Vo hr aho Ama Cgr Omoe _|

_Zo V` {H$`m {H$ A~ ^{d` _| {\$_r boIZ Zht H$$Jm& 3 AQy~a, gZ 1947 H$mo

_Zo ~~B NmoS {X`m& ''71 _oar X{ _| {hXr gm{h` Ho$ {bE `h KQZm AZoH$ AWm] _|

_hdnyU _mZr Om`oJr& `{X ZmJa Or Zo {\$_ OJV Ho$ Bg AWm`r nSmd H$mo Wm`r

~Zm {b`m hmoVm, Vmo h_ {hXr gm{h` o{_`m| H$mo BVZo ~So _mZd Ed g_mO Ho$

nmaIr H$WmH$ma H$m H$Wm gm{h` Z {_bVm& `{X {_bVm ^r Vmo C

amrutlal nagar all file - saurashtra university etheses...

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