you are what you eat! biochemistry unit chapter 2, sections 3 & 4 pages 44-48, 51-53 mr. del...
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YOU ARE WHAT YOU EAT!
BIOCHEMISTRY UNIT
Chapter 2,Sections 3 & 4 Pages 44-48, 51-53
Mr. Del Rossi 2010
I. The Role of Carbon
A. Carbon can bond with numerous other elements
1. Carbon has 4 free e- in it’s outer energy
level2. It has the ability to form up to 4
covalent bonds
B. Types of Bonds (When 2 Carbon atoms bond)
1. Single – each carbon shares only 1 e-. 2. Double – each carbon shares 2 e-. 3. Triple – each carbon shares 3 e-.
II. Building Organic Molecules
A. Macromolecules
- Large molecules containing
hundreds of atoms.
- Can vary greatly in size.
Example: Proteins
B. Polymer- Large molecules formed when many smaller molecules bond together.- They generally form long chain-like molecules.
Example:Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose
1. Polymers are created as well
as broken apart by two processes!
a. Condensation Reactions
- Small molecules are bonded
together to make a larger one.
- Each molecule loses either a
–H or –OH group in order to
bond.
- As a result, for each bond 1
water molecule is formed.
A + B = C + H2O
b. Hydrolysis Reactions
- Refers to the breaking apart of a polymer.
- Occurs during the digestion
of food molecules!
C + H2O = A + B
III. MACROMOLECULES A. Carbohydrates
1. AKA – Sugars, starches,
fiber, grains, & roughage.
2. Jobs & Function: Are used by the cell to store &
release energy.
3. Elements Present:Carbon,
Hydrogen, and Oxygen
a. Ratio - 1C : 2H : 1O
4. Building Blocksa. Monosaccharides (Simple Sugars)
- 1 sugar moleculeExamples:Glucose and
Fructose
b. Disaccharides - 2 monosaccharides combined
Example: Sucrose (Table Sugar)
(Glucose and Fructose combined via a “ ? “
reaction.)
c. Polysaccharides – 3 or more monosaccharides combined
Examples: Starch (plant food storage),
Cellulose (in plant cell walls), and Glycogen (animal food storage).
B. Lipids1. AKA – Fats & Oils2. Jobs & Function:
1. Major part of cell membranes 2. Long-term energy storage 3. Insulation.
3. Organic compounds composed of the elements:
Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen
a. No specific ratio of C : H : O.
4. Building Blocks
- Fats & Glycerol
5. Examples:a. Saturated Fats
- Solid at room temperature- All single bonds
between carbons! Examples are:Butter &
Lardb. Unsaturated Fats
- Liquid @ room temperature
- One or more double bonds between carbons!- Oils (vegetable, olive,
corn sesame, etc….)
6. Cholesterol
a. Soft waxy substance found in your bloodstream with lipids.
b. Used to form cell membranes, some hormones, and is needed for other cell functions.
c. Lipoproteins1. Transport cholesterol to & from cells.
a. LDL (Low-Density-Lipoprotein) “Bad Cholesterol” 1. Carries cholesterol in the blood. Too much can form
plaque in arteries.
b. HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) “Good Cholesterol”
1. Takes cholesterol out of blood and back to liver.
7. TransFats (Hydrogenated Oils)
a. Made by “hydrogenating” oils to
make them solid.
b. Hydrogenating means
“adding hydrogen.”
c. When consumed, increases
your LDL concentration.
C. Proteins
1. Large polymer composed of:
C, H, O, N, and S.
2. Essential for all life.
3. Building Blocks
a. Proteins are made of amino
acids (20 Types of A.A.’s)
1. Amino Acids are
linked together by
condensation reactions.
4. Jobs & Functions
a. Makes up fibers of Muscles
b. Make-up antibodies
c. Make-up Enzymes
(Enzymes allow reactions to occur)
d. Used as messengers (transport
oxygen in bloodstream)
5. Examples:
Antibodies, Enzymes, Hair, Muscles,
& “Some” Vitamins
Amino Acid Structure Parts: (Page 47 in textbook)
1. Amino Group
2. Carboxyl Group
3. Functional Group (R-Group)
D. Nucleic Acids
1. Definition
- A complex macromolecule that
stores information in the form of a code.
2. Building Blocks
- Made up of smaller subunits called nucleotides.
3. Elements Present
- Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen,
Nitrogen, and Phosphorus.
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