xyvi - university of minnesota

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Binary liquid mixture

source: M. S. Reddy, et al., Thermochimica Acta, 630, 37 – 49, 2016

T=298 KP = 1 bar

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Binary liquid mixture of EmimBF4 and methoxyethanol

source: M. S. Reddy, et al., Thermochimica Acta, 630, 37 – 49, 2016

excess molar volume (mL/mol)

Vm= x1V1*+ (1−x1)V 2

*+x1(1−x1)(c+d x1)

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Binary liquid mixture of CS2 and acetone

source: Atkins, de Paula and Keeler, Physical Chemistry, 11ed., Figure 5A.13

Henry's law for aromatics in water at 25oC endothermic non-ideal mixing leads to phase separation

Molecular mass from osmotic pressuretriethylene glycol in water at 25oC

data from http://lpsb.nichd.nih.gov/tri_glycol.htm

line: 0.168 + 3.5X10-5

chap. 5 sect. C. binary vapor-liquid equilibrium

source: Dung T. Vu, et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 2006, 51, 1220-1225.

ethyl lactate and ethanol T = 40o C

chap. 5 sect. C. binary vapor-liquid equilibrium

source: Dung T. Vu, et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 2006, 51, 1220-1225.

mixtures of nitrogen and oxygen are nearly ideal

source: International Critical Tables

at fixed T

source: just a sketch

at fixed P

nitrogen and oxygen at 1 atma nearly-ideal mixture

negative deviation yields high-boiling azeotrope

positive deviation from ideality yields a low-boiling azeotrope

Source: The Phase Rule and Phase Relations,by Sydney T. Bowden, Macmillan & Co., 1950

Distillation cannot purify beyond the azeotrope. For example, ethanol and water cannot be distilled to greater than 96% ethanol.

less-than-ideal liquid-vapor equilibriummethanol and diethyl ether at T=303.15K

Baudilio Coto, et al., Journal of the Chemical Society Faraday Transactions, 91(24), 4381-4388, 1995.

less-than-ideal liquid-vapor equilibriummethanol and diethyl ether at T=303.15K

Baudilio Coto, et al., Journal of the Chemical Society Faraday Transactions, 91(24), 4381-4388, 1995.

At 50 kPa,yvapor = 0.407andxliquid = 0.855

Using the lever rule: If xmethanol =0.600, then thefraction of all moles that are in the liquid phase is

nliquid (0.600 - 0.407) = = 0.431 n (0.855 - 0.407)

less-than-ideal liquid-vapor equilibriummethanol and diethyl ether at T=303.15K

Baudilio Coto, et al., Journal of the Chemical Society Faraday Transactions, 91(24), 4381-4388, 1995.

At 50 kPa,yvapor = 0.407andxliquid = 0.855

5D. binary solid-liquid phase diagrams the case of no solid solution

eutectic point

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5D. binary solid-liquid phase diagrams the case of a compound that melts congruently

source: I. Ansara, et al., Calphad, 18(2), 177-222, 1994. Figure 12.DOI: 10.2475/ajs.s4-40.236.161

congruent melting

303K is themelting pointof Gallium

eutectic point

ternary phase diagrampolypropylene polyol (PPP) and water and methanol

Source: C. H. Lee, et al., Polymer, 146, 169-178, 2018

ternary phase diagrampolypropylene polyol (PPP) and water and methanol

Source: C. H. Lee, et al., Polymer, 146, 169-178, 2018

5F. Debye-Huckel limiting law (DHLL) 5F. Debye-Huckel limiting law