www.soran.edu.iq general psychology firouz meroei milan memory forgetting 1
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www.soran.edu.iq 1
general psychology
Firouz meroei milan
Memory
Forgetting
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Forgetting
Forgetting as encoding failure Information never enters the long-term
memory
Externalevents
Sensorymemory
Short-term
memory
Long-term
memory
Attention
Encoding
Encoding
Encodingfailure leadsto forgetting
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Forgetting
Forgetting as encoding failure
Which penny is the real thing?
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Forgetting
Ebbinghaus forgetting curve over 30 days-- initially rapid, then levels off with time
12345 10 15 20 25 30
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
Time in days since learning list
Percentage oflist retainedwhen relearning
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Forgetting
The forgetting curve for Spanish learned in school
Retentiondrops,
then levels off
1 3 5 9½ 14½ 25 35½ 49½Time in years after completion of Spanish course
100%
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Percentage oforiginalvocabularyretained
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Retrieval
Forgetting can result from failure to retrieve information from long-term memory
Externalevents
Attention
Encoding
Encoding
Retrieval failureleads to forgetting
Retrieval
Sensorymemory
Short-termmemory
Long-termmemory
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Forgetting as Interference
Learning some items may disrupt retrieval of other information Proactive (forward acting) Interference
disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new information
Retroactive (backwards acting) Interference disruptive effect of new learning on recall of old
information
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Forgetting Retroactive Interference
Without interferingevents, recall isbetter
After sleep
After remaining awake
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Hours elapsed after learning syllables
90%
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Percentageof syllables
recalled
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Forgetting
Forgetting can occur at any memory stage
As we process information, we filter, alter, or lose much of it
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Forgetting- Interference
Motivated Forgetting people unknowingly revise memories
Repression defense mechanism that banishes from
consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
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Memory Construction
We filter information and fill in missing pieces
Misinformation Effect incorporating misleading information into
one's memory of an event Source Amnesia
attributing to the wrong source an event that we experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined (misattribution)
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Memory Construction
Eyewitnesses reconstruct memories when questioned
Depiction of actual accident
Leading question:“About how fast were the carsgoing when they smashed intoeach other?”
Memoryconstruction
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Memory Construction
Memories of Abuse Repressed or Constructed?
Child sexual abuse does occur Some adults do actually forget such episodes
False Memory Syndrome condition in which a person’s identity and
relationships center around a false but strongly believed memory of traumatic experience
sometimes induced by well-meaning therapists
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Memory Construction
Most people can agree on the following: Injustice happens Incest happens Forgetting happens Recovered memories are commonplace Memories recovered under hypnosis or drugs are
especially unreliable Memories of things happening before age 3 are
unreliable Memories, whether false or real, are upsetting
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Improve Your Memory
Study repeatedly to boost recall Spend more time rehearsing or actively
thinking about the material Make material personally meaningful Use mnemonic devices
associate with peg words--something already stored
make up story chunk--acronyms
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Improve Your Memory
Activate retrieval cues--mentally recreate situation and mood
Recall events while they are fresh-- before you encounter misinformation
Minimize interference Test your own knowledge
rehearse determine what you do not yet know
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