writing the review of related literature and studies
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Writing the Review of RelatedLiterature and Studies
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Differences between
Related Literature andStudies
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Related Literature Related Studies
Composed of:Discussions of facts and
principles to which your studyis related
Composed of:studies, inquiries or investigationsalready conducted to which yourstudy is related
Usually printed or published:Ex. Books, encyclopedias,
journals, magazines, newspaper
Usually unpublished:Ex. Thesis, dissertations,manuscripts
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Both are classified as:
Local- if printed or
conducted inPhilippines
Foreign
- if printed orconducted in otherlands/country
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Review of Related Literatureand Study is Not
A study-by-study, orarticle-by-article,description of studies
previously done A re-statement of the
studies previously done
A brief overview of articles
An annotated bibliographyin which you summarizebriefly each article thatyou have reviewed.
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Importance of RelatedLiterature and Studies
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They help or guide theresearcher :
In understanding his topicbetter
In ensuring that there will beno duplication of otherstudies
In locating more sources ofrelated information.
In searching or selecting abetter research problemor topic.
In making his research design
comparison between his
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Purposes of Review ofLiterature and Studies
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To Find out how much research has
been done on the same area To Justify the need for more studies
on the topic
To Fill in existing gaps, clarifyinconsistencies, substantiateexisting facts
To Help with procedures and processes
To Get new idea and approaches
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There are Scientific Reasonsfor conducting a literature
review
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In the book ofGall, Borg,and Gall (1996),they argue that the literature review plays
a role in:
Delimiting the research problem
Seeking new lines of inquiry/investigation
Avoiding fruitless approaches
Gaining methodological insights
Identifying recommendations for furtherresearch
Seeking support for grounded theory.
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Hart (1998) contributes additional reasons for
reviewing the literature, including: Distinguishing what has been done from what needs to be
done
Discovering important variables relevant to the topic
Synthesizing and gaining a new perspective
Identifying relationships between ideas and practices Establishing the context of the topic or problem
Rationalizing the significance of the problem
Enhancing and acquiring the subject vocabulary
Understanding the structure of the subject
Relating ideas and theory to applications of the mainmethodologies and research techniques that have beenused
Placin the research in a historical context to show
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Characteristics ofRelated Literature and
Studies
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What makes a goodliterature review?
Criteria: Clearly written
Recent
Relevant Objective and Unbiased
Comprehensive
Accurately referenced
Valid and reliable
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uidelines oneffective writing of the
Literature Review
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Research papers must be written in aformal style, which is in the thirdperson, not the first person
Avoid highly descriptive writing style,not approriate for a scholarly
research
Use the active voice for direct impactand easy understanding
Avoid the use of jargon : use familiarterms in place of terminologies
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Language should be neutral gender,no sexy language like his
Make the conclusions andcontradictions found in theliterature clear in the report
Use short sentences: avoid elongatedand run-on expressions
Use proper grammar and proofread
the work Never plagiarize ; give credit to the
original author of ideas
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Pay attention to the structure and form ofpublished articles, which are good
examples of how literature reviews canwritten
Examples :Jose (2007) claims that job-related stress can
enhance productivity up to a certain point.There is, however, a threshold point beyondwhich stress becomes a harmful factor in
ones productivity. On the other hand, Luisito(2008) averred that, in his experience as aclinical psycologist, stresses always producea negative effect on ones productivity.
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riting a LiteratureReview
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Research review tend to be written ina particular style and typicallyinclude specific types of information.
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A written research should providereaders with an objective and
thorough summary of the currentstate of evidence on a topic. Aliterature review should be neither a
series of quotes nor a series ofabstracts. The key tasks are tosummarize and evaluate theevidence so as to reveal the state-of-the-art knowledge of a topic-notsimply to describe what researchershave done.
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The review should point out bothconsistencies and contradictions inthe literature and offer possibleexplanation for inconsistencies (e.g.,different conceptualization or data
collection method).Although important studies should be
described in some detail, it is not
necessary to provide extensivecoverage for every reference. Reportwith similar findings sometimes canbe summarized together.
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The literature should be summarized
in your own words. The review shoulddemonstrate that consideration hasbeen given to the cumulativesignificance of the body of research.Stringing together quotes fromvarious documents fails to show thatprevious research on the topic has
been assimilated and understood.
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Another point to bear in mind is thatthe review should be as objective aspossible. Studies that conflict withpersonal values or hunches shouldnot be omitted. In addition, the
review should not deliberately ignorea study because its findingscontradict other studies. Inconsistent
result should be analyzed and thesupporting evidence evaluatedobjectively.
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The literature review should conclude
with a critical summary that recapskey study findings and indicates howcredible they are ; it should also
make note of gaps in the research.The summary thus requires criticaljudgment about the extensivenessand dependability of evidence on a
topic.
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As you progress through this book, you
will become increasingly proficient incritically evaluating research report.We hope you will understand themechanics of writing a research
review when you have completedthis chapter, but we do not expectthat you will be in a position to write
a state-of-the-art review until youhave acquired more skills in researchmethods.
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tyle of a ResearchReview
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Students preparing their first writtenresearch review often have trouble
adjusting to the standard style ofresearch review.
One issue is that student sometimes
accept research result without criticismor reservation, reflecting a commonmisunderstanding about the
conclusiveness of research. You shouldkeep in mind that no hypothesis ortheory can be proved or disproved byempirical testing, and no research
question can be definitely answered in
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The problem is partly a semantic one :
hypotheses are not proved, they aresupported by research findings;theories are not verified, but theymay be tentatively accepted if a
substantial body of evidencedemonstrates their legitimacy. Whendescribing study findings, you should
generally use phrases indicatingtentativeness of the results, such asthe following :
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The left hand column of table presentexamples of stylistic flaws. Theright hand column offersrecommendations for rewording the
sentences to conform to a moreacceptable form for a researchliterature review. Many alternative
wordings are possible.
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EXAMPLES OF STYLISTIC DIFFICULTIES FORRESEARCH REVIEWS
INAPPROPRIATE STYLE ORWORDING
RECOMMENDED CHANGE
1. It is known that unmetexpectations engender stress Dr.A.Cassard, an experton stressand anxiety, has found that unmetexpectations engender stress(Cassard, 2005)2. Women who do not participate
in childbirth preparation classes
tend to manifest a high degree ofstress during labor
Studies have found that womenwho participate in preparation for
childbirth classes manifest lessstress during labor than those whodo not (Klotz,2003; Weller,2004;McTygue,2005)
3. Studies have proved thatdoctors and nurses do not fullyunderstand the psychobiologic
dynamics of recovery from amyocardial infarction
Studies by Lowe (2004) andMartin (2003) suggest that doctorsand nurses do not fully understand
the psychobiologic dynamics ofrecovery from a myocardialinfarction
4. Attitudes cannot be changedquickly
Attiudes have been found to berelatively enduring attributes thatcannot be changed quickly (Geair,2003; Casey,2004)
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There are no easy formulas for how longa review should be. The length depends
on several factors, including thecomplexity of the research question,the extent of prior research, and the
purpose for which the review is beingprepared.Literature reviews prepared for proposals
(e.g.,proposals to undertake a study, totest a clinical innovation, or to make achange in practice) tend to be fairlycomprehensive. Reviews in theses and
dissertations are also lengthy.
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In these cases, the literature reviewserves both to summarize knowledge
and to document the reviewerscapability.
Because of space limitations in journal
articles, literature reviews that appearwithin research reports are concise.Literature reviews in the introduction toresearch reports demonstrate the need
for the new study and provide a contextfor the research questions. Theliterature review sections of qualitative
reports tend to be especially brief.
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However, there are stand-aloneresearch reviews in nursing journalsthat are more extensive than those
appearing in the introductions ofresearch report.
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